XXVI. ARCHÆOLOGICAL LIGHT ON THE ENROLMENT OF QUIRINIUS…

XXVI. ARCHÆOLOGICAL LIGHT ON THE ENROLMENT OF QUIRINIUS

TRANSLATION OF A PAPYRUS SHOWING THAT IN THE SECOND CENTURY ENROLMENT WAS MADE EVERY FOURTEEN YEARS. COMMENTS. TRANSLATION REFERRING TO AN ENROLMENT IN THE REIGN OF NERO. FRAGMENT FROM THE REIGN OF TIBERIUS. ENROLMENTS PROBABLY INAUGURATED BY AUGUSTUS. DOCUMENT SHOWING THAT PEOPLE WENT TO THEIR OWN TOWNS FOR ENROLMENT. INSCRIPTION SUPPOSED TO REFER TO QUIRINIUS. INSCRIPTION FROM ASIA MINOR REFERRING TO QUIRINIUS. DISCUSSION. CONCLUSIONS.

Archæological research has recently thrown much light upon the census of Quirinius mentioned in Luke 2:1-5. The evidence has come in part from ancient records on papyri which have been dug up in Egypt, some of which are herewith translated.

The following extract from a large papyrus establishes the fact that a census or an assessment-list was made in the Roman empire every fourteen years.

=1. Papyrus Showing Enrolment Every Fourteen Years.=[607]

After the death of my wife Aphrodite, or, as she was called by some, Aphroditoute, having departed from the district of Herakles and Sabinos, I enrolled the other children who dwell with Mysthes who is called Ninnos, who was 33 years old, and after the others, the wife of my son Mysthes who is called Ninnos, viz.:--Zozime, freed-woman of Ptolemaios Ammoniarios, daughter of Marion Geomytha, and was 22 years old, (who was living with her mistress, in the enrolment of the 9th year; at the time of the enrolment she [Zozime] was living in the Greek quarter, but has now moved into the neighboring quarter of Apolloneios Hierax) and the children of these two, Ammonios, aged 5, and Didymos, aged 4, and Aut ........, were not otherwise enrolled in the enrolment in the first year of the Emperor Cæsar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus and the Emperor Cæsar Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus, on the thirtieth of Payni [i. e., June 24, 161 A. D.]. To Potomon, governor of the Arsinoite district of Herakles, and Asclepiades, the royal census-taker, and Agathos Daimon and Dioskoros, census-takers of the metropolis, on behalf of Mysthes who is called Ninnos, Mysthes, son of Philo, whose mother is Herais, daughter of Ammoniosone, of the citizens of the metropolis, who are enrolled from the quarter of Apolloneios Hierax: there belongs to me in the district of Ammonios 1/12 part of the place called Nekpherotios, in which I enroll myself and my household for the current enrolment of the 14th year according to the household enrolment, as also I enrolled myself according to the household enrolment in the 23rd year of Antoninus (i. e., 160-161 A. D.); I am also Mysthes who is also called Ninnos; the one enrolled is 59 years old, and his wife, Zozime, the freed-woman of Ammoniarios, daughter of Marion, who was enrolled in the household enrolment of the 23rd year in the same quarter, is 38 years old, and the children of those two, ........ not enrolled in the enrolments, 11 years old, and likewise Dioskoros 10 (?) years old, and likewise ........, 9 years old, and a daughter, Isidora, 8 years old: thus I make my deposition. 15th year of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Cæsar, the lord. Intercalary Mesore: (i. e., the end of August, 175 A. D.).

This papyrus, dated in the year 175 A. D., is very important as it proves that the census came every fourteen years. The enrolment mentioned at the end of it was made in connection with the census of 174-175 A. D., since the document is dated in August of the year 175. The enrolment mentioned about the middle of the document was the enrolment of 160-161 A. D. That was dated in the summer of 161. The one mentioned near the beginning of the quotation as having been made in the 9th year must refer to the census of the year 146-147, and the 9th year of Antoninus Pius, which was the year 147. The proof that the census was taken every fourteen years[608] is of the greatest importance to our subject, as will appear below.

This enrolment was made by one Mysthes Ninnos on behalf of his son, who was also called Mysthes Ninnos, the wife of the son who was a freed-woman, called Zozime, and their children, who were the grandchildren of the man making the enrolment. Mysthes Ninnos, the grandfather, had been married twice. His first wife was named Aphrodite; after her death he married Herais, the mother of the son, Mysthes Ninnos.

=2. Translation Referring to an Enrolment in the Reign of Nero.=[609]

Copy of an enrolment of Ammonios and ...... ios, the gymnasiarch and librarian of the public library in the city of Arsinoe, in the presence of Pa ...... xineos ...... Paesios, son of Myo, priest of those who are from Karanis of the district of Heracles. According to the commands through the most excellent governor, Lucius Julius Vestinus, I have enrolled today my goods which are free from debt and mortgage and lien; in the neighboring village, a third part of my father’s house and courtyard, and places cleared of abodes, two lots of a half acre each, which were bought from Mesoereus, son of Nekpherōs, in the fifth year of Nero Claudius Cæsar Augustus Germanicus, Emperor, and a house in the village, which was bought from Onnophreus, son of Peteoræpeus, in the sixth year of Nero Claudius Cæsar Augustus Germanicus, Emperor. Whatever I make from these or buy in addition I will first report as it shall occur.

The date of this document, which is only a copy, is not given, but as it refers to two transactions in real estate, which were dated respectively in the 5th and 6th years of Nero, and as that monarch’s reign began in October of the year 54 A. D., it is probable that this is a copy of an enrolment made in connection with the census of 62-63 A. D. This proves that the system of taking the census once in fourteen years was in operation as early as the reign of Nero.

=3. Fragment from the Reign of Tiberius.=[610]

To Eutychides and Theon, local census-takers and village census-takers, from Horion and Petosiris, priest of Isis, the most great goddess, of the temple called the Two Brothers in the city of Oxyrhynchus on the street Myrobalanos, near the Serapeum. Those who live in the house which belongs to me and my wife Tasis and to Taurius, son of Harbichis, and to Papontos, son of Nechthesorios, and to Thæchemere, in the house which is near the aforesaid temple of the Two Brothers are as follows:

The papyrus at this point becomes too mutilated for further translation.

The importance of this document is revealed by an examination of the names of the officers, Eutychides and Theon. Another papyrus from the same place, which contains a notice of a removal, is dated in the 6th year of the Emperor Tiberius.[611] As these officers were still in office when this census was taken, this must be the census of the year 20-21 A. D.

=4. Enrolments Probably Inaugurated by Augustus.=

Another papyrus contains a list of people who were exempt from poll-tax in the 41st year of the reign of Augustus.[612] As the poll-tax was intimately connected with the census, it is altogether probable that the census was inaugurated by Augustus. As he became emperor in 27 B. C. and at once proceeded to organize his empire, the census may have begun early in his reign. If there was one in 20 A. D. there would be one in 6 A. D., 9-8 B. C., and possibly in 23-22 B. C. If there was not one in 23-22, that in 9-8 B. C. would be the first. This is the one to which reference is made in Luke 2:2. If the birth of Jesus occurred at the time of this census, it must have been earlier than we usually suppose. Ramsay thinks that the taking of the census in Judah may have been delayed till 7 or 6 B. C., on account of Jewish prejudices.

=5. Document Showing that People Went to Their Own Towns for Enrolment.=

In connection with the census of Quirinius it is stated in Luke 2:3: “All went to enroll themselves, every one to his own city.” This has been felt by many scholars to be an improbable statement, and has been cited as an evidence of the unhistorical character of the whole story of the census in Luke. In this connection part of a papyrus discovered in Egypt, which is dated in the 7th year of the Emperor Trajan, 103-104 A. D., is of great interest. This document contains three letters. The third of the letters is the one which relates to our subject. It is as follows:[613]

Gaius Vibius, chief prefect of Egypt. Because of the approaching census it is necessary that all those residing for any cause away from their own homes, should at once prepare to return to their own governments, in order that they may complete the family administration of the enrolment, and that the tilled lands may retain those belonging to them. Knowing that your city has need of provisions from the country, I wish .......... (At this point the papyrus becomes too fragmentary for connected translation.)

It is perfectly clear that in Egypt the enrolment was done on the basis of kinship. The word rendered “family” above [συνήθη] means “kindred” in the larger sense. The phrase rendered “belonging to” [them, i. e., the tilled lands] also means “kindred.” It appears, then, that in Egypt the enrolment of each district was intended to include all the kinsmen belonging to that district, and that, lest those residing elsewhere should forget to return home for the census, proclamations were issued directing them to do so. It is well known that in many respects the customs of administration in Syria and Egypt were similar. Luke’s statement, that Joseph went up from Nazareth to Bethlehem, because he was of the house and lineage of David, to enroll himself with Mary (Luke 2:4, 5), turns out to be in exact accord with the governmental regulations as we now know them from the papyri.

=6. Inscription Supposed to Refer to Quirinius.=

A fragmentary inscription found at Rome in 1828 is thought by Mommsen and others to prove that Quirinius was governor of Syria twice, and that the governorship to which Josephus refers (Antiquities, XVII, i, 1), which was coincident with the deposition of Archelaus in 6 A. D., was his second appointment. The inscription as filled out by Mommsen and others reads:[614]

[P. Sulpicius Quirinius, consul ..........; as proconsul obtained Crete and Cyrene as a province ..........; as legate of the divine Augustus, obtaining Syria and Phœnicia he waged war with the tribe of Homonadenses who had killed Amyntas the k]ing; when he returned into the domi[nion of the Emperor Cæsar] Augustus and the Roman people, the senate [decreed] thanksgivings [to the immortal gods] on account of the two success[ful accomplishments] and triumphal ornaments to him; as proconsul he ob[tained] Asia as a province; as the legate of the divine Augustus he [obtained] again Syria and Phœnicia.

If this inscription were intact its evidence would be decisive, but unfortunately it is only a fragment, and the name of Quirinius is just that which has to be supplied from other inscriptions. That so eminent a scholar as Mommsen thought that this name was the one which once began the inscription is of weight, but it does not compensate for the loss of the name.

=7. Inscription from Asia Minor Referring to Quirinius.=[615]

The following inscription, discovered by Prof. Ramsay and Mr. J. G. C. Anderson, of Oxford, is believed by Ramsay to prove that Quirinius was governor of Syria between 10 and 7 B. C.

To Gaius Caristanius (son of Gaius of the Sergian tribe) Fronto Caesianus Juli[us], Chief of engineers, pontifex, priest, prefect of P. Sulpicius Quirinius duumvir, prefect of M. Servilius. To him first of all men at public expense by decree of the decuriones, a statue was erected.

This inscription was found at Antioch, a fortified colony in southeastern Phrygia or southern Galatia, in the year 1912. The name Caristanius connects its erection with the time of the Hamonadian war, 10-7 B. C. That Quirinius received the honor of an election to the office of honorary duumvir of the colony at this time, is held by Ramsay to prove that he had been sent to Syria as governor, and had been military commander in the war against the Hamonades. It was the benefits which accrued to the little colony of Antioch from his victories in this war, which led to the election and the erection of this statue. Ramsay, accordingly, holds that this inscription proves Quirinius to have been governor of Syria about 11-7 B. C., and this confirms the statement of Luke 2:2, that the census at the time when Jesus was born was the first enrolment, when Quirinius was governor of Syria.

One objection to this theory is that from other sources (Josephus, Antiquities, XVI, x, 8; xi, 3), it appears that Sentius Saturninus was governor of Syria at this time, i. e., from 9-7 B. C., just at the time when, according to the papyri, the census should occur. This is supported by a statement of Tertullian, that Jesus was born when Saturninus was governor of Syria. To meet this objection, Ramsay supposes either that the authority of Quirinius and of Saturninus overlapped, the former being military commander and the latter civil governor, or that Quirinius ruled until about July 1st of the year 8, the census year, and Saturninus then took office. These are, however, mere possibilities. We have not yet clear information concerning these points.

Later, in 6 A. D., Quirinius was sent out to Syria again (see Tacitus, Annales, III, 48), and took over as governor of Syria the kingdom of Judah on the deposition of Archelaus, and conducted the census there of 6-7 A. D. (See Josephus, Antiquities, XVIII, i.) Many scholars have held that Luke confused this governorship with earlier events and was accordingly in error as to his chronology by at least ten years, but the archæological facts here collected tend to corroborate Luke’s accuracy on this point. It should be added that Luke knew that Quirinius had charge of the census in Palestine in 6 A. D., as Josephus states, for he says: “This was the first enrolment made when Quirinius was governor of Syria.”

=8. Conclusions.=

It should in all candor be noted just what archæology has proved concerning this matter, and what points are still, from the archæological side, outstanding. It has proved that the census was a periodic occurrence once in fourteen years, that this system was in operation as early as 20 A. D., and that it was customary for people to go to their ancestral abodes for enrolment. It has made it probable that the census system was established by Augustus, and that Quirinius was governor of Syria twice, though these last two points are not yet fully established by archæological evidence. So far as the new material goes, however, it confirms the narrative of Luke.

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XXVII. ARCHÆOLOGICAL LIGHT ON THE ACTS AND EPISTLES

THE POLITARCHS OF THESSALONICA. AN ALTAR TO UNKNOWN GODS. AN INSCRIPTION FROM DELPHI AND THE DATE OF PAUL’S CONTACT WITH GALLIO. SOME EPISTLES FROM EGYPT. INSCRIPTIONS MENTIONING ARETAS, KING OF ARABIA.

=1. The Politarchs of Thessalonica.=

In Acts 17:6 the rulers of Thessalonica are called in the Greek “politarchs.” It is a unique term, and its accuracy had been called in question by some scholars. Within the past hundred years no less than nineteen inscriptions have come to light which prove its accuracy, by referring to the rulers of Thessalonica as “politarchs.” One of the most important of these is from an arch in Thessalonica. It runs in part as follows, the beginning being illegible:[616]

In the time of the Politarchs, Sosipatros, son of Cleopatra, and Lucius Pontius Secundus Publius Flavius Sabinus, Demetrius, son of Faustus, Demetrius of Nicopolis, Zoilos, son of Parmenio, and Meniscus Gaius Agilleius Poteitus ......

Another fragmentary inscription shows that the rulers of the city bore this title as early as the time of Augustus. It is in part:[617]

Bosa, proconsul, made a stone-quarry for the temple of Cæsar, in the time of the priest and judge, the Emperor Cæsar, the divine son Augustus .........., the politarchs remaining faithful, viz.:--Diogenes, the son of Kleon, the ...., etc.

It is not clear from the inscriptions whether the number of politarchs was five or six.

=2. An Altar to Unknown Gods.=

In Acts 17:23 it is stated that Paul saw in Athens an altar with this inscription: TO AN UNKNOWN GOD. In the year 1909 an altar was discovered in the sacred precinct and temple of Demeter at Pergamos in Asia Minor, the home of one of the seven churches of the book of Revelation (Rev. 2:12, f.), which bore a mutilated inscription; (see Fig. 299). This inscription in the judgment of several impartial epigraphists should be restored as follows:[618]

To unknown gods, Capito, torch-bearer.

This is not only a confirmation of the statement of Acts 17:23, but of Pausanias[619] (second century A. D.) and Philostratus[620] (third century A. D.) that altars to unknown gods existed.

=3. The Date of Paul’s Contact with Gallio.=

The chronology of the life of Paul cannot be fully determined from the Bible itself. Such chronological data as the New Testament affords help us only to a relative chronology. Could the year of one of the dates given by the New Testament be determined by a date of the Roman empire, it would enable scholars to fix with approximate certainty the other dates. Hitherto the endeavor to do this has centered about the recall of Felix from Palestine and the coming of Festus (Acts 24:27), but there has been so much uncertainty about the date of this recall, that systems of chronology, differing from one another by from four to five years, have been constructed. A fragmentary inscription has come to light from Delphi, which seems to give us the desired aid for our Pauline chronology in that it fixes the date of the coming of Gallio to Corinth (Acts 18:12). This inscription, as its lacunæ are supplied by Deissmann, is as follows:

Tiberius Claudius Cæsar Augustus Germanicus, Pontifex Maximus, of tribunican authority for the 12th time, imperator the 26th time, father of the country, consul for the 5th time, honorable, greets the city of the Delphians. Having long been well disposed to the city of the Delphians .......... I have had success. I have observed the religious ceremonies of the Pythian Apollo .................... now it is said also of the citizens .................... as Lucius Junius Gallio, my friend, and the proconsul of Achaia, wrote .......... on this account I accede to you still to have the first[621] ..........

At this point the inscription is too broken for translation, although the beginnings of several lines can be made out. The importance of the inscription lies (1) in the fact that it mentions Gallio as proconsul of Achaia, and (2) in the reference to the 12th tribunican year and the 26th imperatorship of Claudius. It can be deduced from these, in comparison with other inscriptions of his, that this letter was written between January and August of the year 52 A. D.[622] If Gallio was then in office, and had been in office long enough to give information to Claudius of material importance to the purpose of the emperor’s letter to the Delphians, Gallio must have arrived in Corinth not later than the year 51. According to Dio Cassius, Claudius had decreed that new officials should start for their provinces not later than the new moon of the month of June.[623] Gallio must, therefore, have arrived in Corinth not later than July.

Paul’s stay in Corinth extended over eighteen months (Acts 18:11), and the narrative in Acts implies that a large part of it had passed before Gallio went there. Paul must, then, have arrived in Corinth not later than the end of the summer of the year 50. As the journey described in Acts 16 must have occupied some months, the council at Jerusalem, described in Acts 15, cannot have taken place later than the year 49 A. D. In Gal. 2:1 Paul says that this visit occurred fourteen years after the visit which followed his return from Damascus. As the Jews in counting time usually reckoned the two extremes as a part of the number, even if a part of them only should really have been included, the visit of Paul to Jerusalem, mentioned in Gal. 1:18 must have occurred not later than 36 A. D., nor earlier than 35 A. D. As this visit occurred “three” years after his conversion, we find, if we make similar allowance for the possibilities of Jewish reckoning, that his conversion occurred not later than 34 A. D., and possibly as early as 31 A. D.[624]

=4. The Epistles.=

The Epistles of the New Testament, especially those of Paul, are cast in the form of ancient letter-writing. This form in its more stately aspects has long been known through the letters of Aristotle, Epicurus, Cicero, Seneca, Pliny, etc., but the papyri discovered in Egypt afford us many examples of the more familiar and affectionate style of informal letter-writing, and frequently, at the beginning, afford parallels to expressions which are found in the introductions of Paul’s Epistles. The following examples will illustrate this:

Isias to her brother, greeting: If you are well and other things happen as you wish, it would be in accordance with my constant prayer to the gods. I too am in good health, and so is the boy; and all at home make constant remembrance of you. When I got the letter through Horus, in which you explain that you are in sanctuary at the Serapeum in Memphis, I straightway gave thanks to the gods for your being in good health, but as for your not coming to us when the evils that threatened you there have passed away, I am disconsolate because such a long time I have been keeping myself and the child, and am come to the lowest point on account of the price of bread, and I did think that now you were coming I should find a little relief, but you seem to have no idea of coming to us, nor to have an eye to our circumstances, as you would if you were still here. We are in need of everything, not only because such a long time and so many seasons have passed since you were here, but because you have not sent us anything. And besides that, Horus, who brought your letter, tells me further that you are released from sanctuary, and I am perfectly miserable. No, indeed! and your mother, too, takes it very hard, and you will do well to come for her sake as well as ours to the city, unless some more pressing need draws you elsewhere. Farewell, then, and have a care for your body so as to be in health. Good-bye.

Epephi 30th, of the 9th year.[625]

This letter was written in the year 172 B. C. “Brother” in it probably means husband. The husband had gone on a religious mission and has left the wife without support. He at last sent her a letter, and this is her reply. She wishes to persuade him to return, and writes with great tact. What she says about remembering her husband in her prayers, and her thanks to the gods for his health, reminds one of the language of Paul in 1 Thess. 1:2; 3:9; 2 Thess. 1:3, 11; 2:13; 1 Cor. 1:4; 2 Cor. 1:4-6; Phil. 1:3, 9; Col. 1:3; Philemon 4.

Another letter which illustrates the same points is this:

Ammonios to his sister Tachnumi, much greeting: Before all things I pray that you may be in health, and each day I make the act of worship for you. I salute heartily my goodest little boy Leo. I am jolly and so is the horse and Melas. Don’t neglect my son. I salute Senchris, and I salute your mother. I likewise salute Pachnumi and Pachnumi junior. I salute ...... and Amenothis. Hurry up about the boy until we go to my place. If I come to the place and see the place, I will send for you and you shall come to Pelusium, and I will come to you at Pelusium. I salute Steches, the son of Pancrates. I salute Psemmouthis and Plato. If your brothers dispute with you, come to my house and stay there until we see what to do. Don’t neglect it. Write me of your own welfare and of my boy’s. Hurry up over the matter of the farm. I wrote this letter in Themuis on the fifth of the month Phamenoth. We have two days more, and then we will arrive at Pelusium. Melas greets you all by name. I salute Psenchnumi, the son of Psentermout. I pray that you may be well and strong.[626]

The sentence of this letter which follows the greeting is couched in almost the same language as 3 John 2, and the number of people saluted in it and the manner of their salutation reminds one strongly of Rom. 16:3-16.

Clearly the New Testament Epistles conform in their affectionate expressions to the forms that were often employed by other letter-writers of that period of history.

=5. Paul and Aretas, King of Arabia.=

Paul says: “In Damascus the governor under Aretas the king guarded the city of the Damascenes in order to take me.”[627] Aretas is called by Josephus king of Arabia. He was Haretat IV, King of the Nabathæan Arabs. These Nabathæans were found in Arabia by the Assyrian King Ashurbanipal (668-626 B. C.); they conquered Edom about 400 B. C., driving the Edomites over into southern Judah; they helped one of the successors of Alexander the Great at the battle of Gaza in 312 B. C., and founded a dynasty of kings that lasted until overthrown by the Roman Emperor Trajan in 106 A. D. Haretat IV belonged to this line. The following Aramaic inscription, dated in his reign, affords monumental confirmation of his existence:

This is the tomb which Halafu, son of Kosnatan, made for himself and for Shaidu, his son, and his brothers, whatever males are born from this Halifu, both their sons and descendants by right of inheritance forever. And those who may be buried in this sepulcher and in this structure are this Shaidu and Manuath, Kenushath, and Ribamath, and Umaiyath and Shalimath, daughters of this Halifu. Also no descendant of Shaidu has authority, and no man after him of their sons or descendants, to sell this sepulcher, or to inscribe an epitaph or an emblem for anyone, except for the wife of one of them, or for his daughters, or kinsman, or relative by marriage he may inscribe the tomb. If any one shall do contrary to this, then the fine of Dushara, the god, our lord, shall be imposed upon him to the extent of five hundred silver shekels of Haretat, and in accordance with this inscription shall be deposited in the temple of Kaisha. Month Nisan, year fortieth of Haretat, King of the Nabathæans, who loves his people. Rauma and Abdobodat, stone-cutters.[628]

As Haretat ruled from 9 B. C. to 40 A. D., this inscription was written in 31 A. D., just a few years before Paul escaped from the officers of Haretat at Damascus. There are many other inscriptions dated in the reign of this king.

Another reads as follows:

This is the sepulcher and two monuments over it, which Abdobodat, the general, made for Aitebel, the general, his father, and for Aitebel, the commander of the two camps which are in Luhitu and Abarta, the son of Abdobodat. This is in the district of their command, which they exercised in the two places for thirty-six years in the reign of Haretat, King of the Nabathæans, who loves his people. The above-mentioned (monument) was constructed in the forty-sixth year of his reign.[629]

The forty-sixth year of Haretat was the year 37 A. D. The monument here translated was found at Medeba east of the Jordan (see Num. 21:30; Josh. 13:9), and the two places mentioned in it are believed to be Nabathæan names for Medeba and Rabbah Ammon (2 Sam. 11:1, etc.). It is evidence that Haretat had held this territory for a long time. Paul’s escape from Damascus (2 Cor. 11:32) occurred between the date of the preceding inscription and this one.

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Appendix

(Appearing first in Second Edition.)

I

Addition to Part I, Chapter III, §2, (3), p. 70.

The discoveries at Carchemish included Hittite inscriptions, one of which is said to be longer than any Hittite writing yet discovered. A number of stone deities were also found, one of which is a bearded god of the eighth century B. C. seated on a heavy base supported by two lions. Three large gateways were found. On the inside of the court of one of these were dadoes from five to six feet high, “with sculptured slabs of alternating black diorite and white limestone adorned with carved figures of bulls, horses, and chariots.” The acropolis was surmounted by the ruins of a palace of King Sargon of Assyria, who conquered Carchemish, and by the ruins of a Roman palace. An avenue of broad steps, more than a hundred feet long, led up to these.

II

Addition to Part I, Chapter III, §3, to be read after (7) on p. 74.

(8) Hrozny, a Hungarian scholar, published in the Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin, No. 56 (December, 1915), a new study of the problem of Hittite decipherment. Owing to the war the publication has not reached the writer. An excellent résumé of it has, however, been published by Professor J. H. Moulton in the Expository Times, xxviii, 106 ff. (December, 1916).

It appears that in April, 1914, Professor Hrozny and Doctor Figulla went to Constantinople and copied cuneiform inscriptions from Boghaz Koi until the war recalled them. Hrozny’s study is based on this cuneiform material. He reaches the conclusion that Hittite is not only an Indo-European language, but that it also belongs to the western half of the Indo-European family. In other words, he finds it more closely related to Greek, Latin, Keltic, and the Teutonic tongues than to the Slavonic, Lithuanian, Armenian, and Persian languages, or to Sanscrit and its daughters. According to Hrozny, then, the Hittites came from western Europe, or the center from which the western European peoples radiated. He thinks they crossed into Asia by way of the Bosphorus. He supports his contention by some most interesting philological analogies. The Mitanni, on the other hand, belonged, he thinks, to the eastern half of the Indo-European family. They were closely related to the Slavs, Lithuanians, Armenians, Persians, etc. The indications seem to be that they entered Asia by way of the Caucasus. We await further evidence with great interest.

III

Addition to Part I, Chapter III, §9, p. 102.

Professor George L. Robinson, who was in Jerusalem in the spring of 1914 as Director of the American School, has published in the American Journal of Archæology, Vol. XXI, p. 84 (January-March, 1917), a brief statement of the discoveries on Ophel and at Balata. He mentions the finding on Ophel of a tower with rock-cut foundations, certain cave-tombs with oval roofs, a cistern with Roman baths, an inn, a Greek inscription (which tells of a synagogue), and an underground, rock-cut aqueduct, running parallel to and probably older than that of Hezekiah, which conducts the water of Gihon to the Pool of Siloam.

At Balata the foundations of old Hebrew houses were discovered, together with a portion of the Amorite city-wall, which was thick and oblique. The ruins of a palace were also found and a great triple gateway, the longest yet excavated in Palestine. This gate was on the west of the city. Near the tell an Egyptian sarcophagus was found, which some have thought might be the coffin of Joseph.

IV

A NEW BABYLONIAN ACCOUNT OF THE CREATION OF MAN

To supplement Part II, Chapter II, p. 257.

Since the first edition of this book went to press, the writer has had the good fortune to discover among the tablets from Nippur in the University Museum in Philadelphia a new Babylonian account of the creation of man. The text is written in the Sumerian language, and the script is of the mixed cursive variety that was employed during the time of the first dynasty of Babylon and the Kassite dynasty. The text is accordingly older than 1200 B. C., and may have been written before 2000 B. C. It reads as follows:

1. The mountain of heaven and earth

2. The assembly of heaven, the great gods, entered. Afterwards,

3. Because Ashnan had not come forth, they conversed together.

4. The land Tikku had not created;

5. For Tikku a temple-platform had not been filled in;

6. A lofty dwelling had not been built;

7. The arable land was without any seed;

8. A well and a canal (?) had not been dug;

9. Horses and cattle had not been brought forth,

10. So that Ashnan could shepherd herd and corral.

11. The Anunna, the great gods, had made no plan;

12. There was no šes-grain of thirty-fold;

13. There was no šes-grain of fifty-fold;

14. Small grain, mountain-grain, and great sal-grain there were not;

15. A possession and houses there were not;

16. Tikku had neither entered a gate nor gone out;

17. Together with the lady Nintu the lord had not brought forth men.

18. The god Ug came; as leader he came to plan;

19. Mankind he planned; many men were brought forth.

20. Food and sleep he planned for them;

21. Clothing and dwellings he did not plan for them.

22. The people with rushes and rope came,

23. By making a dwelling a kindred was formed.

24. To the gardens ...... they gave drink.

25. On that day their [gardens] sprouted (?) ....

26. Their lands covered (?) ............

.....................................................

..........................................................

.............................................................

...............................................................

Reverse

1. ........................................

2. Father Enlil (?) .............................

3. ........ standing grain ....................

4. For mankind ............................

5. .................. creation of Entu ....................

6. Father Enlil ................................

7. Duazagga, the way of the gods ............

8. Duazagga, the brilliant, for my god I guard (?).

9. Entu and Enlil to Duazagga ............

10. A dwelling for Ashnan from out of Duazagga I will [make?] for thee.

11. Two-thirds of the fold perished (?);

12. His plants for food he created for them;

13. Ashnan rained on the field for them;

14. The moist (?) wind and the fiery storm-cloud he created for them.

15. Two-thirds of the fold stood.

16. For the shepherd of the fold joy was overthrown;

17. The house of rushes did not stand;

18. From Duazagga joy departed.

19. From his dwelling, a lofty height, his boat

20. Descended; from heaven he came

21. To the dwelling of Ashnan; the scepter he brought forth to them;

22. His brilliant city he raised up, he appointed for them;

23. The reed-country he planted, he appointed for them;

24. The falling rain the hollows caught for them;

25. A dwelling-place was their land; food made men multiply;

26. Prosperity entered the land; it caused them to become a multitude.

27. He brought to the hand of man the scepter of command.

28. The lord caused them to be, and they came into existence.

29. Companions calling them, a man with his wife he made them dwell.

30. At night as fitting companions they are together.

A colophon states that the tablet contained sixty lines. Only five lines are entirely broken away.

Ashnan was a god of vegetation. Tikku, who had not created the land, was a personified river-bank. The story begins, therefore, before the beginning of vegetation and before the creation of dykes in Babylonia. As in the text translated in Chapter VIII, Part II, considerable space is occupied with the things that were non-existent when the process of creation began. The last sentence of this section asserts that the lord and Nintu had not brought forth men. Nintu is the goddess who in the creation story translated in Chapter VII, Part II, appears as the mother of mankind (see p. 279). The new tablet then states that Ug, the lion god, identified by a later text with Shamash, the sun god, first came forth to plan. “Mankind he planned; many men were brought forth.” The word rendered “planned” has also the meaning “know,” as in Gen. 4:1, where Adam is said to have known Eve. It seems probable, therefore, that the text indicates that men were born from a natural union of Ug and Nintu, just as it is said on p. 284, in another text from Nippur, that irrigation resulted from a similar union of the sun-god and Nintu. This shows that among the Sumerians there were different conceptions of the way mankind was made. A Babylonian story of the making of a man which is much more like the narrative of Gen. 2 than that contained in this new tablet is given on p. 256.

After telling how men were brought forth, and how they were left to provide houses and clothing for themselves, the new tablet tells how reed huts, similar to those still seen in the Babylonian marshes, were made. Clans were formed and irrigation begun. Here the obverse becomes too broken for connected translation.

At the beginning of the reverse several lines are fragmentary. From what can be made out, some god seems to be addressing Enlil. Reference is made to Duazagga, the heavenly abyss, which is described as “the way of the gods,” probably an allusion to the Milky Way. It is implied that the gods live along this way. It seems that all was not going well with men on the earth, so this deity proposed to make a dwelling for Ashnan, the god of agriculture, outside of Duazagga, presumably on the earth. Two-thirds of the fold perished; Ashnan accordingly created plants as food for men. This reminds us of how plants and fruits were given to man as food in Gen. 1:29. Ashnan also caused it to rain in order to promote the growth of vegetation. This, however, created a new evil. The reed huts were washed away, together with a third of the fold. Some god, probably Enlil, accordingly came down from heaven, and built a city. This gave to human society the required stability. In this stable society the god gave the scepter of command into man’s hand just as in Gen. 1:28 man is given dominion over all the lower orders of life. In this connection we find the statement:

“The lord caused them to be and they came into existence,” the form of which reminds one of the statement in Gen. 1:3, “God said, Let there be light: and there was light.”

The next line: “Companions calling them, a man with his wife he made them dwell,” recalls Gen. 2:18 and 24. The last line of the text is the Babylonian equivalent of the last clause of Gen. 2:24.

This text as a whole describes the creation of man, sketches the vicissitudes of pastoral life, and ends with a statement of the greater security and prosperity of urban life. It attributes the origin of everything to the gods.

* * * * *

Addition to Part II, Chapter XI, p. 309.

The entrance of Abraham and later of Jacob and his sons into Egypt in time of famine (Gen. 12:10 and 47:5-12) is strikingly illuminated by the following reports of officials stationed at fortresses on the Egyptian border.

The first of these texts was inscribed in the tomb of Harmhab, the founder of the nineteenth dynasty, though there is reason to believe that it was written during the reign of Amenophis IV of the eighteenth dynasty (1375-1357 B. C.). Some of the lines are broken. It reads as follows:

....... Asiatics; others have been placed in their abodes ...... they have been destroyed, and their town laid waste, and fire has been thrown ......... [they have come to entreat] the Great in Strength to send his mighty sword before ....... Their countries are starving, they live like goats of the mountain, [their] children ....... saying: “A few of the Asiatics, who knew not how they should live, have come [begg]ing [a home in the domain] of Pharaoh ....., after the manner of your fathers’ fathers since the beginning under, ......... Now, the Pharaoh .... gives them into your hand, to protect their borders.”[630]

The second text comes from the reign of Merneptah (1225-1215 B. C.). It reads as follows:

Another matter for the satisfaction of my lord’s heart [to wit]: We have finished passing the tribes of the Shasu of Edom through the fortress of Merneptah-Hotephirma ... in Theku, to the pools of Pithom, of Merneptah-Hotephirma in Theku, in order to sustain them and their herds in the domain of Pharaoh ..., the good sun of every land ......... I have caused them to be brought ........ other names of days when the fortress of Merneptah-Hotephirma may be passed, ....[631]

These texts make it evident that at different periods of Egyptian history Asiatic tribes in time of famine and stress sought and found refuge in Egypt as the Israelites are said to have done.

VI

ALLEGED TRACES OF THE “TEN TRIBES” IN EXILE

To supplement Part II, Chapter XVII, at the end of § 10, p. 372.

In 2 Kings 15:29 it is said that Tiglath-pileser [IV] captured certain cities in Galilee, and carried their inhabitants captive to Assyria. In 2 Kings 17:6 it is said that when Samaria was destroyed by the Assyrian king [Sargon, in 722 B. C.], Israelites were carried captive to Halah and Gozan, which were situated on the Khabur River in Mesopotamia.

Two groups of cuneiform tablets, one in the museum at Berlin, the other in the British Museum, are thought to confirm these statements by the evidence they give that Hebrews who reverenced Jehovah were living in that region.[632] The evidence consists chiefly of a divine name A-u, employed as a component part of proper names just as Jo- and Jeho-, abbreviations of the name of Jehovah, are employed in Hebrew proper names in the Old Testament. Indeed, A-u is the form that Jo- or Jeho- would take, if expressed in Assyrian characters.

The names in question occur in a series of documents which record the transfer of slaves. If the men in question were Hebrews they would seem to have been interested in the business of buying and selling slaves. The documents are much alike. It will suffice to translate one of them:

1. Seal of Atarkhasis,

2. son of Aushezib,

3. the Kannuean,

4. owner of the slave-girl. A transfer

5. of Kabili, his slave-girl he

6. has made, and Nabushallimshunu

7. for the price of 1½ manas of silver

8. has taken her. The money in full

9. is paid. That slave

10. is purchased and delivered. Whoever in the future

11. at any time shall rise up and

12. lay claim, whether Atarkhasis

13. or his sons,--whoever against

14. Nabushallimshunu or his sons

15. legal process

16. shall begin, 10 manas of silver

17. shall pay. Against an attack of rheumatism for 100 days

18. and legal claim for all time (he is guaranteed).

19. Month Airu, 17th day,

20. eponym of Ashurrimani, rabshekeh.

21. In the presence of Padi,

22. In the presence of Khani,

23. In the presence of Ashurnadinakhi,

24. In the presence of Tubusu,

25. In the presence of Belbelshaduni,

26. In the presence of Ilumia.

27. In the presence of Ashurikhtamusur

28. In the presence of Bariku,

29. In the presence of Kennusharruni.

The significant name here is Aushezib, meaning, “Au saves.” If Au is a translation of Jeho-, the name, in its entirety, would be a translation of one of the Hebrew forms of the name Joshua. Other names, into which the name of the god Au enters, appear sometimes in the body of a contract and sometimes among the witnesses. They are {il}A-u-salim, “the god Au gives peace”; A-u-iddina, “Au gives,” equivalent to the Hebrew Jonathan; A-u-akhiddin, “Au has increased the brothers”; A-u-daninani, “Au is our mighty-one”; A-u-e-ballitani, “O Au, make us live”; {il}A-u-dân(?)-ilani, “Au is judge of the gods”; A-u-sabi, “Au satisfies.”[633]

The tablets were written at Kannu, the Canneh of Ezek. 27:23, which was near Haran in Mesopotamia. One text states that if the seller of the slave ever brings legal action, he shall pay ten silver manas and one gold mana “at the sanctuary of the god A-u, who dwells in Kannu.” If the god A-u be really the Hebrew Jehovah, the captives from Samaria and Galilee had built for him a temple in Kannu, as the Jews at Elephantine afterward did on the island in the Nile. (See p. 387, f.)

The documents in which these names occur appear to be dated between 666 and 606 B. C. They are dated according to the Assyrian method of dating, which shows that they were written under the Assyrian monarchy, but the eponyms in which they are dated are not found in the extant portions of the Assyrian Eponymlist. They were therefore written after the year 666.[634] This fixes the dates of these documents in the seventh century--the century after Tiglath-pileser IV and Sargon transported to this region parts of the ten “lost tribes,” and, if A-u really is a form of the name Jehovah, these tablets afford us a little glimpse of some of these Hebrews in exile.

INDEX OF SCRIPTURE PASSAGES

GENESIS--

1 247 1:7 248 1:24-26 266 2 256 3 260 3:18, 24 289 4:1, 2, 16-23 269 5 264 5:24 266 6, 7, 8, 9 277 9:20 287, 289 10:10 44, 47, 58 10:11 43, 47, 60 10:23 116 11:2 58 11:9 42 11:27 109 11:31 77 11:31, ff. 112 12:4 77, 109 14:1 58, 294, 295, 297, 298 14:5 215 14:6 106, 116 14:15 213 15:2 213 16:5-7 329 16:7 95 19:1 129 21 111 21:9, 10 329 22 172 22:2 168 22:6, 10 152 22:9 169 23 76 23:10 68 24:22 161 24:30 156 25:15 307 25:34 134 26:34 68 29:1 108 30:1-13 328 34:20 129 36:20 106, 308 36:20-22 109 36:21 106 36:24 308 36:29 106, 109 37:17 133 40:11 136 41:30 305 41:39 303 41:42 157 41:45 34 41:47-57 306 41:54 305 46:17 349 50:13 180 50:26 303, 411

EXODUS--

1:11 35 2:1-10 311 3:8, 17 139, 309 4:25 152 5:7-18 36 11:5 135 12 390 12:37 36 13:20 36 14:23-28 37 16:36 158 18:13-26 315 20:8-11 258 20:12 411 20:24 172 20:24-26 198 21:2-6 316, 323 21:2-11 324 21:6 340 21:12-14, 18-27 334 21:16 316 21:17 332 21:24 340 21:28-35 337 22:1-4, 9 315 22:5 319, 320 22:5, 6 319 22:7-10 323 22:10-13 339 22:11, 25 320 22:16, 17 328 22:18 314 22:26, 27 324 23:10, 11 319 29:40 158 34:20 172 35:22 156 38:26 161

LEVITICUS--

5:13 343 6:3-5 315 6:18, 29 343 7:8-10, 14, 34 343 11:35 149 18:6-18 329 19:9 319 19:20-22 328 20:10 328 20:11, 12, 19-21 329 22:30 329 23 390 24:20 340 25:5 137 25:25-46 316 26:26 149

NUMBERS--

5:9, 10 343 5:11-28 314, 328 13:23 136 14:8 139 16:13, 14 139 21:13 365 21:15, 16 116 21:21 116, 308 21:30 443 26:45 349 27:8-11 332 31:29, 41 343 31:50 157 32:8 95 32:34 112, 365 32:38 365 32:42 215 33:5, 6 36 36:2-12 332

DEUTERONOMY--

1:4 111, 112, 116, 308 2:12, 22 106 2:24 365 2:26 307 3:9 116 3:11 217 5:12-15 258 5:16 411 6:3 139 7:5 91 10:18 420 11:10 84 12:3 91 14:29 420 15, 16, 17 340 15:7-18 323 15:12-18 316, 324 16:9 135 16:18-20 315 18:10 314 19:4 334 19:5 152 19:16-21 314 19:21 340 21:1-9 316 21:15-21 332 22:6 139 22:13-21 325 22:22-29 328 22:30 329 23:15 316 23:17 323, 326 23:17, 18 333 23:24 137 23:24, 25 319 24:1-4 329 24:6 136 24:10-13 324 24:19-22 319 25:4 135 26:2, 4 153 28:5, 17 153 34:1 365

JOSHUA--

2:6 138 5:2, 3 152 6:20 125 9:17, 20 111 10:3 89, 112 10:33 92, 112, 116, 117 11:1, 2 111 11:22 91 12:4 111 12:21 96, 97 12:22 133 13:9 443 13:16-19 365 13:25 217 15:10 94, 112 15:37 114, 116 15:41 111, 116 15:44 346 15:59 111 15:63 188 17:11 111, 114, 133, 214 18:24 111 19:6 110 19:18-20, 25, 28 111 19:35, 37 111, 114 19:44 377 20:7 133 20:8 365 21:19 111 21:23 377

JUDGES--

1:5, 27-36 116 1:17 111 1:21 188 1:27 92, 111 1:29 117 4, 5, 6 133 4:2 111 4:21 153 5:19 97 5:26 153 6:3 108, 307 6:11 111, 193 6:19 153 6:33 108 7:12 108, 307 7:22 111 8:10 108, 307 9:4, 46 351 9:53 136 11:3, 5 111 13:2 112 13:19 193 16:23-30 93, 176 18:7, 18 111 18:29 133 19:10, 11 188

1 SAMUEL--

2:13, 14 151 4:1 111 5:8 91 9:12 169 10:5 155 10:26 133 11:4 133 13:20, 21 161 17:1 111 17:4 91 17:43 139 19:24 356 23:1 112, 188 25:2 188 28:41 111 31:5 154 31:10 133 31:10, 12 214

2 SAMUEL--

1:10 156 2:16 154 3:27 129 5:6-8 188 5:9 189 5:25 92 7:2 176 8:9, ff. 81 11:1 217, 443 12:27 130 12:31 152 15:2 190 16:9 139 17:28 134 20:14 111 21:12 214 23:11 134 24 190, 192 24:16 193 24:16, 17 377 24:18, 22 135

1 KINGS--

1:33 101 1:40 155 3:1 190 3:1, ff. 30 3:2 169 4:7 317 4:12 214 5:6, 17 358 6:4 194, 195 6:29, 32, 35 194 6:36 195 7:2, 6 196 7:8, 12, 23-37, 39 195 7:9 152 7:49 194 9:15 112, 190 9:15-19 94 9:16 30 9:24 189 10:1 371 10:1-13 381 10:5, 18-20 193 11:14-25 118 11:27 190 11:40 30 12:12 359 14:25 37, 118, 360 14:25-28 30, 259 15:20 111 16:23-29 365 16:24 127 16:34 99, 100, 125, 128 16:36 128 17:10 133 19:16, 17 124 19:19 134, 135 21:8 155 22:39 100, 127

2 KINGS--

2:19-22 98 3:4 364 3:4-12 197 3:5-27 365 4:8 111 4:23 259 5:12 214 6:5 152 6:13 133 6:25 158 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 268 11:12, 13 195 12:17 91 12:20 189 13:20, 21 183 14:7 173 14:8-14 94, 95 14:13 196 14:19 89 14:21 367 14:23 259 15:1-27 367 15:19 61, 62 15:29 370 15:29, 30 62, 369 15:37 367 16:5-9 367 16:10 369 16:10-16 198 16:14 195 17:3-5 369 17:4 370 17:5 62, 123 17:16 370 17:24 124, 125, 370 17:24-34 100, 118 18 374, 375 18:1-6, 9 198 18:4 171 18:13 44 18:13-16 375 18:13--19:8 376 18:14 89 18:14, ff. 374 18:17 375 18:32 139 19 374, 375 19:9 31, 375 19:9-36 376 19:35 374 19:36 377 19:37 44, 64, 378 20:12 63 20:20 198, 377 20:21 378 21 378 21:6 172 22:14 199 23:5, 8 169 23:10 172, 199 23:29 32, 96 23:29, ff. 379 23:34 32, 379 24, 25 44, 65, 380 25:9, 10 200 25:27. 381 25:27-30 66

1 CHRONICLES--

1:30 307 1:38 109 1:40 308 2:18 116 4:8 116 7:31 349 8:12 111 18:9, ff. 82 21:23 135 23:4 315 24 117 29:7 163

2 CHRONICLES--

1:5, 6 195 2:8 358 3:1 168 5:2 189 11:5-10 90 19:5-7 315 33 64

EZRA--

1 386 2:69 163 3:12 201 4:2 378 4:10 379 5:16 200 8:27 163

NEHEMIAH--

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 118 1:1 47 1:3 200 2:10, 19 389 3, 4, 5, 6 90 3:13, 28 202 4:1, ff. 389 6:1, ff. 389 7:2 390, 391 7:37 111 7:70-72 163 11:25 111 12:31-40 202 13:28 389

ESTHER--

1:2 47 3:10, 12 157

JOB--

1:3 108 3:8 253 9:13, 14 251 12:7, 8 430 26:12, 13 251, 252 28:28 409 29 395 29:13 420 31 395 38:14 154 39:13 139 41 253 41:24 136 42:4-6 395

PSALMS--

6:3 400 8 401 17:1 400 18:6 400 19 401 21:9 149 68:4 147 68:5 420 74:10 400 74:13, 14 282 74:13, 14, 16, 17 252 85:5 400 87:4 254 89:10 253 90:7, 13 400 104 406 104:24 404 137 200 146, 147, 148 401

PROVERBS--

1:9 156 5:3 410 6:9-11 411 10:19 409 10:26 411 11:1 162 13:3 409 13:4 411 14:3 409 14:35 408 17:28 409 18:24 409 20:23 162 24:17 408 24:21 409 31:13 138 31:31 129

ECCLESIASTES--

7:15-17 409 9:6-9 412 9:9 410 11:9 409

CANTICLES--

1:10 156 2:13 136 3:6 156 4:1-7 414 5:1 416 6:2, 3 416 8:1-3 415

ISAIAH--

1:13 259 1:17, 23 420 3:18 157 3:19, 20 156 5:1-8 137 5:12 155 6 418 7:1 197 7:1, ff. 62 7:3 198 7:16 369 8:1 154 8:6 198 9:1-6 422 9:17 420 10:2 420 10:9 63, 81, 116, 361, 371 10:14 139 10:28-32 372 11:1-8 422 11:6-9 284 14:9-11 180, 422, 426 15:1 116 15:2, 4, 5 365 19 389 19:13 27 19:19-22 38 20:1 43, 372 22:22 151 27:1 253 30:7 254 31:5 64 36 44 36, 37 63, 374 37:9 31 37:38 378 39:1 377 40:12 158 41:15 135 44:28 383 45:1 383 47:8 420 51:9 253 57:3 172 66:23 259

JEREMIAH--

2:10 293 2:16 27 7:6 420 7:31 172, 199 15:8 420 18:21 420 22:3 420 23:27 418 23:29 153 32:35 172 36 32 41:4, 5 200 43:7, 8 37 43:8 38 44:1 27, 37 46 32, 65 46:2 361 46:2, ff. 379 46:14, 19 27 48:22-24 365 49:11 420 50:16 135

LAMENTATIONS--

4:3 139 5:10 150

EZEKIEL--

1:1 65, 66 4:9 134 4:12-15 149 5:1, 2 152 8:14 426, 427 8:16 194 16:3 77, 349 16:11 156 16:45 349 22:7, 25 420 23:40 156 27:6 293 27:8, 9 112 30:13, 16 27 30:17 31 32:21-31 422, 426 32:22-32 180 43:13-17 198 45:11, 14 158 46:3 259

DANIEL--

3:5, 15 155 4:29 380 5:11, 18 382 5:25 160 5:30, 31 384 8:2 47

HOSEA--

2:5, 9 138 2:11 259 7:4, 6, 7 150 9:6 27

JOEL--

3:13 135

AMOS--

5:19 126 6:2 116 7:14 356 8:1, 2 153 8:5 162, 259 9:7 116, 357

MICAH--

1:14 92, 140 6:15 136

NAHUM--

3:8 31, 64

ZEPHANIAH--

1:10, 11 199

ZECHARIAH--

3:1 418 4 201 7:10 420

MALACHI--

3:5 420

ECCLESIASTICUS--

50:1-4 203

1 MACCABEES--

1:21, 22 201 1:33 204 5:37 215 7:32, 33 204 9:52 124 13:48 128 14:34 94 14:36 204

MATTHEW--

1:8 268 3:12 135 4:25 213, 218 5:14 123, 429 5:15 151 5:26 165 5:29 199 6:30 149 6:33 430 7:5 428 7:7 430 7:24, 25 429 10:26 431 10:28 199 10:29 165 11:27 405 12:1 132 13:4 132 13:57 408, 429 14:3 165 16:13 133 19:24 151 19:30 431 22:19 165 23:37 140 24:41 135, 136 25:1-12 148 26:34, 74 140 26:36 137 26:57 101 28:2 184

MARK--

2:23 132 4:4 132 4:23 431 5:1 218 5:20 213, 218 6:4 429 6:17 165 7:11 159 7:31 213, 218 8:27 133 10:12 329 10:25 151 10:31 431 12:15-17 165 12:41 209 12:42 165 13:35 140 13:44 430 14:26 211 14:30, 68, 72 140 14:32 137, 211 16:3, 4 184

LUKE--

2:1-5 432 2:2 434, 437 2:3-5 435 3:17 135 3:19 165 4:24 429 4:26 133 5:9 430 6:1 132 6:42 428 7:5 98 8:5 132 9:51-54 119 11:47, 48 183 12:2 431 12:6 165 12:28 149 13:30 431 15:8 165 15:22 157 17:21 430 18:25 151 20:36 430 21:1 209 21:2 165 22:34, 60 140 22:39 211 23:18, 21 206 24:2 184

JOHN--

2:20 208 3:16, 36 431 3:29 416 4:5 133 4:9, 20 119 4:44 429 5:4 187 5:24 431 13:38 140 18:1 211 18:24 101 18:27 140 20:1 184

ACTS--

3:2 210 8:27 39 8:27-39 33 9:11 214 9:32 111 12:23 377 15, 16 440 16:14 226 17:6 438 17:22-31 220 17:23 438, 439 17:27 178 18:1 220 18:4, 7 221 18:11 220, 440 18:12 221, 439 19:23-41 224 20:15, 17 222 20:35 431 23:23, 24 133 24:27 439 26:14 135

ROMANS--

16:3-16 441

1 CORINTHIANS--

1:4 441 3:10-17 223 14:7 155 15:32 224

2 CORINTHIANS--

1:46 441 3:14 194 11:32 174, 442, 443

GALATIANS--

1:18 440 2:1 440

PHILIPPIANS--

1:3, 9 441

COLOSSIANS--

1:3 441 4:13 230

1 THESSALONIANS--

1:2 441 3:9 441

2 THESSALONIANS--

1:3, 11 441 2:13 441

PHILEMON--

4 441

HEBREWS--

13:12 211

3 JOHN--

2 441

REVELATION--

2:10 230 2:12 438 2:13 225 2:18-29 226 3:1-6 227 3:5 228 3:12 229 3:15, 16 230 6:13 136 21:2, 9 416

INDEX

Abana, 214

Abbi-Teshub, makes treaty with Mursil, 80

Abdi-Hepa, vassal of Amenophis IV, 76

Abi-Adda, 80

Abraham, sojourn in Egypt, 35; purchase of the cave of Machpelah, 76; home in Mesopotamia, 112; sacrifice of Isaac, 172

Abraham, Babylonian account of farmer of this name, 108, 290

“Absalom’s Pillar,” 183

Abu Haba, Turkish exploration of, 46

Abu Shusheh (Gezer), 93

Abydos, chief town of This, 25

Acts, archæological light on the book of, 438

Adab (Bismya), 47, 57

Adad-nirari III, King of Assyria, 53

Adad-nirari IV, inscription regarding Syria and Palestine, 61, 365

Adam, Biblical account of, 289; Babylonian forms of the name, 266

Adapa and the fall of man, legend of, 260

Adime, 266

“Admonitions of Ipuwer, The,” 28

Adzes, 153

Ælia Capitolina, 122, 212

Africanus, Julius Sextus, Chronigraphiai of, 21

Agade (Sippar), 54, 57, 266

Agricultural implements, 134; calendar, 138

Agriculture, 134

Ahab, in confederacy against Shalmaneser III, 61; palace of, 100; pays tribute to Tiglathpileser IV, 369

Ahaz, vassal to Tiglath-pileser IV, 62; altar of, 198

Ahmose I, siege of Sharuhen, 110

Ain es-Sultan (Elisha’s Fountain), 98

Ain Kades, 95

Ain Shems (Beth-shemesh), 94

Ain Sitti Miriam, see Gihon.

Akkad, derivation of, 58

Akra, 203

Alaparos, 271

Alexander Jannæus, 120, 201, 205

Alexander the Great, empire of, 33; conquests of, 66; death of, 119

Alexandra, Asmonæan queen, 120

Alorus, 271

Altar of incense, 173

Amanus, source of cedar, 58, 358

Amēlon, 271

Amelu, 267, 271

Amempsinos, 271

Amenemhet I, 76

Amenemhet III, 28

Amenophis I, 23, 110

Amenophis III, 60, 304

Amenophis III and IV, 29

American Exploration Society, 86

American Palestine Exploration Society, 86

American School of Oriental Research in Palestine, 99

American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 221

Amil-Marduk (Evil-Merodach), 66; inscription of, 381

Amman, 218

Ammenon, 271

Ammienshi, Amorite chieftain, 108, 109

Ammi-zadugga, reign of, 53

Amorites, conquests of the, 107

Amosis I, 29

Amosis II, 32

Anderson, H. J., explorations in Palestine, 86

Anderson, J. G. C., inscription discovered at Antioch, 436

Andrae, W., exploration at Kalah-Sherghat, 47; inscription of Tukulti-Ninib, 52

Animals, representative of Egyptian tribes, 24; domestic, 138

Anklets, 157

Antigonus, 120, 205

Antiochus III, 130

Antiochus IV, 203

Antipas, 121

Antiquities, preservation of Egyptian, 19; of Babylonian, 41

Antonia, fortress, 205

Anu, 260

Anubanini, King of Lulubi, 57

Apollophanes, tomb of, 183

Arad-Sin, King of Larsa, 58

Aramæans, migration of, 113

Arandas, successor of Subbiluliuma, 79

Araunah the Jebusite, 168

Archæological Institute of America, 99

Archelaus, 121

Areopagus, 220

Aretas, see Haretat IV.

Arioch, identified with Arad-Sin and Rim-Sin, 58

Aripi, 266

Aristobulus I and II, 120

Arnuanta, successor of Dudkhalia, 81

Arpad, overthrow of, 371

Arrows, 153

Artatama I, King of the Mitanni, 77; alliance with Thothmes IV, 77

Artatama II, King of the Harri, 78

Artaxerxes, inscriptions of, 48

Artaxerxes III, Jews rebel against, 66

Asarjik, Hittite remains at, 70

Asenath, wife of Joseph, 33

Asherim, at Tell es-Safi, 169

Ashmolean Museum, 19

Ashteroth-Karnaim, 215

Ashtoreth, figures of, at Taanach, 173

Ashur, 47, 60

Ashurbanipal, succeeds Esarhaddon, 64; his account of his campaign against Tyre, 378; proverbs from library of, 407

Ashur-dan, 52

Ashur-nasirpal II, records of, referred to, 60; military exploits of, 61; advance toward Hebrew territory, 360

Ashur-rim-nishishu, King of Assyria, 53, 60

Ashur-uballit, King of Assyria, 60

Asia, churches of, 221

Asmonæan coins, 164

Asmonæans, 120

Assumptionist Fathers, excavations at Jerusalem, 101; collection of flint implements, 103

Assurbanipal, invasion of Egypt, 31

Assyria, wars with Egypt, 31; the land, 40; explorations in, 47; relations to Babylonia, 59; early period of, 60; second period of, 61

Atbara, 18

Athenæ Polias, temple of, 225

Athens, 219

Aton, Egyptian hymn in praise of, 403

Atys, worship of, 226

Augustus, temple to, at Samaria, 178

Awls, 152

Axes, 152

Azariah (Uzziah), 367

Azekah, excavation at, 90

Aziru, Amorite king, 79, 113, 304

Babylon, capture of, 383

Babylonia, the land, 40; exploration by Harper and Banks, 47; historical periods, 55; early period, 59; Persian period, 66; psalms from, 398; proverbs from, 407

Babylonian column, 50

Babylonian creation epic, 235, 247; account of the flood, 273

Babylonian exile, 65; termination of, 118

Bacchides, Syrian general, 124

Bactria, secedes from the empire of the Seleucidæ, 67

Bagoses, general of Artaxerxes III, 66

Baking-trays, 150

Balata, 102

Ball, C. J., decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 71

Banks, Edgar J., exploration in Babylonia, 47

Barada, 214

Bar Chocaba, 121

Baris, castle of, 204

Barsalnunna, 267

Baskets, 153

Bath, 158

Beads, 156

Beautiful gate, 210

Bees, 139

Behistun inscription of Darius I, 50

Beit Jibrin, caves at, 106

Bel (Enlil), god of Nippur, 55; Babylonian hymn to, 401

Belshazzar, son of Nabuna’id, 382

Ben-Hadad in league with Ahab, 61

Benjamin of Tudela, explorations of, 42

Beqa, 161

Bergama, 224

Berossos, list of Babylonian kings, 54; Babylonian priest, 247; list of kings, 270

Bethesda, Pool of, 210

Beth-Ninib (Beth-shemesh), 95

Beth-shemesh, excavations at, 94; capture of, 117; walls of, 125; gates of, 129; burial caves at, 180

Bezetha, hill, 212

Birds, 139

“Bishop Gobat’s School,” 191

Bismya (Adab), mound of, 47; Luguldaudu, King of, 57

Blanche-Garde, fortress of the Crusaders, 91

Bliss, Frederick J., excavations at Lachish, 89

Boghaz Koi, excavations at, 69; Hittite kingdom at, 77; the “Hittite City,” 78

Bor (Tyan), 82

Bork, Ferdinand, studies in the Mitanni language, 73

Botta, Paul Emil, exploration of Nineveh, 43

Bowls, 150

Bracelets, 156

Breasted, Henry James, accession of Mena, 23; Ancient Records, Egypt, 76, 352

British Museum, trustees direct excavation at Carchemish, 70

Bruce, James, 20

Brugsch, H., History of Egypt, 76; inscription at Elephantine, 305

Brünnow, R., studies in the Mitanni language, 71; explorations in Edom, 88

Bubastis, capital of Shishak dynasty, 31

Bulghar-Maden, Hittite remains at, 70

Burckhardt, J. L., explorations in Palestine, 85

Burial customs, 180

Burnaburiash, 60

Burnouf, Eugène, 50

Butler, H. C., explorations in Syria, 102, note; excavations at Sardis, 228

Cab, 158

Cain, list of descendants, 269

Cairo, 17, 19

Calah, made capital of Assyria, 60

Calendar, 138

Calvary, site of, 211

Cambyses, son of Cyrus, 32; extends power of Persia, 66

Canaanites, migration of the, 109

Capernaum, identification of, 98

Caphtor, home of the Philistines, 115, 116

Captivity, Babylonian, 65

Carchemish, excavations at, 70; alliance with Assyria, 81

Carthaginian law regarding sacrifices, 342

Cataracts of the Nile, 18

Cave-dwellers, 142, 187

Caves of the stone age, 104

Chaldæan Empire, 65

Champollion, Jean François (Le Jeune), 21, 22

Chaplin, Thomas, description of weight from Samaria, 160

Charles, B. B., explorations in Asia Minor, 70; Travels and Studies in the Nearer East, 73

Châteaubriand, explorations in Palestine, 85

Chedorlaomer, 295

Cheops, 25

Child sacrifice, 172

Chisels, 152

Chosroes II, captures Jerusalem, 122

Christian Nubians, 39

Church of the Holy Sepulcher, 211

Churches of Asia, 221

Cistern burial, 180

Cities, topography of Palestinian, 123; situated near springs, 186

City gates, 129

Clark, Herbert, 160

Clay, A. T., Babylonian Texts from the Yale Collection, 384

Clermont-Ganneau, explorations in Palestine, 88, 89, 198; Moabite Stone, 363

Code of Hammurapi, 313

Coins, 162; Roman, 165

“Columbarium,” 182

Combs, 156

Conder, Lieut.-Col. C. R., The Hittites and Their Language, 72; survey of Palestine, 88

Constantine, interest in holy places, 84, 85, 122

Constantinople, tablets hoarded in, 48

Cor (Homer), 158

Corinth, 220

Corners, considered sacred, 128

Cossæans, see Kassites.

Creation, epic of, 235; comparison with first chapter of Genesis, 247; second account of, found at Babylon, 255; compared with second chapter of Genesis, 256

Creation and flood, account of, from Nippur, 278

Cremation, 179

Crœsus, temple of, 223; wealth of, 227; overthrown by Cyrus the Great, 163, 383

Cromlech (heap of stones), 104

Cros, Gaston, explorations of, 45

Crucifixion, site of the, 211

“Cuneiform” characters, origin of, 56

Curtis, Samuel Ives, discovery at Petra, 102

Cybele, worship of, 226; temple of, 228

Cyprus, seal of Sargon found in, 57

Cyrus the Great, founder of Persian empire, 32; conquests of, 66; overthrows Crœsus, 163, 383; captures Sardis, 227; inscription of, 385

Dalman, Gustaf II., explorations in Petra, 88

Damascus, 213, 248, 369

Danaoi, migration of, 115

Daniel, book of, 384

Daonos (Daos), 271

Daphne, 38

Darics, 163

Darius I, rule in Egypt, 32; inscriptions of, 48; extends power of Persia, 66; coinage of, 163

Darius the Mede, 384

David, conquests of, 117, 118; captures Jebus, 188; Tower of, 206

Decapolis, description of, 213

Delitzsch, Friedrich, development of Hittite grammar, 74

Deutscher Palästina-Verein, 96

Dilmun, 283

Dion, 216

Domazewsky, Alfred von, explorations in Edom, 88

Domestic animals, 138

Doorway tombs, 182

Dor, excavations at, 117

Drachma, 165

Drovetti, M., collection of, 22

Dudkhalia, successor of Hattusil II, 81

Dûdu, 304

Dulcimer, 155

Dumuzi, 271

Dung Gate, 202

Dungi, King of Babylonia, 58

Dushratta, a king of Mitanni, 69; two El-Amarna letters from, 71; contemporary with Amenophis IV, 77; death of, 78

“Dynastic tablets,” 52

Ea, 260

Eannatum, King of Lagash, 56

Early Assyrian period, 60

Early Babylonian period, 59

Earth-graves, 181

Ebed-Ashera, Amorite king, 113

Ebed-Hepa, 187; letters of, 345; history of, 349

Ecbatana, visited by Rawlinson, 50

Ecclesiastes, parallel to, 412

Ecclesiasticus, 203

Eclipse at Nineveh, 51

Egypt, the land, 17; history of, 21, 23; division of, 24; Roman period, 33; Hyksos invasion of, 34; period of the Oppression and the Exodus, 35; Jewish colony in, 387; psalms from, 402; parallels to Song of Songs from, 413; social conscience in, 418; wisdom literature of, 421

Elam, invasion of, during reign of Kurigalzu, 59

El-Amarna letters, 35, 60; from Dushratta, 69; Palestinian cities mentioned in, 112; source of information regarding Jerusalem, 187; selections from, 303; from Rib-Adda of Gebal, 344; from Ebed-Hepa of Jerusalem, 345; reflecting conditions in Palestine, 348

Elamites, subjugated by Eannatum, 56; invade Babylonia, 60

Elephantine, papyri discovered at, 37, 387

El-Gib, 130

Elisha’s Fountain, 98

“Eloquent Peasant, The,” 28, 418

El-Wad, 185

Eni-Teshub, King of Carchemish, 81

Enlil, 279; see also Bel.

Enmeduranki, King of Sippar, 266, 271

Enmeirgan, 267

Enmenunna, 267

Enoch, identified with Etana, 266

Enosh, 267

En-rogel, 186

Enrolment of Quirinius, 432

Entemena, successor of Eannatum, 57

Enu-ilu, King of Hamath, 82

Ephah, 158

Ephesus, 221

Ephraim, gate of, 202

Epic of creation, text of, 235

Epiphanius, on measures, 158, 159

Epistles, archæological light on the, 440

“Eponym Canon,” 359

“Eponym Lists,” 51

Erech, exploration at, 44, 47; dynasties of, 54; founding of, 55

Eridu, 55, 283

Esarhaddon, invasion of Egypt, 31; succeeds Sennacherib, 64; money in reign of, 163; kings conquered by, 378

Eski Hissar, 230

Etana, 266; identified with Abel, 270

Etruscans, relation to Lydians, 227

Euedorachos, 271

Eumenes I, 224

Euphrates river, 40

Eusebius, Chronicon of, 21; list of Palestinian names, 85, 133

Evil-Merodach (Amil-Marduk), 66; inscription of, 381

Exile, Babylonian, 65; termination of, 382

Eye-paint, 156

Eyuk, Hittite monuments at, 78

Ezekiel, 65

Fahl, 216

Famine, the seven years of, 305

Feast of Marduk and Zarpanit, 258

Feeding-bottles, 150

Fibulæ, 156

Files, 153

Fish Gate, 199

Fish-hooks, 154

Flesh-hooks, 151

Flood, Babylonian account of, 273; comparison with the Biblical account of, 277; second Babylonian account of, 277

Forks, 151

Foundation sacrifices, 128

Fountain Gate, 202

Fraktin, Hittite remains at, 70

Fruits, 136

“Furnaces, Tower of the,” 202

Gadara, 216

Gallio, 439

Galumum, 266

Gate, see descriptive name.

Gateways, 129

Gath (Tell es-Safi), 91; walls of, 124

Gebal, excavations at, 117

Gebel Fureidis, 121, 131

Gennath, gate of, 211

Genouillac, H. de, exploration at Ukhaimir, 48

Gerasa, topography of, 123, 216

Gerizim, Mount, 119

Germer-Durand, Père, 159

Gethsemane, Garden of, 137, 210

Gezer, excavations at, 92; caves at, 104; walls of, 109, 124; besieged by Merneptah, 115; captured by the Hebrews, 117; gates of, 129; pottery at, 142, 145; weights found at, 160; sanctuary at, 167; high place of, 169; temple at, 175; tombs at, 179

Giaour-Kalesi, Hittite remains at, 70

Gibeon, water supply of, 130

Gihon, springs at, 87, 186; caves at, 101, 106

Gilgal (menhirs set in a circle), 104; burial in, 180

Gilgamesh, epic, 256

Glassware, 150

Gobryas, 384

Golgotha, site of, 211

Gordon, Gen. C. E., suggestion regarding Golgotha, 211

Granaries, 134

Green, William Henry, 269

Grenfell, B. P., and A. S. Hunt, discovery of Oxyrhynchus papyri, 39, 428

Griffith, F. L., 39

Grinding, 135

Grotefend, Georg Friedrich, interpretation of inscriptions found at Persepolis, 49

Gudea, ruler at Lagash, 58; rebuilds Eninnû, 358

Guérin. H. V., explorations in Palestine, 86

Gurun, Hittite remains at, 70

Guthe, H., excavations in Jerusalem, 96

Gutium, dynasty of, 54; hordes from, overrun Babylonia, 58

Gyges, dynasty of, 163

Habiri, 113, 188, 349

Hadrian, restores Jerusalem under name of Ælia Capitolina, 212

Haggai, assists in rebuilding the temple, 118

Hamadan (Ecbatana), visited by Rawlinson, 50

Hamath, Hittite kingdom at, 81; overthrow of, 371

Hammeah, tower of, 202

Hammers, 153

Hammurapi, laws of, 47; King of Larsa, 53, 58; conqueror of Babylonia, 59; conquest of the “west land,” 108; identified with Amraphel, 294; code of, 313

Hananel, tower of, 202

Hananiah, Passover letter of, 390

Haran, possibly a Hittite capital, 77

Haretat IV, Nabathæan king, 174; besieges Jerusalem, 205; inscription regarding, 442

Harper, Robert, exploration in Babylonia, 47

Harps, 155

Harri, become part of Subbiluliuma’s kingdom, 78

Hasmonæans, see Asmonæans.

Hattusil I, King of Boghaz Koi, 78

Hattusil II, successor of Mutallu, 69, 80

Hawara, 28

Haynes, John H., Babylonian explorations of, 46

Head, B. V., date of ancient coins, 162

Hebrews, migration of, 116

Hebron, possessed by the Hittites, 76

Helena, mother of Constantine, 211

Helena of Adiabene, tomb of, 183

Heliopolis, 35

Hens, 139

Herod Agrippa I, 121

Herod the Great, rebuilds the Jewish temple, 121; capture of Rabbah Ammon, 130; coinage of, 165; building in Jerusalem, 205

Herodotus, on early navigation, 32; on wars between Egypt and Assyria, 32; comparison with 2 Kings, 376

Hezekiah, threatened by Sennacherib, 63, 374; improvements made by, 198

High places, 167

Hill, G. F., on Palestinian coins, 164

Hilprecht, Herman V., Babylonian explorations of, 46

Hin, 158

Hincks, Edward, 50

Hinnom, valley of, 185, 199

Hippacus, tower of, 206, 212

Hippos, 215

Hittites, invade Babylonia, 59; monuments of, 68; theories concerning, 68; ethnology of, 74; history of, 75

Hoes, 134

Homer, The Odyssey, 79

Homer, a measure, 158

Hophra, lures Judah to destruction, 32; palace of, at Memphis, 37

Horam, King of Gezer, 117

Horites, 106

Horse, domestication of the, 74

Horse Gate, 202

Hoshea, rebels against Assyria, 62, 369

Houses in ancient Palestine, 126

Howe, Fisher, suggestion regarding Golgotha, 211

Hull, Edward, geological survey of the valley of the Dead Sea, 89

Human sacrifice, 172

Hunt, A. S., discovery of Oxyrhynchus papyri, 39, 428

Huntington, Ellsworth, 95

Hyksos, invasion of Egypt, 28, 34, 110; possibly Hittites, 75

Hystaspes, father of Darius, 49

Ilu-bidi (Yau-bidi), 82

Ilumailu, founder of the second dynasty of Babylon, 59

Ilu-shumma, King of Assyria, 52

Ina-uzni-erêsu, 267

Ipuwer, Egyptian sage, 421

Irad, 270

Irhulina, King of Hamath, 82

Ishmi-Dagan, 52

Ishtar, on coins, 163; Babylonian prayer to, 399

Israel, the northern kingdom, 118

Ivriz, Hittite remains at, 70

Jacob, historical study of the name, 299

Jacobel, 111, 112

Jars, 142

Jebus, 188

Jehoahaz, deposed by Necho, 32

Jehoash, breaks wall of Jerusalem, 196

Jehoiachin, imprisoned by Nebuchadrezzar, 66

Jehoiakim, rebellion of, 65

Jehu, pays tribute to Shalmaneser III, 61

Jensen, Peter, studies in the Hittite and the Mitanni languages, 71

Jerabis, site of ancient Carchemish, Hamath, etc., 71, 72

Jerash, temple at, 178; ruins at, 217

Jericho, excavations at, 98; walls of, 109; capture of, 117; topography of, 123; area of, 125; remains of buildings, 127

Jeroboam, 30; name on seal, 359

Jerome, Onomasticon, 85, 133

Jerusalem, sieges and destruction of, 65; captured by Orodes I, 120; besieged by Pompey, 120; destroyed by Titus, 121; captured by the Persians, 122; passes under Mohammedan control, 122; area of, 126; water supply of, 130; rock altar at, 168; topography of, 185; in the time of Solomon, 190; destruction of, by Nebuchadrezzar, 199; walls of, rebuilt, 202; capture of, by Ptolemy I, 203; during the Asmonæan period, 204; construction during reign of Agrippa I, 212

Jesus, in the Decapolis, 218; reputed sayings of, found in Egypt, 428

Jewish colony in Egypt, 387

Joab, captures Rabbah, 217

Job, Babylonian parallel to, 392

John Hyrcanus, conquers Samaria and Edom, 100, 120; coinage of, 165; builds palace in Jerusalem, 204; supplies Jerusalem with water, 205

John Hyrcanus II, 120

Johns, C. H. W., 163

Jordan, Julius, exploration at Warka, 47

Joseph, texts bearing on story of, 33, 303; historical study of the name, 300

Josephel, 111, 112

Josephus, story of Onias, 38; on measures, 158

Joshua, conquest of Palestine, 117

Jovanoff, Alexander, numismatist of Constantinople, 70

Judah, the southern kingdom, 118

Judas Maccabæus, 119

Judges, period of, 352

Justus, house of, 221

Kadashman-turgu, 60

Kadesh, battle at, 80

Kadesh-Barnea, identification of, disputed, 95

Kalah-Sherghat, exploration at, 47

Kanatha, 215

Kara-Bel, Hittite remains at, 70

Karaburna, Hittite remains at, 70

Kara Dagh, Hittite remains at, 70

Karaindash, King of Babylon, 53, 60

Karanog, exploration of, 39

Kara Su, 69

Karnak, temple of, 37

Kassites, invade Babylonia, 59; migration of the, 109

Kenan, 267

Keys, 151

Khafre, 26

Khartum, 18

Khattu land, name given to Hittite settlement in Cappadocia, 75

Kheta, see Hittites.

Khnum, 305

Khufu (Cheops), 25

Kidron, valley of, 185

King list of Karnak, etc., 22

Kings, books of, archæological light on, 358

King’s Gardens, 189

Kish, exploration at, 48; dynasty of, 54

Kitchener, H. H., Major and Lord, survey of Palestine, 88; surveys in Arabia, 89

Kizil Dagh, Hittite remains at, 70

Klein, F. A., 363

Knives, 152

Knudtzon, J. A., Die El-Amarna Tafeln, 303

Kok (shaft), 182

Koldewey, Robert, Babylonian exploration, 46, 65

Kudur-Mabug, 295

Kugler, Franz Xaver, astronomical calculation relating to Assyrian chronology, 53

Kukukumal, 297

Kummukh, Hittite kingdom, 82

Kurigalzu, invasion of Elam during reign of, 59

Labyrinth, 28

Lachish, excavations at, 89; walls of, 124

Lagash, 47; founding of, 55; colonists from, found Ashur, 47, 60

Lamartine, A. M., explorations in Palestine, 85

Lamech, 267

Lamentation for Tammuz, 426

Lamp-stands, 151

Langdon, Stephen, Sumerian Epic of Paradise, the Flood, and the Fall of Man, 283

Laodicea, 230

Larsa, kings of, 53; divided power with Nisin, 58

Lassen, Christian, 50

Lawrence, T. E., explorations in the wilderness of Zin, 95

Layard, Austen Henry, explorations of, 43; discoveries at Nineveh, 64, 71

Lebanon, copper from, 58

Leontopolis, Jewish temple at, 38

Lepton, 165

Letters from Palestine, 344

Leviticus, alleged parallel to, 342

Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh, 64

Liverpool, University of, directs Hittite exploration, 70

Loftus, William Kennett, explorations of, 44

Log, 158

Lotan, 109

Lowenstern, Isidore, 50

Lugaldaudu, statue of, 48; King of Adab, 57

Lugalzaggisi, 54, 57

Lydia, origin of coinage in (?), 163; kingdom of, 226

Lynch, Lieut. W. F., explorations in Palestine, 86

Lyon, D. G., excavations at Samaria, 100

Lyres, 155

Macalister, Alexander, anatomist, 105

Macalister, R. A. Stewart, excavations at Gezer, 92; conjecture regarding walls of Gezer, 124

Maccabæan period, 203

Maccabees, 119

MacIver, R., exploration at Karanog, 39

Mackenzie, Duncan, excavations at Bethshemesh, 94

Magan, conquered by Naram-Sin, 57; quarries at, 58

Magdol, 34

Mana, 160

Manasseh, vassal of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal, 64

Manetho, Egyptian priest, 21

Manishtusu, King of Kish, 47

Manissia, Hittite sculptures and remains near, 77, 79

Marash, Hittite remains at, 70, 92

Marduk, central figure in Babylonian creation epic, 247

Marduk and Zarpanit, feast of, 258

Marduknadinakhi, King of Babylon, 51, 52

Margolis, Max L., meaning of Pim, 161

Mars’ Hill, 220

Masterman, E. W. G., estimate of Parker’s excavations, 101

Mattiuaza, made king of the Mitanni, 78

“Maudsley’s Scarp,” 90, 191

Measures, 158

Medeba, taken by Omri, 365

Megalaros, 271

Megiddo, battle of, 32; excavations at, 96; wall of, 109; topography of, 123; area of, 126; remains of buildings, 128; gates of, 129; rock altar at, 168; temple at, 176; seal found at, 359

Melamkish, 267

Memphis, capital of Egypt, 27

Mena, accession of, 23; reign of, 25

Menahem, 62

Menant, Joachim, decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 71

Menhir (stone columns), 104; burial in, 180

Menkaure, 26

Men-nofer, 27

Merneptah, successor of Ramses II, 30; Pharaoh of the Exodus, 37; siege of Gezer, 114, 115; pillar of, 311

Merodachbaladan, takes the throne of Babylon, 63; relations with Hezekiah, 377

Meroe, 32, 39

Merrill, Selah, explorations in Palestine, 86

Meruitensi, 420

Meselim, King of Kish, 56

Mesha, King of Moab, 170, 363

Meskingashir, 267

Mesopotamian Valley, 40

Messerschmidt, L., studies in the Mitanni language, 72

Methuselah, 267

Meyer, Edward, accession of Mena, 23; origin of the Philistines, 357

Meyer, Rudolph, map of Palestine, 86

Middle Kingdom, period of (Egypt), 27

Migdol, 34

Miletus, 222

Millo, 189, 190

Millstones, 136

Mina, 160

Mitanni, 69; kingdom of, 77

Mite, coin, 165

Moabite Stone, 363

Mohammedans, prevail in Palestine, 122

Money, 162

Monoliths, at Gezer, 170

Mordtmann, A. D., account of Hittite inscriptions, 70

Moresheth-Gath (Marash), 70, 92

Morgan, J. de, exploration at Susa, 47, 313

Moriah, Mount, 168; site of the temple, 192

Mortars, 136

Mosaic Code, not borrowed from the Babylonians, 340

Mosque of Omar, 168

Moulton, W. J., 100

Mount, see descriptive name.

Mukês, 216

Müller, W. Max, origin of the Hittites, 69

Mursil, successor of Arandas, 79; makes treaty with the Amorites, 80; death of, 80

Mutallu, successor of Mursil, 80

Mutu-elu, 267

Mutu-ša-elu, 267

Mutu-šalal-eqla, 267

Nabathæans, 174

Nabopolassar, 65

Nabuna’id, King of Babylon, 54, 55; inscriptions of, 382

Nails, 153

Names, Sumerian, with Semitic, Babylonian, and Hebrew equivalents, 268

Napata, 31

Napoleon I, invasion of Egypt, 20

Naram-Sin, 54, 57

Naville, E., excavation of Pithom, 35

Nebuchadrezzar I, King of Babylon, 60

Nebuchadrezzar II, defeats Necho, 32, 65; destroys Jerusalem, 199; inscriptions of, 379

Necho, 32, 65, 379

Necklaces, 156

Needles, 151

Nehemiah, rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem, 202

Nehushtan, 171

Neo-Babylonian period, 65

Neolithic implements, 103

Nicanor’s gate, 210

Niebuhr, Carsten, inscriptions at Persepolis, 49

Nile, 17

Nineveh, explored by Botta, Place, and Layard, 43; by Rassam and Loftus, 44; by George Smith, 45; eclipse at, 51; Ashurbanipal’s library at, 64

Ninkharsag, 279, 289

Nippur, exploration of, 46; founding of, 55; account of creation and flood discovered at, 278; account of the origin of a city and the beginning of agriculture, 283

Nisin, 53, 54, 58

Noah, 268, 287

Nomes, divisions of Egypt, 24

Noph, 27

Norden, F. L., 19

Nubians, Christian, 39

Nuffar, exploration of, 46

Odoric, 49

Odyssey, The, referred to, 79

Old Gate, 202

Olive-presses, 137

Olives, Mount of, 211

Olmstead, A. T., explorations in Asia Minor, 70

Omar, Mosque of, 168

Omer, 158

Omri, 100, 365, 366

On, 35; priest of, founder of fifth dynasty, 26

Onias, 38

Onomasticon, by Jerome, 85, 133

Ophel, excavations on, 102; topography of, 123

Opis, dynasty of, 54

Oppert, Jules, explorations of, 44, 50

Orient-Gesellschaft, Babylonian exploration, 46

Ornaments, personal, 156

Ornan, 168

Orodes I, King of Parthia, 120

Osorkon II, 30

Otiartes, 271

Ovens, 149

Oxyrhynchus, papyri from, 39, 428

Paine, John A., explorations in Palestine, 86

Palaces of ancient Palestine, 127

Palæolithic implements, 103

“Palermo Stone,” 22

Palestine, physical geography of, 83; Mohammedans invade, 122

Palestine Exploration Fund, 87

Papyri, discovered at Elephantine, 37; at Oxyrhynchus, 39, 428

Papyrus Ebers, 23

Parchment, origin of the word, 224

Parker, Capt., the Hon. Montague, excavations in Jerusalem, 101

Parthia, secedes from the empire of the Seleucidæ, 67

Pashe dynasty, succeeds the Kassite dynasty, 60

Paton, L. B., excavations in Jerusalem, 100

Patriarchs before the flood, 264

Paul, scene of his missionary activity, 219

Payim, 161

Peiser, F. E., decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 71

Pekah, 62, 369

Peleset (Philistines), 356

Pella, 114, 216

Pentateuch, Code of Hammurapi compared with, 313; laws of, not borrowed from Babylonia, 340

Perfume-boxes, 156

Pergamum, 222, 224

Persepolis, inscriptions at, 49

Persia, languages of ancient, 48

Persian period of Babylonia, 66

Persians, dominant in Palestine, 122

Pesibkhenno II, 30

Peters, John P., Babylonian explorations of, 45; discovery at Beit Jibrin, 102

Petra, 173, 174

Petrie, William Matthew Flinders, excavation at Tell el-Yehudiyeh, 34, 38; discovery of Raamses, 36; of Hophra’s palace, 37; excavation at Tell Defenneh, 38; at Lachish, 89; Egyptian Tales, 302

Phæstos, disc discovered at, 115, 357

Pharaoh of the Exodus, 30, 311

Philadelphia, 123, 217, 228

Philadelphus, 33

Philetærus, King of Pergamum, 224

Philip, son of Herod the Great, 121

Philistia, 83

Philistines, migration of, 115; civilization of, 117; Ramses III, reference to, 356; Meyer’s opinion of origin, 357

Phœnicians, weight standards of, 160

Pilate, Pontius, 121

Pilikam, 267, 271

Pillar of Merneptah, 311

Pillars, at Tell es-Safi, 169; at Taanach, 173

Pim, 161

Pinches, Theophilus G., tablets from Erech, 384

“Pipe,” musical instrument, 155

Pithom, 34, 35

Place, Victor, explorations of, 43

Plows, 134

Pococke, R., 19

Poebel, Arno, 54, 267, 271, 278

Politarchs, of Thessalonica, 438

Pompey, siege of Jerusalem, 120, 205

Pool of Bethesda, 210

Pools of Solomon, 131

Potiphar, 34

Pottery, 141

Pre-Babylonian period, 56

Prophets, character of the Hebrew, 417

Proverbs, parallels to book of, 407

Psalms, from Babylonia and Egypt, 398

Psammetik I, 31

Psammetik II, 387

Psephinus, tower of, 212

Ptahhotep, precepts of, 409

Ptolemaic period, 32

Ptolemy I, captures Jerusalem, 203

Ptolemy, Claudius, king list compiled by, 51

Ptolemy Lagi, 33, 119

Ptolemy Philadelphus, 33

Puchstein, Otto, discoveries at Boghaz Koi, 70

Pul, 61

Pumpelly, Raphael, explorations in Turkestan, 74

Put-akhi, Amorite king, 80

Pyramids, 25

Qarqar, 61

Quadrans, 165

Quirinius, archæological light on enrolment of, 432

Raamses, built by the Israelites, 35

Rabbah Ammon, rebuilt and renamed by Philadelphus, 33; topography of, 123; site of Philadelphia, 217

Ramsay, Sir William Mitchell, view of Quirinius’ enrolment, 434

Ramses II, 29, 35, 69; treaty with Hattusil, 69; conquests in northern Syria, 80; Palestinian rule of, 114

Ramses III, 30, 115

Ramses IV, IX, XII, 30

Raphana, 215

Rassam, Hormuzd, explorations of, 44, 45, 64

Rawlinson, Sir Henry C., explorations of, 44, 50, 51

Rehoboam, 30; opposed by Shishak, 118

Reisner, G. A., excavations at Samaria, 100

Renan, Ernest, explorations in Palestine, 86

Rephaim, 104

Reservoirs, 130

Retenu (Lotan), 109

Rich, Claude James, explorations of, 42

Richardson, Rufus B., excavations at Corinth, 221

Rim-Sin, King of Larsa, 58

Rings, finger, 157; money, 162

Roads, 132

Robinson, Edward, explorations in Palestine, 85

Robinson, George L., discovery at Petra, 102

“Robinson’s Arch,” 87, 204

Rockefeller, John D., 47

Roman rule of Egypt, 33

“Rosetta Stone,” 20

Sacrifices in foundations, 128; human, 172; Carthaginian law concerning, 342

Sacy, Sylvestre de, interpretation of Sassanian inscriptions, 49

Sakje-Geuze, excavations at, 75

Samal, kingdom of, 81

Samaria, siege of, 62; excavations at, 100; topography of, 123; remains of palaces at, 127; temple at, 178

Samaritans, origin of, 118

Samsuiluna, King of Larsa, 53

Sarbut el-Khadem, 28

Sardis, 226, 228

Sargon of Agade, 54, 57; conquests of, 63, 107; legend of, 310

Sargon of Assyria, besieges Samaria, 63, 369

Sarzec, Ernest de, explorations of, 45

Sassanian dynasty of Persia, 49, 67

Saturninus, Sentius, 437

Saul, reign of, 117

Saws, 152

Sayce, A. H., theories regarding Hittites, 68; decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 70, 73

“Scarp, Maudsley’s,” 191

Scheil, V., exploration of, 46, 54

Schick, Dr. Conrad, discoveries in Jerusalem, 207

Schmidt, Nathaniel, explorations in Palestine, 100

Schumacher, Gottlieb, explorations in Palestine, 88; excavations at Megiddo, 96, 124

Scythians threaten Assyria, 64

Scythopolis, 214

Seah, 158

Seals, 154; found at Megiddo, 359

Sebaste, see Samaria.

Second Assyrian period, 61

Sela, 173

Seleucus, King of Babylonia, 67

Sellin, Ernst, excavations at Taanach, 97, 124; excavations at Jericho, 98

Semites, first inhabitants of Mesopotamia, 55

Sendjirli, excavations at, 69

Seneferu, 25

Sennacherib, 31; discovery of seal at Babylon, 52; succeeds Sargon, 63; his account of his campaigns, 372

Seplel, see Subbiluliuma.

Septuagint, translation of, 33

Sesostris, monarchs of Middle Kingdom, 27

Seth, 267; list of descendants, 269

Seti I, 29; campaigns against Palestine, 80; conquests in Asia, 114

Shabatum, 259

Shaft tombs, 181

Shalmaneser I, 60

Shalmaneser III, campaigns of, 61; oppression of Palestine, 360

Shalmaneser V, 62

Shamash-shumukin, 64

Shamshi-Adad, 52

Shamshi-Adad IV, 61

Shamsu-ditana, King of Babylon, 75

Shamsu-iluna, successor of Hammurapi, 108

Sheba, 381

Shechem, captured by Sesostris III, 28; excavations at, 102

Sheep Gate, 202

Shema, seal of, 176

Sheol, 423

Shephelah, borderland between Judæa and Philistia, 90, 94, 186

“Shepherd Kings,” 28

Sheshonk, see Shishak.

“Shinar” (Sumir), 58

Shishak, 30; record of his campaign in Palestine, 37, 118, 359

Shitḫu-elu, 267

Shur, 95

Shushan, 47

Shutarna I, successor of Artatama I, 77

Siamon, 30

Sicilians, migration of, 115

Sickles, 135

Siloah, 189

Siloam inscription, 377

Simon the Maccabee, coinage of, 164

Sin, the moon-god, Babylonian hymn to, 400

Sinuhe, adventures of, 108, 307

Sippar (Agade), temple at, 54

Smith, Eli, explorations in Palestine, 85

Smith, George, explorations of, 45

Smyrna, Hittite sculptures and remains near, 76, 79; general account of, 229

Solomon marries daughter of Pharaoh, 30; empire of, 118; Pools of, 131, 205; buildings of, 192

Song of Songs, Egyptian parallels to, 413

“Sothic Cycle,” 22

Spatulæ, for eye-paint, 156

Spears, 154

Sphinx, 26

Spinning “whorls,” 151

Spoons, 150

Springs, favorite sites for cities, 186

“Stele of the vultures,” 56

Step Pyramid, 25

Stone age in Palestine, 103

Styli, 154

Subbiluliuma, extends power of the Hittites, 77; deposes Sutatarra, 78; Amorites conquered by, 113

Sumerian, early language of Babylonia, 51

Sumerian names, with Semitic, Babylonian, and Hebrew equivalents, 268

Sumerians, ethnology of, 56

Sumir, derivation of, 58

Sun-god, Egyptian hymn to the, 402

Susa, exploration at, 47

Sutarna II, King of the Harri, 78

Sutatarra, successor of Dushratta, 78

Swords, 154

“Synagogue of the Hebrews” in Corinth, 221

Sypilus, Mount, 70

Taanach, excavations at, 97; walls of, 124; buildings at, 127; pillars and altar of incense at, 173; letter from, 350

Tabu-utul-Bêl, 395

Tagtug, 288, 289

Tahpanhes, castle at, 37

Talbot, Fox, 50

Tale of the Eloquent Peasant, 418

Tale of Sinuhe, 307

Tale of the Two Brothers, 300

Tamerlane, 227

Tammuz, lamentation for, 426

Tanut-amon, 31

Tashji, Hittite remains at, 70

Taylor, J. E., explorations of, 44

Tell Defenneh, 38

Tell el-Hesy (Lachish), 89, 110

Tell el-Jazar, excavations at, 92

Tell el-Judeideh, excavations at, 91

Tell el-Retabeh, site of Raamses, 36

Tell el-Yehudiyeh, 38

Tell es-Safi, 91, 110, 124, 169

Tell Hum (Capernaum), 98

“Tell of the Jewess,” 38

Tell Sandahanna (Marash), 92; weight found at, 162

Tell Taanek, see Taanach.

Tell Zakariya (Azekah), 90

Temple, Solomon’s, site of, 168; description of, 193; building of the second, 200; Herod’s, 207

Temple at Gezer, 175

Temple to Augustus at Samaria, 178

Temple of Jewish colony in Egypt, 387

Thakut, 34

Thebes, nome of, 27

Thekel, migration of, 115, 116

Thenius, Otto, suggestion regarding Golgotha, 211

Thessalonica, politarchs of, 438

Thiersch, Hermann, discovery at Beit Jibrin, 102

This, nome of, 25

Thompson, R. Campbell, decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 73

Thothmes I, raids through Palestine, 110

Thothmes III, 29, 77, 111

Thothmes IV, alliance with Artatama I, 77

Threshing, 135

Thyatira, 226

Ti, tomb of, 26

Tiâmat, 248, 251

Tiberius, coinage of, 165

Tiglath-pileser I, 51, 60

Tiglath-pileser IV, conquests of, 61, 366

Tigris river, 40

Timur (Tamerlane), 227

Tirhakah, 31, 64

Titus, destroys Jerusalem, 121

Tiuman, King of Elam, 417

Tobler, Titus, explorations in Palestine, 86

Toi, King of Hamath, 81

Tombs, 181

“Tombs of the Judges,” 182

“Tombs of the Kings,” 183, 212

Topheth, 199

Tou, see Toi.

Towers, 202

Toys, 155

Trajan, 133; organizes province of Arabia, 174

Travel, between Babylonia and Palestine, 293

Trumbull, Henry Clay, identification of Kadesh-Barnea, 95

Tukulti-Ninib I, 52, 60

“Turin Papyrus,” 22

Two Brothers, Tale of the, 300

Tyana, Hittite capital, 82

Tyropœon valley, 199

Ukhaimir, exploration at, 48

Umm Keis, 216

Ummanu, 267

Uni, officer of Pepi I, 107

University Museum, Philadelphia, 53, 54

Upper Retenu, 109

Ur, founding of, 55; kings of, 53, 54, 58

Urkagina, King of Lagash, 57

Ur-Nina founds dynasty at Lagash, 56

Utensils, 149

Uzziah, 196, 367

Valley Gate, 202

Van Dyke, Henry, reference to Felix, 429

Vincent, Hughes, 99, 101

Vineyards, 137

Wady Maghara, turquoise mines in, 25

Walls of Palestinian cities, 109, 123, 125, 202

Ward, William Hayes, Babylonian explorations of, 45

Warka, exploration at, 47

Warren, Gen. Sir Charles, excavations at Jerusalem, 87; at Gihon, 101

Water Gate, 202

Water supply in Palestine, 129

Weidner, Ernst, 74

Weights, 160

Weil, Captain, excavations on Ophel, 102

Wenamon, report of, 117, 352

Whetstones, 153

White Wall, 27

Wilderness of Zin, explorations in, 95

Winckler, Hugo, excavations at Boghaz Koi, 69, 79; first instalment of the El-Amarna letters, 71

Winckler und Abel, Thoutafelnfund von El-Amarna, 303

Wine-vats, 137

Winnowing, 135

Wisdom of Jesus, the Son of Sirach, 203

Wood, J. T., discoveries in Ephesus, 223

Woolley, C. Leonard, 75, 95

Wrench, J. E., explorations in Asia Minor, 70

Wright, William, The Empire of the Hittites, 68

Xerxes, inscriptions of, 48

Xisouthros, 271

Xystus, 203

Yadi, kingdom of, 81

Yaila, Hittite remains at, 70

Yakut, Arabian geographer, 217

Yau-bidi, King of Hamath, 82

Yaudi, identity of, 371

Year, divisions of, 138

Zamama, temple of, 48

Zaphenath-Paneah, 34

Zechariah, assists in rebuilding the temple, 118, 200

Zedekiah, rebellion against Babylon, 32, 65

Ziggurat of Zamama temple, 48

Zin, explorations in the wilderness of, 95

Zion, site of Jebus, 188

Ziugiddu, 280

Zoser, first king of third dynasty, 25, 305

Zugagib, 266

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] Century Dictionary, edition of 1903, Vol. I, p. 293.

[2] The chronology of Archbishop Usher, printed in the margin of many Bibles, is not a part of the Biblical text, but a collection of seventeenth century calculations and guesses.

[3] For fuller accounts of the history of Egypt, see Breasted’s History of the Ancient Egyptians, New York, Scribner’s, 1908; or Breasted’s History of Egypt, second edition, 1909, New York, Scribner’s.

[4] See Petrie, Hyksos and the Israelite Cities, London, 1906.

[5] See Naville, The Store-City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus, 4th ed., London, 1903.

[6] See Petrie, Hyksos and the Israelite Cities, p. 28, f.

[7] See Petrie, The Palace of Apries, London, 1909.

[8] See Petrie, Hyksos and the Israelite Cities, p. 191, ff.

[9] See Annals of Archæology and Anthropology, VII, Liverpool, 1914, pp. 1-10.

[10] So called from the name of the mountain on which it is written.

[11] First published by Hilprecht, Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Vol. XX, No. 47; cf. p. 46.

[12] See Poebel, Historical and Grammatical Texts, Philadelphia, 1914, Nos. 2-5, and Historical Texts, Philadelphia, 1914, pp. 73-140.

[13] It is the prevailing view of scholars that Arabia was the cradle-land of the Semites. The reasons for this view as well as a résumé of other views will be found in G. A. Barton’s Sketch of Semitic Origins, Social and Religious, New York, 1902, Chapter I.

[14] In Gen. 10:11 it is by implication said that the city was founded by Nimrod.

[15] For a discussion of the reasons for the view here stated, and a presentation of other views, see Part II, p. 374, ff.

[16] The Chaldæans were a Semitic people who came into the marsh-lands of southern Babylonia from Arabia. We can first detect their presence in Babylonia about 1000 B. C.

[17] Those who desire fuller accounts of the history should read L. W. King’s History of Sumer and Akkad, London, 1910, and R. W. Rogers’ History of Babylonia and Assyria. 2d ed., New York, 1915.

[18] In the Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1899, Heft. 4.

[19] In the Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1900, Hefte 4 and 5.

[20] See Pumpelly, Explorations in Turkestan, Washington, 1908, I, p. 50, f.

[21] See L. W. King, Chronicles Concerning Early Babylonian Kings, London, 1907, Vol. II, p. 22.

[22] History of Egypt, II. 404, 405.

[23] Expository Times, November, 1914, p. 91.

[24] Asien und Europa nach altägyptischen Denkmälern, 319, note 3.

[25] Ancient Records, Egypt, I, 227, 228.

[26] Breasted’s Ancient Records, Egypt, II, § 773.

[27] Winckler in Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1913, Heft 4, p. 81.

[28] Itinéraire de Paris a Jérusalem, Paris, 1811.

[29] Travels in Syria, 1821.

[30] Souvenirs, impressions, el paysages, pendant un voyage en Orient, Paris, 1835.

[31] For a more complete account see F. J. Bliss, The Development of Palestine Exploration, New York, 1906.

[32] See Official Report of the United States Expedition to Explore the Dead Sea and the River Jordan, Baltimore, 1852.

[33] See his “Identification of Pisgah” in the third Statement of the American Exploration Society, 1870.

[34] See his East of the Jordan, New York, 1883.

[35] Warren’s results were first published in The Recovery of Jerusalem, London, 1870, and more fully in Jerusalem, London, 1889, one of the Memoirs of the Palestine Exploration Fund. The arch mentioned is called “Robinson’s Arch,” because its significance was first perceived by Robinson.

[36] Across the Jordan, London, 1886; Jaulan, London, 1886, and Abila, Pella, and Northern Aijlun, London, 1889.

[37] Die Provincia Arabia, Strassburg, 1904-1909 (3 volumes).

[38] Petra, Leipzig, 1908, and Neu-Petra Forschung, Leipzig, 1912.

[39] Archæological Researches in Palestine, London, 1896-1899.

[40] Geology of Palestine and Arabia Petræa, London, 1886.

[41] See Petrie, Tell el-Hesy (Lachish), London, 1891.

[42] See his Mound of Many Cities, London, 1894.

[43] See Bliss, Excavations at Jerusalem, London, 1898.

[44] An artificially made precipice on which a fortress once stood. It is named from an Englishman, Maudsley, who first perceived its true nature.

[45] Bliss and Macalister, Excavations in Palestine during the Years 1898-1900, London, 1902.

[46] See his Archæological Researches in Palestine, II, p. 251, f.

[47] This is the period called by Petrie and Bliss “Seleucid.”

[48] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, London, 1912, II, 381-403.

[49] Ibid., 406-408.

[50] Ibid., I, 256-268.

[51] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, London, 1912, II, 200-223.

[52] Ibid., 236-266.

[53] See the Annual of the Palestine Exploration Fund, Vols. I and II, for the details here given, and for many others.

[54] Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins.

[55] See Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins, V, pp. 7-204.

[56] See Schumacher und Steuernagel, Tell el-Mutesellim, Leipzig, 1908.

[57] Sellin, Tell Taanek, Wien, 1904.

[58] See Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, No. 29, Berlin, 1905, p. 14, f.

[59] See Sellin und Watzinger, Jericho, Leipzig, 1913.

[60] See Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. XXII, Boston, 1903, pp. 164-182; XXIV, 196-220; XXV, 82-95.

[61] See Harvard Theological Review, Cambridge, Mass., I, 1908, p. 92.

[62] Ibid., II, 102-113; III, 136-138, 248-263.

[63] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, xiii, 10, 2 and 3; Wars of the Jews, i, 2, 7.

[64] Revue biblique, 1912 (Paris), pp. 86-116.

[65] Biblical World, Vol. XXXIX, Chicago, 1912, pp. 295-306.

[66] See Germer-Durand in Revue biblique, 1914, pp. 71-94, and Frontispiece.

[67] See Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund, October, 1914, p. 167, f. Additional material on Ophel and Balata is given in the Appendix, p. 446.

[68] First noticed by Prof. George L. Robinson, of McCormick Seminary, Chicago, and afterward by Prof. Samuel Ives Curtis, of the Chicago Theological Seminary; see Chapter XI, p. 173, f.

[69] Discovered in 1902 by Dr. J. P. Peters and Dr. Thiersch; see their Painted Tombs of Marissa, London, 1905.

[70] Reference should also be made to the expedition from Princeton University, referred to on p. 107, led by Prof. H. C. Butler, which went out in 1899-1900, in 1904-1905, and in 1909, and examined the ruins in the Hauran (or region east of the Sea of Galilee), in the Lebanon Mountains, and in that part of Syria to the east of Lebanon. The expedition gathered many inscriptions, most of which belong to the Christian period. The results of this exploration are published in The Publications of an Archæological Expedition to Syria in 1899-1900, New York, 1904, and Publications of the Princeton Archæological Expeditions to Syria in 1904-1905 and 1909, Leyden, 1908-1914.

[71] See R. A. S. Macalister, History of Civilization in Palestine, Cambridge University Press, 1912, pp. 10, 11.

[72] See Barton, A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, Philadelphia, 1904, p. 143.

[73] See Barton, in the Biblical World, Chicago, 1904, Vol. XXIV, p. 177.

[74] See Conder, Survey of Eastern Palestine, I, pp. 125-277, and Mackenzie in the Annual of the Palestine Exploration Fund, I, pp. 5-11.

[75] See Gen. 14:5; 15:20.

[76] See H. S. Cowper, The Hill of the Graces, a Record of Investigation among the Trilithons and Megalithic Sites of Tripoli, London, 1897, and Brandenburg, Über Felsarchitektur im Mittelmeergebiet in Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellchaft, 1914.

[77] See the Annals of Archæology and Anthropology, Vol. V, Liverpool, 1913, pp. 112-128.

[78] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, I, 72-152.

[79] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, I, 145-152.

[80] Ibid., 236, ff.

[81] R. A. S. Macalister, Bible Side-lights from the Mound of Gezer, London, 1906, Chapter II.

[82] See P. E. Mader in Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins, Vol. XXXVII, 1914, pp. 20-44.

[83] See Amos 4:4; 5:5.

[84] See Dr. Masterman, in Biblical World, XXXIX, 301, f.

[85] See the legend concerning him translated in Part II, p. 310, f.

[86] See Clay, Amurru, Philadelphia, 1909, pp. 102, 103.

[87] See Recueil de travaux relatifs à phil. et à arch. egpt. et assyr., XXXIV, 105-108.

[88] See Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, Vol. I, Chicago, 1906, § 315.

[89] See Chapter II, p. 59.

[90] Translated in Part II, p. 313, f.

[91] See Part II, p. 293.

[92] See Part II, p. 290, ff.

[93] See Part II, p. 299, ff.

[94] See Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, I, p. 233, f.

[95] See Barton, Commentary on Job, New York, 1911, pp. 5-7, and Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, I, p. 238, note a.

[96] See Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, § 680, and Barton in Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. XXVIII, p. 29.

[97] Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, I, 238-243 and 253.

[98] Tell el-Mutesellim, Tafeln, vii-xi.

[99] See Chapter IV, p. 96.

[100] See Chapter II, p. 59, f.

[101] See Chapter I, p. 28.

[102] See Chapter III, p. 75, f.

[103] See Chapter IV, pp. 89, 91.

[104] See Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, III, § 616.

[105] Translated from W. Max Müller’s publication in the Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1907, Heft 7.

[106] Hammath means “hot.”

[107] See Chapter I, p. 29.

[108] See pp. 79, 80, and 345.

[109] See the letters of its king translated in Part II, p. 345, f.

[110] Chapter XIII.

[111] See Chapter III, p. 78, f.

[112] See Part II, p. 349, f.

[113] See Breasted’s History of Egypt, New York, 1909, p. 414.

[114] See Breasted’s Ancient Records, Egypt, III. §§ 81 and 140.

[115] Translated from W. Max Müller’s Egyptological Researches, Washington, 1906, pl. 59, ff.

[116] See Part II, p. 311.

[117] See Sir Arthur Evans. Scripta Minoa, Oxford, 1909, pp. 280, 282, and R. A. S. Macalister in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. XXX, § C, p. 342; also his Philistines, Their History and Civilization, London, 1913, pp. 84, 85.

[118] See Sitzungsberichte of the Berlin Academy, 1909, p. 1022, f.

[119] Caphtor is the same as Keftiu of the Egyptian inscriptions, but it is uncertain whether Keftiu refers to Crete or Asia Minor.

[120] Translated from W. Max Müller’s Egyptological Researches, I, pl. 64, f.

[121] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, I, p. 21.

[122] See p. 99.

[123] See p. 95.

[124] See the books of I and II Samuel.

[125] See Chapters VI, IX, and XI.

[126] See Part II, Chapter XVII.

[127] See Part II, p. 385, f.

[128] See J. A. Montgomery, The Samaritans, the Earliest Jewish Sect, Their History, Theology, and Literature, Philadelphia, 1907.

[129] For the narrative of the struggle, see the book of I Maccabees, and S. Mathews, History of the New Testament Times in Palestine, New York, 1908.

[130] See I Macc. 14:41.

[131] For details see Guy Le Strange, Palestine Under the Moslems, London, 1890.

[132] For details see C. R. Conder, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, London, 1897.

[133] See Chapter XIV.

[134] See p. 94.

[135] On these walls, see Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, I, 236-256.

[136] Petrie, Tell el-Hesy, p. 17 and Plates 2 and 3.

[137] See his Tell Taanek, p. 13.

[138] See p. 96 and Fig. 41.

[139] See p. 91.

[140] Harvard Theological Review, III, 137.

[141] Palestine Exploration Fund’s Annual, II, 17, f.

[142] Sellin and Watzinger’s Jericho, p. 29, f. and Tafel I.

[143] Ibid., 54, ff.

[144] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, I, 244.

[145] See Dickie, in Quarterly Statement of Palestine Exploration Fund, 1897, 61-67.

[146] These remarks about the house are based on the excavation at Gezer. The excavators of other sites have not given as much attention to the construction of houses as Mr. Macalister did.

[147] Sellin, Tell Taanek, p. 21.

[148] One of these is translated in Part II, p. 350.

[149] See the writer’s article, “Corners,” in Hastings’ Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. IV 119, ff.

[150] Sellin, Tell Taanek, p. 61.

[151] Schumacher, Tell el-Mulesellim, pp. 45, 54.

[152] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, I, 240.

[153] In 2 Sam. 12:27 we should read “pool of waters” instead of “city of waters”; see Barton in Journal of Biblical Literature, XXVII, 147-152.

[154] See Polybius, V, 71.

[155] Josephus, Jewish Wars, I, xix, 5, ff.

[156] For the conflicting evidence and theories, see G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, I, 124-131.

[157] Josephus, Antiquities, XVIII, iii, 2.

[158] See p. 85.

[159] See Thomsen in Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins, XXVI, 170, ff.

[160] See Chapter XIV.

[161] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, I, 199, f; II, 22, ff.

[162] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, II, 22, f.

[163] The reader who cares to pursue the subject is referred to Macalister’s Excavation of Gezer, II, 48, ff., and Sellin’s Tell Taanek, 61, f., and Bliss and Macalister’s Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900, pp. 193, 196, f., 208, 227, and 248.

[164] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, II, 1-15.

[165] See Pumpelly, Excavations in Turkestan, Washington, 1908, p. 384, f.

[166] See Schumacher, Mutesellim, p. 89.

[167] Ward, Seal Cylinders of Western Asia, p. 422, and Nos. 554, 556, 1126, and 1254.

[168] See Dr. John P. Peters’ article “The Cock” in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 363-396.

[169] See Peters and Thiersch, The Painted Tombs of Marissa, London, 1905.

[170] See Sellin, Tell Taanek, 61, f.

[171] Especial mention may be made of the following: Petrie, Tell el-Hesy; Bliss and Macalister, Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900, Part II; Vincent, Canaan d’après l’exploration récente, Paris, 1907, Chapter V, and Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, II, 128-231.

[172] A “button” handle is a “ledge” handle made into a round knob.

[173] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, II, 158.

[174] See Chapter V, p. 115, f., and Figs. 108, 109.

[175] For discussions of the subject, see Bliss and Macalister, Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900, 106-123; Macalister in the Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1905, 243 and 328; also Excavation of Gezer, II, 209, ff., and Vincent, Canaan d’après l’exploration récente, pp. 357-360.

[176] See Sellin, Jericho, p. 156.

[177] For a fuller discussion of children’s toys, see Rice, Orientalisms in Bible Lands, pp. 49-58.

[178] An early Christian writer, born in 315, died in 403 A. D., who was bishop of Salamis in Cyprus.

[179] From this equivalence the reader can easily compute the value which the intermediate measures would have according to this theory. The multiples of the Log which formed the Cab, etc., are given above.

[180] See Père Germer-Durand, “Mesures de capacité des Hebreux au temps de l’évangile” in Conferences de Saint-Étienne, Paris, 1910, pp. 89-105, and Fig. 185.

[181] The Jewish name for an offering to God. (See Mark 7:11.)

[182] “Mana” is both the Babylonian and the Hebrew term. In English it has usually been corrupted to “Mina.”

[183] Some scholars understand MENE to be such a reference.

[184] The weight is now in the library of Haverford College, near Philadelphia.

[185] The words rendered “the price was a pim” are translated in the Authorized Version, “they had a file,” margin, “a file with mouths”; in the Revised Version, “they had a file,” margin, or “when the edges ... were blunt.” The Revisers add, “The Hebrew text is obscure.” The Hebrew word rendered “file” and “blunt” comes from a root that means “to prescribe” or “appoint.” It could easily mean the “established price,” but can mean neither “file” nor “blunt.” Pim means “mouths” and is employed figuratively for “edges,” but neither of those meanings fits the passage. The discovery of these weights has cleared up the whole obscurity. This interpretation was suggested by Pilcher in the Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement, 1914, p. 99.

[186] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, II, 279.

[187] See Macalister, ibid., pp. 278-293.

[188] See Bliss and Macalister, Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900, p. 61.

[189] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, II, 291.

[190] See Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, II, §§ 436, 489, 490, 518, and History of Egypt, 2d ed., pp. 277, 307.

[191] See Schrader’s Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, I, 105 (cl. III, 62).

[192] See C. H. W. Johns, Assyrian Deeds and Documents, I, Nos. 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 50, and 108; cf. also III, 8.

[193] See Hill, Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Palestine, London, 1914, p. xciii, ff.

[194] Cf. Luke 21:2.

[195] The temples of Solomon, Zerubbabel, and Herod are treated in Chapter XIII, on Jerusalem.

[196] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, I, 102; II, 378, ff.

[197] See Schumacher, Tell el-Mutesellim, 156, ff.

[198] In Gen. 22:9 Abraham, we are told, built the altar. He did not, therefore, intend to use the rock-altar. The analogy of this altar with the other two is not quite complete. It appears to have no cup-marks on its surface.

[199] See Bliss and Macalister, Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900, p. 31, ff.

[200] See Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, I, 51, 105-107; II, 381-404.

[201] See Part II, p. 364.

[202] See C. H. Toy, Introduction to the History of Religions, Boston, 1913, §§ 250, 257.

[203] Tell Taanek, p. 68, ff.

[204] See Part II, p. 442.

[205] For descriptions of this high place, see the article by its discoverer, George L. Robinson, in the Biblical World, XVII, 6-16; by S. I. Curtis in the Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund, October, 1900, pp. 350-355; Savignac in Révue biblique, 1903, 280-284; Libby and Hoskins, The Jordan Valley and Petra, New York, 1905, II, 172, ff.; Brünnow and Domaszewski, Provincia Arabia, Vol. I, Strassburg, 1904, 239-245; Dalman, Petra, Leipzig, 1908, 56-58.

[206] See the writer’s A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, Philadelphia, 1904, pp. 193, 194.

[207] Those interested in them will find them described in Brünnow and Domaszewski’s Provincia Arabia, I, 246, ff., and in Dalman’s Petra, 142, 225, 272, etc.

[208] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, II, 405, ff.

[209] Schumacher, Tell el-Mutesellim, 110-124.

[210] Schumacher, Tell el-Mutesellim, 105-110.

[211] Ibid., 125-130.

[212] See Harvard Theological Review, II, 102-113; III, 248-263.

[213] See Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XV, viii, 5, and Wars of the Jews, I, xxi, 2.

[214] See especially Fig. 269.

[215] See Chapter V, p. 105.

[216] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, I, 286.

[217] Ibid., p. 122, f.

[218] Palestine Exploration Fund’s Annual, II, 42, ff.

[219] For a Babylonian parallel, see Part II, p. 423, ff.

[220] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, II, 429, f.

[221] See Biblical World, Vol. XXIV, p. 177.

[222] See Macalister, Excavation of Gezer, I, 288, f.

[223] Ibid., 289, ff.

[224] See Bliss and Macalister, Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900, p. 9, ff.

[225] So called because of a tradition that the members of the Sanhedrin were buried there. The tradition probably arose because the kôkim and shelves make provision for seventy bodies.

[226] See Journal of Biblical Literature, XXII, 1903, p. 164, ff.

[227] See Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XX, ii, 1; iv, 3.

[228] See Peters and Thiersch, Painted Tombs at Marissa, London, 1905.

[229] All who can do so should read George Adam Smith’s Jerusalem from the Earliest Times to A. D. 70, New York, 1908, and Hughes Vincent’s Jerusalem, Paris, 1912. Or, if this is not possible, L. B. Paton’s Jerusalem in Bible Times, Chicago, 1905.

[230] See Dr. Masterman in the Biblical World, Vol. XXXIX, p. 295, f.

[231] See Part II, Chapter XV, Letter V, and the writer’s note in the Biblical World, XXII, p. 11, n. 5.

[232] See Biblical World, XXXIX, 306.

[233] See Part II, Chapter XV.

[234] See Chapter VI, § 8.

[235] Some scholars think the words are a distorted repetition of “in Millo,” which was accidentally repeated by a scribe.

[236] Bliss and Dickie, Excavations at Jerusalem, 1894-1897, passim, and p. 319, ff.

[237] For “Bethso,” see Josephus, Wars of the Jews, V, iv, 2.

[238] See J. E. Hanauer, Walks about Jerusalem, London, 1910, 88, 89.

[239] The writer is well aware that the name Moriah for this part of the hill rests on slender evidence, but he employs it nevertheless as a convenient term, since it is well understood by readers of the Bible.

[240] Warren and Conder, Jerusalem, pp. 148-158.

[241] See Chapter XI, p. 168.

[242] Wars of the Jews, V, v, 1.

[243] So Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israels, Berlin, 1889, I, 314, and G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, II, 60.

[244] In giving the dimensions of the various temples, the writer has followed the calculations of George Adam Smith in his Jerusalem. W. Shaw Caldecott has published four volumes, one on the Tabernacle, one on Solomon’s Temple, one on the Second Temple, and one on Herod’s Temple, in which he claims to have discovered a key that harmonizes all the Biblical statements as to the measurements of these structures. His supposed key is his belief that the Babylonians had three different cubits which they used side by side, that these cubits were known to Moses, and that their use was perpetuated in the temple. Should these pages be read by one who has accepted that claim as true, it is but fair that he be informed that Caldecott’s whole system is based upon a misinterpretation of a Babylonian tablet that was published in Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol. IV, p. 37. (See Tabernacle, pp. 107-139, and Solomon’s Temple, pp. 215, 216.) This tablet contains a table of time and of distances. The unit of time in Babylonia was a kaskal-gid. An astronomical tablet published thirty years ago in the book most widely used by beginners in Assyrian says that at the equinox “six kaskal-gid was the day, six kaskal-gid the night.” The kaskal-gid was, then, a period of two hours’ duration. Just as in many countries the word for “hour” is used for distance, and a place is said to be so many “hours” away, so in Babylonia and Assyria kaskal-gid was used as a measure of distance. The tablet referred to gives a table of the ways of writing fractions of kaskal-gid and its other divisions in the simplest of the two Babylonian numerical systems. The Assyriologist learns from this tablet that 1 kaskal-gid (the distance of two hours) equalled 30 ush, that 1 ush equalled 60 gar, that 1 gar equalled 12 u or cubits, and that 1 u equalled 60 shu or “fingers.” Caldecott, however, mistook the sign gid for a numeral five, the sign kaskal for a word meaning “ell,” and the word u meaning “cubit” for a sign signifying “plus”! He accordingly makes gar a “palm”; shu, a “three-palm ell”; ush, a “four-palm ell,” and kaskal-gid, a “five-palm ell”! His whole system is without foundation.

Tables similar to the one published by Rawlinson were compiled in the scribal school at Nippur. One was published without translation by Hilprecht in 1906 in the Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Vol. XX, and interpreted by the present writer in 1909 in The Haverford Library Collection of Cuneiform Tablets, Part II, pp. 13-18. The writer has examined other similar tablets in the University Museum, Philadelphia.

[245] See Chapter IX, p. 151. According to I Kings 7:48, there was a “golden altar” here also, but as this is not mentioned in chapter 6 many scholars think that it is a post-exilic gloss, introducing a feature from the second temple.

[246] Antiquities of the Jews, VIII, v, 2.

[247] See translation, Part II, p. 377.

[248] See Bliss, Excavations at Jerusalem, pp. 96-109.

[249] See G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, I, 226. For another view, see Paton, Journal of Biblical Literature, XXV, 1-13.

[250] See G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, II, Chapters X and XI.

[251] See Chapter II, p. 66; also Part II, p. 385, f.

[252] Ezra 5:16 states that Sheshbazzar laid the foundations of the house in the reign of Cyrus, but as Haggai and Zechariah give no hint of this, many scholars think there must be some error in the text.

[253] Antiquities of the Jews, XIII, xiii, 5.

[254] See the Mishnah, Middoth 3:6.

[255] Excavations at Jerusalem, 16, ff.

[256] See Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XI, vii, 1; cf. also G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, II, 358-361.

[257] See Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XII, i.

[258] See Ecclesiasticus iii-v, vii, ix, xxiii, xxv, ff., and xxviii.

[259] See Eccles. 50:1-4.

[260] Cf. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XII, v, 1.

[261] See Selah Merrill, Ancient Jerusalem, New York, 1908, pp. 83-88.

[262] See G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, II, 447-452.

[263] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XII, v, 1.

[264] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XIII, vi, 7.

[265] See Chapter V, p. 119.

[266] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XV, xi, 4; XVIII, iv, 3.

[267] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XX, viii, 11; Wars of the Jews, II, xvi, 3.

[268] Merrill, Ancient Jerusalem, p. 88.

[269] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XIV, iv, 2, and Fig. 255.

[270] Because its identity as a part of this bridge was first perceived by Prof. Edward Robinson, of Union Seminary, New York.

[271] Josephus, Wars of the Jews, I, vii, 2.

[272] Warren and Conder, Jerusalem, 178, f.

[273] See Chapter VI, p. 131.

[274] Quoted by Alexander Polyhistor and Eusebius; see G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, II, 462.

[275] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XIII, xiii, 5.

[276] Ibid., XIV, ii, 1.

[277] Ibid., XIV, iv, 2.

[278] Ibid., XIV, xiii, 3, 4, 5.

[279] Ibid., XIV, xv, 2; xvi.

[280] Ibid., XV, viii, 5.

[281] Josephus, Wars of the Jews, V, iv, 3.

[282] Ibid., V, iv, 4. (See Fig. 256.)

[283] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XVII, ix, 3; Wars of the Jews, II, ii, 2; xiv, 8.

[284] Colonel Conder, the late Dr. Merrill, Georg Gatt, Dr. Rückert, and Dr. Mommert.

[285] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XV, viii, 1.

[286] See Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1887, p. 161, ff. Dr. Schick calls it an amphitheater, but it is simply a theater of the Greek type.

[287] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XV, xi, 2.

[288] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XX, ix, 7.

[289] Ibid., XV, xi, 3.

[290] Above it was a chamber 30 cubits high.

[291] Josephus, Wars of the Jews, V, v, 6.

[292] See Josephus, Wars of the Jews, V, v, and the Mishna tract Middoth for the authority for this description. For a fuller description, see G. A. Smith, Jerusalem, II, Chapter XVIII.

[293] See Chapter VI, p. 131.

[294] That is, the “Pool of Israel.”

[295] Wars of the Jews, V, iv, 2.

[296] The city, restored under the heathen name of Ælia Capitolina by the Emperor Hadrian in 135 A. D., made Christian by Constantine in 325, sacked by the Persian Chosroes in 614, taken by the Arabs in 636, captured after many vicissitudes in 1072 by the Seljuk Turks, made by the First Crusade the seat of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem from 1099 to 1187, when Saladin took it, was once more after many other vicissitudes captured by the Ottoman Turks in 1517.

[297] Historia Naturalis, V, xviii, 74.

[298] Josephus, Wars of the Jews, I, vii, 7.

[299] See Chapter V, p. 111.

[300] See Schürer, Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, Leipzig, 1907, II, 172, and note 321.

[301] See Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XII, iv, 5.

[302] See Barton, A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, Philadelphia, 1904, p. 176.

[303] See Neubauer, Géographie du Talmud, Paris, 1868, 238-240.

[304] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XII, viii, 4.

[305] Brünnow and Domaszewski, Provincia Arabia, III, 107-144, and Fig. 267.

[306] See Polybius, V, 71.

[307] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XIII, xiii, 3.

[308] Schürer, Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, 4th ed., II, 1907, p. 175.

[309] Neubauer, Géographie du Talmud, 274.

[310] See Merrill, East of the Jordan, New York, 1883, 184, ff. and 442, f.; also Schumacher, Across the Jordan, London, 1886, p. 272, f.

[311] Merrill, ibid., 298, and G. A. Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land, map.

[312] So Brünnow and Domaszewski, Provincia Arabia, III, 264.

[313] Josephus, Wars of the Jews, I, iv, 8.

[314] See Merrill, East of the Jordan, 281-284; Schumacher in Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins, XXV, 1912, 111-177; Brünnow and Domaszewski, Provincia Arabia, II, 234-139; Barton, A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, 158, f.

[315] See Polybius, V, 71.

[316] See 2 Sam. 12:27 and Barton in the Journal of Biblical Literature, XXVII, 147-152.

[317] See Josephus, Wars of the Jews, I, xix, 5.

[318] See Merrill, East of the Jordan, 399, ff.; Schumacher, Across the Jordan, 308; Brünnow and Domaszewski, Provincia Arabia, II, 216-220, and Barton, A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, 155, f.

[319] Ramsay, St. Paul the Traveller and Roman Citizen, New York, 1896, 243, ff.

[320] See Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, II, Oxford, 1896, 618-699.

[321] See American Journal of Archæology, 2d series, II, 133, f.; III, 204, f.; IV, 306, f.; VI, 306, f, 439, f.; X, 17, f., and XIV, 19, f.

[322] See Benjamin Powell in American Journal of Archæology, 2d series, VII, 60, f., and Fig. 275.

[323] See Ramsay’s article “Ephesus” in Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible, Vol. II, p. 721, f., for further details.

[324] Book II, 1. 868.

[325] See Hogarth’s Ionia and the East, Oxford, 1909, p. 45, f.

[326] See De Neocoria, p. 38.

[327] See Ramsay in Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible, III, 750.

[328] Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus, London, 1877. See Fig. 279.

[329] Hogarth, Excavations at Ephesus, London, 1908.

[330] See Couze (and others), Ausgrabungen zu Pergamos, Berlin, 1880, and Thrämer, Pergamos, Leipzig, 1888; also F. E. Clark, The Holy Land of Asia Minor, New York, 1914, p. 67, f.

[331] See Bousset, Die Offenbarung des Johannes, Göttingen, 1896, p. 245, ff.; Ramsay, The Letters to the Seven Churches, New York, 1905, 283, ff., and Moffat in The Expositor’s Greek Testament, Vol. V, New York, 1910, p. 355, f.

[332] See Ramsay, The Church and the Roman Empire, New York, 1893, p. 252, f.

[333] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, XII, iii, 1.

[334] See Ramsay, Letters to the Seven Churches, p. 325, ff.

[335] See Butler in American Journal of Archæology, 2d series, Vol. XVIII, 1914, p. 428.

[336] Book, I, 7.

[337] See Herbig’s article, “Etruscan Religion,” in Hastings’ Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. V, New York, 1912, p. 532, ff.

[338] American Journal of Archæology, Vol. XVII, 1912, p. 474.

[339] Barton, A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, 76-79.

[340] See American Journal of Archæology, Vols. XIV-XVIII, and Fig. 285.

[341] Ibid., XV, 452.

[342] Ibid., XV, 457.

[343] Ibid., XVI, 475, ff., and Fig. 286.

[344] See “Altar (Christian)” in Hastings’ Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. I, p. 338, f.

[345] Ecclesiastical History, X, 4.

[346] See Barton, A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, p. 71.

[347] See Chapter XIV, p. 217, f.

[348] Ramsay, Letters to the Seven Churches, 407, ff.

[349] Ibid., 410, ff.

[350] See Curtius, Philadelphia, Berlin, 1873, and Barton, A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, 79, ff.

[351] Ramsay, Letters to the Seven Churches, 25, 1.

[352] See Ramsay, Letters to the Seven Churches, 257 and 274, ff.

[353] See Barton, A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands, p. 82.

[354] See Ramsay, The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, Oxford, 1895, p. 32, f.

[355] See Ramsay, Letters to the Seven Churches, 424, ff.

[356] See F. E. Clark, The Holy Land of Asia Minor, New York, 1914, p. 145, f.

[357] Other translations of this epic have been made. The most important are as follows: Zimmern, in Gunkel’s Schöpfung und Chaos, pp. 401, ff.; Delitzsch, Das Babylonische Weltschöpfungsepos (Abhandlungen der sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Bd. XVII, 1896); Muss-Arnolt, in Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, Aldine ed., edited by R. F. Harper; Jensen in Schrader’s Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, Bd. VI; L. W. King, The Seven Tablets of Creation; Dhorme, Choix de textes religieux assyrobabyloniens; Ungnad, in Gressman’s Altorientalische Texte und Bilder zum Alten Testament; Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament. A fragment of this tablet is shown in Fig. 290.

[358] That is, Sea and Abyss, mentioned in lines 3 and 4. Apsu was the waters underneath the dry land and Tiâmat the salt sea.

[359] I. e., the spirits of earth.

[360] Another name for Tiâmat.

[361] Marduk’s temple in Babylonia.

[362] I. e., the captive gods of line 27.

[363] The name which the Babylonians gave themselves.

[364] Translated from Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Part XIII, p. 35, ff.

[365] Translated from Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, IV, 2d. ed., pl. 32, lines 28-38.

[366] See Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology, Vol. XXVI, pp. 51-56.

[367] Miscellaneous Inscriptions in the Yale Babylonian Collection, New Haven, 1916, Nos. 46-51.

[368] Translated from Recueil de Traveaux. XX, 127, ff.; Winckler and Abel’s Thontafelnfund von El-Amarna, No. 240, Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, VI, p. xvii, f., and Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology, XVI, 294, f.

[369] The lines 14a, etc., are supplied from a parallel tablet.

[370] Translated from Poebel, Historical and Grammatical Texts, Philadelphia, 1914, No. 2. From the beginning of each column 16 to 18 lines are broken away.

[371] The sun-god.

[372] Perhaps “palm-tree-fertilizer” instead of hunter. It is not the usual ideogram for hunter, but one element stands for “hand” and the other for “female flower of the date palm.” (See Barton, The Origin and Development of Babylonian Writing, Nos. 311({12}) and 303({6}).)

[373] Seven lines are broken away from the end of the column.

[374] The subject-matter shows that several columns are entirely broken away. Dr. Poebel estimates that Column IV was originally Column X. If this is true, six columns are entirely lost. Of Column IV, only a few lines out of the middle remain.

[375] A number of lines are lost at the end of the column.

[376] Numbers 3, 4, and 5.

[377] Poebel reads the name Arpi, apparently because in another fragmentary tablet he thinks the name is Arbum, but both Poebel’s copy and the photograph of the tablet indicate that the reading was A-ri-pi. The writer has endeavored to settle the matter by collating both tablets, but both have unfortunately crumbled too much to make collation decisive.

[378] Sumerian words which begin with a vowel, when they are taken over into Hebrew, assume a guttural at the beginning. Thus the Sumerian AŠ-TAN, “one,” which became in Semitic Babylonian ištin, comes into Hebrew as ‘eštê with an Ayin at the beginning. (See Jer. 1:3 and elsewhere.) Ayin in Semitic phonetics frequently changes to Heth. (See Brockelmann’s Vergleichende Grammatik der Semitischen Sprachen, I, § 55, b, α.) In accordance with these facts AN-KU came into Hebrew as Ḫenok.

[379] He is mentioned in Zimmern’s Ritualtafeln für den Wahrsager, Leipzig, 1901, No. 24:1, ff., as the discoverer of the art of forecasting events by pouring oil on water.

[380] Poebel has shown, Historical Texts, 114, that EN-ME designates a hero or special kind of priest. Mutu in Semitic means both “man” and “a kind of priest”; cf. Muss-Arnolt, Assyrisch-Englisch-Deutsches Handwörterbuch, 619, 620, and Knudtzon, El-Amarna Tafeln, No. 55, 43. Mutu was a popular element in Semitic proper names about 2000 B. C., but later ceased to be employed.

[381] The sign kam Poebel failed to recognize. It is No. 364א of Barton’s Origin and Development of Babylonian Writing. It is sometimes employed in early texts instead of other signs which had the values ka or kam. Here it is used for sign No. 357 of the work referred to.

[382] Langdon makes the suggestion (Sumerian Epic of Paradise, the Flood, and the Fall of Man, Philadelphia, 1915, p. 56, note 7) that Lamech is the Sumerian LUMḪA, an epithet of the Babylonian god Ea as the patron of music. A more plausible theory would be that Lamech is a corruption of a king’s name, as suggested above, and after it was corrupted it was confused with the name of the Sumerian god LAMGA, the constructive god, whose emblem was the sign for carpenter. (See Barton, work cited, No. 503.)

[383] See Meissner, Seltene assyrische Ideogramme, No. 1139.

[384] See Barton, work cited, No. 275{(5)}. IN is the Sumerian verb preformative.

[385] See Delitzsch, Sumerisches Glossar, p. 262, f.

[386] See Barton, work cited, No. 229{(18)}.

[387] Jared might, of course, be a corruption of Irad (see p. 270). It could have arisen by the wearing away of the Hebrew letter Ayin.

[388] See his Unity of the Book of Genesis, New York, 1895, Chapter II.

[389] See Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, II, 59, rev. 9, and Zimmern’s Babylonischer Gott Tamūz, p. 13.

[390] Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology, XV, 243-246.

[391] Expository Times, X, 253.

[392] See Chapter VI, p. 273.

[393] Historical Texts, p. 42.

[394] Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, V, 44, 17b. The Semitic name of this king is also said to have been Tabu-utul-bel. He is the one whose fortunes correspond so closely to those of Job. (See Chapter XX.)

[395] See Meissner, Seltene assyrische Ideogramme, No. 6945.

[396] Translated from Haupt’s Das Babylonische Nimrodepos, p. 134, f.

[397] The sun.

[398] The spirits of heaven.

[399] Or two accounts of the same event.

[400] Translated from A. Poebel’s Historical and Grammatical Texts in the University of Pennsylvania’s “University Museum’s publications of the Babylonian Section,” Vol. V, Philadelphia, 1914, No. 1.

[401] Often called Bel.

[402] Called Ea, p. 273.

[403] A term by which the Semites of Babylonia designated themselves. The Sumerians shaved their heads.

[404] See Part II, Chapter VI, line 21, ff.

[405] I. e., the sun.

[406] See p. 277.

[407] Translated from Langdon, The Sumerian Epic of Paradise, the Flood, and the Fall of Man, Philadelphia, 1915, Plates I and II. Langdon, as his title shows, regards the text as a description of Paradise, the flood, and the fall of man,--a view that the present writer cannot share. Dilmun is the name of the Babylonian Paradise, but the signs rendered Dilmun are not the ones employed to express that name. For the rest the text seems to describe the coming of rains, the beginnings of irrigation and agriculture, and the revelation of the medicinal qualities of certain plants. See The Nation, New York, November 18, 1915, pp. 597, ff. (For the tablet, see Fig. 294.)

[408] Apparently another name of Ninshar.

[409] In Sumerian the goddess Nintulla.

[410] In Sumerian the goddess Ninkasi.

[411] In Sumerian the goddess Dazima.

[412] In Sumerian, Nintil.

[413] In Sumerian, Enshagme.

[414] See his Sumerian Epic of Paradise, the Flood, and the Fall of Man, p. 56.

[415] Translated from Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler der königlichen Museen zu Berlin, VII. No. 92.

[416] Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler der königlichen Museen zu Berlin, VII, No. 198.

[417] Ibid., VII, No. 97.

[418] Since this manuscript was sent to the printer, another Abraham has been found in some tablets in the Yale University Collection.

[419] Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, IV, pp. 352, 353. (See p. 360.)

[420] See Beiträge zur Assyriologie, V, p. 498, no. 23; cf. p. 429, ff.

[421] King, Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi, Vol. I, No. 66.

[422] Some scholars suppose that the writer of the account in Genesis had before him a source in the cuneiform writing in which the “pi” at the end of Hammurapi’s name was spelled with a sign that could be read either “pi” or “pil” (see Barton, Origin and Development of Babylonian Writing, Leipzig, 1913, No. 185), and that the l was attached in consequence of a misreading of this sign. That, however, admits corruption, though it attempts to explain its cause.

[423] Cuneiform Texts, &c., in the British Museum, XXI, 33.

[424] It was until recently not known that Arad-Sin and Rim-Sin were different persons, and some thought the king might be called either Rim-Sin or Eri-aku (Arioch, Gen. 14:1). It is possible that Arad-Sin may have been called Ari-aku in Sumerian, but it is improbable. It is now known that Arad-Sin died 30 years before Hammurapi came to the throne. With our present knowledge it is difficult to see how Arioch could be the name of Rim-Sin unless Rim-Sin be read partly as Semitic and partly as Sumerian and then considerably corrupted.

[425] The text was published by Pinches in the Journal of Transactions of the Victoria Institute, Vol. XXIX, 82, 83; cf. emendations by L. W. King, Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi, Vol. I, p. li, ff. Sayce has also translated them, filling out the lacunæ by freely exercising the imagination, in the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology, XXVIII, 203-218, 241-251, and XXIX, 7-17.

[426] This could be read Kudurkumal.

[427] Cuneiform Texts, &c., in British Museum, IV, 33, 22b.

[428] Meissner, Altbabylonisches Privatrecht, 36, 25.

[429] Cuneiform Texts, VIII, 25, 22.

[430] Ibid., II, 9, 26.

[431] Cf. Mittheilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1907, p. 27.

[432] Cuneiform Texts, &c., in the British Museum, II, 23, 15.

[433] Mittheilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1907, p. 23.

[434] Taken from Griffith’s translation in Petrie’s Egyptian Tales, second series, London, 1895, p. 36, ff.

[435] The sun-god.

[436] Cf. Part I, p. 35.

[437] Winckler und Abel, Thontafelnfund von El-Amarna, No. 40. Cf. Knudtzon, Die El-Amarna Tafeln, No. 158.

[438] Winckler und Abel, Thontafelnfund von El-Amarna, No. 38. See also Knudtzon, Die El-Amarna Tafeln, No. 164.

[439] Translated from the German rendering of Ranke in Gressmann’s Altorientalische Texte und Bilder zum Allen Testament, Tübingen, 1909, p. 223.

[440] See his Sieben Jahre der Hungersnot, 1891.

[441] From Brugsch’s Egypt under the Pharaohs, London, 1881, I, 303, ff.

[442] From Breasted’s Ancient Records, Egypt, I, p. 237, ff.

[443] An Egyptian name of the northern extension of the Gulf of Suez.

[444] Some Egyptian trading-post in Asia.

[445] An early name for the region east of the Jordan and the Dead Sea. It is called Kedemah in Gen. 25:15 and 1 Chron. 1:30; Kedemoth in Deut. 2:26, and translated “East” in Judges 6:3, 33; 7:12; 8:10, 11. In Gen. and Chron. the name is applied to a person.

[446] This is an Amorite name, Ammi-anshi. It shows that the Amorites were already in this region. Later the Hebrews found Sihon, the Amorite here; see Num. 21:21, ff. and Deut. 1:4, ff.

[447] The Egyptian name for the higher parts of Palestine and Syria. The Egyptians had no l; they always used r instead. The name is identical with the Hebrew Lotan, Gen. 36:20, of which Lot is a shorter form.

[448] Perhaps the same name as Aiah (Ajah) of Gen. 36:24 and 1 Chron. 1:40.

[449] From Cuneiform Texts, &c., in the British Museum, XIII, 42; cf. also King, Chronicles of Early Babylonian Kings, II, 87, ff.

[450] Another tablet reads “a father I had not.”

[451] A name for the Semitic peoples of Babylonia.

[452] An island in the Persian Gulf.

[453] Taken from Breasted’s Ancient Records, Egypt, III, p. 264, ff.

[454] That is, the foreign nations.

[455] That is, Lybia, which lay to the west of the Egyptian Delta.

[456] That is, the Hittites.

[457] “The Canaan” refers to the land of Canaan, probably here Phœnicia.

[458] Yenoam was a town situated at the extreme north of Galilee, just at the end of the valley between the two ranges of the Lebanon mountains.

[459] Translated from the cuneiform text in Harper’s Code of Hammurabi, and Ungnad’s Keilschrifttexte der Gesetze Hammurabis.

[460] The mana consisted of sixty shekels. Tn English it is corrupted to mina.

[461] The nature of these officials is in doubt. Scheil and others think the first a recruiting-officer; Delitzsch and Ungnad, a soldier. The name of the second officer is literally fish-catcher, but it is certain that here he was some kind of a fisher of men.

[462] Such as plowing, or the young plants early in the season.

[463] At this point five columns of the pillar are erased. It is estimated that 35 sections of the laws are thus lost. § 66 is added from a fragment found at Susa.

[464] Translated from Poebel, Historical and Grammatical Texts, Philadelphia, 1914, No. 93, col. ii.

[465] Translated from ibid., col. iii.

[466] The translation, “be brought to the judges,” has no warrant in the Hebrew.

[467] Since Deut. 15:18 says that such a slave has served “double the hire of a hireling,” Dr. Johns thinks that it betrays a knowledge of the Babylonian three-year regulation. This seems, however, quite problematical.

[468] In a marriage contract on a papyrus from the Jewish colony at Elephantine in Egypt, written in the fifth century B. C., it is provided that the wife may institute divorce proceedings on an equality with the husband. Some Jewish women thus secured by contract that which the law did not grant them. Christ assumed such cases among Palestinian women; see Mark 10:12.

[469] From the Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, I, No. 165.

[470] It is the word so translated in Deut. 33:10.

[471] So rendered in Lev. 7:13; 10:14. Many scholars would render it “thank-offering.”

[472] Compare Exod. 29:13, 14. The Hebrew law differed from the Carthaginian.

[473] This is the rendering of the Revised Version for this word. The Authorized Version rendered it less accurately “meat-offering.”

[474] Each temple had a number of officials connected with it besides the priests, such as carpenters, gate-keepers, slaughterers, barbers, Sodomites, and female slaves. Another Phœnician inscription mentions these.

[475] See Part I, Chapter I. § 7 (3).

[476] From Winckler und Abel’s Thontafelnfund von El-Amarna, No. 73. Cf. Knudtzon, Die El-Amarna Tafeln, No. 84.

[477] The letter takes up assertions made by Rib-Adda in previous letters.

[478] Winckler und Abel, op. cit., No. 77, Knudtzon, op. cit., No. 103.

[479] These “sons of Ebed-Ashera” are mentioned in many other letters.

[480] Winckler und Abel, op. cit., No. 174, and Knudtzon, op. cit., No. 286.

[481] Winckler und Abel, No. 102; Knudtzon, 286.

[482] Winckler und Abel, op. cit., No. 103; Knudtzon, op. cit., No. 287.

[483] Winckler und Abel, No. 104; Knudtzon, No. 288.

[484] Winckler und Abel, No. 105 plus No. 199; Knudtzon, No. 289.

[485] Winckler und Abel, No. 106; Knudtzon, No. 290.

[486] The tablet reads Beth-Ninib, but scholars are agreed that it refers to Beth-shemesh.

[487] For the text cf. Hilprecht, Old Babylonian Inscriptions, No. 17. See also Knudtzon, El-Amarna Tafeln, No. 333.

[488] Published by Hrozny in Sellin’s Tell-Taanek, pp. 115 and 121.

[489] In the Babylonian script, Aḫi-ya-mi.

[490] See the writer’s article, “Yahweh before Moses,” in Studies in the History of Religions Presented to C. H. Toy, especially pp. 188-191.

[491] Taken from Breasted’s Ancient Records, Egypt, IV, pp. 278, ff.

[492] “She” refers to Tentamon, the queen.

[493] These statements are taken from Breasted’s Ancient Records, Egypt, IV. §§ 44, 81, and 82.

[494] See Evans, Scripta Minoa, Oxford, 1909, pp. 22, ff., 273, ff.

[495] See R. A. S. Macalister, The Philistines, Their History and Civilization, London, 1913, p. 83, ff.

[496] See Sarzec, Découvertes en Chaldée, p. ix, col. v, 28, ff. See also Thureau-Dangin, Les inscriptions de Sumer et d’ Akkad, Paris, 1905, p. 109, and his Sumerischen und akkadischen Königsinschriften, Leipzig, 1907, p. 68, f.

[497] Ibid., col. vi, 3, ff.

[498] Translated from W. Max Müller’s Egyptological Researches, Washington, D. C., 1906, Plates 75-87, with a comparison of Breasted’s Ancient Records, IV, pp. 350-354.

[499] See Le Gac, Les Inscriptions d’ Aššur-nasir-aplu III, Paris, 1908, p. 111, line 84, ff.; cf. also Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament, New York, 1912, p. 277, ff.

[500] The text is published in Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, III, 7, 8. These lines are at the bottom of p. 8. Cf. also Craig, Hebraica, III, 220, ff., and Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament, 295, ff.

[501] From Layard’s Inscriptions in the Cuneiform Character from the Assyrian Monuments, London, 1851, p. 15. Cf. Delitzsch in Beiträge zur Assyriologie, VI, 146.

[502] Layard, op. cit., line 84, ff.

[503] Layard, op. cit., line 90, ff.

[504] Ibid., line 99, ff.

[505] From Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, III, 5, No. 6. The text is also published in Delitzsch’s Assyrische Lesestücke, 4th ed., p. 51, ff.

[506] The cliff at the mouth of the Dog river, a short distance north of Beirût. This portrait, with that of Ramses II and other kings, may still be seen carved in the cliff.

[507] From Abel und Winckler’s Keilschrifttexte, Berlin, 1890, p. 12.

[508] Layard. op. cit., p. 10, line 102, ff.

[509] Messerschmidt, Keilschrifttexte aus Assur historischen Inhalts, Leipzig, 1911, No. 30, line 13, ff. Cf. Langdon’s translation Expository Times, Vol. XXIII, 1911, p. 69; also Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels, p. 298, ff.

[510] Translated from Smend and Socin’s Die Inschrift Mesa von Moab, Freiburg I. B., 1886. Cf. also Lidzbarski, Nordsemitische Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898, Tafel I; G. A. Cooke, North Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903, p. 1, ff.; Davis, in Hebraica, VII (1891), 178-182; Bennett, _The Moabite Stone_, Edinburgh, 1911; and Hastings, Dict. of the Bible, III, 406, ff.

[511] In Joshua the name appears as Bamoth-baal.

[512] Translated from Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol. I, p. 35, No. 1. Cf. also Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament, p. 305, ff., and the references there given to other translations.

[513] Translated from Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, III, 9, No. 2, with a comparison of Rost, Die Keilschrifttexte Tiglathpilesers III.

[514] Translated from Rawlinson, ibid., No. 3.

[515] Translated from Layard, Inscriptions in the Cuneiform Character, with a comparison of Rost, op. cit.

[516] From Rawlinson, op. cit., 10, No. 2, with a comparison of Rost, op. cit.

[517] From Rawlinson, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 67.

[518] From Winckler’s Keilschrifttexte Sargons, p. 1, line 10, f.

[519] Translated from Winckler. op. cit., p. 30, No. 64, 23, f.

[520] Ibid., pp. 1, 2, beginning at p. 1, No. 2, line 10.

[521] Ibid., p. 48, line 8, ff.

[522] From Winckler, op. cit., p. 31, lines 27, ff. and 33, ff.

[523] Ibid., p. 33, line 90, ff.

[524] From Winckler’s work previously cited, p. 44.

[525] From Abel und Winckler’s Keilschrifttexte, p. 18, col. ii, 34, ff.

[526] From Winckler’s Keilschrifttextbuch, 1892, p. 36.

[527] From Abel und Winckler’s Keilschrifttexte, p. 17, line 9, ff.

[528] From Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler der königlichen Museen zu Berlin, I, 75.

[529] Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, 1872, 168, ff.

[530] Meinhold, Die Jesaiaerzählungen, Jes. 36-39, 1898.

[531] Winckler, Alttestamentliche Untersuchungen, 1892, pp. 27-50.

[532] Prašek, Sanheribs Feldzüge gegen Juda, 1903.

[533] In Bibliotheca Sacra, LXIII (1906), 577-634.

[534] Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament, 1912, 332-340.

[535] Historical Geography of the Holy Land, 158, ff.

[536] Translated from a facsimile in the Kautzsch-Gesenius, Hebraische Grammatik, 1902.

[537] Translated from Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol. III, p. 16, col. v, line 12, ff.

[538] Ibid., Vol. V, 2, 49, f.

[539] Ibid., 9, 115, f.

[540] From Breasted’s Ancient Records, Egypt, IV, 498.

[541] Translated from Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, I, 33, col. ii, line 12, ff.

[542] Translated from Pognon, Les inscriptions babyloniennes du Wadi Brissa, Pl. xiii, f., and Recueil de traveaux relatifs à la philologie et à l’archeologie egyptiennes et assyriennes, XXVIII, 57. See also Langdon, Neubabylonischen Königsinschriften, 174, ff.

[543] Translated from the Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, I, 337, f.

[544] See Part I, Chapter II, p. 46, f.

[545] This is the reading of the margin in R. V., and correctly translates the original. He was not walking “in” the palace, but upon its flat roof, from which he could see the great city.

[546] From de Morgan’s Délégation en Perse, Vol. XIV, p. 60.

[547] From Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, V, 68, No. 1.

[548] From Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology, VII, 157, f.

[549] From Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology, VII, 162, f., and Clay, Light on the Old Testament from Babel, 374, f.

[550] See Expository Times. Vol. XXVI, 297-299 (April, 1915).

[551] Babylonian Texts from the Yale Collection, No. 39.

[552] From Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, V, 35.

[553] Herodotus, Book II, 161.

[554] Josephus professes to be quoting Manetho, and puts the incident in the time of Ramses. Perhaps Aristeas in his letter refers to this colony, when he speaks of Jewish soldiers. (See Kautzsch, Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen, II, 7.)

[555] The documents have been published by Sayce and Cowley, Aramaic Papyri Discovered at Assuan, London, 1906, and Sachau. Aramäische Papyrus und Ostraka aus Elephantine, Leipzig, 1911. Those translated here are Nos. 1, 4, 6, and 11 of Sachau’s publication.

[556] Perhaps this disfavor arose in part from the fact that, as a papyrus not translated here shows, two other deities were worshiped along with Jehovah.

[557] It is possible that the Elephantine colony were taken from northern Israel.

[558] Translated from the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology, X, 478, f., and Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions, IV, 60*.

[559] Literally, “like opening and shutting.”

[560] Perhaps one of the antediluvian Babylonian kings. (See Part II, Chapter IV.) The Sumerian form of his name was Laluralim and in Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol. V, p. 44, 17b, is glossed as Zugagib or “scorpion.” Zugagib is one of the early kings of Babylonia, who is said to have ruled 840 years.

[561] Translated from S. Langdon’s Historical and Religious Texts from the Temple Library of Nippur, Munich, 1914, No. 16.

[562] Translated from Haupt’s Akkadische und sumerische Keilschrifttexte, 116, ff., with comparison of Zimmern’s Babylonische Busspsalmen, 33, f.

[563] Translated from Haupt’s Akkadische und Sumerische Keilschrifttexte, p. 122, f.

[564] Translated from Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c., in the British Museum, Part XV, pp. 16, 17.

[565] Translated from Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c. in the British Museum, XV, 10.

[566] An epithet of the inhabitants of Babylonia.

[567] Taken from Breasted’s Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 315, f.

[568] A fabulous mountain beyond the western horizon, over which the sun was believed to pass at evening.

[569] Taken from Breasted’s Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 324, f.

[570] There is a pun on the word Re; it is the same as “all.” Such puns are frequent in the Hebrew of the Old Testament prophets.

[571] Compare Psa. 104:24.

[572] Ikhnaton is the name adopted by Amenophis IV in connection with his reform. It means “Aton’s man.” His old name meant “Amon is gracious” and had heathen associations. On the sentiment of lines 120, 121, compare Matt. 11:27.

[573] See Weigall, The Treasury of Ancient Egypt, London, 1911, p. 206.

[574] The first twenty are culled from a tablet in the British Museum, published by Langdon in the American Journal of Semitic Languages, Vol. XXVIII, 217-243, under the title “Babylonian Proverbs.” For convenience those quoted are numbered consecutively without reference to the parts omitted.

[575] Translated from Delitzsch’s Assyrische Lesestücke, 4th ed., p. 118, f.

[576] Translated from Meissner’s Beiträge zum Altbabylonischen Privatrecht, p. 108.

[577] Taken from Macmillan’s translation, Beiträge zur Assyriologie, V, 557, ff.

[578] The sun-god, the god of justice.

[579] Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 231, f. Breasted’s references to the sections of the original text are here omitted.

[580] The Gilgamesh Epic is an early Babylonian poem in twelve tablets or cantos. It is a collection of early legends and myths. The Babylonian account of the flood, translated in Chapter VI (Part II), forms the eleventh canto of it.

[581] Translated from the Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, 1902, Heft 1, p. 8.

[582] These are translated from the German rendering in W. Max Müller’s Liebpoesie der alten Ägypter, Leipzig, 1899.

[583] From Müller, p. 15.

[584] Ibid., p. 16.

[585] From Müller, ibid., p. 17.

[586] Perhaps the name of a Nileometer station in the vicinity of Memphis.

[587] Müller, ibid., p. 22.

[588] Müller, ibid., p. 22.

[589] Müller, ibid., p. 23.

[590] Married couples are usually so represented in Egyptian pictures.

[591] The Egyptian is here followed, rather than the German.

[592] Müller, p. 24.

[593] Ibid., p. 27. It describes a walk in a garden.

[594] The garden again.

[595] Translated from Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, III, 32, 16, f.

[596] I. e., the thing thou hast prayed for.

[597] Translated from the German of Vogelsang und Gardiner, Klagen des Bauern, Leipzig, 1908.

[598] The original contains a list of plants, stones, birds, etc., the modern equivalents of which are not known.

[599] See Gardiner in Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology, XXXV, 269.

[600] Taken from A. H. Gardiner’s Admonitions of an Egyptian Sage, Leipzig, 1909, pp. 19 and 39, f., pp. 69 and 78.

[601] Translated from Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol. IV, p. 31.

[602] The spirits of earth.

[603] Translated from Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c., in the British Museum, Part XV, 18.

[604] These sayings are translated from Grenfell and Hunt’s Sayings of Our Lord, 1897, with a comparison of Lock and Sanday’s Two Lectures on the Sayings of Jesus Recently Discovered at Oxyrhynchus, 1897.

[605] Translated from Grenfell and Hunt’s New Sayings of Jesus and Fragment of a Lost Gospel from Oxyrhynchus, 1904.

[606] Compare John 21:24, 25.

[607] Translated from Viereck’s publication of the text in Philologus, Vol. LII, 234, f.

[608] These assessments, then, occurred in the following years: 174-5; 160-1; 146-7; 132-3; 118-9; 104-5; 90-1; 76-7; 62-3; 48-9; 34-5; 20-1; 6-7; 9-8 B. C.

[609] From Hermes, XXVIII, 1893, p. 233.

[610] Translated from Grenfell and Hunt’s Oxyrhynchus Papyri, II, 1898, p. 214. Kenyon, Greek Papyri in the British Museum, II, 19, thinks that this cannot refer to a census because the term by which it is described is different, but, as Grenfell and Hunt remark, the simpler term in the papyri earlier than the year 61 A. D., indicates that we are nearer the beginning of the institution of the census.

[611] Ibid., p. 205; cf. p. 206.

[612] Ibid., p. 282.

[613] Translated from Kenyon and Bell’s Greek Papyri in the British Museum, Vol. III, 1907, p. 125.

[614] Translated from the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, XIV, No. 3613.

[615] Translated after Ramsay, Expositor, series 8. Vol. IV, 1912, p. 401. For Ramsay’s opinions, see the article of which the inscription forms a part.

[616] Translated from Burton’s publication in the American Journal of Theology, II, 600.

[617] Translated from ibid., p. 604.

[618] Taken from Deissmann’s St. Paul, p. 261, f.

[619] Pausanias, i, 1:4, and v. 14:8.

[620] Philostratus, Vita Apollonii, vi, 3.

[621] Translated from Deissmann’s St. Paul, pp. 246, 247.

[622] See Deissmann’s St. Paul, p. 248, ff.

[623] Dio Cassius, lvii, 14, 5.

[624] The most reliable chronologies of the life of Christ now place his crucifixion not later than 30 A. D.

[625] The original is in Berlin and the publication is not accessible to the writer. The above translation is taken from that of J. Rendel Harris in the Expositor, 5th series, Vol. VIII, p. 164.

[626] Translated by J. Rendel Harris, ibid., p. 166.

[627] 2 Cor. 11:32.

[628] Translated from the Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, Pars II, Tom. I, Fasc. ii, No. 209.

[629] Ibid., Pars II, Tom. I, Fasc. ii. No. 196.

[630] Taken from Breasted, Ancient Records, Egypt, III, p. 7.

[631] Taken from Breasted, ibid., p. 273.

[632] See S. Schiffer, Keilschriftliche Spuren in der zweiten Hälfte des 8ten Jahrhunderts von den Assyrern nach Mesopotamien deportierten Samarier, Berlin, 1907.

The text of the Berlin tablets was published by Ungnad in Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler, I, Leipzig, 1907, Nos. 84-94, 101, 104. Those in the British Museum, by Johns, in Assyrian Deeds and Documents, I, Cambridge, 1898, Nos. 22, 69, 73, 74, 98, 153, 154, 170, 229, 234, 245, 312.

[633] Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler, I, No. 88. 15.

[634] See Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament, New York, 1912, p. 226.

Transcriber’s Notes:

Passages in bold are indicated by =bold=.

Superscripted characters are indicated by {superscript}.

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