V. chap. xi. Of the formal magnetical act spherically effused (part 2 of 2)

V. chap. xi. Of the formal magnetical act spherically effused (part 2 of 2)

Sulzer, Johann Georg (1720–1779), 152, 223, 312, 419

Summanus, night source of lightning, 9

Sunde, Janus Hercules de (pseud. of Schwenter, Daniel, 1585–1636), 81, 125, 240

Sundelin, K., 1822 (at Thillaye-Platel, Antoine, A.D. 1803), 385

Suspension of statues, etc., in mid-air, 18, 123, 222, 527

“Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar” for 1740, 168

Swammerdam, Jan (1637–1682), 202

Swanwick, Anna, translator of Æschylus, 4

Swedenborg, Emmanuel (1688–1772), 163–165

Swedish Academy of Sciences, 190

Swickardus (at Browne, Sir Thomas, A.D. 1646), 124

Swieten, Gerard van, pupil of Boerhaave (at A.D. 1722), 157

Swiettiki of Denmark (at A.D. 1745), 174

Swift, William (at Henley, William T.), 237

Swinden, Jan Hendrik van (1746–1823), “Tentamina theoriæ mathematicæ ...,” 1772; “Recueil de mémoires sur l’analogie de l’électricité et du magnétisme ...,” 1784; “Analogia electricitatis et magnetismi,” 1780–1781; “Positiones physicæ,” 1786, 65, 103, 106, 121, 131, 135, 140, 170, 199, 218, 224, 229, 230, 233, 237, 240, 254, 263, 271–274, 285, 309, 393

Sylvester, Charles (at A.D. 1805, 1806 and 1812), 392, 394, 419

Symes, R., 1771 (at Thillaye-Platel, Antoine), 385

Symmer, Robert (d. 1763), 161, 218–220, 221, 224, 409

Symonds, John Addington (at Ficino, Marsiglio), 515

Symons, G. J. (at Franklin, Benjamin), 199

Szuki--Shiki--or “Historical Memoirs of Szu-ma-thsian”--Szu-mats’een--the greatest of all Chinese historical works, 5

T

Table générale des Bulletins des sociétés savantes. See Tessier, Octave.

Tachard, Father Guy (d. 1714), 156

Tacitus, Publius Caius Cornelius (c. A.D. 54–120), “Germania,” “Annals,” “Agricola,” etc., 140, 524. See “Annals of C. C. Tacitus.”

Tafel, Dr. R. L. (at Swedenborg, E.), 163

Tafuri, Giovanni Bernardino, “Scrittori ... di Napoli,” 1749, 540

Taisnier, Jean--Joannes (Taisnier of Hainault--Hannonius) (1509–1562), “De natura magnetis ...,” 1562, 13, 46, 53

Tait, Professor Peter Guthrie. See Thomson, Sir William.

Talbot, Sir Gilbert, on magnetical remedies, 126

Talmud, designation of the loadstone, 15

Tamery, Prof. Paul, “Pour l’histoire de la science Helléne,” 8, 504, 511, 532

Tarchon, founder of Etruscan theurgism, 9

Tarde, J., “Les usages ... esguille aymantée,” 1621, 553

Tatum’s lectures (at Faraday, Michael), 455, 496

Taylor and Phillips, editors of the Phil. Mag., 466

Taylor, Brook--Brooke, F.R.S. (1685–1731), 150, 155, 156, 191, 264

Taylor, Richard (1781–1858), “Scientific Memoirs,” 428, 495

Taylor, Thomas, translator of Iamblichus, the treatises of Aristotle and the six books of Proclus, 2, 503, 537

Taylor, W. B., “Memoir of Joseph Henry,” 447, 460; “(1) La longitude terrestre ...,” 1556; “Recherches sur les propriétés magnetiques du fer,” 1862

Tcheou-Koung--Choung (Ki-tan), 3

Tchéyeou--Tchi-yeou--Chinese prince (at 2637 B.C.), 1

Tchi-nan, chariot of the South, 3

Tchin-Thsang-Ki, 77

Tching-Onang, nephew of Tcheou-Koung, regent of the Chinese Empire, 3

Tchou-lou plains, 1

“Telegrafista (II),” publication commenced in Rome during 1881.

Telegrafo elettrico scintillante, 227

Telegraph Polygrammatic, 397

Telegraph-Anthropo of Knight Spencer employed as early as 1805, 400

Telegraph electro-chemical, the first, 407

Telegraph, Symbolic, also the Terrestrial Telegraph introduced by Macdonald, 399

Telegraph: on the history of the word telegraph. See Axon, W. E. A. See History of the telegraph.

“Télégraphe, La.” See Ternant.

“Telegrapher, The,” publication commenced in New York during 1864, afterwards called “Journal of the Telegraph.”

“Telegraphic Journal,” publication commenced in London during 1864, 408

Telegraphic signals, first transmitted by voltaic electricity, 406

“Telegraphist, The,” publication commenced in London during 1883; “The Telegraphist and Electrician” first appeared in London during 1876.

Telegraphs, electric and galvanic. See Electric Telegraphs.

Telegraphs, optical. See Semaphores.

Telegraphy, histories of, 301: written by I. U. J. Chappe, Paris, 1824, and Le Mans, 1840; Bois, Victor, 1853–1856; Bonel, A., Paris, 1857; Mangin, M., 1752; Reynaud, J. J., 1851.

Telegraphy, oceanic: Brett in 1858; and Brigge, also in 1858.

Telegraphy, pneumatic, by Medhurst, 408

Telegraphy, wireless, 10, 19

“Telephone, The,” “Review of electrical science”: London, 1889.

Telephoning--communicating sound through a wire--in 1667, 143

Telesio, Bernardino, “De rerum natura ...,” 1570.

Tellograph of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, 316

Templeman, in the “Nouvelliste,” 1759, 298

Temple of Jerusalem, never struck by lightning during 1000 years, 9

Temple of Diana at Ephesus, 18

Temple of Juno had its roof covered with sword blades, 9

Temple of Pharos, 18

Temple of Solomon, 10

Temple of Serapis at Alexandria, 18

Temples of Hercules, 13

Tentzel--Tentzelius--Andreas, “Medicina Diastalica,” 245

Tentzel, Wilhelm Ernst, “Collection Académique,” 229

Termeyer, Raimondo Maria de, 298, 299

Ternant, A. L., “Le Télégraphe,” 147, 264, 265

Terrella--terrella-microge, little earth, 47, 48, 50, 83, 86, 121. See Petit P., also Wren, Sir Chr.

“Terrestrial Magnetism,” 59, 138, 140, 199. See also Bauer, L. A.

Terzagus, “Musæum Septalianum,” 159

Teske, J. G. (at Thillaye-Platel), 385

Tessier, Henri Alexandre, “Eloges des hommes illustres,” 93, 515, 527, 539

Tessier, Octave, “Table générale des bulletins des sociétés savantes”: Paris, 1873, 43

Tetens, J. N., “Schreiben ... magneteuren,” 1775, 246

Tetraodon--tetrodon--electricus, 298, 374

Teyler, Archives du Musée, 160

Teyler Van der Hulst, Pieter (1702–1778), “Tweede Genootschap,” published at Haarlem, 1781, 280

Teylerian electrical machine, 292

Teylerian Society. See Haarlem.

Thalen, J. R., “Recherches ... magnétiques du fer ...” (Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Upsala, III. Série), 1862.

Thales of Miletus (639–548 B.C.), 7, 15, 515, 532, 534, 542, 543

Thatcher--Thacher--John Boyd, 66, 524

Theamedes of the ancients believed to be identical with the tourmaline, 17

Thebit-ben-Korah--Thebitius (836–901), 540–541

Thebitius. See Thebit-ben-Korah.

Themistius (c. A.D. 315–390), “Oratio,” “Euphrades,” 10, 541

Thénard, Louis Jacques, Baron (1777–1857), 249, 338, 340, 347, 352, 354, 376, 380, 388, 389, 419, 480

Theodoric the Great (c. A.D. 454–526), 18

Theodorus, Emperor, 144 (entered at Louis Maimbourg).

Theodosius the Great (fl. 379–395), 24, 541

Theophrastus (372–286 B.C.), 7, 13, 21, 270, 530, 539, 543. See Scaliger, J. C., also Hill, Sir John.

Theory, undulatory--Young, Dr. Thomas, 395

Thermo-dynamics, second law of, 346, 392. The first law or principle of thermo-dynamics was enunciated by the French physicist Carnot (Nicolas Leonard Sardi, 1796–1832).

Thermo-electric inversion, discovered by Prof. James Cummings.

Thermo-electric needle of Becquerel, 463

Thermo-electric tension of minerals (Phil. Mag., Ser. IV. Vol. XXX. pp. 337–339, 1865).

Thermo-electricity: Dessaignes, 415; Seebeck, 415; Brewster, 465. See Cummings, James, and consult Table Analytique des Annales de Ch. et de Phys., Index, pp. 364–370.

Thermo-electrometer of Harris, 469

Thevenot, Melchisedech (1620–1692), “Recueil de Voyages,” 47, 53

Thibaud VI, Comte de Champagne, 33

Thicknesse, Ra. (at Williamson, C. H.) 270

Thillaye, Jean Baptiste Jacques (1752–1822), 385

Thillaye-Platel, Antoine (1782–1806), 274, 384–385, 430

Thilly, Frank, 504, 505. See Weber, Alfred.

Tholuck, Friedrich August Gottren (1799–1877), 38

Thoman, Fédor (at Arago, D. F. J.), 480

Thomas Aquinas, Saint, Doctor Angelicus (1225–1274), 16, 35, 36, 37, 39, 57, 171, 505, 506. See Joannes de Rupescissa.

Thomas, John, “Univ. Pron. Dict.,” 146, 148

Thomas, Joseph (Dict. of Nat. Biogr.), 163, 286, 370

Thompson, A. T., translator of Salverte’s “Philosophy of Magic,” 1

Thompson, Benjamin, Count Rumford (1753–1814), 225, 346, 370–371. See Copley Medal, also Rumford Medal.

Thompson, Silvanus P. (1851–1916), Introduction, xi, xiii–xv, xvii, xix, 45, 46, 54, 63, 92, 113, 189, 342, 498. See Aerolites.

Thoms, William T. (at Strype, A.D. 1754), 210

Thomson, Allen (1809–1884), 425

Thomson, Elihu, xi, 184

Thomson, Thomas (1773–1852), “An outline of the sciences of heat and electricity,” 1st ed. 1830; “Annals of Philosophy”: London, 1813–1826; “Outline of the Sciences ...”; “Annals of Philosophy”; “History of the Royal Society”: London, 1812; “History of Chemistry,” etc.; 90, 105, 132, 150, 152, 155, 156, 162, 167, 189, 190, 196, 199, 214, 218, 221, 222, 227, 233, 239, 248, 249, 251, 256, 262, 263, 268, 277, 284, 286, 313, 347, 363, 364, 370, 403, 408, 412, 414, 423, 427, 435, 440, 441, 443, 446, 449, 452, 455, 458, 461, 468, 478, 479

Thomson, Sir William, first Baron Kelvin of Largs (1824–1907), dedication, x, xi, 87, 141, 218, 239, 321, 346, 371, 392, 411, 412, 413, 455, 470, 492, 493, 499. See Le Roux, F. P., Electro-dynamic qualities of metals (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. for 1879, pp. 55–85).

Thor, son of Odin, personifies electricity, 13

Thore and Croissant (at Hare, Robert), 449

Thorp, R. W. D. (at Thillaye-Platel), 385

Thorpe, T. E., “Essays in historical chemistry,” 132, 189, 228, 239, 262, 347, 499

Thou, François Auguste de (at Fracastorio, H.), 515

Thouin, André (compass plant), 259

Thoung-Kian-Kang-Mou, 2, 5

Thouret, Michel Augustin (1749–1810), “Rapport sur les aimants ... Le Noble,” 1783; “Lettre sur le magnétisme animal,” 1784–1785, 245, 273

Thouret, T. Auguste (at Mesmer, F. A.), 237

Thouri, de (at Thillaye-Platel), 385

Thouron, V. C., 505

Thouvenel, Pierre (1747–1815), “Mémoire physique ...,” 1781, 384, 401

Thrasyllus, the grammarian, 511

Thumstein, apparatus for transmitting sound through wires (at A.D. 968), 28

Thunder and lightning attracted and directed by the ancients, 9, 294

Tiato (at Toaldo, G.), 253

Tiberghien, Guillaume, “Essai théorique et historique sur la génération des connaissances humaines,” 42, 102, 122, 504, 505, 511, 519

Tiberius, 20, 513

“Tidsskrift for naturvidenskaberne; af Orsted ...”: Kjobenhavn, 1822–1828, 455

Tillard--Tilland--Captain (islands of eruption), 417

Tillemont, Louis Sébastien Lenain de (1637–1698), “Histoire des Empereurs,” “Mémoires Hist. Eccles.,” 25, 525, 541

Tillet, “Sur l’incendie,” 1760, 555

Tilloch, Alexander (1759–1825), one of the editors of the “Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science,” 252, 381, 392, 396, 429, 434, 452, 467, 474, 478

Timæus (c. 352–256 B.C.), Greek historian, 8

Timæus. See Plato.

“Times,” London, 134, 248

Timochares (c. 367–283 B.C.) (at Ptolemy--Ptolemæus II), 18

Tinan, Barbier de (at Toaldo, G.), 253

Tingry, P. F. (Journal de Physique, Vol. XLVII.), 557

Tipaldo, Emilio A. de, “Biografia degli Italiani illustri, nella scienze ...”: Venezia, 1834, 253, 300, 303

Tiphys Batavus, 521

Tiraboschi, Girolamo (1731–1794), “Biblioteca Modenese,” “Storia della litteratura Italiana,” 55, 113, 510, 514, 529, 540

Tisserand, L. M., “Paris et ses historiens,” 34

Tissot, “Historie de la philosophie,” 532

Titelmanni, Franc, “Naturalis Philos. Compendium,” 1571, 553

Titius--Tietz--Johann Daniel (1729–1796), “De electrici experimenti ...,” 1771; “Gemeinützige ...,” “Tableau du travail actuel de toutes les Académies de l’Europe ...,” 158

Titus Livius (b. A.D. 59), Great Roman historian, generally called Livy, 10, 24, 78

Toaldo, Giuseppe (1719–1798), 140, 253, 254, 271, 295

Todd, John T. (experiments on the torpedo), 436

Tolloy, Crimotel de (at Jadelot, J. F. N.), 330

Tomlinson, Charles, “Cyclopædia of useful arts and manufactures,” 317, 322, 337, 339, 437, 455, 470

Tommasi--Tomasi--Donato, of Paris (b. 1848), “Traité des piles électriques,” 365, 376. See Romagnosi, G. D.

Tonkin, John, of Penzance, 339

Topaz, a talisman, 8

Torfæus, Thormodr (Phormodur Torfesen) (1636–1719), 44

Torpedo, torpille. See also “raia torpedo,” also Savi, P., 11, 20, 136, 149, 229, 230, 239, 240, 241, 258, 270, 319, 334, 345, 346, 374, 409, 436, 493, 527

Torsion balance, invented by Coulomb, 275

Tortolini, Barnaba, “Annali di scienze ...,” 8 Vols.; “Annali di matematica ...,” 1856–1861.

Toscanelli, Paul del Pozzo (1397–1482), 34; Nouv. Biog. Gén. (Hœfer), Vol. 45, pp. 557–558.

Touche, Daillant de la, 164

Toulouse, Academy Reports, Mémoires, etc., 229, 288, 556

Tourdes, J. (at Aldini, G.), 306

Tourmaline, 8, 13, 17, 152, 153, 184, 193, 218, 286, 287–288, 364, 451, 465

Tourtelle, Etienne, “Histoire philosophique de la médecine,” 65, 170

Toutain (at Thillaye-Platel), 386

Townsend, W. J., “The great schoolmen of the Middle Ages,” 37, 41, 505

Tozzetti, Targioni, “Atti e Memorie inedite dell’ Accademia del Cimento ...,” 3 Vols.; also, “Notizie ...,” 3 Vols. 1780, 556

Trail--Traill, Thomas Stewart (1781–1862), 339, 465, 477

Tralles, Johann Georg (1763–1822) (“Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie,” 1894, Vol. 38, pp. 494–495), 292–293, 331

Transactions Elec. Soc. Mannheim, 29. See “Academia electoralis scientiarum,” which is also called “Academia Theodoro Palatina.”

Transmitting intelligence by wire; in early days said to have been done by one of the Cleopatras, 12. See also Kung-foo-Whing (at A.D. 968), 28

Tredwey, Robert (Phil. Trans., XIX. 711), 1698, 554

Trembley, A., on light caused by quicksilver shaken in glass tube, 175, 177, 555

Treméry, Jean Louis (1773–1851), 288, 324; “Observations sur les aimants elliptiques,” 1797.

Trendelenberg, Friedrich Adolf (1802–1872), 544

Trent, History of the Council of, 90, 110, 528

Tressan, Louis Elizabeth de la Vergne de (1705–1783), 189, 385, 417

Treviranus, Gottfried Reinhold (1776–1837), 255, 257, 327, 557

Treviso Athenæum, “Memorie scientifiche ...,” 1817–1847, 253

Treviso Giornale, “Giornale sulle scienze ...,” 1821–1830.

Trévoux, Mémoires de, 551

Trew, Abdias, “De meteoris ...”: Argent, 1654.

Trichiurus electricus--trichiurus Indicus, 297, 298

Triennald, S. von, 308

Tries’ claim to Van Marum’s machine, 280

Trieste, School of Arts and Navigation, 407

Trinity College, at Cambridge, England, 4, 212, 319

Tripier, A. (at Thillaye-Platel), 386

Trismegistus. See Hermes.

Tristan, Comte J. de, 401

Trithemius, Johannes (1462–1516), author of “Steganographia ...,” 1606; “Annalium Hirsaugiensium ...,” 1690; “De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis,” 37, 504, 554

Trommsdorff, Johann Barthelomaüs (1770–1837), 285, 352–353, 419

Troostwijk, Adriaan Paets van (1752–1837), and Deiman, Jean Rodolph, 280, 291–292, 385

Trouvé (at Zamboni, Giuseppe), 420

Tsching-Vang, second emperor of the Tcheou dynasty, 3

Tübingen. See Gmelin family.

Tübingen, “Morgenblatt,” 351

Tübingen University, 284, 303, 433, 450, 451

Tufts, James H. See Windelband’s “History of Philosophy.”

Tulk, Dr. Alfred, 404

Tullus Hostilius (672–640 B.C.), third legendary King of Rome, 9

Turnbull, Laurence (1821–1900), “Electro-magnetic Telegraph, with an historical account of its progress”: Philad., 1853, 11, 317, 318, 368, 384, 407, 422, 436, 440, 455, 476

Turner, Robert, “Electricology; or a discourse upon electricity ...,” 1746, 554

Turner, William, “History of Philosophy,” 504

Turin--Torino--Academie Royale des Sciences or University, 30, 140, 209, 294, 295, 296, 302, 306, 367

Turin--Torino--Bibl. de, 284

Turin--Torino--College of Fine Arts, 294

Turin--Torino--Memorie della Soc. Agr., 257, 295

Turin--Torino--Normal College, 294

Turin--Torino--Nuova Encyclopedia Italiana. See Bocardo.

Turin--Torino--Observatory, Annals of, 295

Turin--Torino. See Giornale Scientifico d’una Soc. Fil.

Twast (at A.D. 1812), 419

Two-fluid theory: Hare, 1823; Ingen-housz, 1778; Symner and Dufay, 409–410

Tycho Brahé (1546–1601), 92, 94, 95, 102, 508, 530, 533. See Jöcher, C. G., “Allgemeines Gel. Lex.,” pp. 1325–1327.

Tyndall, John (1820–1893), “Heat as a mode of motion,” vii, xiii, 14, 131, 132, 142, 166, 170, 173, 177, 231, 255, 282, 314, 344, 346, 380, 383, 396, 411, 433, 487, 489, 492, 495, 497, 498, 499. See “Lives of the Electricians,” by William T. Jeans, 1887; “Lessons in Electricity.” Also Rumford Medal.

Typhon, bone of (Typhoëus, in Greek Legend), 14

U

Uberti, Bonifacio--Fazio degli (d. 1368), “Il Dittamondo ... ridotto,” 44

Ueberweg, Dr. Friedrich (1826–1871), History of Philosophy, translated by George S. Morris, 26, 32, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 102, 122, 504, 505, 507, 510, 511, 512, 518, 519, 532, 534, 537

Ughelli, Fernandino, “Italia Sacra,” 516

Ugo di Bercy (Sercy) (fl. thirteenth century A.D.), 56, 61. See Nouvelle Biographie Générale, of Hœfer, V. 783.

Ugollet at Venice, publisher of Ausonius’ “Mosella,” 18

Uhland, W. H. (at Faraday), 498

Ulloa, Don Antonio de, Spanish mathematician (1716–1795). Makes the earliest recorded reference to the Aurora Australis, 141, 165–166

Ulstadius, Philippus (fl. sixteenth century A.D.), “Cœlum philosophorum”: Paris, 1544, 553

Undulatory theory of light, interferences in the, Dr. Young, 1807, 395

Unger, Johann Friedrich von (1716–1781), “Abhandlung von der natur der Electricität”: Braunschweig, 1745 (Hamb. Magaz., VIII. 1751).

“United Service Journal,” 397

United States Japan Expedition (Zodiacal Light), 142

Universal Encyclopædia, 38

Universal Lexicon, Leipzig, 48

Université de Padone. See Boulay, H. de.

Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. See Rashdall, Hastings.

Unzer, T. C., 245

Upsala Academy (University), 141, 163, 168, 221, 387

Upsala Botanical Gardens, 259; Compass plant, 259

Upsala Royal Society, 232

Urbanitzky, Alfred von, “Electricity in the service of man ...,” edited by Richard Wormell, and revised by R. Mullineux Walmsley, London, 1886; “Les lampes électriques ...”: Paris, 1885 (Bibliothèque des Actualités Industrielles, No. IV.), 162, 219

Ure, Andrew (1778–1857), “Dictionary of Arts,” “Dictionary of Chemistry,” 354, 370, 417–418, 440, 446, 455

Ursa Major: star referred to by William Gilbert in connection with Marsilius Ficinus, Cardanus, Lucas Gauricus and Gaudentius Merula, who believe it to influence magnetic variation, 108

Usiglio, C., 1844 (at Jadelot, J. F. N.), 330

Ussher, Henry (1743–1790) (at John Dalton), 308

V

Van: all additional names with this prefix appear under the names.

Vacca, Andrea (1772–1826), 299

Vacca, Leopold (1732–1812), 299

Vacuo, in. Propagation of light in vacuo, 132, 182, 202, 294. See Picard, Jean (Anc. Mémoires, Paris, Vols. II. and X.); Return of electric light in vacuo (Grummert, G. H.), 172; Attrition of bodies in vacuo (Phil. Trans., XXIV. 2165); Electric light in vacuo (Dantzig, Memoirs, I. 417).

Vail, Alfred (1807–1859), “History of the American Electro-magnetic Telegraph ...,” 286, 316, 436

Vairano, Josephus, “Diatriba de electricitate,” 1777, 556

Valenciennes (at Arago), 481

Valens, Flavius, Roman Emperor, 144 (A.D. 328–378). See Moreri, L., “Grand Dict.,” Vol. VIII. pt. 3, p. 13; Hœfer, “Nouv. Biog. Gén.,” Vol. XLV. pp. 855–856.

Valentinelli, Giuseppe, Royal Librarian of the Marciana, Venice, 111

Valentinus, Bazilius (fifteenth century)--Basil Valentine, “Conclusiones ... magnect ...”: Rottm., 1632.

Valère, André, Biblio. Belgica, 538

Vallemont, Pierre Le Lorrain de (1649–1721), “La physique occulte, en traité de la baguette divinatoire,” 1693; “Description de l’aimant ...,” 1692, 110, 144, 401

Vallensis, Roberti, “Di veritate ...,” 1593 and 1612, 502

Vallerius, H. (at Thillaye-Platel), 386

Vallesius--Valles de Corarrubias--Francisco, 538

Valli, Eusebio (1755–1816), 249, 270, 285, 302–303, 327, 393, 419

Vallot, Joseph, “Report on difference between chalcedony and tourmaline,” 288

Vanderlot’s work on the Surinam Eel, 230

Van Etten, Henry, is pseud. of Jean Leurechon (1591–1670), q.v., “Mathematical Recreations,” “Récréations Mathématiques,” 109, 126, 127, 148, 401

Van Swinden. See Swinden.

Van’t Hoff, Professor Jakobus Hendrikus (b. 1852, d. 1915). He established, with F. W. Ostwald, the “Lehrbuch der Allegem. Chemie” and “Zeitschrift für physikalische chemie”; “Dix années dans l’histoire d’une théorie ...,” 1865. See Ostwald.

Vapereau, G., “Dictionnaire Universel des Contemporains”: Paris, 1893.

Vargas, Bernardo Perez de, “De re metallica,” 502

Variation and dip of the magnetic needle, observations on the. See Gilpin, George.

Variation charts: Barlow, 1820; Churchman, at 1790–1804; Halley, 1701; Bianco, 1436.

Variation denied by Medina, Pedro de, 63–64

Variation of the compass, first shown by Burrowes--Borough--in 1592, 77

Variation of the declination:-- Annual--Cassini at 1782–1791, 117, 266; Cause of errors investigated, Flinders, 1801, 348; Dip or inclination, Hartmann, 1544, 70; Norman, 1576, 75–76; Peregrinus (1269), 76 Diurnal and horary--Beaufoy (1813), 427; Graham, 1722, 117, 156; Swinden, 1784, 273; Cassini IV. 1784, 157, 273 Intensity--“The third and most important element of terrestrial magnetism,” Borda, 1776, 249 Secular--Gellibrand, 1635, 117. See John Mair and John Pell, 1635.

Variation of the variation: Gellibrand, 1635, 117–118; Wright, Edw., 80; Petit, P. (Phil. Trans., 1667, p. 502).

Varley introduced the use of compressed air for message transmission, 408

Varnhagen, Francisco, Adolfo de (at Pedro Nuñez), 531

Varthema. See Vertomannus.

Vasco da Gama. See Gama.

Vasco, on Galvanism, 327

Vasquez y Morales, D. Jos., “Ensayo sobre la electricidad ...,” 1747, 555

Vassalli-Eandi, Antonio Maria (1761–1825). See Bibliothèque Italienne; also Mem. Accad. Torino, Vols. 6, 10, 12, 14, 22, 24, 26, 27, 30; Phil. Mag., XV. 319; Journal de Physique, 1799, 1800; Biblioteca Oltremontana, 1787 and 1788, 9, 207, 224, 257, 259, 270, 274, 285, 294–296, 298, 305, 306, 331, 393, 401, 419, 514

Vauquelin, Louis Nicholas (1763–1829), 247, 333, 344, 349, 352, 354, 355, 389, 419

Veau de Launay. See Delaunay.

Veaumorel, Caullet de, 265, 280

Veen, Otto van (Aquinas, St. Thomas), 505

Venanson, Flamminius--Flamnius, “De l’invention de la boussole nautique,” 1808, 5, 17, 30, 31, 43, 54, 56, 57

Venetian Athenaeum--Ateneo di Venezia.

Venetian Imperial Royal Institution, Atti ... (also Memorie) dell’ I.R. Istituto Veneto di science....

Venetus, Paulus. See Sarpi.

Venturi, Giambattista of Modena (1746–1822), 331, 333

Veratti, Giuseppe of Bologna (1707–1793), 186, 204, 213, 264, 384

Vergil--Virgil, “De inventoribus rerum.”

Vergil--Virgil (70–19 B.C.), Publius V. Maro, “Georgics,” “Eclogues,” “Æneid,” etc., title page.

Vergilius--Virgilius--Bishop of Salzburg from 744 to the time of his death during the year 784, 523

Verhand, van het Genootsch te Rotterdam, 280, 292

Vernier (at Coulomb, C. A. de), 276

Verona Lyceum, 420

“Verona Poligrafo,” “Poligrafo, Giornale di scienze ...,” 420

Verrall, A. W., translator of the Agamemnon of Æschylus, 4

Versorium, introduced by Wm. Gilbert, 83

Vertommanus--Varthema--Ludovico di (b. 1480, d. early sixteenth century), 69–70

Vespucci, Amerigo (1452–1512), Italian navigator, in whose honour the new world was named America, Vespuccius Americus, 536, 537

Vetensk Akad. Nyr. Handl., 216, 257, 288, 299, 370

Vicenza, Giornale Enciclopedico, Vicenza 1779–1784, 253

Vicq d’Azyr, Felix (1748–1794). Sécr. Perpétuel Soc. Royale de Médecine, 302, 303

“Vidensk. Salsk. Skrift. Ny Samml.,” 557. See Copenhagen Academy.

Videt, F. F. (at Thillaye-Platel), 386

Viegeron, P. D., “Mémoire sur la force des pointes,” 252

Vienna Academy--“Kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften,” 250. See also p. 408.

Vienna Polytechnic Institute, 407, 408

“Vierteljehrschrift des Astronomischen Gesellschaft,” Leipzig, 1879, 165

Vieta, Francis (1540–1603), 90, 102, 109

Vigenere, Blaise de (1523–1596), 78

Vignaud, Henri, on Toscanelli and on Columbus, 34, 66

Vigneul--Marville--pseud. Noel Bonaventura d’Argonne--“Mélanges d’histoire et de Littérature,” 1699–1701, 97

Vilette, M. F., Paper electrophorus, 249

Vilgerderson, Floke (at Frode, the Wise), 28

Villeneuve, Arnaud de. See Arnaldus de Villa Nova.

Villeneuve, O. de (at Thillaye-Platel), 385

Vimercati, Guido, Rivista Scientifico-Industriale.

Vincent and Boncompagni in “Bulletino di Bibliogr.,” Vol. IV., 520

Vincent de Beauvais (c. 1190–1264), xix, 16, 18, 33–35, 39, 40, 59

Vineis, P. de, 15

Vircy, Jules Joseph (1775–1847), “Dictionnaire des sciences médicales,” 425

Virgil. See Vergil.

Virginia University, 467

Virgula Divina or divining rod, at Amoretti, 401

Visconti--Visconte--Pietro, author of the oldest known portolan, 1311, 63

Vitalis, H., “De magnetica vulnerum curatione,” 1668, 554

Vitruvius, G.--Marcus Vitruvius Pollio--believed to have flourished in the time of Julius Cæsar, 505, 510

Vitry, Jacobus de, Cardinal Bishop of Ptolemais (d. betw. 1240 and 1244), 30, 56, 59

Vivenzio, Le Chevalier G. (at Thillaye-Platel), “Teoria e practica della elletricita medica,” 1784, 274, 385

Vogel, Johann Ludwig Andreas (1771–1840), “Die wunder des magnetismus”: Erfurt, 1818.

Vogt, Joannis, author of “Catalogus Historico-Criticus,” 1793, xix

Voigt, Johann Heinrich (1751–1823), “Magazin für das Neueste aus der Physik,” “Versuche ... magnetismus,” Iena, 1793; “Mag. für Naturkunde ...” See Lichtenberg, 314, 316, 318, 327, 368, 380, 383, 452

Volhard, Jacob, in “Le Moniteur Scientifique,” 262

Volland--Voland--Mlle. (at Ledru Comus), 224

Volpicelli, Paolo (1804–1879), “Intorno ... magnete,” “Sul cognito fenomeno ...,” 71, 353, 470

Volt.... See Nipher, Francis Eugène.

Volta, Alessandro (1745–1827). See “Raccolta Voltania”: Como, 1899, 217, 224, 245, 246–249, 261, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 284, 285, 288, 293, 295, 304, 320, 327, 331, 332, 337, 338, 339, 349, 350, 351, 361, 368, 389, 395, 416, 419, 424, 426, 443, 447, 461, 462, 470, 483, 487, 490, 491. At p. 15, Vol. II. of Catalogue of the Wheeler Gift is mention of Volta’s well-known letter to Sir Joseph Banks, wherein he announces his discovery of the Voltaic pile, called by him Organe électrique artificiel.

Voltaic electricity, first suggestion as to its chemical origin, 329

Voltaic pile, chemical theory of: Parrot, George Friedrich (1802, 1831, 1838), 367–368

Voltaic pile, preparation of ammoniacal amalgam, 388

Voltaire, F. M. Aronet de (1694–1778), “Essai sur les mœurs ...,” 56, 58–59, 61

Von Vang, first emperor of the Tcheou dynasty, 3

Vorsselmann de Heer, Pieter Otto Coenraad (1809–1841) (Algem. Konst-en-Letterb., 1836–1838, also Pogg. Ann., 1839, 1841).

Vossius, G., “De Scientiis Mathem ...,” 513

Vossius, Isaac, Canon of Windsor, “De Motu Morium ...,” 1663.

Vuccher, Jean Jacques, “De Secretis ...,” 1596, 26, 553

W

Wadding, Luc (1588–1657), “Annales Ord. Min ...,” “J. Duns Scoti Opera” in 12 Volumes: Lyons, 1639, 39, 41

Wagenaar, Jan, “Histoire de la Hollande,” 534

Wagner (at Zamboni), 420

Waite, Arthur Edward, “Lives of Alchemystical Philosophers,” 32, 64, 65

Waitz, Jacob Seigismund von (1698–1777), 170, 426

Wa-Kan-san siü-tson-ye, the great Japanese encyclopædia, describes the compass, 153

Wakeley, Andrew, “The mariners’ compass rectified,” 555

Walchius (at Wilkins, John, and at Kratzenstein, C. G.), 119, 172

Wales, William (1734–1798), English mathematician, 242, 457

Walimer, father of Theodoric and King of the Goths, 29

Walker, Adam (1730–1821), 359–360

Walker and Mitchel (Astronomical Journal, Cambridge, Mass., 1848).

Walker, Charles Vincent (1811–1882), “Electrotype Manipulation,” “Manual of Electricity, Magnetism and Meteorology,” 379, 384, 495; Walker, C. V., and Lardner, Dionysius.

Walker, E. (Phil. Mag., XLI. XLII. XLIII., London, 1813–1814).

Walker, Edward, “Terrestrial and Cosmical Magnetism”: Cambridge, 1866, 77, 107, 168, 268, 335

Walker, Ezekiel (at Bennet, Rev. Abraham, and at Murray, John), 291, 429

Walker, Ralph, “Treatise on Magnetism” and “Treatise on the magnet”: London, 1794 and 1798, 54, 77, 119, 137, 157, 191, 232, 249, 250, 546, 555

Walker, Richard (1679–1764), Royal Society Transactions, 547

Walker, S. C., “Researches ... meteors” (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1843).

Walker, William, Captain, “The magnetism of ships”: London, 1853, 69, 292, 348

Walker, William, senior (“Mem. of Dist. Men of Science”: London, 1862), 440

Walker, William, junior, and Hunt, Robert, “Memoirs of distinguished men ...”: London, 1864.

Walkiers--Walckiers--de Saint-Amand. See Amand.

Wall, Dr. William, 152, 193

Waller, A. D. (Plant electricity), 260

Waller, Richard, translator of Essays of the Accademio del Cimento, London, 1684, 143

Wallerius, G. (at Ingen-housz), 257

Wallis, John (1616–1703), 138, 141

Walmsley, R. Mullineux. See Urbanitzky.

Walsh, John (1725–1795), 149, 230, 239–240, 241, 258, 270, 290, 298, 319

Waltenhofen, A. K. Elder von (Sitz. d. K. Akad. d. Wiss., Wien, 1863, 1869, 1870).

Walter and Girardi (Mem. Soc. Ital., III. 553), 298

Walter, Louis H., xi

Walton and Cotton, “Complete Angler,” 1847, 37, 65, 109, 507

Waltzemüller, Martinus Hylacomylus--Waldseemüller--“Cosmographiæ Introductio,” 535–536

Ward, Henry (at Pasley, C. W.), 398

Ward, John, “Lives of the Gresham Professors,” 143

Ward, Samuel (1617–1689), “Magnetis reductorium ...,” “Wonders of the loadstone,” 1637 and 1639–1640, 554

Ward, Thomas (1640–1704), 172

Ware (at Thillaye-Platel), 386

Wargentin, Pierre Guillaume (1717–1783), 139, 157, 168, 190, 308

Waring, Edward John, “Bibliotheca Therapeutica,” 27

Warltire, John, 227, 228

Wartmann, Louis Elie François (1817–1886), author of many scientific works. The most notable ones on induction appeared at Geneva 1844, 1845, 1846–1850; “Mémoire sur les étoiles filantes”: Bruxelles, 1839, 207, 257

Washington (D. C.) National Academy of Sciences, Memoir of, 321. See Smithsonian Institution.

Water decomposition, methods of and treatises on, 337

Watkins, Fcis. (at Zamboni, G., and at Faraday, M.), 420, 484

Watson, Sir William (1717–1787), 17, 159, 168, 175–177, 178, 186, 189, 196, 197, 198, 221, 227, 231, 251, 320, 385

Watt, Alexander (1823–1892), “Electro-Metallurgy ...,” 1860; “Bibliotheca Britannica,” 4 Vols. 1824, 97, 238, 240

Watt, Gregory (1777–1804), 339

Watt, James (1736–1819), 126, 190, 208, 228, 297, 308, 339, 520

Watt, Robert, “Bibliotheca Britannica” (1774–1819), 131, 134, 170, 255, 540

Watts, Henry (1815–1884), “Dictionary of Chemistry,” “Dictionary of Arts ...,” 417, 449

Weale, John, “Rudimentary series,” 366, 471

Weaver, William D., xi

Webb, Jonathan, of Salem, Mass., 234

Weber, Alfred, “History of Philosophy,” translated by Frank Thilly, 26, 41, 122, 504, 505

Weber, Joseph (at Galvani, Aloysio), 285

Weber, Wilhelm Eduard (1804–1891), 3, 263, 314, 422, 445, 489. See Gauss, Karl Friedrich (1777–1855).

Webster (at Reinhold, J. C. L.), 327

Webster, Dr. J. W., Professor at Harvard College, 417

Webster, John (at Murray, John), 429

Webster, Rev. W., translator of “Histoire de l’Arianisme,” 144

Wedgwood, Aaron, 429. He gives a brief notice of a writing telegraph in his “Book of Remembrance ...”: London, 1814.

Wedgwood, Ralph, 429–430, 439

Wedgwood, Thomas, 429

Weidler, Christian Gottlieb (at Erasmus, R.), 513

Weidler, Johann Friedrich (1692–1755), 122, 130, 308, 505

Weigel, Chr. Ehrenfried, “Grundriss ...,” 1777, 556

Weigsenborn of Weimar (at Franklin, B.), 195

Weiss, Charles Samuel (1780–1856), 431, 432

Weiss, E., Electrometer, 431

Weisse, John A., “Origin ... Engl. language and literature,” 1879, 42

Weld, Charles Richard, “History of the Royal Society,” 66, 75, 103, 114, 132, 155, 167, 168, 181, 191, 196, 239, 252, 446, 456, 462, 471

Wells, Charles William (1757–1817) (Phil. Trans., 1795, p. 246), “Observatione ... Galvani’s experiments”: London, 1795, 284, 322–323, 327, 419

Wells, D. A., “Annual of Scientific Discovery ...”: Boston, U.S.A., 1850

Wenckebach--Wenkebach--Edouard (1813–1874), “De Magneto-elektrische ...,” 1838.

Wenckebach--Wenkebach--Wilhelm (1803–1847), “Sur Petrus Adsigerius,” 48, 53, 54

Wennstrom, John, 358

Wens, Act. Hill, 253

Werner, C., “Die Scholastik ...”: Vienna, 1881, 41

Wernsdorf, Johann Christian, 19

Wesley, John (1703–1791), 212, 213, 216

Westcott’s magnetic guard for needle pointers, 443 (at Pasley, C. W.), 398

Westen, Wynant van, 554

“Westminster Review,” London, 458

Weston--Wheldon, “Catalogue,” 124, 230

Westphal, T. J., “Nikolaus Kopernikus,” 508

Wetzel, Dr., of Upsal, 212

Weyer, Sylvain van de, “Lettres sur les Anglais ...,” 1854, 79, 81

Wheatstone, Sir Charles (1802–1875), 422, 430, 440; Coke, W. F., and Wheatstone, Sir Chas.

Wheeler, Schuyler Skaats, Latimer Clark Library Catalogue, xiv

Wheldon’s Catalogue, 230

Wheler, Granville, 154, 155

Whewell, William (1794–1866), “History of the Inductive Sciences ...,” “Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences ...,” “Physical Astronomy,” “History of Scientific Ideas,” “Astronomy and Physics,” 30, 32, 42, 43, 59, 75, 89, 91, 94, 95, 96, 102, 103, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 131, 134, 138, 142, 147, 156, 157, 159, 171, 214, 220, 239, 370, 378, 391, 396, 404, 412, 414, 433, 445, 446, 451, 453, 460, 464, 467, 469, 471, 476, 479, 499, 481, 484, 485, 493, 495, 499, 508, 522

Whiston, William (1667–1752), 77, 150, 156, 191. See “Dict. of Nat. Biogr.,” Vol. LXI. 1900, pp. 10–14.

White, A. Hastings, xi

White, Andrew D., author, 114

White, John, “A rich cabinet ... of inventions,” 135

White, M., associated with Stephen Grey, 161

Whitehouse’s pamphlet on the Atlantic Telegraph, 496

Wiard, Secretary of Mme. Du Deffand, 291

Wiedeburg, Johann Ernst Basilius (1733–1789), “Beobachtungen und Muthmassungen ...”: Iena, 1771, 140, 308

Wiedemann, G. M. (Pogg. Annal. Volumes for 1848–1862).

Wiedemann, Gustav. Heinrich (1826–1899), “Die lehre von galvanismus ...,” 1861–1863; “Die lehre von der elektricität,” 1882–1885, 441, 498

Wiedemann, Rudolf Franz (Ann. Physik und Chemie, Vol. 89, pp. 497–531).

Wieglib, Johann Christian (1732–1801), editor of “Handbuch der Allgem. Chemie,” “Die natuerliche ...”: Berlin, 1779, 262

Wien. See Vienna.

Wilcke--Wlik--Johann Carl (1732–1796), 187, 205, 214–216, 217, 288, 315, 386, 410, 444

Wilde, Franz Samuel, “Expériences sur l’électricité des cascades,” 293

Wilkes, C., “Theory of Zodiacal Light,” 142

Wilkins, John, the fourteenth Bishop of Chester and first Secretary of the Royal Society (1614–1672), “Mercury, or the secret and swift messenger,” 119, 171, 437

Wilkins, Simon (at Browne, Sir Thomas), 124

Wilkinson, Charles Henry (fl. 1800), “Elements of Galvanism in theory and practice,” 2 Vols.: London, 1804; “Essay on the Leyden Phial ...”: London, 1798, 140, 224, 228, 231, 237, 240, 249, 269–270, 279, 280, 281, 284, 289, 306, 307, 312, 323, 325, 326, 327, 331, 333, 337, 339, 347, 353, 355, 361, 365, 379, 385, 402, 419, 483

Wilkinson, George, of Sunderland, 229, 385

William IV, King of England, 466

William, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassell, 93

Williams, Professor Samuel, magnetic observations first made in U.S., 259

Williamson, H., 230, 299

Willigen, V. T. M., van der, 160

Wilson, Benjamin (1708–1788), “Treatise on electricity,” 1750, 1752; “New experiments and observations ...,” 1777, 155, 176, 178, 180, 183–185, 202, 203, 209, 221, 231, 251, 252, 255, 320, 419. See Hoadley, Dr. Benjamin, and Wilson, Benjamin, “Observations on a series of experiments ...”: London, 1756. See Copley Medal.

Wilson, George, 239, 374, 406

Wilson, James, F.R.S.E., 192, 297, 374

Wilson, Philip--Phillip, 325, 437

Wilson, W. (Phil. Mag., XXII. 260), 337

Winckler, Johann Heinrich (1703–1770), 162, 174, 176, 186, 198, 205, 321, 555

Windelband, Dr., “Hist. of Phil. translated by Jas. H. Tufts,” 37, 40, 41, 102, 122, 505, 510

Wind-roses. See Rose of the winds.

Wingfield, John, “New method increasing ... capacity ... electric jars,” 231. See Cuthbertson, John.

Winship, George P., “The Cabot Bibliography,” 69

Winsor, Justin, “Narrative and Critical History ...,” “Bibliography of Ptolemy’s Geography” (1831–1897), “Description of John G. Kohl’s Collection of Early Maps,” 62–63, 64, 66, 67, 115, 523, 524, 536

Winter, George K. (at Ingen-housz, J. J.), 256

Winthorp, John (at Newton, Sir Isaac), 134

Wireless Telegraphy, 10, 19

Wischoff, C., “De Wonderwerken Godts ...,” 1729, 555

Witson--Witsen--Nicholaes of Amsterdam, 149

Wittry, Abbé d’Everlange de, 259

Wittry de Abdt. (1764–1840), “On preparation of mosaic gold for electric machines,” 431

Wöhler--Woehler--Friedrich (1800–1882), “Grundriss der Chemie,” 1833, 340, 370. See Wöhler, F., and Partsch, P. M., “Analyse des Meteoreis ...”: Wien, 1852; Wöhler, F., and Berzelius, J. J. F. von, “Jahrsbericht ...,” 1822 to 1851; Cates, L. R., “Dict. of General Biography,” p. 1552.

Wolf, C., “Histoire de l’observatoire depuis as fondation ...,” 267

Wolf, C., and Bina, A., “Physica experimentalis ...”: Venetiis 1753–1756, 555

Wolf, Christian (1679–1716) (Act. Erudit. 1716), 420

Wolf, M. (at Horrebow, Peter), “Hist. Ordbog.,” 158

Wolf, R., “Geschichte der Astronomie ...,” “Über der Ozongchalt ...”

Wolfart, Dr. Carl Christian, of Berlin, 236

Wolfart, J. F., “Des Guiot von Provins”: Halle, 1861, 30

Wolfe, Samuel, of the Society of Dantzig, 174

Wolfius (at Hauksbee, F., and at Hausen, C. A.), 150, 169

Wolfram, Erdmann (1760–1828), 449 (Ferussac, Bulletin), 1824.

Wollaston, William Hyde (1766–1828), 221, 255, 280, 347, 356–359, 364, 365, 394, 403, 419, 433, 456, 478, 484, 488, 490, 496

Wood, Anthony à, “Athenæ Oxonienses,” 80, 81, 91, 92

Wood, John, 158, 175

Wood, Professor (at Bennet, Rev. A.), 291

Woodbury, Hon. Levi, 368

Woods, S. (Phil. Mag., XXI. 289), 249

Woodward (at Howldy, Thomas), 428

Woodward, Bernard Bolingbroke. See Cates, W. L. R.

Woolinch, Royal Military Academy, 434, 457, 497

Worcester, Marquis of, 434

Wordsworth, Christopher, “Ecclesiastical Bibliography,” 513

“World Apple,” Behaim’s celebrated globe, 67

Wormell, Richard, 162, 219

Wornsdorff, “Poetæ Latinæ Minores,” 19

Worsley, Philip Stanhope, translator of Homer’s “Odyssey,” 6

Wotton (at Boyle, Robert), 130, 131

Woulfe, M. (Phil. Trans., 1771), 431

Wren, Sir Christopher (1632–1723), contrives a terrella.

Wright, Edward, “The haven-finding art,” being a translation of the “Portuum Investigandum ratio” of Stevin, Simon, 76, 80, 521, 522, 525, 533, 559–564

Wright, Gabriel (at Nairne, Edward), 265

Wright, Thomas (1810–1877), “Chronicles and Memoirs ... middle ages,” 1863, 31, 91

Writers, navigators and others alluded to in Giberts’ De Magnete, XVII. 501–542

Wüllner (at Faraday, M.), 492

Wundt, Wilhelm, “Philosophische Studien”: Leipzig, 1886.

Wünshendorff, E., “Traité de télégraphie sous-marine,” 407

Wüstenfeld--Wuestenfeld--Heinrich Ferdinand, “Geschichte der Arabischen Aertze ...”: Göttingen, 1840, 38, 39, 519

X

Xenocrates of Chalcedon (396–314 B.C.), Greek philosopher, 543

Xenophanes of Colophon, contemporary of Anixamander and of Pythagoras (sixth century B.C.), 532

Xenophon, Athenian historian (c. 434–355 B.C.), 12, 43, 196. See Moreri, Louis, “Grand Dictionnaire historique,” Vol. XVIII. p. 74

Xerxes I (c. 519–465 B.C.), 4

Ximenes, Leonardo (1716–1786), “Osservazione dell’ Aurora boreale ...,” 1752–1753.

Y

Yates and Hansteen (Vol. II. Whewell’s Hist. of Ind. Sc.), 446

Yatman, Matthew, “Familiar analysis ... electricity and galvanism ...”: London, 1810; “Letter ... on Davy’s Galvanic girdle”: London, 1811, 347

“Year Book of Facts in Science and the Arts,” discoveries in electricity, etc., commenced in London during 1838.

Yelin, Chevalier Julius Konrad von (1771–1826), 327, 473, 477

Youmans, Dr. Edward Livingston, author of “Chemical Atlas,” 1856, 370

Young, Arthur (1741–1820), “Travels in France ...,” “Voyage Agronomique en France,” 285, 286

Young, C. A., in American Journal of Science, 140

Young, Dr. Matthew (1750–1800), “Analysis of the principles of natural philosophy,” 387, 405, 467

Young, Sir Thomas (1773–1829), “A course of lectures on natural philosophy and the mechanical arts”: London, 1807; “Catalogue,” 34, 54, 92, 140, 155, 206, 221, 225, 238, 239, 245, 249, 250, 256, 258, 259, 268, 271, 276, 277, 284, 290, 298, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 330, 340, 346, 359, 364, 369, 386, 388, 395–396, 431, 462, 468

Yue-tchang-che, Chinese writer, 3

Yule, Colonel Sir Henry (reviewer of Marco Polo’s Travels), 55

Z

Zaccaire--Zachaire--Zacharias--Denis (1510–1556), 553

Zaccaria, F. A., “Annali letterari ...,” “Storia della Elettricita ...”: Modena, 1762–1764.

Zach, Franz Xavier, Baron von, “Zach. Mon. Corr. ...,” “Allg. ... Geographische Ephemeriden,” 462

Zachary, Bishop of Rome (d. A.D. 752), 523

Zahn, F. Joannes (1641–1707), 8, 145–146. His “Specula ...,” 3 Vols. 1696, gives a list of writers on the magnet.

Zakarīyā-Ibn-Muhammad Al-Kazwīnī, on Aerolites (Nuova scelta d’Opuscoli, 9to, ii, 333).

Zamboni, Giuseppe (1776–1846), 249, 257, 364, 388, 420, 447; Resti-Ferrari, G., “Elettroscopio ... del Zamboni”; Girolamo Ferrari’s review of the five volumes of the “Corso elementare di fisica,” published by R. Gerbi: Pisa, 1823–1825.

Zamboni, G., and Fusinieri, A., “Sulla teoria ...”: Padova, 1834, 420

Zanon, Bartolomeo, “Intorno un punto ...”: Belluno, 1840, 257

Zanotii, Francesco Maria (1692–1777), 306, 308. See Larcher.

Zantedeschi, Francesco (1797–1873), 183, 257, 298, 423, 426, 449. See Romagnosi, G. D., also Giornale fisico-chimico; Annali di fisica: Padova, 1849–1850.

Zedler, Johann Heinrich (at Erasmus, R.), 512 (1706–1760); “Grosses ... universal lexicon ...”

“Zeitschrift des Deutsch-Oesterreichischen Telegraphen-Vereins,” commenced in Berlin during 1854 and was continued in 1872 as “Annalen der Telegraphie ...”

Zeitschrift für Ægyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde, 14

Zeitschrift für Angewandte Elektricitätslehre, edited by Carl, Ph., and Uppenborn, F., Jr.

Zeitschrift für mathematischen und naturw. ... von Hoffmann: Leipzig, 1870–1876.

Zeitschrift für physik und mathematik, edited by Ettinghausen, A. von, and Baumgartner, Andreas, 10 Vols. published at Wien, 1806–1832, 432, 476

Zeitschrift für physikalische chemie. See Ostwald, F. W.

Zeitschrift für populare mittheilungen ..., von Peters, C. A. F.: Altona, 1858–1869, 446

Zeller, Dr. Edward (1814–1908), “History of Greek Philosophy,” “Philosophie der Griechen,” 510, 511

Zend-Avesta (religious book of the Parsees), 541, 542

Zendrini, B. (at John Dalton), 308

Zenger, M. W. (Sc. Am. Suppl., p. 10915), 139

Zeno of Citium, founder of the Stoics, flourished in Cyprus during third century B.C., and is said to have lived 92 years, 543

Zeno of Elea, the adopted son of Parmenides, born about 500 B.C., 543

Zeno, Pietro Caterino, “Giornale de Letterati, d’Italia,” 1710, 506

Zetzsche, Karl Eduard (1830–1894), “Geschichte der Elektrischen Telegraphie,” 316, 384, 421, 439

Zetzell, P., “Anmerkung von der lahmheit,” 1755, 264, 386

Ziemssen, H. (at Thillaye-Platel), 386

Zimmermann, Wilhelm Ludwig (1780–1825) (Gilb. Annalen, Vol. 28, p. 483).

Zodiacal Light, 141–142, 380

Zohron and Aphron, 33, 35

Zöllner, J. K. Friedrich, “Theory of Comets” (Auszug. in Pog. Ann., CIX. 1860), 140

Zoroaster--Zarath ’ustra--Zerdusht (c. 589–513 B.C.), 520, 542, 544. See Moreri, Louis, “Grand Dictionnaire Historique,” Vol. VIII. p. 115.

Zosimus, Greek historian, who lived under Theodosius II (401–450), is the first to call attention to the electrolytic separation of metals, 24. See Moreri, Louis, “Grand Dictionnaire Historique,” Vol. VIII. p. 116.

Zuccala, G. (at Volta, Alessandro), 248

Zucchi, Nicolo--Zucchius Nicolaus--“Nova de machini philosophia,” 1649, 146, 554

Zuchold, E. A., “Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis ...”: Göttingen.

Zurich, “Repertorium für organische chemie.” See Löwig, C. von.

Zwinger, F. (at Thillaye-Platel), 385

Zwinger, Theodor, “Scrutinum Magnetis” (1658–1724), 554

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Touching the antiquity of the Chinese nation, the distinguished French author, J. P. Pauthier (“Chine,” Paris, 1839, pp. 20, 27), thus expresses himself: “Son histoire authentique qu’elle fait remonter avec ce charactère de certitude, jusqu’à la 61^e année du règne de Hoang-ti, la première de leur premier cycle, 2637 ans avant notre ère.... Le cycle de 60 années dont les séries se suivent depuis la 61^e année du règne de Hoang-ti, sans interruption et avec autant de régularité que les siècles dans les computs Européens.” And Saillant et Nyon (“Mémoires concernant l’histoire,” Vol. XIII. p. 76) add conclusively: “Depuis l’année courante (1769) jusqu’à la 2637^e avant l’ère Chrétienne, qui répond exactement à la 61^e du règne de Hoang-ti, on peut sans crainte de s’égarer, suivre un des plus beaux sentiers de l’histoire, pendant l’espace de 4406 ans.”

Incidentally, we may add that in his “History of Chaldea,” New York, 1866, pp. 195, 213, 364, Mr. Z. A. Ragozin says that that country can point to a monumentally recorded date nearly 4000 B.C.--more than Egypt can do--and he says, furthermore, “we cannot possibly accept a date later than 4000 B.C. for the foreign immigration, and, for the Shumiro-Accadian culture, less than 1000 years, thus taking us as far back as 5000 B.C. The date of 3750 B.C. is that of Naram-Sin, and 3800 B.C. is now generally accepted for Sargon of Agadê--perhaps the remotest authentic date yet arrived at in history. To such as are inclined to doubt the authenticity of these early dates, as well as the truthfulness of “the mensuration of divine periods,” and of “the observations of celestial bodies throughout the whole of time,” it will be interesting to note the following, taken from the Greek “Iamblichus” translation of Thomas Taylor, Chiswick, 1821, p. 318: “Proclus (in Tim., lib. iv. p. 277) informs us that the Chaldeans had observations of the stars which embraced whole mundane periods ... likewise confirmed by Cicero, who says (in his first book on Divination) that they had records of the stars for the space of 370,000 years, and by Diodorus Siculus (‘Bibl.,’ lib. xi. p. 118), who states that their observations comprehended the space of 473,000 years!”

[2] “Le monument le plus ancien (de pierre sculptée) signalé par le King-che-so porte sur une façade cette scène d’histoire: ‘Tcheou-Choung, régent de l’empire pendant la minorité de son neveu Tching-Ouang (1110 av. J. C.) reçoit les envois du roi des Yue-tchang-che.... Les anciens auteurs Chinois rapportent que ces ambassadeurs offrirent à la cour de Chine des éléphants et des faisans blancs et que pour leur retour Tcheou-Koung leur fit présent de chars qui montraient le sud.’” (“L’art Chinois,” par M. Paléologue, Paris, 1888, pp. 132–134; J. P. Pauthier, “Chine,” p. 87.)

[3] While the Greeks steered by the Great Bear, which, if a more visible, was a far more uncertain guide, the Phœnicians had, at an early time, discovered a less conspicuous but more trustworthy guide in the polar star, which the Greeks call The Phœnician Star (“History of Antiquity,” Prof. Max Duncker, translated by Evelyn Abbott, London, 1882, Vol. II. p. 293).

[4] The Etruscans “inquired, under the direction of technical rules, into the hidden properties of nature, particularly those of the electric phenomena.” “History of the Romans,” by Chas. Merivale, New York, 1880, Vol. II. p. 395. (Cicero, “De Divin.,” i. 41–42; Diod. Sic., v. 40; Senec., “Nat. Qu.,” ii. 32; Micali, “l’Italie,” ii. 246 foll.).

[5] In this Chapter I of Book II Gilbert says that Aristotle admits only of two simple movements of his elements, from the centre and toward the centre ... so that in the earth there is but one motion of all its parts towards the centre of the world--a wild headlong falling. Johannes Franciscus Offusius (the author of “De divina astrorum facultate,” Paris, 1570), says he distinguishes several magnetic movements, the first to the centre, the second to the pole, traversing seventy-seven degrees, the third to iron, the fourth to a loadstone.

[6] At p. 16, note No. 4, of his “Dawn of Civilization,” New York, 1894, Mr. G. Maspero says that the well-known French archæologist, Charles Théodule Deveria (1831–1871), was the first to prove that the Egyptians believed the sky to be made of iron or steel. This was done in his monograph entitled “Le fer et l’aimant, leur nom et leur usage dans l’ancienne Egypte,” published originally at Paris during 1872 in “Mélanges d’Archéologie,” Vol. I. pp. 2–10; also by M. Charas, in “l’antiquité Historique,” first edition, pp. 64–67, and at pp. 339–356, Vol. V. of the “Bibliothèque Egyptologique,” issued in Paris during 1897. So well established was the belief in a sky-ceiling of iron, says M. Charas, that it was preserved in common speech by means of the name given to the metal itself, viz. Bai-ni-pit (in the Coptic, Benipi, benipe)--metal of heaven. Reference is thereto made in “The Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature,” Vol. XIV. second series, p. 291, by Mr. J. Offord, Jr., who speaks of the splendid and exceedingly valuable papyrus in the Louvre “Catalogue des Manuscripts,” Paris, 1874, pp. 170–171 of M. Deveria, who frequently referred to it in the preparation of the monograph above alluded to upon Iron and the Loadstone in Ancient Egypt (“Zeitschrift für Ægyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde”--Review founded by M. le Docteur H. Brugsch). Deveria says: “Cette matière céleste (dont parle Plutarque) devait être l’aimant, la substance d’Horus, la siderites des Romains, plutôt que le fer non-magnétique, substance typhonienne.... Ils disent aussi que la pierre d’aimant est un des os de Horus et le fer un des os de Typhon: c’est Manathon qui nous l’apprend.” For Deveria, see “La Grande Encyclopédie,” H. Lamirault et Cie., Paris, n. d., Vol. XIV. p. 375.

[7] The word calamita was first used by the Italians. It is employed by Petri de Vineis (Pierre des Vignes), Matthieu de Messine, the notary of Lentino, and by Guido Guinicelli of Bologna (Libri, “Hist. des Sc. Mathém.,” Vol. II. pp. 66–69). Consult likewise C. Falconet, “Dissert. Histor.,” Paris, 1746; “Le Journal des Sçavans” for July-December 1724, Vol. LXXV. pp. 22–28; W. Falconer, Vol. III. of the “Mem. of the Society of Manchester,” also “Bibl. Britan.,” 1798, Vol. VIII. p. 281.

In the “Essai d’un Glossaire Occitanien” (“Le Journal des Savants” for June 1820, pp. 369–370) it is said about M. de Rochegude that he discovered in “La Vie de St. Honorat de Lérins,” written by Raimont Féraut in 1300, the words caramida, caramita, which he interprets as calamite, aimant, boussole, and that he also read in the “Bergeries” of Remy Belleau (1528–1577) the words calamite ou aiguille aimantée. He found that Joachim du Bellay (1524–1560) had written “Comme le fer qui suit la calamite,” and Nicholas Rapin (1540–1608) “Tourne ma calamite,” but, after examining all the ancient works obtainable, he concluded that the poem of Raimont Féraut, admitted by him to have been translated from an old Latin MS., is the earliest publication containing the word adopted by many to designate the compass. The poem alluded to is the only one extant of Raimont Féraut--Raymond Féraudi de Thoard--a troubadour, long at the court of Charles II of Naples, who died about A.D. 1324 (“Biogr. Génér.”--Hœfer--Vol. XVII. p. 354).

[8] “If an adamant be set by iron, it suffereth not the iron to come to the magnet, but it draweth it by a manner of violence, from the magnet, so that though the magnet draweth iron to itself, the adamant draweth it away from the magnet” (Mediæval Lore, “Gleanings from Barthol. de Glanvilla,” by Robert Steele, London, 1893, Chap. IX. p. 32). The great “Liber de Proprietatibus Rerum,” which has been elsewhere cited in this compilation, was undoubtedly written by Glanvilla (who, according to Salimbene, author of the “Chronicles of Parma,” had been a professor of theology in the Paris University) before the year 1260, for, as Steele remarks, he cites Albertus Magnus, who was in Paris during 1248, but does not quote from either Vincent de Beauvais, Thomas Aquinas, Roger Bacon or Egidius Colonna, all of whom were in Paris during the second half of the thirteenth century.

[9] It is scarcely necessary to add that the afore-named method of suspension is impracticable. This curious problem was deemed worthy of a memoir by M. J. Plateau, communicated to the “Académie des Sciences” at its séance of November 28, 1864 (“Le Moniteur Scientifique,” par le Dr. Quesneville, Vol. VI. p. 1146).

[10] The “Historiæ Hierosolimitanæ” relates all that passed in the kingdom of Jerusalem from 1177 to the siege of Ptolemais inclusively (“History of the Crusades,” Joseph François Michaud, translated by W. Robson, Vol. I. p. 456).

[11] THE ASTROLABE.--For descriptions of astrolabes used by the Arabs, see pp. 338–357 of “Matériaux ... Sciences Mathém.,” by L. A. Sedillot, Paris, 1845, and for plates showing the construction of the compass and other nautical instruments of his time, consult Crescentio (Bartolomeo), “Nautica Mediterranea,” Rome, 1602.

The invention of the astrolabe is ascribed to Hipparchus, and Chaucer’s description in 1391 is the first book treating of it in time and importance. In Chaucer’s “Treatise on the Astrolabe,” he declares his intention of making use of the calendars of the reverend clerks John Somer and Nicholas of Lynne. His reference here is to the Minorite astronomer John Somer--Semur--Somerarius--and to the Carmelite Nicholas, who was lecturer in theology at Oxford (“Dict. of Nat. Biog.,” Vol. LIII. p. 219).

See the illustrated description of an astrolabe by S. A. Ionides, in “Geog. Journ.” for Oct. 1904, pp. 411–417, accompanying references to other works treating of astrolabes; “Le Courrier du Livre,” Quebec, 1899, Vol. III. p. 159, alluding to three works on the astrolabe of Samuel Champlin and Geoffrey Chaucer; “Canada,” by J. G. Bourinot, London, 1897, p. 79, with cut of Champlin’s lost astrolabe made in Paris during 1603; also the entry for Nicholas Bion to be found herein at A.D. 1702.

[12] Vincent de Beauvais desired to facilitate the pursuit of learning by collecting into one large work everything useful to be known in art, history, natural science and philosophy, “so that the great edifice of science should be once more presented with all its halls and porticos forming one harmonious whole, domed over, if we may so express ourselves, with theology and surmounted by the Cross” (“Eccl. History,” Rohrbacher, Vol. XVIII. p. 444, quoted at pp. 86 and 89 of “Christian Schools and Scholars,” London, 1867). His “Speculum Majus,” of which the most trustworthy edition was that published at Strasbourg in ten large folio volumes during 1473, consisted of three parts: “Speculum Naturale,” 32 books and 3718 chapters; “Speculum Doctrinale,” 17 books and 2374 chapters; “Speculum Historiale,” 31 books and 3793 chapters, a total of 80 books and 9885 chapters (“Encycl. Britan.,” ninth ed., Vol. XXIV. p. 235; “Paris et ses historiens,” Paris, 1867, p. 100, note, indicating that, according to Fabricius, the “Speculum Naturale” mentions as many as 350 different names of Arabian, Greek and Latin authors). The influence of the mediæval encyclopædias of Vincent de Beauvais, Brunetto Latini and Bartholomew Anglicus on Western Literature of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries is presented in Liliencron’s “Festrede,” München, 1876 (J. E. Sandys, “Classical Scholarship,” 1903, p. 558).

[13] In his “De Mineralibus” (Lyons ed. 1651, Treat. III. lib. ii. cap. 6, p. 243), Albertus says: “One angle ... is to the zohron (north) ... but another angle of the magnet opposite to it attracts to the aphron (south).” Cardan (“De Subtilitate,” Lugduni, 1663); Salmanazar (Book II. “of the Egyptian Hermitus, 19 stars, and 15 stones, and 15 herbs, and 15 figures”: “on one side the magnet attracts iron, on the other side repels it); Pietro d’ Abano (“Conciliator Differentiarum,” Mantuæ, 1472, Diff. 51, p. 104, or the 1520 Venice edition, p. 73: “know that a magnet is discovered which attracts iron on one side and repels it on the other”).

[14] Albertus was the first schoolman who lectured on the Stagirite, and who in his unbounded range of knowledge comprehends the whole metaphysical, moral, physical, as well as logical system of Aristotle (“History of Latin Christianity,” by the Rev. H. H. Milman, London, 1857, Vol. VI. pp. 270, 277). The first knowledge of the Aristotelian philosophy in the Middle Ages was acquired by translators of Aristotle’s works out of the Arabic. The Arabian commentators were considered the most skilful and authentic guides in the study of his system (“Hist. of the Reign of Charles V,” Robertson and Prescott, Philad., 1883, Vol. I. p. 308; Conring, “Antiq. Acad.,” Diss. III. p. 95, Supplem. p. 241; Murat, “Antiq. Ital.,” Vol. III. p. 392; “Aristotle and the Arabs,” at pp. 257–268 of “Classical Studies in Honour of Hy. Drissler,” New York, 1894; Humboldt, “Cosmos,” 1860, Vol. II. pp. 215–216).

[15] See “Omar Khayyám and his position in the History of Sufism,” to be found at end of the singularly attractive volume entitled “Sufi Interpretations ...” by C. H. A. Bjerregaard, New York, 1902. For an account of Omar Khayyám--Kheyyám (died in 1123), who was a very distinguished Persian philosopher, mathematician, poet and astronomer, also Director of the Bagdad Observatory, consult the ninth ed. of the “Encycl. Britann.,” Vol. XVII. pp. 771–772; “La Grande Encycl.,” Vol. XXV. pp. 372–373; “The Universal Cyclopædia,” Chas. Kendall Adams, New York, 1900, Vol. VIII. p. 588.

[16] Identified by some authors as John Peckham, a disciple of St. Bonaventura, who became Archbishop of Canterbury from 1278 to 1293 (“Christian Schools and Scholars,” by Augusta Th. Drane, London, 1867, Vol. II. p. 172).

[17] To Peregrinus is due the first inception of the terrella. He makes the magnet round, and says, “You must know that this stone bears in itself a likeness of the heavens and contains two points, one North and the other South, thus resembling the poles of the sky....” In his Memoria Prima, “Sopra P. P. de Maricourt,” 1868, P. D. Timoteo Bertelli Barnabita states (Chap. VI. p. 22) that, besides the terrella, Gilbert appropriated other observations and experiments of Peregrinus, and, farther on (Chap. VII. p. 28), he gives us the following extract from Thévenot: “L’on voit encore que la pluspart des choses que l’on attribue à Gilbert et qui luy ont donné la réputation de Père de la Philosophie de l’Ayman estaient scües dès le treizième siècle.” This, says he (in a note, pp. 28–29), is doubtless an exaggeration. That Gilbert took from P. Peregrinus his terrella and many excellent scientific plans on magnetism, the ideas of others also, is probable, but it is indubitable that much was his own, and that, for his time, his work is a veritable chef-d’œuvre of inductive and experimental method and the most finished treatise on magnetism which had up to that time appeared.

In this connection, Bertelli adds (Part III. p. 92): “We must conclude that historical truth was undoubtedly distorted when, for so long a period, it was asserted and repeated, without any sufficient mature investigation, that the famous William Gilbert of Colchester was the real and sole founder of magnetism and of the inductive method in experimental science. We certainly must not deny him the no small merit which is his due, nor the share he had in the discoveries at the commencement of the seventeenth century, but we must, likewise, confess that the copious collection of facts which he gives us, and the experimental and discursive method with which he presents them is neither altogether his own nor is it new” (see W. Wenkebach, “Sur Petrus Adsigerius,” Rome, 1865, p. 8; “Universal Lexicon,” Leipzig, 1741; N. Cabæus, “Phil. Magn.,” Ferrara, 1629, p. 23).

[18] In this same sense does Ristoro d’Arezzo write in his “La Compositione del Mondo ... del 1282,” transcribed by Enrico Narducci, Roma, 1859, pp. 172, 316, xi, xii. Ristoro calls the needle angola (lib. xxxix. p. 326,), which, says he, guides the mariner and which is itself directed (per la virtu del cielo) by the star called tramontane (pp. 110, 263–4, 326); see “Pietro Peregrino,” Bertelli, 1858, pp. 55, 130.

[19] Dr. Geo. Miller names (“Hist. Phil. Ill.,” London, 1849, Vol. I. p. 180, note) Guyot de Provins, Jacques de Vitry and Brunetto Latini, as referring to the compass. He adds that the Chronicle of France intimates the use of this instrument under the name of marinette towards the time of the first of the voyages of the Crusaders undertaken by Louis IX, and that Hughes de Bercy, a contemporary of that prince, speaks of it as well known in that country. For these reasons, says he, “the credit of the invention must be denied to Flavio de Melfi, or Flavio Gioia, a Neapolitan, who is commonly said to have constructed the first compass about the year 1302, on account of which the province of Principato, in which he was born, bears one of these instruments for its arms.

[20] It is interesting to note that the “Confessio Amantis,” which went through as many as four editions before the year 1560, is a huge work of nearly thirty-five thousand lines which was written at the desire of King Richard II of England between the years 1377 and 1393.

[21] Les Roses des Vents n’apparaissent pas sur les cartes avant le xvi^e siècle (“Annales de Géographie,” VI. 1897, p. 14 de la Bibliographie). See A.D. 1436 entry.

[22] Incidentally, it may be mentioned that when the laws of Castile were collected in a Code, during the reign of Alfonso the tenth, surnamed El Sabio, the learned, the compilers divided the work into seven volumes or parts (siete partidas) in order that each volume or part might be dedicated to one of the seven letters constituting Alfonso’s name (“Dedication of Books,” New York, 1881, pp. 17–18).

[23] See “Geographical Journal,” Vol. V. March 1895, No. 3, “Pre-Columbian Discovery of America,” pp. 222, 224, 226, for sketches of Andrea Bianco’s Map of 1448.

[24] In Kohl’s collection of early maps already alluded to as given in “Harv. Univ. Bull.,” Vol. III, reference is made (p. 175) to the portolano--A.D. 1426--of a Venetian hydrographer, Giacomo Giraldi, which has been preserved in the Biblioteca Marciana and which was reproduced at Venice by Ongania in 1881, also (p. 303) to the Map of America published during 1570 by Abraham Oertel--Ortell--b. 1527, d. 1598, and at p. 365 to the Map of the World by Joannes Oliva, A.D. 1613, as well as to an Atlas by Salvatore Oliva, A.D. 1620, showing both the Americas. In an article headed “The first true Maps,” to be found in “Nature” of December 15, 1904, pp. 159–161, mention is made that the oldest dated portolan is the first of Pietro Vesconte--Visconti--executed in 1311.

[25] For Nautonniez, see Houzeau et Lancaster, “Bibl. Gén.,” Vol. I. part ii. p. 1193, also J-G. T. Græsse, “Trésor de Livres Rares,” Dresde, 1863, Vol. IV. p. 651, and Brunet, “Manuel,” p. 827, at which latter appears the statement of M. Frère to the effect that Guillaume de Nautonnier--Nautonniez--caused to be reprinted, under the above-named title of “Mécométrie de l’Eymant,” the “Dialogue de la Longitude” of Toussaincte de Bessard originally published at Rouen in 1574.

For the reported investigation of Pedro da Medina, who, Gilbert says, (“De Magnete,” Book IV. chap. viii.) does not accept variation and has with many errors disgraced the art of navigation, consult, preferably, the Venetia 1555 edition entitled “L’Arte del navegar,” Libro sesto, “Della Aguggia, over bossolo da navegar,” pp. cviii-cxvi. The leaf xxiii contains a Map of America. This last-named map of the Nuevo Mundo “may be taken to represent the results of Spanish discovery about 1540, Pedro da Medina having been the official examiner of pilots. It is interesting as showing the mouth of the Spirito Santo (the Mississippi) and the lands around the river and gulf of St. Lawrence. The Island of Cape Breton appears as part of Nova Scotia and of the mainland; but Newfoundland is represented as three islands, divided from Northern Canada by a much wider expanse of water than the actual Straits of Belle Isle. This is, however, a striking instance of the great extent of Medina’s geographical knowledge. The river Saguenay is shown at its entry into the St. Lawrence, which is also a remarkable feature in so early a map.”

[26] Behaim’s justly famous globe was made up from the authorities of Ptolemy, Pliny and Strabo, as well as from the reports of Marco Polo’s travels and the semi-fabulous travels of Sir John Mandeville (“English Cyclopædia,” Vol. I. p. 617).

[27] Aguilhas, in Portuguese, signifies needles: Walker, “Magnetism of Ships,” 1853, p. 2; Sir Thomas Browne, “Pseud. Epidem.,” Book II. p. 70.

[28] It is in the “Epistle Dedicatorie” to this work that Barlowe is shown to have been the first to make use of the word magnetisme.

[29] “Imperial Dict. of Universal Biography,” Vol. II. p. 626.

[30] The earth itself is a magnet according to Gilbert, who considered that the inflections of the lines of equal declination and inclination depend upon the distribution of mass, the configuration of continents, or the form and extent of the deep, intervening ocean basins. It is difficult to connect the periodic variations which characterize the three principal forms of magnetic phenomena (the isoclinic, the isogonic and the isodynamic lines) with this rigid system of the distribution of force and mass, unless we represent to ourselves the attractive force of the material particles modified by similar periodic changes of temperature in the interior of the terrestrial planet.... Of these lines, the isogonic are the most important in their immediate application to navigation, whilst we find from the most recent views that the isodynamic, especially those which indicate the horizontal force, are the most valuable elements in the theory of terrestrial magnetism (Humboldt, “Cosmos,” 1859–1860, Vol. I. pp. 180–181, 185; Vol. II. p. 334, wherein references are made to Gauss, “Resultate der Beob. des Magn. Vereins,” 1838, s. 21; Sabine, “Report on the Variations of the Magnetic Intensity,” p. 63).

[31] The reader is referred to Appendix I herein for “Accounts of early writers and others alluded to in Gilbert’s ‘De Magnete,’ not already disposed of throughout this Bibliographical History.” Gilbert says that only a few points touching the loadstone are briefly mentioned by Marbodeus Gallus, Albertus, Mattæus Silvaticus, Hermolaus Barbarus, Camillus Leonhardus, Cornelius Agrippa, Fallopius, Joannes Langius, Cardinal de Cusa, Hannibal Rosetius Calaber, all of whom repeat only the figments of others.

[32] Sir Kenelm Digby (“Treatise of the Nature of Bodies,” 1645, Chap. XX. p. 225) says that the manner in which Gilbert “arrived to discover so much of magnetical philosophy” and “all the knowledge he got on the subject, was by forming a little loadstone into the shape of the earth. By which means he composed a wonderful designe, which was to make the whole globe of the earth maniable; for he found the properties of the whole earth in that little body ... which he could manage and try experiments upon at his will....” In the note at p. 47 (P. Peregrinus, A.D. 1269), it will be seen that the terrella was constructed by both in practically the same manner: only Peregrinus considered it “a likeness to the heavens,” whilst Gilbert regarded it as the earth itself.

[33] The magnetized versorium consisted of a piece of iron, or needle, resting upon a point, or pin, and was put in motion, excited, by the loadstone or natural magnet. The non-magnetized versorium was made of any sort of metal, for use in electrical experiments (“De Magnete,” Book II. chap. ii.; Book III. chap. i.).

[34] Asterisks. As Gilbert remarks in his Author’s Preface, he has set over against “the great multitude” of his discoveries and experiments larger and smaller asterisks according to their importance and their subtility; all of his experiments having been, says he, “investigated and again and again done and repeated under our eyes.” There are, in all, 178 small and 21 large asterisks, some of them being attached to illustrations, of which latter there are as many as 84 throughout the work. See Appendix II herein.

[35] Humboldt, “Cosmos,” 1849, Vol. I. p. 170, and Vol. II. pp. 717–718.

[36] Sir Wm. Thomson, “Good Words,” 1879, p. 445.

We have already indicated several modes of construction, notably at A.D. 1282 (Baïlak of Kibdjak), at A.D. 1558 (G. B. Porta), as well as at A.D. 1597 (Wm. Barlowe), and it is interesting to observe how all these vary, more particularly from the types described by Levinus Lemnius in the “De Occulta Naturæ Miracula,” mentioned at B.C. 1033, and by Martinus Lipenius in his “Navigatio Salomonis Ophiritica” noted at A.D. 1250.

[37] “Cosmos,” 1860, Vol. II. p. 341, or prior edition, 1849, Vol. II. p. 726.

[38] “Good Words,” 1879, with a facsimile of the title-page at p. 383.

[39] According to Dr. John Davy, this “De Mundo Nostro,” which is but little known, “is a very remarkable book, both in style and matter; and there is a vigour and energy of expression belonging to it very suitable to its originality. Possessed of a more minute and practical knowledge of natural philosophy than Bacon, his opposition to the philosophy of the schools was more searching and particular, and at the same time probably little less efficient” (“Memoirs of the Life of Sir Humphry Davy,” London, 1836, Vol. I. p. 311).

[40] Gilbert’s near kinsman, Rev. William Gilbert, of Brental Ely, in Suffolk.

[41] At the first chapter of Books I., III. and IV.

[42] “Philosophia magnetica in qua magnetis natura penitus explicatur....” An important work on the loadstone, in which the author often confutes the published treatise of Dr. Gilbert of Colchester, and quotes the inedited writings of L. Garzoni, who, even before Gilbert, had made researches respecting the magnet. A curious chapter in the “Philosophia” institutes a comparison between electrical and magnetical attraction (Libri, “Catalogue,” 1871, Part. I. p. 161).

[43] It is in the afore-mentioned Book IV. chap. i. that Gilbert makes mention of Norumbega, “the lost city of New England,” regarding which latter very interesting particulars will be found in the following publications: “Magazine of Amer. Hist.” for 1877, pp. 14, 321, and for 1886, p. 291; “New England’s Lost City Found”; Lang’s “Sagas of the Kings of Norway”; “Antiquitates Americanæ,” Royal Soc. of Copenhagen; Shea’s “Catholic Church in Colonial Days”; “Narrative and Critical History of America,” by Justin Winsor, Boston, 1889, Vol. II. pp. 451, 453, 459, 472; Vol. III. pp. 169–218; Vol. IV. pp. 53, 71, 88, 91–99, 101, 152, 373, 384; Vol. V. p. 479; R. Hakluyt, “The Principal Navigations,” Edinburgh, 1889, Vol. XIII. p. 162, note; J. G. Bourinot, “Canada,” London, 1897, p. 28; Horsford, “Cabot’s Landfall in 1497, and the site of Norumbega”; “Discovery of the Ancient City of Norumbega”; also “Defences of Norumbega.”

[44] “That which first occasioned this Discourse, was the reading of a little Pamphlet, stiled, Nuntius Inanimatus (by Dr. Francis Godwin); wherein he affirms that there are certain ways to discourse with a Friend, though he were in a close Dungeon, in a besieged City, or a hundred miles off.... After this, I did collect all such Notes to this purpose, as I met with in the course of my other Studies. From whence when I had received full satisfaction, I did for mine own further delight compose them into this method.”--The Author.

[45] In the second edition of Digby’s “The Immortality of Reasonable Soules” (“a treatise on the soul proving its immortality”), published during the year 1645, are to be found attractive portraits of himself and of his wife, Venetia Anastasia Stanley, daughter of Sir Edward Stanley, of Tongue Castle, one of the celebrated beauties of her day.

[46] Libri says (“Catal.,” 1861, Pt. II. p. 701) that the learned Jesuit, Schott, seems to have been very conversant with angels, for he not only dedicated his “Magia Naturalis” to an angel, but likewise another of his works, the “Magia Arithmetica,” wherein he indicates the total number of the angels in existence, that number being composed of sixty-eight numerical figures.

[47] “The meetings, from which the Royal Society originated, commenced about the year 1645, a number of persons having then begun to assemble for the consideration of all subjects connected with experimental inquiries; all questions of theology and policy being expressly precluded” (Dr. Geo. Miller, from Harris’s “Life of Charles II,” Vol. I. p. 7, London, 1766).

[48] In the entry at p. 223, Part I of Libri’s “Catal.” for 1861 it is said that, in the first volume of the works of A. S. Conti, who was the intimate friend of Sir Isaac Newton, we find for the first time mention of the fact that the aurora is supposed to be an electrical phenomenon.

[49] “La perte de l’illustre M. Huygens est inestimable, peu de gens le savent autant que moi; il a égalé, à mon avis, la réputation de Galilée et de Descartes, et, aidé par ce qu’ils avaient fait, il a surpassé leurs découvertes.” (Extracted from a letter written by Leibnitz to Bosange, July 26, 1695--“Journal des Savants,” for Nov. 1905, “Oeuvres complètes de Christian Huygens,” La Haye, 1905.)

[50] Just here we may refer to the fact--for it is a fact--that the electrical energy transmitted over a line, which may be many miles in length, really does not travel by the wire connecting the two points. It travels in the ether surrounding the wire. The wire itself is, in fact, the guiding core of the disturbances in the ether which proceed outward in all directions to unlimited distances. The guiding core or conducting wire is needed to focalize or direct the delivery of the energy. This curious conclusion of science, then, that the power from the power-station wire travels in the space around the wires led from the station, is one of the results of recent electrical studies, just as with light those studies begun by Maxwell and Hertz have led to the inevitable conclusion that the light of the candle, the light of a kerosene lamp, and the light of a gas burner are all in essence electrical phenomena, as are all forms of radiation in the ether (“Electricity During the Nineteenth Century,” Prof. Elihu Thomson, Washington, 1901).

[51] Mr. Andrew Crosse (1784–1855) was a distinguished English scientist, author of “Experiments in Voltaic Electricity,” 1815, alluded to in Phil. Magazine, Vol. XLVI. p. 421 and in Gilb. “Ann.,” Bd. XLI. s. 60. See “Dict. of Nat. Biog.,” Vol. XIII. p. 223, and the many references thereto annexed.

[52] “The first sound theory of chemistry was denominated the antiphlogistic, in contradistinction to that of phlogiston, or the principle of inflammability, which was first proposed by Beccher (born at Spires in Germany in the year 1635) and then improved by Stahl, a native of Anspach, in honour of whom it has been commonly denominated the Stahlian theory. The difference between the two theories is briefly this, that according to the earlier a body is conceived to be deprived in combustion of a component principle, whereas according to the later a component part of the atmosphere is conceived to be combined with it” (Dr. Geo. Miller, from Thomson’s “History of Chemistry,” London, 1830, Vol. I. pp. 246, 250, and Vol. II. pp. 99–100).

[53] Ueber die Ursache und die Gesetze der atmosphärischen Elektricität. Von Prof. Franz Exner. Repertorium der Physik. Band XXII. Heft 7.

[54] Ueber Atmosphärischen und Gewitter Elektricität. Meteor. Zeits. 1, 2, 3 and 4, 1885.

[55] Memoir of National Academy of Sciences.

[56] (a) Report of Chicago Meteorological Congress. Part II. August 1893. (b) Zusammenstellung der Ergebnisse neuerer der Arbeiten über atmosphärische Elektricität. Von J. Elster und H. Geitel. Wissen. Beilage zum Jahresbericht des Herzoglichen Gymnasiums zu Wolfenbuttel, 1897.

[57] (a) Observations of Atmospheric Electricity. American Meteorological Journal, 1887. (b) Terrestrial Magnetism. December 1897.

Consult Sir Wm. Thomson (Lord Kelvin), “Reprint of Papers on Electro-statics and Magnetism,” London, 1884, second edition, pp. 192–239, Chapter (Article) XVI, “Atmospheric Electricity.”

[58] For Gauss and Weber: Humboldt, “Cosmos,” 1849, Vol. I. pp. 172, 185–186; Vol. II. p. 720, and Vol. V, 1859, pp. 63, 71; “Encycl. Brit.,” 1879, Vol. X. p. 116, and the 1902 ed. Vol. XXXIII. p. 798; “Am. Journ. of Psych.,” Vol. IV. pp. 7–10; “New International Encycl.,” 1903, Vol. VIII. p. 159. The following curious array of figures is selected from Gauss’ many interesting calculations. He found that the earth’s magnetism is such as would result from the existence, in every cubic yard of its mass, of six magnetized steel bars, each weighing one pound. Compared with one such magnet, the magnetism of the earth is represented by 8,464,000,000,000,000,000,000 (“Am. Ann. of Sc. Dis.,” 1852, p. iii).

[59] Whewell, “Hist. of Induc. Sci.,” 1859, Vol. II. p. 244. It paved the way for his subsequent identification of the forces of electricity, galvanism and magnetism.

Prof. W. B. Rogers remarks that attempts to discover this connection had been made with galvanic piles or batteries whose poles were not connected by conductors, under the expectation that these would show magnetical relations, although in such cases the electricity accumulated at the extremities was evidently stagnant. It was reserved for Oersted first to bring into prominent view the fact that it was not while the electricity was thus at rest, but while it was flowing through the wire connecting the two poles, that it exhibited magnetic action, and that a wire thus carrying a current, while it had the power of affecting a magnetic needle, was in turn susceptible of being acted on by a magnet; and this was the initial step in the science of electro-magnetism.

[60] See the 1839 ed. of “Experimental Researches”: I, “Voltaic Electricity,” par. 268; II, “Ordinary Electricity,” par. 284; III, “Magneto-Electricity,” par. 343; IV, “Thermo-Electricity,” par. 349; V, “Animal Electricity,” par. 351.

[61] In English measure, the metre is ¹⁄₁₁ yd., the milligramme is ¹⁄₆₅ of a grain; the kilogramme is 2 lb. 3¼ oz.

[62] In the Summa of Theology was presented, says Ozanam Antoine Frédéric, a vast synthesis of the moral sciences, in which was unfolded all that could be known of God, of man and of their mutual relations--a truly Catholic philosophy.... Sixtus of Sienna and Trithemius both declare that St. Thomas explained all the works of Aristotle and that he was the first Latin Doctor who did so (“Christian Schools and Scholars,” p. 81).

It may also be added that, in the estimation of one of his biographers, the greatest of the many disciples of St. Thomas was, by far, Dante Alighieri, in whose “Divina Commedia” the theology and philosophy of the Middle Ages, as fixed by St. Thomas, have received the immortality which poetry alone can bestow.

[63] Almagest was the name given to the great work of Aboulwéfa and was afterwards often applied to astronomical writings treating of celestial phenomena in general. The word is of Greek, not Arabic, origin, and signifies a composition made up on a very extensive scale (“Journ. des Savants,” December 1843, p. 725, and March 1845, p. 150). Almagest was also the name given to the extensive astronomical work by Ptolemy of Alexandria, which established the Ptolemaic System as astronomical science for 1400 years, until overthrown by the system of Copernicus. Ptolemy’s work (originally entitled “The Great Composition”), the Arabs called by the Greek word, magisté, “greatest,” and, with the addition by Arabic translators of their article al, “the,” the hybrid name “Almagest” came into use (“Encycl. Amer.,” Vol. I. n. p.; “Encycl. Britan.,” Edin., 1886, Vol. XX).

[64] See résumé concerning the Astrolabe at A.D. 1235–1315--Raymond Lully.

[65] Sacro Bosco, here alluded to, is John Holywood or Halifax--in Latin, Johannes de Sacro Bosco or Sacro Busto--an English mathematician, said to have studied at Oxford and to have afterwards become a Professor of Astronomy at the University of Paris about the year 1230. Sacro Bosco was one of the first, in the Middle Ages, to avail himself of the Arabian writings on astronomy and is believed to have condensed pretty much all the science therein contained in his own well-known “Tractatus de Sphæra.” Of the latter, which was the second astronomical work to appear in print and which was first issued at Ferrara in 1472, there were, it is said, as many as twenty-four more editions published before the year 1500. Houzeau says this “Tractatus” was the standard for three centuries, and the writer in “La Grande Encyclopédie,” Vol. XXIX. p. 44, states that there were more than seventy Latin editions of it published between the fifteenth and the seventeenth centuries.

He is also the author of numerous other works, including “De Astrolabio” and a very meritorious “Tractatus de Arte Numerandi,” which latter is reproduced at pp. 1–26 of the “Rara Mathematica” of Jas. Orchard Halliwell, London, 1839.

The best commentary ever written on the astronomy of Sacro Bosco is the “Commentarius in sphæram ... of Christopher Clavius,” called the Euclid of his country. Clavius was born at Bamberg in 1538, died at Rome in 1612, and, according to Houzeau, was the author of as many as twenty-six different works on mathematics and astronomy. An almost equally valuable Commentary on the Sphere of Sacro Bosco was written by the famous encyclopedist Cecco d’Ascoli (1257–1327) whose real name, as we have already been informed, was Francesco degli Stabili (Libri, “Hist. des Sc. Mathém.,” Vol. II. pp. 191–200, 525–526; Hœfer, “Hist. de l’Astronomie,” Paris, 1873, p. 285; Alex. Chalmers, “Gen. Biog. Dict.,” Vol. IX. pp. 1–3; Rose, “New Gen. Biog. Dict.,” Vol. VI. p. 153; “Encycl. Brit.,” 1876, Vol. V. p. 282; Bertelli, “Pietro Peregrino,” 1868, p. 129).

[66] Eudoxus, not before mentioned in this “Bibliographical History,” was a native of Cnidus, Asia Minor, who flourished about 370 B.C. He was a pupil of Plato, and is frequently mentioned by Aratus, Archimedes, Aristotle, Cicero, Hipparchus, Proclus, Ptolemy, Seneca, Strabo, Vitruvius and others. Cicero calls him the greatest astronomer that has ever lived, and Strabo quotes him as a very distinguished mathematician.

[67] Apollonius of Tyana, a Pythagorean philosopher who lived in first century after Christ and who, in the account of his extraordinary travels through India, reports having seen the precious stone pantarbes casting rays of fire, and attracting all other gems, which adhered to it like swarms of bees (“Engl. Cycl.,” Chas. Knight, Biography, Vol. I. p. 266).

[68] Comte (Isidore Auguste Marie François-Xavier) (1798–1857). Very celebrated French philosopher, founder of Positivism, called Le Fondateur de la religion de l’humanité. Consult: Caird (Edward), “The Social Philosophy and Religion of Comte.”

[69] With reference to the real discoverer, we can add here with propriety the words of John Fiske: “No ingenuity of argument can take from Columbus the glory of an achievement which has, and can have, no parallel in the whole career of mankind. It was a thing that could be done but once!”

[70] “... Aristotle adds that some say the earth being situated in the centre, is rolled around the pole, as it is written in the Timæus ... there are three significations of the pole with Plato. Thus, in the Phædo, he calls heaven the pole, and also the extremities of the axis about which the heaven revolves. But, in other places of the Timæus, and also in the present passage he calls the axis the pole” (“The Treatises of Aristotle,” Thos. Taylor, London, 1807, p. 235; Humboldt, “Cosmos,” 1849, Vol. II. p. 695, note). The Earth “is said by Plato to be conglobed about the pole, which is extended through the universe; because she (the Earth) is contained and compressed about its axis. For the axis also is the pole. And the pole is thus now denominated because the universe revolves about it ... on this account, the pole is said by Plato to be extended through the universe, as entirely pervading the centre of the Earth” (“The Six Books of Proclus,” Thos. Taylor, London, 1816, Book VII. chap. xxii. pp. 172–173).

[71] It was for a copy of the valuable works of this popular Arabian physician, which he borrowed from “La Faculté de Médecine” of Paris, that Louis XI had to deposit in pledge a large quantity of plate and had, besides, to procure a nobleman to join him as surety in a Deed binding himself under great forfeiture to restore these extraordinarily scarce books (Gabr. Naudé, “Additions à l’histoire de Louis XI,” par Comines, Vol. IV. p. 281). Rhazès was born and brought up at Rai, the most northern town of Irak Ajemi, where he is said to have died A.D. 923 or 932 (“Engl. Cycl.,” Vol. V. pp. 69–70).

[72] The School of Salerno and the introduction of Arabian sciences into Italy are discussed with learning and judgment by Muratori (Lodovico Antonio), “Antiquitates Italiæ Medii Aevi.,” Vol. III. pp. 932–940, and by Giannone (Pietro), “Istoria Civile del Regno di Napoli,” Vol. II. pp. 119–127). Consult, likewise, for the Salerno school, “Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages,” by Hastings Rashdall, Oxford, 1895, Chap. III. pp. 75–86, and also pp. 306–307, Vol. IV. part i. of the “History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages ...” of Ferdinand Gregorovius, tr. by Annie Hamilton, London, 1896.

[73] Extracted from “Information and Directions for Travellers,” by Mariana Starke, 8th ed., John Murray, London, 1832.

[74] Vol. III has at p. 688 an Index and an advertisement to the effect that two more volumes by Benjamin Motte will continue the work from 1700 to 1720.

[75] Benjamin Motte edited in 1721 an abridgment 1700–1720, in three volumes which “was very incorrect and was severely handled by a rival editor, Hy. Jones, fellow of King’s College, Cambridge” (“Dict. of Nat. Biogr.,” Vol. XXXIX. p. 194).

[76] These volumes, IV and V, are generally adopted, instead of those by Benjamin Motte, “a printer who had issued a bad abridgment of the same portion” before that of Henry Jones (“Dict. Nat. Biogr.,” Vol. XXX. p. 109).

[77] This volume is in two parts, separately paged, and is by some designated as the volume VI to take the place of one of those of Eames and Martyn.

[78] Volume VII is followed by an Index to the previous seven volumes.

[79] John Martyn published, between 1734 and 1756, five volumes comprising the Transactions from 1719 to 1750 (“Dict. of Nat. Biogr.,” Vol. XXXVI. p. 318). The last two volumes are marked Vol. X. parts i. and ii.

[80] Hutton’s Abridgment contains ... many biographical memoirs of deceased members of the Royal Society, as well as some rare tracts not readily found elsewhere.

Transcriber’s Notes:

1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently.

2. Where hyphenation is in doubt, it has been retained as in the original.

3. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been retained as in the original.

4. Where appropriate, the original spelling has been retained.

5. Superscripts are represented using the caret character, e.g. D^r. or X^{xx}.

6. Italics are shown as xxx.

7. Bold print is shown as =xxx=.

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