Opening

Transcriber’s Notes:

Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate italics in the original text. Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= in the original text. Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved. Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.

A NEW PRACTICAL AND EASY METHOD OF LEARNING THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE.

AFTER THE SYSTEM OF F. AHN,

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AND PROFESSOR AT THE COLLEGE OF NEUSS.

LONDON:

FRANZ THIMM, FOREIGN PUBLISHER, 3 BROOK STREET, GROSVENOR SQUARE. W.

1857.

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Preface

“Learn a foreign language as you learned your mother-tongue.” It is the way that nature herself follows, it is the same which the mother points out in speaking to her child, repeating to it a hundred times the same words, combining them imperceptibly and succeeding in this way in making it speak the same language she speaks. To learn in this manner is no longer a study, it is an amusement. This is in a few words the Method which Prof. =Ahn= has so successfully adopted in his continental Grammars.

The Editor of this Grammar has followed the rational System, which has already procured for Prof. =Ahn= a European reputation, and he has adopted it for the Study of the Portuguese Language. He is greatly indebted to the excellent Grammars by =Bösche=, =Müller=, etc., which he has used for the ground work of this Grammar and it is hoped that its simplicity and utility will procure for it that favour, which the German, French, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, Danish, Dutch and Latin Grammars of Prof. =Ahn= have already found in the Colleges and Schools of England.

=The Editor.=

The Copyright for England, France and Germany is secured.

INDEX.

FIRST COURSE. Page The Pronunciation 1

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Part I

Declension of the definite Article 7 Declension of the indefinite Article 8 Contractions of the Article with the Prepositions 9

=On the Gender= 10 Masculine 10 Feminine Substantive 11 Formation of the Plural 14 Declension of Substantives 18

=The Adjective= 20 The Plural of Adjectives 21 The Comparison of Adjectives 23 Irregular Comparisons 24 Declension of the Adjective 24

=The Numbers= 26 1. The Cardinal Numbers 26 2. The Ordinal Numbers 27 3. Fractional Numbers 27 4. Proportional Numbers 28 5. Collective Numbers 28

=Pronouns= 30 1. Personal Pronouns 30 2. Conjunctive Pronouns 31 3. Mixed Pronouns 31 4. Possessive Pronouns 33 5. Demonstrative Pronouns 34 6. Relative Pronouns 35 7. Interrogative Pronouns 36 8. Indefinite Pronouns 37

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Part II

=Collection of Words= 41 =Easy Dialogues= 47

SECOND COURSE.

=Verbs= 58 The Auxiliary Verbs 58 The Regular Verbs 69 Active Verbs 69 The Passive Verbs 79 The Neuter Verbs 79 The Reflective Verbs 80 Irregular Verbs 84 Impersonal Verbs 107

=Adverbs= 108 1. Adverbs of Time 108 2. Adverbs of Place 108 3. Adverbs of Number and Comparison 108 4. Adverbs of Manner and Kind 109 5. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation 109

=Prepositions= 111 =Conjunctions= 113 =Interjections= 114 =Reading Lessons= 115 =Idiomatic Expressions= with Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc. 121

FIRST COURSE.

The Pronunciation.

=1. The Alphabet.=

The Portuguese Alphabet is composed of the 25 following letters:

There are six vowels: a, e, i, o, u and y, the rest are consonants.

=2. The Accent.=

The Portuguese language has several accents:

the ʹ acute accent, the ^ circumflex accent, the ~ hyphen, called til, is set over some letters as a substitute for m, as: lã for lam bẽ for bem huã for huam.

=3. The Vowels.=

=A= 1. is pronounced like the a in the English word =path=, when it has the acute accent ´: chá, tea dá, he gives lá, there.

2. is it pronounced short and clear like the a in =father=: capitão, the captain (first a), or if found before the double consonants: cc, ll, mm, nn, pp, ss, tt, as: acclamar, to call out annullar, to annull alludir, to allude appellar, to appeal.

3. it has a soft and aspirated sound at the end of words if not accentuated: vergonha, the shame. If the hyphen ~ til stands over the a it takes a nasal sound:

irmãa (pr. irmāng), the sister lã (pr. lāng), the world.

=E= has three sounds: 1. open but short like ai in the English word =hail=, when with the acute accent ´ as: pé, foot fé, belief sé,

or in: mel, honey he, he is quero (pr. kayro), I will,

or in those verbs ending in er: conhecer, to know receber, to receive.

2. long, when with the circumflex ^ over it, as: lê, he reads vê, he sees rêde, the net.

3. It is almost mute at the end of words without the accent, as: liberdade, liberty amizade, friendship.

=I= is pronounced like e in the English word =me=, and it is only the accent that determines the pronunciation, as: tímido, timoré, difficil, javalí.

=O= has three sounds:

1. clear and strong in: mólho, dó.

2. soft and long in: bôlo, cake gôrdo, fat rapôsa, the fox (fem.).

3. quite short, almost like oo in: poder, to be able molho, a bundle almost pronounced like molyou.

=U= is pronounced like the oo in the word =wood=, but the pronunciation depends much upon the length of the syllables, f. i. in túmulo, the grave, the first u is long, the second is short. If provided with the til ~ and before m and n it takes the nasal sound.

If it follows after g and q, it is either aspirated, or it is quite mute, as: guerra (gerrah), war quero (kayro), I will quieto (key-eh-to), quite.

In qual, it is slightly sounded to distinguish it from the Noun cal, the chalk.

=Y= is pronounced like the vowel I.

=4. The Consonants.=

=B= is pronounced like the English B.

=C= before a, o, u, l and r is pronounced like k, as: cavallo (kahvallo), the horse cravo (krahvo), the pink cuidado (kooeedado), the care.

Before e and i it sounds like s, as: ceo (sayo), heaven cigarro (seegarro), cigar.

If the c before a, o, u has a cedille (ç) it sounds like s, as: caça (kassah), chase aço (asso), the steel açucar (assookar), sugar.

The double c, is distinctly heard only before e and i, the first sounds like k, the second like s, as: accidente (akseedente), the accident.

=D= is pronounced like the English.

=F= do. do.

=G= before a, o and a consonant is pronounced like the English g, as: gordo, fat gravo, grave.

g before e and i sounds like the j in the English word =joy=, as: general.

gua almost sounds like the English wa, as: guarda, pr. gwarda.

=H= is only softly aspirated in few words, as: anhelar, hálito; otherwise it is mute, as: homem (omem), man hora (ora), hour. Many writers drop the h at the beginning and write um, uma, instead of: hum, huma.

=J= is pronounced like the English j.

=K= only occurs in foreign words and is pronounced like the English K.

=L= is pronounced like the English L.

=M= at the beginning of words, or between two vowels when it belongs to the second syllable, is pronounced like the English m, as: menino, child amar, to love. It takes a nasal sound at the end of words, or when it follows after a, e, i, o or u which cannot well be described, as: condição, condition bem (bang), well bom (bong), good.

=N= is pronounced like the English n, but has the same peculiarities as m.

=P= is pronounced as in English.

=Q= sounds like k, as: quero (kayro), I will.

=R= is pronounced as in English.

=S= is pronounced as in English; between two vowels it sounds like z.

=T= is pronounced like the English.

=V= do. do.

=X= has three sounds. 1. It sounds generally like sh, as: xarope (sharope), syrup enxaqueca (anshakeykah), headake. 2. After e it is pronounced like ks, as: extenção, extenuado, expulso, excellente. 3. Between two vowels it is pronounced like gz, as: exactamente, exornar, except in: paixão, puxo, Alexandre, baixo, and some other words, where it sounds like sh. The x must be pronounced so softly that it is scarcely audible.

=Z= sounds like the English, as: zelo, zona. At the end of words it sounds like s, as: rapaz, luz, voz.

=5. Double Consonants.=

The Portuguese language has the following double consonants:

=Ch= 1. is pronounced like the English ch, as: acho, chaga, marchar.

2. it is pronounced like k in words derived from Latin or Greek, as: monarchia, archeo, archonte, Achilles.

=Lh= is pronounced like the ll in the English word “billiards” or in the French words “fille, bouilli”, as: mulher, woman mólho, the bundle.

=Nh= is pronounced like the French gn in “espagne, peigner”, as: ganho, I win banho, bath manha, trick.

=Ph= is pronounced like f, as: philosophia.

=Rh= and =Th= are pronounced like r and t.

6. The Diphthongs.

The Portuguese language has two kinds of diphthongs: the =pure=, those which are distinctly pronounced, and the =nasal= diphthongs, pronounced with a nasal sound.

=Pure Diphthongs.= =ae=, as: taes, olivaes.

=ai= (the a and i do not blend), as: pai (pa-i), ai (a-i). =ao=, as: páo (pa-o), máo (ma-o). =au=, as: aula, auto, pauta, causa. =ei=, =ey=, as: rei, rey, lei, sei. =éi=, as: papéis, réis. =eo=, as: deo, mordeo, viveo. =éo=, as: Céo, véo, réo. =eu=, as: eu, euro, meu, seu. =io=, as: pio, rio, vio, ouvio. =oa=, as: loa, toa. =oe=, as: heroe, dóe, róe. =oi=, as: boi. =ôo=, =oo=, as: vôo, sôo, môo. =ou=, as: ou, ouvir, douto. =ui=, =uy=, as: fui, Rui.

In the above the first vowel is preeminent, in the following the second vowel has most emphasis. =ea=, as: lactea, área. =eo=, as: lacteo, arboreo. =ia=, as: gloria. =oa= (pron. oâ and oá), as: agoa, coadura, coalho. =ui= (pron. ui), as: quirinal, inquirir. =uo= (pron. uó), as: equoreo. =uu= (pron. uú), as: equuleo.

=Nasal Diphthongs.=

=ãa= (bad orthography am or an), as: maçãa (mas-sang), apple, irmãa (ir-mang), sister.

=ãe= (bad aem, aen), as: capitães (kapeeta-engs), captains, cães (ka-engs), dogs. =am=, as: amparo (ang-paro), protection. =an=, as: andar (ang-dar), to go. =ão= (bad orthogr. aõ, am, an), as: captião, captain. =em=, =ẽe=, =ẽem=, as: lem or lẽem (lay-eng), they read, bem, good. =im=, as: fim (fing), the end. =õe= (oem, oen), as: põe (pong-eng), nações (nahs-so-engs). =om=, as: bom (bong), good. =um=, =un=, as: mundo (moong-do), the world. The Portuguese have also syllables of three vowels such, as: =eei=, =éio=, =eão=, =ião=, as: eia, hallo! meia, half ideia, idea rodeão, they surround vivião, they lived.

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Part I

Exercises.

O pai. A mãi. O irmão. A irmãa. O pai he bom, e a mãi he boa. O bom pai, a boa mãi. O bom irmão, a boa irmãa. O irmão he bom, a irmãa he boa.

2. meu, minha, my alto, great pequeno, little.

The sister is good. The father and the good brother. The good mother and the little sister. The great brother. My brother is little. My little brother. My mother and my good sister. My father and my mother. My good mother and my little sister.

3. =Declension of the definite Article.=

=Declension of the indefinite Article.=

4. =Vocabulary.=

moça, girl bonito, pretty cavallo, horse agulha, needle faca, knife leão, lion tigre, tiger leopardo, leopard são, are (from ser) animal, aes, animal feroz, wild estado, situation no (em o), in, Dat. miseravel, miserable em, in que, which elle, he está, is (from estar) ella, she na (em a), in the rua, street garfo, fork estão, are (from estar) nas (em as), in, Acc. gaveta, drawer tenho, I have lido, read isso, this nos (em os), in, Acc. livro, book passeio, I go pelo (por o), through the entrou, he came pela (por a), through porta, gate boi, ox vaca, cow.

Exercises.

O pai he alto. A mãi he pequena. A moça he bonita. O cavallo do pai. A agulha da irmãa. A faca do irmão. O leão, o tigre e o leopardo são animaes ferozes. No estado miseravel em que elle está. Ella está na rua. Os garfos estão nas gavetas. Tenho lido isso nos livros do C. Passeio pelo campo. Elle entrou pela porta. Um boi. Uma vaca.

5. =Vocabulary.=

noticia, the news muíto, very nobre, noble cão, dog labrão, bark rosa, rose mais bello, more beautiful do que, than tulipa, tulip verão, summer quente, hot inverno, winter rigoroso, severe passaro, bird cantão, sing aguia, eagle açor, hawk ave de rapina, bird of prey ignorancia, ignorance erro, error superstição, superstition deixei, I left behind tia, aunt cama, bed menino, criança, child, baby o braço, the arm carta, letter mão, hand secretario, secretary saltar, to jump janella, window.

The news is good. The horse is a very noble animal. The dogs bark. The roses are more beautiful than the tulips. The summers are hot and the winters severe. The birds sing. The eagle and the hawk are birds of prey. Ignorance is the mother of error, of superstition, and of prejudice. I left my hat in the carriage. The aunt is in bed. She had her child in her arms. He gave the letter into the hands of the secretary. He jumped out of (pela) the window. I see a man and a woman. A garden and a house.

=Contractions of the Article with the Prepositions.=

The Portuguese contract the Article and Preposition in the following way:

=On the Gender.=

Masculine

The names of all masculine persons, animals, and the occupations of men.

Vocabulary.

Imperador, emperor foi, was (from ser) morto, killed Rei, king chegou, he arrived hontem, yesterday jesuita, the Jesuit forão, they were expulsado, expelled homem, man não ama senão, only loves a si mesmo, himself Carlos, Charles foi, was Frederico, Frederick ambicioso, ambitious ferreiro, the smith diligente, diligent alfaiate, tailor preguiçoso, lazy gordo, fat gallo, the cock mais forte, stronger de que, than gallinha, hen.

O Imperador Paulo foi morto. El-Rei chegou hontem. Os jesuitas forão expulsados. O homem não ama senão a si mesmo. Carlos foi grande e Frederico ambicioso. O ferreiro he diligente e o alfaiate preguiçoso. O boi he muito gordo. O leão he muito feroz. O gallo he mais forte do que a gallinha.

Vocabulary.

duque, duke proclamado, proclaimed principe herdeiro, hereditary prince morreo, died marcineiro, the joiner carpinteiro, the carpenter trabalhão, they work Luiz, Lewis Henrique, Henry poderoso, powerful touro, the bull matado, killed vigilante, watchful bello, formoso, beautiful sanguinario } sanguinoso } bloodthirsty sanguinolento } marido } esposo } husband doente, ill tio, uncle sahio (sahir), went out avô, grandfather primo, cousin filho, son dão, they take passeio, walk.

The Duke of Bragança was proclaimed king. The hereditary prince died. The joiner and the carpenter work. Lewis was brave, and Henry powerful. The bull was killed. The watchful dog. The beautiful horse. The tiger is very bloodthirsty. The husband of this woman is very ill. The uncle went out. The grandfather, the father, the cousin and the son took a walk.

=Feminine Substantive.=

The names of all feminine persons, animals and the occupations of women are feminine.

Vocabulary.

Imperatriz, empress Rainha, queen estavão, they were igreja, church duqueza, duchess banho, bath alfaiata, sempstress concerta, mends vestido, dress filha, daughter tia, aunt avó, grandmother neta, granddaughter jardim, garden rapariga, little girl feia, ugly mulher, woman obsequioso, good vaca, cow dá, gives leite, milk chocando, hatching.

A Imperatriz e a Rainha estavão na igreja. A duqueza está no banho. A alfaiata concerta um vestido. A mãi e a filha, a tia e a prima, a avó e a neta estão no jardim. A rapariga não he feia. A mulher he muito obsequiosa. A vaca dá leite. A gallinha está chocando.

Vocabulary.

abbadessa, abbess fallou, spoke freira } religiosa } nun sór } mosteiro } convento } convent princeza, princess estar para, was on the point partir, to depart condeça, the countess casa, house costureira, needlewoman pespontar, hems lenço de pescoço, neckhandkerchief esposa, the wife negociante, merchant muitas vezes, frequently caprichoso, capricious criada, the servant varre, sweeps cozinha, kitchen cabra, goat animal domestico, domestic animal gata, cat está brincando, plays com, with cachorra, young dog minha, my, fem. prima, cousin, fem. irmãa, sister theatro, theatre leoa, lioness juba, the mane esta, this egoa, mare mais bello, more beautiful cavallo capado, the stallion Maria, Mary não he tão, is not so come, as Marianna, Maryanne Inglaterra, England sabio, wise soberana, sovereign cozinheira, cook mercado, market diligente, diligent.

The abbess spoke with the nuns of the convent. The princess was on the point of departing. The countess was not at home. The needlewoman hems my pockethandkerchief. The wife of the merchant. The women are often very capricious. The servant sweeps the kitchen. The goat is a domestic animal. The cat plays with the young female dog. My cousin (fem.) and my sister were at the theatre. The lioness has no mane. This mare is more beautiful than that stallion. Mary is not so diligent as Maryanne. Elisabeth of England was a wise sovereign. The cook went to market.

In Portuguese some of the names of animals are occasionally masculine and feminine; to denote the gender the words macho, male, or femea, female, are used, as:

elephante macho, the male elephant, elephante femea, the female elephant.

Those Substantives ending in a and ãa are feminine.

10.

Exercises.

Esta casa[1] tem uma boa[2] apparencia[3]. A rosa[4] he muito bella. A boca[5], a orelha[6], a cabeça[7], a testa[8] e a barba[9] são partes[10] do corpo[11] humano[12]. A janella[13] está aberta[14]. Esta agulha[15] he fina de mais[16]. Esta tinta não presta para nada. Quero aparar[17] uma penna[18]. Tenho[19] que escrever[20] uma carta[21]. Faça-me o favor[22] de-me emprestar[23] una folha de papel[24]. A garrafa[25] está na mesa[26]. Esta cerejeira[27] carrega[28] muito. Esta uva[29] está madura[30]. Esta vinha[31] está em optima[32] exposição[33].

[1] house.

[2] good.

[3] appearance.

[4] rose.

[5] mouth.

[6] ear.

[7] head.

[8] forehead.

[9] chin.

[10] part.

[11] body.

[12] human.

[13] window.

[14] open.

[15] needle.

[16] is too fine.

[17] mend.

[18] pen.

[19] I have.

[20] to write.

[21] letter.

[22] do me the favour.

[23] lend.

[24] sheet of paper.

[25] bottle.

[26] table.

[27] cherry tree.

[28] bears.

[29] grape.

[30] ripe.

[31] vine.

[32] the best.

[33] situation.

11.

The butter[34] is fresh[35]. With your permission[36]. The cup[37] is not washed[38]. I have the honour[39]. The beer[40] is excellent[41]. The oyster[42] is fresh. Bring me[43] a wafer[44].—We have a beautiful[45] morning[46]. The door[47] is locked[48]. Spring[49] is the most agreeable[50] time of the year[51]. The harvest[52] will be[53] abundant[54].

[34] manteiga.

[35] fresco.

[36] licença.

[37] chicara.

[38] levado.

[39] honra.

[40] cerveja.

[41] excellente.

[42] ostra.

[43] traga me.

[44] obrea.

[45] lindo.

[46] manhãa.

[47] porta.

[48] fechado.

[49] primavera.

[50] a mais agradavel.

[51] estação.

[52] colheita.

[53] ha de ser.

[54] abundante.

12.

=Exceptions.=

The following Substantives ending in a are masculine:

Those Nouns ending in e, are generally =masculine=, except:

1. those ending in ade, as: verdade, truth, etc., 2. those ending in ie or ice, as: a velhice, the age, 3. those ending in accented é, as: a cheminé, a chimney.

Nouns ending in i, y, o, u as well as those ending in l, m, r, s and z are with few exceptions all masculine.

Those ending in ão, are both masculine and feminine.

13.

=Formation of the Plural=.

Nouns ending in a, e, i, y, o, u and ãa form their plural by adding an s to the singular. As:

a rosa, as rosas; a arte, as artes; o filho, os filhos.

=Examples.=

As rosas são mais bellas que as tulipas. Os rios correm[55] por terras despovoadas[56]. As arvores são muito frondosas[57]. As villas são ornadas[58] de duas igrejas. Eu não vi os pentes[59]. Os habitantes[60] destas comarcas[61] são Indios[62]. Elles tem maçãas. Novos reis, novas leis. Deixei os bahús nos coches. Os ribeiros[63], algumas lagôas[64] e mesmo certos rios ficão em secco[65].

[55] flow.

[56] depopulated.

[57] leaved.

[58] ornamented.

[59] comb.

[60] inhabitants.

[61] district.

[62] Indian.

[63] brook.

[64] lake.

[65] dry out.

14.

These houses please me more than those edifices[66]. The villages[67] and towns in this district[68] are not very numerous[69]. The oxen[70], cows, goats, sheep[71] and cats[72] are domestic animals. There are[73] many wild boars[74], deer[75] and hares[76] in these forests[77]. The cranes[78] and storks[79] are birds of passage[80]. The huts[81] are made[82] of the trunks of trees[83].

[66] edificio.

[67] aldêa.

[68] região.

[69] numeroso.

[70] boi.

[71] ovelha.

[72] gato.

[73] ha.

[74] javali.

[75] veado.

[76] lebre.

[77] bosque.

[78] grou.

[79] cegonha.

[80] ave de arribação.

[81] barraca.

[82] feito.

[83] tronco d’arvore.

15.

=Substantives= ending in ão, form their plural in ões, as:

a condição, condition, as condições.

=Exceptions= are:

Allemão, the German, Allemães Catalão, the Catalonian, Catalães cão, dog, cães pão, bread, pães capitão, captain, capitães tabellião, notary, tabelliães.

The following only add an s in the Plural:

16.

=Examples.=

Elle abrio[84] communições entre as cidades e os sertões[85]. Os serões[86] são cumpridos. O districto he proprio[87] para todas as producções agricolas[88]. As terras são plantadas[89] e semeadas[90] de feijões[91] e melões[92]. Os Allemães fizerão[93] muitas invenções[94] uteis[95]. Os capitães não querem obedecer[96] ao general. Aqui[97] estão tres pães[98]. Os Cortezãos lisonjão[99] ao principe[100]. Os primeiros orgãos forão construidos[101] por um Allemão em 1312. Eis aqui[102] os dous[103] villãos. As casas são ornadas de balcões[104] de ferro. Aos orphãos mandase[105] aprender[106] um officio[107].

[84] open.

[85] the interior of the country.

[86] evening.

[87] is suitable.

[88] agricultural produce.

[89] planted.

[90] sowed.

[91] black bean.

[92] melon.

[93] make.

[94] invention.

[95] useful.

[96] obey.

[97] here.

[98] bread.

[99] flatter.

[100] the prince.

[101] constructed.

[102] here are.

[103] two.

[104] balcony.

[105] one lets.

[106] learn.

[107] a handicraft.

17.

The passions[108] of women are often very violent[109]. The navigation[110] extended[111], at the beginning[112], only along the coast. Many revolutions[113] have broken out[114] in Europe in recent times[115]. The conditions[116] were rejected[117]. These places[118] are situated in the interior of the country[119]. The hunters[120] took[121] the dogs to the chase[122]. The Catalonians inhabit an important[123] province of Spain[124]. The notaries[125] protest[126] the bills of exchange[127]. His brothers were not at home[128]. The first Christians were much persecuted[129]. The heathens are still very numerous[130]. The radishes are very dear.

[108] paixão.

[109] violento.

[110] navegação.

[111] estender.

[112] no principio.

[113] revolução.

[114] rebentar.

[115] no ultimo tempo.

[116] condição.

[117] rejeitar.

[118] povoação.

[119] no interior do paiz.

[120] caçador.

[121] levar.

[122] caça.

[123] consideravel.

[124] Hespanha.

[125] tabellião.

[126] protestar.

[127] lettra de cambio.

[128] em casa.

[129] perseguir.

[130] numeróso.

18.

=Substantives= ending in:

al, ol, ul change l into es, as: a sinal, as sinaes

el change l into is, as: annel, anneis

il change l into s, as: o funil, os funis.

=Examples.=

As aguas contem differentes saes. Os animaes domesticos. Os generaes mandavão aos furrieis. Os coroneis estavão no conselho de guerra. Os varios sinaes de sua amizade. Não se encontra muitos caracoes nesta primavera. Os males terrestres são muitas vezes quasi insupportaveis. Os papeis estão na mesa. Os funis estão ao pé dos barris. O imperador mandou pôr pharoes.

19.

The poignards[131] are ground[132]. These fishing rods[133] are good for nothing[134]. The goldsmith brought the rings[135]. The painter[136] has many brushes. Three consuls governed[137] France in 1803. The barrels[138] are full[139]. The officers[140] were very much dissatisfied[141]. There are[142] different chalks[143]. I like[144] pies[145].—They will discover[146] your tricks[147].

[131] punhal.

[132] amolar.

[133] oanzol.

[134] não valem nada.

[135] annel.

[136] pintor.

[137] governar.

[138] barril.

[139] cheio.

[140] official.

[141] descontente.

[142] ha.

[143] cal.

[144] eu gosto.

[145] pastel.

[146] descubrir.

[147] ardil.

20.

Substantives ending in m, change their plural into ns, as:

bem, the treasure, bens viagem, the journey, viagens.

Those ending in r, s and z, add es to the singular, as:

a colher, the spoon, as colheres ar, the air, ares deos, a God, deoses perdiz, the partridge, perdizes;

except: ourives, the goldsmith, ourives caliz, the chalice, calices alferes, the ensign, alferes.

=Examples.=

As margens[148] verdejão[149] com a relva[150] dos prados[151]. Elle fez[152] muitas viagens. Elle possue[153] muitos bens de raiz[154] na cidade e fóra della[155]. Todos os homens são mortaes[156]. Os sons dos instrumentos musicos. Os jejuns[157] não engordão[158]. O ceo[159] se cobre[160] de nuvens[161]. Os moradores[162] commercião[163] em[164] madeiras de construcção[165]. Comprei[166] duas colheres de prata. As Imperatrizes de Russia e d’Austria chegárão[167]. Atire[168] a esse bando[169] de perdizes. Os Deoses se ajuntão[170] no Olympo. Quasi[171] todos os freguezes[172] são Indios. Ha quatro calices na igreja. Os piratas[173] infestavão os mares.

[148] bank.

[149] green.

[150] turf.

[151] meadow.

[152] made.

[153] possess.

[154] (landed) property.

[155] out of it.

[156] mortal.

[157] fasting.

[158] to make fat.

[159] sky.

[160] covered.

[161] cloud.

[162] inhabitants.

[163] deal.

[164] with.

[165] timber.

[166] to buy.

[167] to arrive.

[168] short.

[169] flock.

[170] assemble.

[171] almost.

[172] customer.

[173] pirates.

21.

I hear[174] sounds[175]. The sun[176] hides[177] itself behind[178] thick[179] clouds[180]. We have four ducks[181]. The passages[182] are locked[183]. The pictures[184] of Saints in this church are very numerous. Our baggage[185] is still in the vessel. I offer[186] you my congratulations[187]. The air (pl.) is always[188] pure[189] in this Country. I have eaten[190] four[191] quails[192]. He showed[193] me the scars[194] of his wounds[195]. In a battalion[196] there are eight ensigns. The goldsmiths came together. The chalices of the flowers. I was many times[197] in your house. The belligerent[198] powers.

[174] ouvir.

[175] tom.

[176] sol.

[177] esconder.

[178] de.

[179] grosso.

[180] nuvem.

[181] pato.

[182] passagem.

[183] fechar.

[184] imagem.

[185] bagagem.

[186] dar.

[187] parabem.

[188] sempre.

[189] puro.

[190] comido.

[191] quatro.

[192] codorniz.

[193] mostrar.

[194] cicatriz.

[195] ferida.

[196] batalhão.

[197] vez.

[198] belligerante.

22.

=Declension of Substantives.=

=Singular.=

Masculine. Feminine. Nom. o homem, the man | a mulher, the woman Gen. do homem, of the man | da mulher, of the woman Dat. ao homem, to the man | á mulher, to the woman Acc. o homem, the man | a mulher, the woman Abl. do homem, from the man. | da mulher, from the woman.

=Plural.=

Nom. os homens, the men | as mulheres, the women Gen. dos homens, of the men | das mulheres, of the women Dat. aos homens, to the men | ás mulheres, to the women Acc. os homens, the men | as mulheres, the women Abl. dos homens, from the men. | das mulheres, from the women.

23.

=Examples.=

chapéo, the hat offerecer, to offer batalha, the battle inimigo, enemy jardim, garden luva, glove conde, count deixar, to leave mordomo, steward adular, to flatter lisongeiro, the flatterer de sorte, in such a manner igualar, to compare deo, gave (from dar) grande, sound, great bofetada, box on the ear calçado, paved fizerão, they made cruel, cruel guerra, war comprar, to buy livro, book livreiro, bookseller rancor, the rancor, enmity.

O pai não está em casa. O chapéo do irmão. O general offereceo batalha ao inimigo. A mai ama a seu filho. A irmãa está no jardim. As luvas da mãi. O conde nada deixou ao seu mordomo. Adulando um lisongeiro ao Imperador Sigismundo, de sorte que o igualava a Deos, o Imperador deo ao lisongeiro uma grande bofetada. As ruas são calçadas. Os Portuguezes fizerão cruel guerra aos Indios. A mulher comprou o livro do livreiro. O rancor dos Francezes contra os Inglezes.

24.

Exercises.

The father loves[199] his daughter[200]. Mary loves her friend[201] (fem.). The eyes of Caroline equal[202] two[203] stars[204]. He gave the money to the woman, and paid the tailor[205] at the same time[206]. Two streams[207] of the province are designated[208] by this name[209]. Various estates[210] are touched[211] by this river. These offers[212] have been made to the Colonists[213]. He delivered[214] the letter[215] to the secretary[216]. The Madeira is the most important[217] tributary[218] of the Amazon river[219]. The name of the Islands. The town is situated[220] on the left bank[221] of the river. The harbour[222] of Rio de Janeiro is the most beautiful ornament[223] of the city.

[199] amar.

[200] filha.

[201] amiga.

[202] igualar.

[203] dous (fem. duas).

[204] estrella.

[205] alfaiate.

[206] ao mesmo tempo.

[207] ribeiro.

[208] assignar.

[209] nome.

[210] fazenda.

[211] regar.

[212] offerecimento.

[213] colono.

[214] entregar.

[215] carta.

[216] secretario.

[217] cabal, importante.

[218] tributario.

[219] rio do Amazonas.

[220] jazer.

[221] na margem esquerda.

[222] porto.

[223] ornato.

25.

=On the Augmentatives and Diminutives.=

The Portuguese language has the peculiarity of the Italian and Spanish languages in making Substantives and Adjectives, by the addition of a syllable augmentative or diminutive.

I. =Augmentativos.=

homem, a man homemzarão, a large, powerful man tolo, a fool toleirão, a great fool mulher, the woman mulherona, a large masculine woman tola, the foolish woman toleirona, a very foolish woman.

II. =Diminutivos=

are formed by changing the final vowel into “inho”:

casa, the house casinha, a pretty little house homem, a man homemzinho, a little man bicho, a worm bichinho, a little worm coitado, a poor man coitadinho, a poor little fellow bonito, pretty bonitinho, rather pretty;

others are formed by adding: zinho, zinha or sinho, inha, as:

coração, the heart coraçãozinho, dear little heart cão, the dog cãozinho, pretty little dog irmão, the brother irmãozinho, dear little brother cabeça, the head cabeçinha, pretty little head mão, the hand mãozinha, pretty little hand.

26.

=The Adjective.=

The Adjectives in Portuguese agree with the Substantives in gender and number.

1. Adjectives ending in e, l and z, remain unchanged in the feminine, as:

forte, strong; grande, great; cruel, cruel; amavel, amiable.

2. Adjectives ending in o change the feminine into a, as:

o bonito, the pretty, a bonita.

3. Those ending in ú, m and r, add an a in the feminine, as:

crú, raw, crúa nú, nude, núa um, a, uma nenhum, none, nenhuma traidor, traitorous, traidora protector, protectora.

4. Adjectives ending in ão change to ãa in the feminine, as:

lução, brilliant, luçãa são, healthy, sàa.

27.

=The Plurals of Adjectives=

are formed in the same manner as the plural of Nouns, as:

=Observations.=

1. The following add s to the plural:

meão, mediocre temporão, timely são, healthy villão, bad.

2. The following change il into eis in the plural, as:

agil, swift aquatil, aquatic debil, weak difficil, difficult docil, docile ductil, pliant esteril, sterile facil, easy fertil, fertile fossil, fossil fragil, fragile futil, futile habil, clever ignobil, disgraceful immobil, immoveable indocil, stupid inhabil, awkward inutil, useless inverosimil, unlikely portatil, portable reptil, reptile util, useful verosimil, probable versatil, changeable volatil, volatile volubil, voluble.

3. Simplez, single, forms its plural in simplez and simplices.

28.

=Examples.=

A rua principal. As ruas principaes são calçadas. A igreja nova. A nova igreja. O homem velho[224]. A mulher velha. Os Indios atemorisados[225]. As mulheres Indias. A bella e grande cidade. O sobrinho[226] moribundo[227]. A victoria gloriosa. Este homem he mui villão e aquella mulher mui villãa. As mulheres são amaveis, os homens mui crueis. Um moço nú e uma criança nua. O homem he affavel e a mulher he tambem affavel. O genio contraditor e a observação contraditora. A filha he gorda e o filho he gordo. Os homens estão sãos e as mulheres sãas. O povo tranquillo e soffredor[228]. A sombria raiva[229] do Philippe. Os velhos bandos hespanhões[230]. Algumas[231] embarcações[232] que tinhão servido de piquetes[233]. Uma satisfacção inexplicavel. A igreja he uma das mais bellas do reino[234]. As aguas mineraes. O termino he fertil. O filho unico. A religão christãa. Um cavalheiro[235] christão[236]. A igreja de Santo Antonio he dedicada ao santo do seu nome. A margem[237] direita. A guarda[238] nacional. O sobredito[239] districto. As grandes plantações[240] de cannas[241]. A pequena[242] aldèa[243]. Santos he uma cidade maritima a mercantil. As autoridades militares e civis. O rio aurifero.

[224] old.

[225] frightened.

[226] nephew.

[227] dying.

[228] suffering.

[229] hatred.

[230] Spanish.

[231] some.

[232] vessel.

[233] watch.

[234] reign.

[235] knight.

[236] Christian.

[237] shore.

[238] the guard.

[239] above named.

[240] plantations.

[241] sugar.

[242] little.

[243] village.

29.

Exercises.

The rich[244] man and the poor[245] woman. The pretty house. The large church[246]. The fertile fields[247]. The shoemaker is very industrious. The leafy[248] trees[249]. The wounded[250] soldier[251]. The beautiful bridges[252]. The numerous[253] products. The old uncle[254] and the fat aunt[255]. The horses are very handsome. The day is very bright[256]. The climate is very agreeable[257]. The winter[258] in Siberia[259] is very rigorous[260]. The geographical[261] and historical[262] Institute[263]. The tall man and the little woman. The above named[264] royal decree[265]. The generous[266] feelings[267]. The enormous[268] forests[269]. Some[270] sombre and broad[271] rivers. The only[272] ornament. The warlike[273] Indians. The preceding[274] article[275]. The sea is very rough[276]. The following[277] day. The following days. He is silent[278] and grave[279]. The deep[280] love[281].

[244] rico.

[245] pobre.

[246] igreja.

[247] campo.

[248] frondoso.

[249] arvore.

[250] ferido.

[251] soldado.

[252] ponte.

[253] numeroso.

[254] tio.

[255] tia.

[256] claro.

[257] agradavel.

[258] inverno.

[259] Sibiria.

[260] rigoroso.

[261] geographico.

[262] historico.

[263] instituto.

[264] mencionado.

[265] alvará.

[266] generoso.

[267] sentimento.

[268] immenso.

[269] selva (silva).

[270] uns, umas.

[271] largo.

[272] unico.

[273] bellicoso.

[274] precedente.

[275] artigo.

[276] agitado.

[277] seguinte.

[278] silencioso.

[279] grave.

[280] profundo.

[281] amor.

30.

=The Comparison of Adjectives=.

The =Comparative= is formed by placing mais (more) or menos (less) before the Positive, as:

bello, beautiful, mais bello, more beautiful.

=Obs.= “Than” following the Comparative is rendered by que, como, or: tão—como, as—as; não tão—como, not so—as; before the particle que the word do is often prefixed, as:

he mais prudente do que parece, he is wiser than it appears.

The =Superlative= is formed

1. by placing the article before the Comparative, as:

o mais douto, the most learned o mais bello, the most beautiful;

2. by adding to the Positive issimo (masc.) and issima (fem.), as:

bello, beautiful, bellissimo, bellissima.

=Exceptions are=:

acre, harsh, acerrimo amigo, friendly, amicissimo antigo, old, antiquissimo aspero, rough, asperrimo bom, good, bonissimo capaz, capable, capacissimo celebre, celebrated, celeberrimo chão, flat, chanissimo feliz, happy, felicissimo fiel, faithful, fidelissimo frio, cold, frigidissimo humilde, humble, humilissimo, humillimo máo, bad, malissimo nobre, noble, nobilissimo prospero, prosperous, prosperrimo rico, rich, riquissimo sabio, wise, sapientissimo sagrado, sacred, sacratissimo salubre, salutary, saluberrimo simples, simple, simplicissimo valente, brave, valentissimo.

31.

=Irregular Comparisons=.

Positive. Comparative. Superlative.

bom, good, melhor, better, optimo, the best máo, bad, peior, worse, pessimo, the worst grande, great, maior, greater, maximo, the greatest pequeno, little, menor, less, minimo, the least.

=Obs.= The Positive and Comparative can be strengthened by placing before it:

muito, very assaz, enough demasiado, too, too much.

32.

Declension of the Adjective.

=Masculine.= Singular. Plural. Nom. o homem diligente } | os homens diligentes } Gen. do homem diligente }the | dos homens diligentes }the Dat. ao homem diligente }indust-| aos homens diligentes }indust- Acc. o homem diligente } rious | os homens diligentes } rious. Abl. do homem diligente }man. | dos homens diligentes }men.

=Feminine.= Singular. Plural. Nom. a mulher gorda } | as mulheres gordas } Gen. da mulher gorda } | das mulheres gordas } Dat. á mulher gorda }the | ás mulheres gordas } the Acc. a mulher gorda }corpulent| as mulheres gordas } corpulent Abl. da mulher gorda }woman. | das mulheres gordas } women.

33.

=Examples.=

A Asia he mais grande que a Europa. A Africa he menos povoado[282] que a Europa. A rosa he mais bella que a viola. A viola[283] he menos bella que a rosa. Pedro he mais feliz do que João. O filho não he tão liberal como seu pai. A historia he tão util como agradavel. O dia he mais agradavel que a noite[284]. O seu amante he mais bello, mais moço[285] e mais rico que ella. Eu acho-o agora menos lindo[286] do que quando o comprei[287]. O meu livro he tão barato[288] como o vosso. Elle he muito mais grande. Ella he pouco mais grande. Caesar he muito mais estimado[289] que Pompeo. Pompeo foi muito menos feliz que Caesar. Elle he o mais douto[290] dos homens. Elle he o menos douto dos homens. Ella he a mais bella das mulheres. Ella he muito amavel. Estas cadeiras[291] são feitas[292] de optima madeira[293]. Esta mulher he boa, o marido he melhor e o filho he o optimo. Elle he o felicissimo dos mortaes. O clima he saluberrimo. He homem valentissimo. O filho he rico, o pai he riquissimo. O neto[294] he máo, o primo[295] he ainda peior e o tio he o pessimo. Na margem do rio ha optimos pastos[296].

[282] populated.

[283] violet.

[284] night.

[285] young.

[286] pretty.

[287] to buy.

[288] cheap.

[289] esteemed.

[290] learned.

[291] chair.

[292] made.

[293] wood.

[294] grandson.

[295] cousin.

[296] pasture.

34.

Exercises.

Mariana is more industrious[297] than her sister[298]. Europe is not so large as America. The wife is handsomer than her husband[299]. This horse is very beautiful, more beautiful than yours. The most fertile fields. His cousin is very rich, his uncle is still richer, and his father is the richest. The man is very bad[300], the woman is worse, and the son is the worst. This wine is good, but that one is better. She is much taller than her friend[301]. The tulip[302] is not so beautiful as the rose. The son is little, but the daughter is very little indeed (pequenissimo). Our house is not so large as yours. Amelia is smaller than her brother. The best ship[303]. The worst man. The bravest knight. The simplest[304] man in the world[305]. This[306] man is very wise, and that[307] one is the wisest of all. The climate of Siberia is very cold. The summer[308] is in that country hotter and the winter[309] more rigid[310]. A great part[311] and the greater part. The turf[312] is very green[313], but the trees[314] are still greener. I do not write so well as he. This man speaks[315] as well as Cicero[316]. The English[317] horses are better than the French. Arabia has the best horses. It is commendable[318] to recommend virtue[319], but it is better to practise[320] it.

[297] diligente.

[298] irmãa.

[299] marido.

[300] máo.

[301] amiga.

[302] tulipa.

[303] navio.

[304] simples.

[305] no mundo.

[306] este.

[307] aquelle.

[308] verão.

[309] inverno.

[310] rigoroso.

[311] parte.

[312] relva.

[313] verde.

[314] arvore.

[315] fallar.

[316] um Cicero.

[317] inglez.

[318] louvavel.

[319] virtude.

[320] praticar.

35.

-The Numbers (Vos Numeral).-

=1. The Cardinal Numbers (Numerales cardinaes)=.

um, fem. uma 1 dois, dous, fem. duas 2 tres 3 quatro 4 cinco 5 seis 6 sete 7 oito 8 nove 9 dez 10 onze 11 doze 12 treze 13 quatorze 14 quinze 15 dezeseis 16 dezesete 17 dezoito 18 dez e nove 19 vinte 20 vinte e um 21 vinte e dois 22 vinte e tres 23 vinte e quatro 24 vinte e cinco 25 vinte e seis 26 vinte e sete 27 vinte e oito 28 vinte e nove 29 trinta 30 trinta e um 31 quarenta 40 quarenta e um 41 cincoenta 50 sessenta 60 setenta 70 oitenta 80 noventa 90 cem, cento 100 cento e um 101 duzentos, fem. -as 200 duzentos e um 201 trezentos, -as 300 quatrocentos, -as 400 quinhentos 500 seiscentos 600 setecentos 700 oitocentos 800 novecentos 900 mil 1,000 mil e cento 1,100 mil e duzentos 1,200 dois mil 2,000 cem mil 100,000 milhão a million bilhão a billion.

=Obs.= Before a Noun “cem” is used, before a number “cento”, as: cem soldados, hundred soldiers; cento e um, a hundred and one. The Portuguese use the Cardinal Numbers to express the date, as: chegou a quatro de Maio, he arrived on the fourth of May.

36.

=2. The Ordinal Numbers.=

primeiro the 1ˢᵗ segundo the 2ⁿͩ terceiro the 3ʳͩ quarto the 4ᵗʰ quinto the 5ᵗʰ sexto the 6ᵗʰ setimo the 7ᵗʰ oitavo the 8ᵗʰ nono the 9ᵗʰ decimo the 10ᵗʰ undecimo, onzeno the 11ᵗʰ duodecimo the 12ᵗʰ decimo terceiro the 13ᵗʰ decimo quarto the 14ᵗʰ decimo quinto the 15ᵗʰ decimo sexto the 16ᵗʰ decimo setimo the 17ᵗʰ decimo oitavo the 18ᵗʰ decimo nono the 19ᵗʰ vigesimo the 20ᵗʰ vigesimo-primeiro the 21ˢᵗ vigesimo-segundo the 22ⁿͩ trigesimo the 30ᵗʰ quadragesimo, quarentesimo the 40ᵗʰ quinquagesimo the 50ᵗʰ sexagesimo the 60ᵗʰ septuagesimo the 70ᵗʰ octogesimo the 80ᵗʰ nonagesimo the 90ᵗʰ centesimo the 100ᵗʰ millesimo the 1,000ᵗʰ ultimo the last.

37.

=3. Fractional Numbers.=

a metade, half o terço, the third a terça parte, the third part o quarto } the fourth part a quarta parte } o quinto, the fifth a quinta parte, the fifth part a sexta parte, the sixth part a setima parte, the seventh part um oitavo, an eighth uma oitava, an eighth part tres oitavos, three eighths uma novena, a ninth uma nona parte, a ninth part uma decima parte, a tenth part um e meio, one and a half dous e meia, two and a half tres e meia, three and a half.

38.

=4. Proportional Numbers.=

simples, simple duplice } double duplicado } triple } triple triplice } quadruplo, fourfold quintuplo, fivefold uma vez, once duas vezes, twice tres vezes, thrice sextuplo, sixfold septuplo, sevenfold octuplo, eightfold nonuplo, ninefold decuplo, tenfold centuplo, a hundredfold a primeira vez, the first time.

39.

=5. Collective Numbers.=

um par, a pair ambos, ambas, both um terno, a number of 3 um quaterno, a number of 4 uma dezena, a number of 10 uma duzia, a dozen uma quinzena, fifteen uma sessenta, sixty uma centena, a hundred uma vintena, twenty um milhar, a thousand quintal, a hundred weight uma quarta do arratel, a quarter of a pound.

todo, toda, tudo, all, every one; =plur.= todos, todas. muito, many; tanto, so many. pouco, few.

40.

=Examples.=

Elle viveo[321] noventa annos[322]. Ella tem vinto e cinco annos de idade[323]. O exercito[324] he composto[325] de noventa mil e seiscentos homens. Dous mil cincocentos e trinta e quatro homens forão mortos[326] neste encontro[327]. Cem homens ficarão[328] prisioneiros[329]. Ha nesta povoação[330] mil e setecentas almas[331]. Ha mil quinhentas casas na nossa freguezia[332]. A sua carta[333] he datada[334] de vinte e dous de Abril de mil oitocentos e cincoenta e sete. Nosso tio ha de chegar[335] a treze do mez que vem. O comprimento[336] desta rua tem o dobro do da outra. Eu fiz duas vezes a volta[337] da villa a cavallo. Um terremoto[338] destruio[339] a metade da cidade. Este theatro foi queimado[340] tres vezes. Se cultivar a sua herdade[341], ella se elevará[342] em valor ao centuplo.

[321] live.

[322] year.

[323] age.

[324] army.

[325] consists of.

[326] killed.

[327] battle.

[328] remained.

[329] prisoners.

[330] population.

[331] souls.

[332] parish.

[333] letter.

[334] dated.

[335] arrive.

[336] length.

[337] the round.

[338] earthquake.

[339] destroy.

[340] burnt down.

[341] inheritance.

[342] to raise.

41.

Exercises.

The company[343] consists of one hundred men and the regiment[344] has six thousand men. There were collected[345] two hundred men and nearly[346] seventy women. He was the first who arrived[347]. The second was thy brother. The third man I have not seen. The French army consists of 600,000 men. Within[348] eight days. He had one sister and two cousins[349] with him. This house would be worth a hundred times more. Once I have told him, but twice he has forgotten it. The first time that I had the knife ground[350]. A thousand men were killed in this battle[351]. The first day of the year[352]. To-day is the first, the second, the third, the fourth of the month[353]. Twenty eggs[354]. He arrived on the fifth of July. The nineteenth century[355]. The year has 365 days. He has three sons[356] and five daughters[357].

[343] companhia.

[344] regimento.

[345] ajuntado.

[346] quasi.

[347] chegar.

[348] dentro.

[349] prima.

[350] amolar.

[351] batalha.

[352] anno.

[353] mez.

[354] ovo.

[355] seculo.

[356] filho.

[357] filha.

42.

=Pronouns.=

1. Personal Pronouns.

=Singular.= 1ˢᵗ Person. 2ⁿͩ Person. N. eu, I | tu, thou G. de mim, of me | de ti, of thee D. a mim, to me | a ti, to thee Acc. me, me | te, a ti, thee Abl. de mim } from | de ti } from por mim } me | por ti } thee

3ʳͩ Person. Masc. Fem. elle, he | ella, she d’elle, of him | d’ella, of her a elle, lhe, to him | a ella, to her elle, him | ella, a ella, her d’elle } from | d’ella, } from por elle } him | por ella, } her.

=Plural.= 1ˢᵗ Person. 2ⁿͩ Person. N. nós, we | vós, you G. de nos, of us | de vos, of you D. a nos, to us | a vós, to you Acc. nos, a nos, us | a vos, vos, you Abl. de nos } from | de vós, from you por nos } us |

=Obs.= If the Pronouns mim, ti, si, nós, vós, are accompanied by the Preposition com, they are contracted thus:

com mim into commigo, with me com ti — comtigo, with thee com si — comsigo, with him com nós — comnosco, with us com vós — comvosco, with you.

=Me= is generally translated by me, as:

speak to me, fallai-me he told me, elle disse-me tell me, dizei-me write me, escrevei-me.

=The reflective Pronoun= “si”.

Nom. si, one’s self Gen. de si, of one’s self Dat. a si, to one’s self Acc. si, a si, one’s self Abl. de si, por si, from one’s self.

It is generally united to the Pronoun: mesmo or mesma, as:

de si mesmo, of one’s self: o homem não ama senão a si mesmo, the man loves only himself.

The Portuguese also join mesmo, to the personal Pronouns, as:

eu mesmo, I myself | nós mesmos, we ourselves tu mesmo, thou thyself | vós mesmos, you yourselves elle mesmo, he himself | elles mesmos, } they themselves ella mesma, she herself | ellas mesmas, } o homem mesmo, the man himself.| a virtude mesma, virtue itself.

43.

=2. Conjunctive Pronouns.=

The following are always used in connexion with Verbs:

me, me — nos, us te, thee — vos, you se, it — lhes, them lhe, him, her.

isto me agrada — it pleases me he-me necessario — I want it (have it necessary) deos te ve — God sees thee ella se louva — she praises herself eu lhe direi — I shall tell him or her eu lhes prometti — I have promised them.

44.

=3. Mixed Pronouns.=

are composed of personal and conjunctive Pronouns, by changing the letter e of the conjunctive Pronoun into o and a, as:

instead of me o — say: mo ” ” me a — ” ma ” ” lhe o — ” lho ” ” lhe a — ” lha ” ” me os — ” mos ” ” me as — ” mas ” ” lhe os — ” lhos ” ” lhe as — ” lhas ” ” te o — ” to ” ” te a — ” ta ” ” te os — ” tos ” ” te as — ” tas.

dai-mo, give me (livro, the book) dai-mo, give me (cão, the dog) dai-ma, give me (penna, the pen).

entrego-to, I give it thee (livro) darei-ta, I shall give it thee (casa) entrego-tos, I give them to thee (chapéos, pl.) darei-tas, I shall give them to thee (peras, pl.).

se o, changes into selo se a, ” ” sela se os, ” ” selos se as, ” ” selas nos o, ” ” nolo nos a, ” ” nola nos os, ” ” nolos nos as, ” ” nolas vos o, ” ” volo vos a, ” ” vola vos os, ” ” volos vos as, ” ” volas.

=Examples.=

para dar-lho, for the purpose of giving it to him dai-mo, give it me eu to darei, I shall give it to thee entrego-to, I hand it over to thee dize-lho, they told it him or her entrega-lhos, give them (she) to him elle nolo disse, he told it us eu volos mandarei, I shall send them to you.

45.

=4. Possessive Pronouns.=

The Pronouns are declined with the definite article, as:

=Examples.=

The Portuguese say:

the father loves: a seu filho, his son the mother loves: a seu filho, her son the father loves his daughter: o pai ama á sua filha the mother loves her daughter: a mai ama á sua filha it is mine: he meu it is thine: he teu.

46.

=5. Demonstrative Pronouns.=

Este, denotes a person or thing in our immediate neighbourhood.

Esse, denotes a person or thing a little more distant from us.

Aquelle, one still farther distant.

47.

=6. Relative Pronouns.=

a) Qual, which, declined with the article o and a: o qual, a qual; plural: os quaes, as quaes.

b) Que, which, is used of persons and things, as: o livro que, the book which a arvore que, the tree which os livros que, the books which o mestre que ensina, the teacher who instructs a mulher que tenho, the woman whom I have o homem que eu amo, the man whom I love.

=It is declined=: N. que, who, which, what G. de que, of whom D. á que, to whom Acc. que, whom Abl. de que, from whom.

c) Quem, is only used of persons.

=Singular and Plural.= N. quem, who G. de quem, of whom D. á quem, to whom Acc. quem, whom Abl. de quem, from whom.

d) Cujo, cuja, whose.

=Examples.=

a pessoa cuja reputação vós admirais. The person whose reputation you admire. o ceo cujo soccorro nunca falta. The heaven whose assistance never fails. a mulher cuja bella cara. The woman whose beautiful face. cujas bellezas. Whose beauties. a cujo pai. To whose father.

48.

=7. Interrogative Pronouns.=

Quem, qual, que, who, which, what?

=Singular and Plural.= Masc. and Fem. Masc. and Fem. N. quem, who? | que } G. de quem, of whom? | de que } D. á quem, to whom? | á que } what? which? Acc. quem, whom? | que } Abl. de quem, whom? | de que }

=Singular.= =Plural.= Masculine and Feminine. N. qual, which? | quaes } G. de qual, of which? | de quaes } D. á qual, to which? | á quaes } which? Acc. qual, which? | quaes } Abl. de qual, from which? | de quaes }

=Examples.=

Quem he? Who is it? Quem vos disse isso? Who told that to you? Que quereis? What do you want? Com que se sustenta? What does he live upon? Que estais fazendo? What are you doing? De que se faz isto? What is this made of? Que livro he este? What book is this? Que negocios tendes? What business have you? Que casa he? What sort of a house is it? De qual fallais vós? Of whom do you speak? Qual delles? Which of them? Quem or qual dos dous? Which of the two?

49.

=8. Indefinite Pronouns.=

um, una, a, one uns, umas, some algum, alguma, somebody alguns, algumas, some nenhum, nenhuma, no one nenhuns, nenhumas, none cada, each cada um, cada uma, everyone outro, outra, other outros, outras, others se, one, some one todo, toda, all, everyone todos, todas, all tudo, everything tal } tales } such qualquer } who ever quaesquer } some one quemquer, any one alguem, some one ninguem, no one outrem, another, some one else muitos, muitas, many.

certo, certa, a certain one um e outro } the one and the other uma e outra } um ou outro } uns ou outros } the one or the other uma ou outra } umas ou outras } nenhum nem outro } nenhuns nem outros } neither the one nor the other. nenhuma nem outra } nenhumas nem outras }

50.

=Examples.=

Eu sou pobre[358] e tu es rico. Eu amo[359] e tu amas tambem, elle ama, elles amão. Ella nunca[360] traz[361] dinheiro comsigo. Isto me agrada[362]. Ella se louva[363]. Eu lhe direi[364]. Cortailhe[365] as azas[366]. Comprei o cavallo e montei-o[367]. Louvavel[368] he aconselhar[369] a virtude, mas melhor he pratica-la[370]. Assenta no que lhe digo. A sua perda[371]. Este vento[372] he favoravel[373]. Louva-se lhe a generosidade[374]. Esta flor[375] não he do meu jardim, he do teu. O que lhe digo he verdade. O ceo cujo soccorro nunca falta. Carlos foi grande, Frederico ambicioso, este valente[376], aquelle poderoso[377]. Aquelles que desprezão[378] a sciencia[379] não conhecem[380] o valor d’ella. A providencia não abençoa[381] o trabalho[382] d’aquelles que desprezão os seus melhores amigos. Aquelles taes que não amão a virtude, não a conhecem. O homem que eu amo. O meu livro está na mesa. De todas as obras de engenho, nenhuma ha que não tenha o seu defeito[383]. A pessoa cuja reputação[384] vós admirais[385]. Um tal velhaco[386] deve[387] ser castigado[388]. Aprendem-se[389] com mais facilidade[390] as cousas que se comprehendem, do que as que se não comprehendem.

[358] poor.

[359] love.

[360] never.

[361] trazer, to carry.

[362] agradar, to please.

[363] praise.

[364] dizer, to say.

[365] to cut, to trim.

[366] the wing.

[367] to mount.

[368] praiseworthy.

[369] to advise.

[370] to practice.

[371] the loss.

[372] the wind.

[373] favorable.

[374] generosity.

[375] flower.

[376] valiant.

[377] powerful.

[378] to despise.

[379] sciences.

[380] to know.

[381] to bless.

[382] labour.

[383] imperfection, fault.

[384] reputation.

[385] to admire.

[386] scoundrel.

[387] ought.

[388] to punish.

[389] aprender, to learn.

[390] facility.

51.

Esta batalha[391] decidirá[392] a sorte[393] da campanha[394]. Este homem he sabio[395], aquelle he valente. Esta arvore he nova[396], essa velha, aquella foi desarraigada[397]. Este cavallo he arabe, est’outro he andaluz, aquell’outro he inglez. O culto[398] dos idolos[399], o qual he tão antigo como absurdo. As molestias[400] contra as quaes a medicina he impotente. Qual he o caracter distinctivo dos templos gothicos? O estado cujo governo, cujos habitantes, cuja religião, cujas instituições nos parecem[401] preferiveis[402]. O marido, cuja mulher, cujas filhas são virtuosas, deve reputar-se feliz. O amigo de cuja casa venho. Quem descobrio a America? Quem fôrão os primeiros habitantes da Grecia? Que homem he esse que vejo na estrada. Nenhum homem he izento[403] de paixões[404]. Elle em generosidade não cede a ninguem. Um morreo na India, o outro em França. Não faze a outrem o que não quizeras te fizessem a ti. Em taes circumstancias. A conclusão foi tal qual eu a esperava. Elle fallou[405] contra mim. Quaes são os requisitos de um bom pintor?

[391] battle.

[392] to decide.

[393] the issue.

[394] the campaign.

[395] wise.

[396] young, now.

[397] uprooted.

[398] worshipping.

[399] idols.

[400] disease.

[401] appear.

[402] excellent.

[403] exempt.

[404] passion.

[405] fallar, to speak.

52.

Exercises.

I have a dress[406]. He has stockings[407]. She has shoes[408]. We have money[409]. You have houses. They have chairs[410]. He received the money from thee. This horse is handsomer than that one. This is white[411] and that is blue[412]. The wife of my uncle. The house of my sister. The woman whose husband was killed[413]. The man whose wife is so similar[414] to your sister. What are the requisites[415] to be a great minister[416]? Who has told you this? Of whom did you learn this news? What animals are there on this island[417]? The man who wishes to be esteemed[418] must esteem himself. All men must[419] die[420]. Every man and every woman received a present[421].

[406] vestido.

[407] meia.

[408] sapato.

[409] dinheiro.

[410] cadeira.

[411] branco.

[412] azul.

[413] morto, matado.

[414] igualar.

[415] requisito.

[416] ministro.

[417] ilha.

[418] estimar, respeitar.

[419] dever.

[420] morrer.

[421] dom, dativa.

53.

Exercises.

I see nobody. Nobody answers me. The one lives in Holland[422] and the other in Germany[423]. The one is an honest man[424] and the other is a scoundrel[425]. Neither[5] the one nor[426] the other. This man is a Spaniard[427], the other an Englishman[428], and that one a German[429]. Everyone of these Indians. This is good[430] and that is bad[431]. This man loves only himself[432]. Many authors maintain[433]. In certain seasons[434] and in certain times[435]. A certain man said. A certain person. Such a man. The terror[436] was such that everyone fled[437]. Any one of the conspirators[438].

[422] Hollanda.

[423] Allemanha.

[424] homem de bem.

[425] velhaco.

[426] neither—nor, nem—nem.

[427] Hespanhol.

[428] Inglez.

[429] Allemão.

[430] bom.

[431] máo.

[432] amar a si mesmo, to love one’s self.

[433] affirmar.

[434] estação.

[435] tempo.

[436] terror.

[437] fugir.

[438] conjurado.

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

Part II

=Collection of Words.=

=1. The Universe.=

Deos, God o creador, the creator o mundo, the world o firmamento, the sky um astro, a star o sol, the sun um raio de sol, a sunbeam a lua, the moon o luar, the moonlight uma nuvem, a cloud uma estrella, a star o céo, os céos, the heaven o nascer do sol, sunrise o pôr do sol, sunset um cometa, a comet o arco iris, the rainbow o trovão, the thunder o calor, the heat um relampago, a lightning o fogo, the fire o frio, the cold a geada, the frost o gelo, the ice a luz, the light a neve, the snow o obscuridade, the darkness uma trovoada, a storm a chuva, the rain o tempo, the weather o vento, the wind.

=2. The Seasons.=

Primavera, spring estio, verão, summer outono, autumn inverno, winter Janeiro, January Fevereiro, February Março, March Abril, April Maio, May Junho, June Julho, July Agosto, August Septembro, September Outubro, October Novembro, November Dezembro, December Segunda feìra, Monday Terça feìra, Tuesday Quarta feìra, Wednesday Quinta feìra, Thursday Sexta feìra, Friday Sabbado, Saturday Domingo, Sunday um seculo, a century um anno, a year o anno passado, the last year o anno que vem, the next year um moz, a month uma semana, a week um dia, a day uma hora, an hour meia hora, half an hour hora e meia, an hour and a half um quarto d’hora, a quarter of an hour um minuto, a minute um segundo, a second o despontar do dia, the daybreak a madrugada, the morning a manhã, the forenoon meio-dia, noon a tarde, the afternoon o pôr do sol, sunset a entrada, the evening a noite, the night meia noite, midnight hoje, to-day hontem, yesterday antes d’hontem, the day before yesterday á manhã, to-morrow o fim, the end, close.

=3. Water.=

Uma bahia, a bay agua corrente, running water agua enxarcada, stagnant water agua morta, standing water agua doce, sweet water agua do mar, sea water um lago, a pond um rio, a river um lago, uma lagoa, a lake um charco, a pool a maré, the tide maré alta, high water maré baixa, low water o mar, the sea mar perigoso, a rough sea as ondas, the waves um regato, a brook um nascente, a spring uma torrente, a torrent as ondas, the billows um barco de vapor, a steamer um brigue, a brig uma fragata, a frigate um navio mercante, a merchant ship um navio de guerra, a man of war uma ancora, an anchor a rabadilha, the stern a proa, the head um remo, an oar a cana do leme, the helm um masto, a mast a bandeira, the flag a tolda, the deck uma véla, a sail o velame, the sails.

=4. Individuals and Relations.=

Um homem, a man uma mulher, a woman as mulheres, women uma mulher casada, a wife um menino, a child um moço, a boy uma rapariga, a girl um mancebo, a young man uma moça, a young maid um velho, an old man uma velha, an old woman o avô, the grandfather a avó, the grandmother o pai, the father a mai, the mother o filho, the son a filha, the daughter um irmão, a brother uma irmã, a sister um tio, an uncle uma tia, an aunt um sobrinho, a nephew uma sobrinha, a niece um primo, a cousin uma família, a family os parentes, the parents o marido, the husband a esposa, the wife o noivo, the bridegroom a noiva, the bride o sogro, the father-in-law a sogra, the mother-in-law o genro, the son-in-law a nóra, the daughter-in-law um cunhado, a brother-in-law uma cunhada, a sister-in-law.

=5. The Human Body.=

A pelle, the skin a barba, the beard a boca, the mouth um braço, an arm um cabello, a hair o coração, the heart o pescoço, the neck um dente, a tooth um dedo, a finger a espalda, the back uma espadoa, a shoulder o estomago, the stomach a face, the face um joelho, a knee uma perna, a leg uma face, a cheek a língua, the tongue um beiço, a lip uma mão, a hand o nariz, the nose um olho, an eye uma orelha, an ear um pé, a foot o pulso, the fist a cabeça, the head.

=6. The House and Furniture.=

Uma casa, a house um palacio, a palace uma quinta, a country house uma livraria, a library um quarto, a room um quarto de dormir, a bedroom a escada, the staircase uma janella, a window o tecto de estuque, the ceiling o solho, the floor uma porta, a door uma fechadura, a lock a chave, the key uma sala baixa, a parlour uma sala da jantar, a dining room uma sala, a drawingroom uma campaïnha, the bell uma mobilia, furniture uma cadeira, a chair um castiçal, a candlestick uma vella de sebo, a candle uma cheminé, a chimney uma comoda, a chest of drawers um espelho de sala, a looking-glass um candieiro, a lamp uma cama, a bed uma cortina, a curtain uma papeleira, a writing-desk um sofa, a sofa uma mesa, a table um quadro, a picture um tapete, a carpet as gavetas, drawers uma toalha de mesa, a table cloth uma colher, a spoon uma colherinha, a tea spoon um garfo, a fork uma faca, a knife.

=7. Trees, Shrubs etc.=

Os cereaes, corn a aveia, oats o feno, hay o trigo candeal, wheat a herva, grass a batata, potatoe o arroz, rice uma bétula, a birch uma ceregeira, a cherry tree uma azinheira, an oak uma figueira, a fig-tree uma faia, a beech uma hera, ivy um olmo, an elm um chopo, a poplar um pinheiro, a pine um abeto, a fir um salgueiro, a willow um til, a lime-tree.

=8. Fruits and Flowers.=

Um damasco, an apricot uma cereja, a cherry uma castanha, a chestnut um limão, a lemon um figo, a fig um morango, a strawberry uma groselha, a currant groselha de bagos grossos, a gooseberry uma noz, a nut uma pera, a pear uma maçã, an apple o lirio, the lily a margarita, the daisy o lirio dos valles, the lily of the valley o cravo, the pink a papoula, the poppy a primavera, the primrose a rosa, the rose a tulipa, the tulip a violeta, the violet.

=9. Dress.=

Uma camiza, a shirt umas ceroulas, drawers uma camizola, an underwaistcoat uns calções, breeches um colete, a waistcoat uma casaca, a coat um capote, a cloak um chapéo, a hat uma bota, a boot uma anagoa, a pellicoat um vestido, a gown uma touca, a bonnet um veo, a veil um collar, a necklace um brinco, an ear-ring pulseiras, bracelets uma meia, a stocking um sapato, a shoe uma luva, a glove uma bolsa, a purse um annel, a ring pós, powder sabão, soap uma toalha de mãos, a towel um pente, a comb uma escova, a brush uma escova de dentes, a toothbrush.

=10. Town and Country.=

Uma cidade, a town uma aldea, a village os arrabaldes, the suburbs um candieiro de gaz, a gas lamp a calçada, the pavement uma praça, a square uma ponte, a bridge um passeio, a walk um farol, a lamp uma rua, a street um bosquesinho, a thicket um campo, a field uma cavalhariça, a stable uma floresta } uma selva } a forest uma sebe, a hedge um jardim, a garden um almargeal, a meadow um vergel, an orchard.

=11. Animals.=

Um cervo, a stag um crocodillo, a crocodile um elephante, an elephant um coelho, a rabbit uma lebre, a hare um lião, a lion um leopardo, a leopard um lobo, a wolf um urso, a bear uma panthera, a panther um rato, a rat uma raposa, a fox um mono, a monkey um tigre, a tiger um burro, an ass uma ovelha, a sheep um borrego, a lamb um gato, a cat um cão, a dog um cavallo, a horse um macho, a mule uma vaca, a cow um bezerro, a calf um boi, an ox um leitão, a pig o gado, cattle gado vacum, herds godo meudo, flocks.

=12. Birds, Fishes and Insects.=

Um pata, a duck um gallo, a cock uma gallinha, a hen um ganso, a goose um pombo, a pigeon uma aguia, an eagle uma calhandra, a lark uma cegonha, a stork um corvo, a raven um cisne, a swan uma andorinha, a swallow um roussinol, a nightingale uma enguia, an eel uma carpa, a carp um harenque, a herring uma lagosta, a lobster uma ostra, an oyster uma sarda, a mackerel uma perca, a perch um salmão, a salmon um linguado, a sole uma truta, a trout um rodavalho, a turbot uma abelha, a bee uma aranha, a spider um sapo, a toad uma borboleta, a butterfly uma serpente, a serpent um escaravelho, a beetle uma formiga, an ant uma rã, a frog uma vespa, a wasp uma mosca, a fly um bicho, a worm uma vibora, a viper. uma cobra, an adder.

Easy Dialogues.

=1. Eating and Drinking.=

Are you hungry? Vm. tem fome? I have a good appetite. Tenho boa vontade de comer. I am very hungry. Tenho bastante fome. Eat something. Coma alguma cousa. What will you eat? Que ha de Vm. comer? What do you wish to eat? Que é o que tem vontade de comer? You do not eat. O senhor naõ come. I beg your pardon, I eat very Com perdaõ de Vm., eu como heartily. muito bem. I have eaten very heartily. Tenho comido bastante. I have dined with a good appetite. Jantei de boa vontade. Eat another piece. Coma ainda mais alguma cousa. I can eat no more. Naõ comerei mais nada. Are you thirsty? Tem Vm. sêde? Are you not thirsty? Naõ tem Vm. sêde? I am very thirsty. Tenho bastante sêde. I am dying of thirst. Estou morrendo de sêde. Let us drink. Toça a beber. Give me something to drink. De-me de beber. Will you drink a glass of wine? Quer Vm. beber um copo de vinho? Drink a glass of beer. Tome um copo de cerveja. Drink another glass of wine. Beba mais esse copo de vinho. Sir, I drink to your health. Bebo a sua saude. I have the honour to drink Tenho a honra de beber á sua your health. saúde.

=2. Going and Coming.=

Where are you going? Onde vai Vm.? I am going home. Vou para casa. I was going to your house. Hia á sua casa. From whence do you come? Donde vem Vm.? I come from my brother’s. Venho de casa de meu irmão. I am coming from church. Venho da igreja. I have just left the school. Saio da escola. Will you go with me? Quer Vm. vir commigo? Whither do you wish to go? Onde quer Vm. hir? We will take a walk. Hiremos passeiar. We will take a walk. Hiremos fazer um passeio. With all my heart; most willingly. Quero, pois naõ. Com muito gosto. Which way shall we go? Per onde iremos? Any way you like. Para aquella que quizer. Let us go into the park. Vamos a tapada. Let us take your brother in Vamos ter de caminho com seu our way. irmão. As you please. Como queira. Is Mr. B. at home? O senhor B. está em casa? He is gone out. Está fóra. He is not at home. Naõ está em casa. Can you tell us where he is Pode Vm. dizer-me para onde gone? foi? I cannot tell you precisely. Naõ saberei dizer-lhe ao certo. I think he is gone to see his Creio que foi ver a irmã. sister. Do you know when he will Sabe Vm. quando ha de voltar? come back? No, he said nothing of it when Naõ: partio sem m’odizer. he went out. Then we must go without him. Entaõ ir-nos hemos sem elle.

=3. Questions and Answers.=

Come nearer; I have something Venha ca, tenho que lhe dizer to tell you. uma cousa. I have a word to say to you. Tenho que lhe dizer duas palavras. Listen to me. Escute-me. I want to speak to you. Tenho desejo de lhe fallar. What is it you want? Que ha de novo para o seu serviço? I am speaking to you. É com Vm. que fallo. I am not speaking to you. Naõ é com Vm. que eu fallo. What do you say? Que diz Vm.? What did you say? Que disse Vm.? I say nothing. Naõ disse nada. Do you hear? Entende? Do you hear what I say? Entende Vm. o que digo? Do you understand me? Entende-me Vm.? Will you be so kind as to Quer Vm. repetil’o? repeat...? I understand you well. Eu bem o entendo. Why do you not answer me? Por que me naõ responde? Do you not speak Portuguese? Vm. naõ falla portuguez? Very little, Sir. Muito pouco, senhor. I understand it a little, but Entendo-o um pouco, porèm I do not speak it. naõ fallo. Speak louder. Falle mais alto. Do not speak so loud. Naõ falle taõ alto. Do not make so much noise. Naõ faça tanta bulha. Hold your tongue. Calle-se. Did you not tell me that...? Naõ me disse Vm. que? Who told you that? Quem lhe disse isto? They told me so. Disseraõ-me. Somebody has told it me. Disse-m’o certa pessoa. I have heard it. Ouvi dizer. What do you wish to say? Que quer Vm. dizer? What is that good for? Para que é bom isto? What do you call that? Como chama Vm. a isto? Do you know Mr. G.? Conhece Vm. o senhor G.? I know him by sight. Conheço-o de vista. I know him by name. Conheço-o de nome.

=4. The Age.=

How old are you? Que idade tem Vm.? How old is your brother? Que idade tem o senhor seu irmão. I am twelve years old. Tenho doze annos. I am ten years and six months Tenho dés annos e meio. old. Next month I shall be sixteen Hei de fazer desaseis annos no years old. mez que vem. I was thirteen years old last Fiz treze annos a semana passada. week. You do not look so old. Vm. naõ me parecia ter tanta idade. You look older. Vm. parecia ter mais idade. I thought you were older. Cuidava que era mais velho. I did not think you were so old. _Naõ cuidava que tivese tanta idade._ How old may your uncle be? Que idade tem seu tio? He may be sixty years old. Poderá ter sessenta annos. He is about sixty years old. Tem obra de sessenta annos. He is more than fifty years old. Tem mais de cincoenta annos. He is a man of fifty and upwards. É um homem de cincoenta e tantos annos. He may be sixty or there abouts. Poderá ter cousa de sessenta annos. He is above eighty. Tem mais de oitenta annos. That is a great age. É uma idade assás adiantada. Is he so old? É taõ idoso como isto? He begins to grow old. Começa a fazer-se velho.

=5. The Time.=

What o’clock is it? Que horas saõ? Pray tell me what time it is? Tenha a bondade de dizer-me que horas saõ. It is one o’clock. É uma hora. It is past one. É uma hora passada. It has struck one. É uma hora ja dada. It is a quarter past one. É uma hora e um quarto. It is half past one. É hora e meia. It wants ten minutes to two. Saõ duas horas menos dés minutos. It is not yet two o’clock. Ainda naõ deraõ duas horas. It is only twelve o’clock. Naõ é mais que meio-dia. It is almost three o’clock. Saõ perto de tres horas. It is on the stroke of three. Saõ tres horas em ponto. It is going to strike three. Está a dar tres horas. It is ten minutes past three. Saõ tres horas e dés minutos. The clock is going to strike. O relogio está para dar horas. There is the clock striking. O relogio está dando horas. It is not late. Naõ é tarde. It is later than I thought. É mais tarde do que eu cuidava. I did not think it was so late. Naõ cuidava que fosse taõ tarde.

=6. The Weather.=

What kind of weather is it? Que especie de tempo faz? It is bad weather. Faz máo tempo. It is cloudy. Faz um tempo escuro. It is dreadful weather. Faz um tempo horrivel. It is fine weather. Faz bom tempo. We are going to have a fine Havemos de ter um optimo dia. day. It is dewy. Ha muito orvalho. It is foggy. Faz nevoa. It is rainy weather. Faz um tempo chuvoso. It threatens to rain. O tempo está embrulhado. The sky becomes very cloudy. O céo se esconde. The sky is getting very dark. O céo se escurece. The sun is coming out. O sol começa a apparecer. The weather is clearing up O tempo principia a concertar-se. again. It is very warm. Faz bastante calma. It is sultry. Faz uma calma que abafa. It is very mild. Faz um tempo bem brando. It is cold. Faz frio. It is excessively cold. Faz um frio terrivel. It is raw weather. Faz um tempo frio e juntamente humido. It rains. Chove. It has been raining. Choveo. It is going to rain. Está para chover. I feel some drops of rain. Sinto alguns choviscos. There are some drops of rain Caem algumas gotas d’agua. falling. It hails. Cae pedra. It snows; it is snowing. Neva. Está chovendo neve. It has been snowing. Cahio bastante neve. It snows in large flakes. Cahe neve em frocos. It freezes. Géla. It has frozen. Cahio geada. It begins to thaw. O tempo começa a abrandar-se. It thaws. Ha degêlo. It is very windy. Faz bastante vento. The wind is very high. Faz uma grande ventania. There is no air stirring. Naõ ha viraçaõ. It lightens. Está fazendo relampagos. It has lightened all night. Toda esta noite fez relampagos. It thunders. Troveja. The thunder roars. Está trovejando. The thunderbolt has fallen. Cahio um raio. It is stormy weather. O tempo ameaça trovoada. We shall have a thunderstorm. Havemos de ter alguma trovoada. The sky begins to clear up. O céo começa a limpar-se. The weather is very unsettled. O tempo está bem inconstante. It is very muddy. Faz bastante lama. It is very dusty. Ha muita poeira. It is very slippery. Escorrega muito. It is bad walking. Faz máo tempo para se sahir. It is day-light. Faz dia. It is dark. Faz escuro. It is night. Faz noite. It is moonlight. Faz luar. Do you think it will be fine Cuida Vm. que teremos bom tempo? weather? I do not think that it will Creio que não ha de chover. rain. I am afraid it will rain. Tenho medo que chova. I fear so. Eu assim o creio.

=7. Salutation.=

Good morning, Sir. Bons dias senhor. I wish you good morning. Tenha Vm. bons dias. How do you do? } Como está Vm.? How are you? } Do you continue in good Está sempre de saúde? health? Pretty good; and how are you? Muito bem, e Vm.? Are you well? Vm. está bem disposto? Very well, and you? Muito bem, e Vm.? I am perfectly well. Acho-me as mil maravilhas. And how is it with you? E Vm. como vai de saúde? As usual. Como do costume. Pretty well, thank God. Assas bem, graças a Deus. I am very happy to see you Estou encantado de o ver em well. perfeita saúde.

=8. The Visit.=

There is a knock. Batem a porta. Somebody knocks. Alguem está batendo a porta. Go and see who it is. Vai ver quem é. Go and open the door. Vai abrir a porta. It is Mrs. B. É a senhora B. I wish you good morning. Tenha Vm. muito bons dias. I am happy to see you. Estou encantado de a ver. I have not seen you this age. Ha um seculo que naõ a hei visto. It is a novelty to see you. É milagre vel’a. Pray, sit down. Queira assentar-se. Sit down if you please. Tenha a bondade de assentar-se. Take a seat. Queira ter o incommodo de assentar-se. Give a chair to the lady. Dê uma cadeira á senhora. Will you stay and take some Quer Vm. ficar para jantar dinner with us? comnosco. I cannot stay. Naõ posso demorar-me. I only came in to see how Entrei sómente para saber da you are. sua saúde. I must go. Naõ me posso demorar mais. You are in a great hurry. Vm. tem muita pressa. Why are you in such a hurry? Que pressa é esta? I have a great many things Tenho muito que fazer. to do. Surely you can stay a little _Vm. bem pode demorar-se mais longer. uma instante._ I will stay longer another Em outra vez ficarei mais time. tempo. I thank you for your visit. Receba os meus agradecimentos pela visita. I hope to see you soon again. Espero de o ver bem cédo.

=9. Breakfast.=

Have you breakfasted? Vm. já almoçou? Not yet. Ainda naõ. You have come just in time. Chega em boa occasiaõ. You will breakfast with us. Almoçará comnosco. Breakfast is ready. O almoço está prompto. Do you drink tea or coffee? Toma Vm. chá, ou café? Would you prefer chocolate? Gosta talvez mais de chocolate? I prefer coffee. Prefiro o café. What can I offer you? Que lhe poderei offerecer? Here are rolls and toast. Ahi tem paõ e fatias. What do you like best? De qual gosta mais? I shall take a roll. Comerei um destes pãezinhos. How do you like the coffee? Como acha Vm. o café? Is the coffee strong enough? Acha Vm. o café com bastante força? It is excellent. Acho-o excellente. Is there enough sugar in it? Tem assucar sufficiente? If there is not, do not make Se não tem o que é mister, não any ceremony. faça ceremonias. Act as if you were at home. Faça como se estivesse em sua casa.

=10. Before Dinner.=

At what time do we dine to-day? Á que horas jantamos hoje? We shall dine at four o’clock. Devemos jantar ás quatro. We shall not dine before five Nem antes das cinco o faremos. o’clock. Shall we have anybody to dinner Teremos hoje alguem de fóra? to-day? Do you expect company? Espera Vm. gente? I expect Mr. B. Espero pelo senhor B. Mr. D. has promised to come _O senhor por D. prometteo de if the weather permits. vir, se o tempo permitisse._ Have you given orders for Deo Vm. já os ordens para o dinner? jantar? What have you ordered for Que encommendou Vm. para dinner? o jantar? Have you sent for fish? Mandou Vm. vir peixe? I could not get any fish. Naõ pude haver peixe. I fear we shall have a very Quer me parecer, que havemos indifferent dinner. de ter um máo jantar. We must do as we can. Faremos como podermos.

=11. The Dinner.=

To what shall I help you? Que quer que lhe sirva? Will you take a little soup? Quer uma pouca de sopa? I thank you. I will trouble Obrigado, aceitarei um pouco you for a little beef. de vaca. It looks so very nice. Tem mui boa apparencia. Which part do you like best? De que parte gosta mais? I hope you like this piece. Espero que este bocado é a seu gosto. Gentlemen, you have dishes Senhores, Vm. tem dous pratos near you. diante de si. Help yourselves. Sirvaõ-se. Take without ceremony what Sirvaó-se sem ceremonia daquillo you like best. de que mais gostarem. Would you like a little of this Quer um pouco deste assado? roastmeat? Will you have some fat? Gosta de gordura? Give me some of this lean, Dê-me do que naõ tem gordura, if you please. por quem é. How do you like the roastmeat? Que tal acha o ássado? It is excellent, delicious. Excellente. What will you take with your meat? Que quer Vm. comer com a carne? Shall I help you to some vegetables? Posso servir-lhe alguma hortaliça? Will you take peas or cauliflower? Quer Vm. ervilhas ou couves flores? It is quite indifferent to me. Gosto tanto d’um, como d’outro. I shall send you a piece of Vou servir-lhe desta ave. this fowl. No, thank you, I can eat no more. Muito obrigado, tenho comido sufficiente. You are a poor eater. Vm. come mui pouco. You eat nothing. Vm. naõ come nada. I beg your pardon, I do honour Pelo contrario como to your dinner. sufficiente. You may take away. Podem tirar a mesa.

=12. Tea.=

Have you carried in the tea-things? Trouxeste tudo quanto é mister para o chá? Everything is on the table. Está tudo na mesa. Does the water boil? A agua está a ferver? Tea is ready. O chá está prompto. They are waiting for you. Estamos á sua espera. Here I am. Eis-me prompto. We have not cups enough. As chicaras naõ saõ sufficientes. We want two more cups and saucers. É mister mais duas. Bring another tea-spoon and Falta tambem uma colher e a saucer. um pires. You have not brought in the Esqueces-te de trazer a tenaz sugar-tongs. do assucar. Do you take cream? Toma Vm leite? The tea is so strong. O chá está muito forte. I shall thank you for a little Pedir-lhe hei mais um pouco more milk. de leite. Here are cakes and muffins. Ahi tem bolos, e bolachas. Do you prefer some bread Tal vez queira antes fatias de and butter? paõ com manteiga? I shall take a slice of bread Aceitarei uma fatia de paõ and butter. com manteiga. Pass the plate this way. Passe para cá o prato. Ring the bell, if you please. Toque a campainha. Will you kindly ring the bell? Tenha a bondade de tocar a campainha? We want some more water. E nos mister mais agua. Bring it as quickly as possible. Traze-as o mais de pressa possivel. Take the plate with you. Leva ao mesmo tempo este prato. Is your tea sweet enough? O seu chá tem o assucar sufficiente? Have I put sugar enough in Naõ sei se deitei bastante your tea? assucar no seu chá? It is excellent. Está muy bem temperado. I do not like it quite so sweet. Naõ gosto delle muito doce. Your tea is very good. O seu chá é muito bom. Where do you buy it? Onde o compra? I buy it at... Compro-o em casa de... Have you already done? Vm. naõ quer mais chá? You will take another cup. Vm. ha de tomar mais uma chicara. I shall pour you out half a cup. Vou dar-lhe uma meia chicara. You will not refuse me. Espero qui naõ a ha de engeitar. I have already drunk three cups, Já tomei tres chicaras e nunca and I never drink more. tomo mais.

SECOND COURSE.

=Verbs.=

=The Auxiliary Verbs.=

=Ter= and =Haver, to have=.

=Infinitive Mood.= Present. ter or haver, to have. Past. ter tido — ter havido, to have had. Gerund. tendo — havendo, having. Participles. tido, tida — havido, havida, had.

=Indicative Mood.= Present. eu tenho or hei, I have tu tens — has, thou hast elle or ella tem — ha, he or she has nós temos — havemos or hemos, we have vós tendes — haveis, you have elles or ellas tem — hão, they have.

Imperfect. tinha or havia, I had tinhas — havias, thou hadst tinha — havia, he had tinhamos — haviamos, we had tinheis — havieis, you had tinhão — havião, they had.

Past definite. tive or houve, I have had tiveste — houveste, thou hast had teve — houve, he has had tivemos — houvemos, we have had tivestes — houvestes, you have had tiverão — houverão, they have had.

Past indefinite. tenho tido or tenho havido, } tens tido — tens havido, } tem tido — tem havido, } I have had. temos tido — temos havido, } tendes tido — tendes havido,} tem tido — tem havido, }

Past anterior. tivera or houvera, I had had tiveras — houveras, thou hadst had tivera — houvera, he had had tiveramos — houveramos, we had had tivereis — houvereis, you had had tiverão — houverão, they had had.

Pluperfect. tinha tido or tinha havido, I had had tinhas tido — tinhas havido, thou hadst had tinha tido — tinha havido, he had had tinhamos tido — tinhamos havido, we had had tinheis tido — tinheis havido, you had had tinhão tido — tinhão havido, they had had.

Future. terei or haverei, I shall have terás — haverás, thou shalt have terá — haverá, he shall have teremos — haveremos, we shall have tereis — havereis, you shall have terão — haverão, they shall have.

Compound Future anterior. hei de ter or hei de haver, } has de ter — has de haver, } ha de ter — ha de haver, } I shall (must, will) havemos de ter — havemos de haver,} have. haveis de ter — haveis de haver, } hão de ter — hão de haver, }

Future past. terei tido or terei havido, I shall have had terás tido — terás havido, thou shalt have had terá tido — terá havido, he shall have had teremos tido — teremos havido, we shall have had tereis tido — tereis havido, you shall have had terão tido — terão havido, they shall have had.

=Conditional.=

teria or haveria, I should have terias — haverias, thou shouldst have teria — haveria, he should have teriamos — haveriamos, we should have terieis — haverieis, you should have terião — haverião, they should have.

=Conditional past.=

teria tido or teria havido, } terias tido — terias havido, } teria tido — teria havido, } I should have had. teriamos tido — teriamos havido,} terieis tido — terieis havido, } terião tido — terião havido, }

=Subjunctive Mood.= Present. que tenha or haja, that I may have tenhas — hajas, that thou mayest have tenha — haja, that he may have tenhamos — hajamos, that we may have tenhais — hajais, that you may have tenhão — hajão, that they may have.

Imperfect. que tivéra or houvéra, that I might have tivéras — houvéras, that thou mightst have tivéra — houvéra, that he might have tivéramos — houvéramos, that we might have tivéreis — houvéreis, that you might have tivérão — houvérão, that they might have.

Past definite. que tivesse or houvesse, that I may have had tivesses — houvesses, that thou mayest have had tivesse — houvesse, that he may have had tivessemos — houvessemos, that we may have had tivesseis — houvesseis, that you may have had tivessem — houvessem, that they may have had.

Past indefinite. que tenha tido or tenha havido, that I may have had tenhas tido — tenhas havido, that thou mayest have had tenha tido — tenha havido, that he may have had tenhamos tido — tenhamos havido, that we may have had tenhais tido — tenhais havido, that you may have had tenhão tido — tenhão havido, that they may have had.

Pluperfect. que tivesse tido or tivesse havido, that I might have had tivesses tido — tivesses havido, that thou mightst have had tivesse tido — tivesse havido, that he might have had tivessemos tido — tivessemos havido, that we might have had tivesseis tido — tivesseis havido, that you might have had tivessem tido — tivessem havido, that they might have had.

Simple Future. quando eu tiver or eu houver, when I shall have tu tiveres — tu houveres, when thou shalt have elle tiver — elle houver, when he shall have nos tivermos — nos houvermos, when we shall have vos tiverdes — vos houverdes, when you shall have elles tiverem — elles houverem, when they shall have.

Compound Future. que haja de ter or haja de haver, that I shall have hajas de ter — hajas de haver, that thou shalt have haja de ter — haja de haver, that he shall have hajamos de ter — hajamos de haver, that we shall have hajais de ter — hajais de haver, that you shall have hajão de ter — hajão de haver, that they shall have.

Future past. { eu tiver tido or tiver havido, { when I shall have had { tu tiveres tido — tiveres havido, { when thou shalt have had quando (se) { elle tiver tido — tiver havido, { when he shall have had { nos tivermos tido — tivermos havido, { when we shall have had { vos tiverdes tido — tiverdes havido, { when you shall have had { elles tiverem tido — tiverem havido, when they shall have had.

=Imperative.= First Person: wanting. tem tu or hajas tu, have thou tenha elle — haja elle (ella), let him (her) have tenhamos nós — hajamos nós, let us have tende vós — havei vós, have ye tenhão elles — hajão elles (ellas), let them have.

=Obs.= All Verbs composed of ter, are conjugated like it, as: conter, deter, manter, obter, reter etc.

=Examples.=

Tenho pão[439]. Tens carne[440]. Elle tem vinho[441]. Tinhamos ameixas[442]. Eu tive morangos[443]. Elle teve uma laranja[444]. Tivemos framboezas[445]. Elles tiverão figos[446]. Hei de ter groselhas[447]. Meu irmão[448] ha de ter nozes[449]. Minhas irmãas[450] hão de ter nesperas[451]. Eu teria vacca[452]. Meu amigo[453] teria vitella[454]. Tereis assado[455]. Elles terião presunto[456]. Tenha elle pastel[457]. Tenhão elles ovos[458]. Tenhamos bolo[459]. Tende vós salada[460]. Que eu tivesse pimenta[461]. Que tu tivesses vinagre[462]. Que elle tivesse azeite[463]. Que nós tivessemos mostarda[464]. Que vós tivesseis assucar[465]. Que elles tivessem especiarias[466].

[439] bread.

[440] meat.

[441] wine.

[442] plum.

[443] strawberries.

[444] orange.

[445] raspberry.

[446] fig.

[447] gooseberry.

[448] brother.

[449] nut.

[450] sister.

[451] medlar.

[452] beef.

[453] friend.

[454] veal.

[455] the roastmeat.

[456] ham.

[457] pie.

[458] egg.

[459] cake.

[460] salad.

[461] pepper.

[462] vinegar.

[463] oil.

[464] mustard.

[465] sugar.

[466] spice.

Exercises.

I have beer[467]. Thou hast fruit[468]. He has apples[469]. We have a pear[470]. You have peaches[471]. They have cherries[472]. I had grapes[473]. Thou hadst almonds[474]. He had mulberries[475]. We had an apricot[476]. You had cheese[477]. They had milk[478]. I shall have hazelnuts[479]. My brother will have butter[480]. We shall have chestnuts[481]. You will have a lemon[482]. Our gardener[483] will have celery[484]. I would have cake. Thou wouldst have salad. He would have onions[485]. Our game keeper[486] would have venison[487]. We would have sour cherries[488]. You would have raisins[489]. Our cooks[490] would have olives[491]. That our friends[492] have a rosetree[493]. That we have a myrtle[494]. That you have an apricot-tree[495]. That our sisters have a bouquet[496]. That I had cream[497]. That thou hadst salt[498]. That he had coffee[499]. That we had tea[500]. That she had chocolate[501]. Have courage[502]. He may have a book[503]. Let us have patience[504]. Have a watermelon[505]. Let them have a melon[506].

[467] cerveja.

[468] fruta.

[469] maçãa.

[470] pera.

[471] pecego.

[472] cereja.

[473] uva.

[474] amendoa.

[475] amora.

[476] albricoque (damasco).

[477] queijo.

[478] leite.

[479] avelãa.

[480] manteiga.

[481] castanha.

[482] limão.

[483] jardineiro.

[484] aipo.

[485] cebola.

[486] caçador.

[487] caça.

[488] ginjas.

[489] passas, passas de uva.

[490] cozinheira.

[491] azeitona.

[492] amiga.

[493] roseira.

[494] murta.

[495] damasqueiro.

[496] ramalhete.

[497] nata.

[498] sal.

[499] café.

[500] chá.

[501] chocolate.

[502] corragem, animo.

[503] livro.

[504] paciencia.

[505] melancia, balancia.

[506] melão.

=Examples.=

Tenho por ventura[507] uma faca[508]? Tens tu um garfo[509]? Tendes vós guardanapos[510]? Tem elles uma toalha[511]? Tinha eu um prato[512]? Tem ella um copo[513]? Temos nós copos? Tendes vós ouro[514]? Tem elles prata[515]? Tinha eu uma colher[516]? Tinhamos nós uma garrafa[517]? Tinhão elles ferro[518]? Tive eu aço[519]? Tivestes vós chumbo[520]? Terei eu papel[521]? Terás tu pennas[522]? Vosso amigo terá o seu canivete[523]? Teremos nós livros? Tereis vós tinta[524]? Suas irmãas, terão uma casa[525]? Teria eu uma flor[526]? Tereis vós um jardim[527]?

[507] by accident.

[508] knife.

[509] fork.

[510] table napkin.

[511] towel.

[512] plate.

[513] glass.

[514] gold.

[515] silver.

[516] spoon.

[517] decanter.

[518] iron.

[519] steel.

[520] lead.

[521] paper.

[522] pens.

[523] penknife.

[524] ink.

[525] house.

[526] flower.

[527] garden.

Exercises.

Have I by accident a chamber[528]? Hast thou a castle[529]? Has he a tree[530]? Have we money[531]? Are you (have you) thirsty[532]? Have thy friends a sword? Had I an opportunity[533]? Hadst thou a razor[534]? Had you a horse[535]? Had you permission[536]? Would I have a tankard[537]? Would she have a cat[538]? Would we have a goat[539]? Would you have a cow[540]? Would they have an ox[541]? Would I have had a mule[542]? Wouldst thou have had a dog[543]?

[528] quarto.

[529] castello.

[530] arvore.

[531] dinheiro.

[532] sede.

[533] occasião.

[534] navalha.

[535] cavallo.

[536] licença.

[537] cantaro.

[538] gato (gata).

[539] cabra.

[540] vacca.

[541] boi.

[542] burro.

[543] cão.

=Conjugation of the Verbs “ser” and “estar”, to be.=

=Infinitive Mood.= =Present.= ser or estar, to be. =Past.= ter sido — ter estado, to have been. =Gerund.= sendo — estando, being. =Participles.= sido, sida — estado, estada, been.

=Indicative Mood.= Present. eu sou or estou, I am tu es — estás, thou art elle (ella) he — está, he (she) is nós somos — estamos, we are vós sois — estais, you are elles (ellas) são — estão, they are.

Imperfect. era or estava, I was eras — estavas, thou wast era — estava, he was eramos — estavamos, we were ereis — estaveis, you were erão — estavão, they were.

Past definite. fui or estive, I have been foste — estiveste, thou hast been foi — esteve, he has been fomos — estivemos, we have been fostes — estivestes, you have been forão — estiverão, they have been.

Past indefinite. tenho sido or tenho estado, I have been tens sido — tens estado, thou hast been tem sido — tem estado, he has been temos sido — temos estado, we have been tendes sido — tendes estado, you have been tem sido — tem estado, they have been.

Past anterior. fora or estivera, I had been foras — estiveras, thou hadst been fora — estivera, he had been foramos — estiveramos, we had been foreis — estivereis, you had been forão — estiverão, they had been.

Pluperfect. tinha sido or tinha estado, I had been tinhas sido — tinhas estado, thou hadst been tinha sido — tinha estado, he had been tinhamos sido — tinhamos estado, we had been tinheis sido — tinheis estado, you had been tinhão sido — tinhão estado, they had been.

Future. serei or estarei, I shall be serás — estarás, thou shalt be será — estará, he shall be seremos — estaremos, we shall be sereis — estareis, you shall be serão — estarão, they shall be.

Future anterior. hei de ser or hei de estar, I shall be has de ser — has de estar, thou shalt be ha de ser — ha de estar, he shall be havemos de ser — havemos de estar, we shall be haveis de ser — haveis de estar, you shall be hão de ser — hão de estar, they shall be.

Future past. terei sido or terei estado, I shall have been terás sido — terás estado, thou shalt have been terá sido — terá estado, he shall have been teremos sido — teremos estado, we shall have been tereis sido — tereis estado, you shall have been terão sido — terão estado, they shall have been.

=Conditional.= seria or estaria, I should be serias — estarias, thou shouldst be seria — estaria, he should be seriamos — estariamos, we should be serieis — estarieis, you should be serião — estarião, they should be.

=Conditional past.= teria sido or teria estado, I should have been terias sido — terias estado, thou shouldst have been teria sido — teria estado, he should have been teriamos sido — teriamos estado, we should have been terieis sido — terieis estado, you should have been terião sido — terião estado, they should have been.

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que seja or esteja, that I may be sejas — estejas, that thou mayest be seja — esteja, that he may be sejamos — estejamos, that we may be sejais — estejais, that you may be sejão — estejão, that they may be.

Imperfect. que fora or estivera, that I might be foras — estiveras, that thou mightst be fora — estivera, that he might be foramos — estiveramos, that we might be foreis — estivereis, that you might be forão — estiverão, that they might be.

Past definite. que fosse or estivesse, that I may have been fosses — estivesses, that thou mayest have been fosse — estivesse, that he may have been fossemos — estivessemos, that we may have been fosseis — estivesseis, that you may have been fossem — estivessem, that they may have been.

Past indefinite. que tenha sido or tenha estado, that I may have been tenhas sido — tenhas estado, that thou mayest have been tenha sido — tenha estado, that he may have been tenhamos sido — tenhamos estado, that we may have been tenhais sido — tenhais estado, that you may have been tenhão sido — tenhão estado, that they may have been.

Pluperfect. que tivesse sido or tivesse estado, that I might have been tivesses sido — tivesses estado, that thou mightst have been tivesse sido — tivesse estado, that he might have been tivessemos sido — tivessemos estado,that we might have been tivesseis sido — tivesseis estado, that you might have been tivessem sido — tivessem estado, that they might have been.

Simple Future. que for or estiver, that I shall be fores — estiveres, that thou shalt be for — estiver, that he shall be formos — estivermos, that we shall be fordes — estiverdes, that you shall be forem — estiverem, that they shall be.

Compound Future. que haja de ser or haja de estar, } hajas de ser — hajas de estar, } haja de ser — haja de estar, } that I shall be. hajamos de ser — hajamos de estar,} hajais de ser — hajais de estar, } hajão de ser — hajão de estar, }

Future past. { tiver sido or tiver estado, { when I shall have been { tiveres sido — tiveres estado, { when thou shalt have been { tiver sido — tiver estado, { when he shall have been quando { tivermos sido — tivermos estado, { when we shall have been { tiverdes sido — tiverdes estado, { when you shall have been { tiverem sido — tiverem estado, when they shall have been.

=Imperative.=

sê tu or está tu, be thou seja elle — esteja elle, let him be sejamos nós — estejamos nós, let us be sede vós — estai vós, be ye sejão elles — estejão elles, let them be.

The Regular Verbs.

=Active Verbs.=

=FIRST CONJUGATION.=

=Amar, to love.=

=Infinitive Mood.=

Present. amar, to love. Perfect. ter amado, to have loved. Gerund. amando, loving. Participles. amado, amada, loved.

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. amo, I love amas, thou lovest ama, he loves amamos, we love amais, you love amão, they love.

Imperfect. amava, I loved amavas, thou lovest amava, he loved amávamos, we loved amaveis, you loved amavão, they loved.

Past definite. amei, I have loved amaste, thou hast loved amou, he has loved amámos, we have loved amastes, you have loved amárão, they have loved.

Past indefinite. tenho amado, I have loved tens amado, thou hast loved tem amado, he has loved temos amado, we have loved tendes amado, you have loved tem amado, they have loved.

Past anterior. amára, I had loved amáras, thou hadst loved amára, he had loved amáramos, we had loved amáreis, you had loved amárão, they had loved.

Pluperfect. tinha amado, I had loved tinhas amado, thou hadst loved tinha amado, he had loved tinhamos amado, we had loved tinheis amado, you have loved tinhão amado, they have loved.

Future. amarei, I shall love amarás, thou shalt love amará, he shall love amaremos, we shall love amareis, you shall love amarão, they shall love.

Future anterior. hei de amar, I shall love has de amar, thou shalt love ha de amar, he shall love havemos de amar, we shall love haveis de amar, you shall love hão de amar, they shall love.

Future past. terei amado, I shall have loved terás amado, thou shalt have loved terá amado, he shall have loved teremos amado, we shall have loved tereis amado, you shall have loved terão amado, they shall have loved.

=Conditional.=

amaria, I should love amarias, thou shouldst love amaria, he should love amariamos, we should love amarieis, you should love amarião, they should love.

=Conditional past.=

teria amado, I should have loved terias amado, thou shouldst have loved teria amado, he should have loved teriamos amado, we should have loved terieis amado, you should have loved terião amado, they should have loved.

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que ame, that I may love ames, that thou mayest love ame, that he may love amemos, that we may love ameis, that you may love amem, that they may love.

Imperfect. que amára, that I might love amáras, that thou mightst love amára, that he might love amáramos, that we might love amáreis, that you might love amárão, that they might love.

Past definite. que amasse, that I may have loved amasses, that thou mayest have loved amasse, that he may have loved amassemos, that we may have loved amasseis, that you may have loved amassem, that they may have loved.

Past indefinite. que tenha amado, that I may have loved tenhas amado, that thou mayest have loved tenha amado, that he may have loved tenhamos amado, that we may have loved tenhais amado, that you may have loved tenhão amado, that they may have loved.

Pluperfect. que tivesse amado, that I might have loved tivesses amado, that thou mightst have loved tivesse amado, that he might have loved tivessemos amado, that we might have loved tivesseis amado, that you might have loved tivessem amado, that they might have loved.

Future. que amar, when I shall love amares, when thou shalt love amar, when he shall love amarmos, when we shall love amardes, when you shall love amarem, when they shall love.

Compound Future. que haja de amar, that I shall love hajas de amar, that thou shalt love haja de amar, that he shall love hajamos de amar, that we shall love hajais de amar, that you shall love hajão de amar, that they shall love.

Future past. que tiver amado, when I shall have loved tiveres amado, when thou shalt have loved tiver amado, when he shall have loved tivermos amado, when we shall have loved tiverdes amado, when you shall have loved tiverem amado, when they shall have loved.

=Imperative.=

ama tu, love thou ame elle, let him love amemos nós, let us love amai vós, love ye amem elles, let them love.

=SECOND CONJUGATION.=

=Receber=, to receive.

=Infinitive Mood.=

Present. receber, to receive. Past. ter recebido, to have received. Gerund. recebendo, receiving. Participles. recebido, -a, received.

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu recebo, I receive tu recebes, thou receivest elle recebe, he receives nós recebemos, we receive vós recebeis, you receive elles recebem, they receive.

Imperfect. recebia, I received recebias, thou receivedst recebia, he received recebiamos, we received recebieis, you received recebião, they received.

Past definite. recebi, I have received recebeste, thou hast received recebeo, he has received recebémos, we have received recebestes, you have received receberão, they have received.

Past indefinite. tenho recebido, I have received tens recebido, thou hast received tem recebido, he has received temos recebido, we have received tendes recebido, you have rec. tem recebido, they have received.

Past anterior. recebera, I had received receberas, thou hadst received recebera, he had received receberamos, we had received recebereis, you had received receberão, they had received.

Pluperfect. tinha recebido, I had received tinhas recebido, thou hadst rec. tinha recebido, he had received tinhamos recebido, we had rec. tinheis recebido, you had rec. tinhão recebido, they had rec.

Future. receberei, I shall receive receberás, thou shalt receive receberá, he shall receive receberemos, we shall receive recebereis, you shall receive receberão, they shall receive.

Future anterior. hei de receber, I shall receive has de receber, thou shall rec. ha de receber, he shall rec. havemos de receber, we shall rec. haveis de receber, you shall rec. hão de receber, they shall rec.

Future past. terei recebido, I shall have rec. terás recebido, thou shalt have rec. terá recebido, he shall have rec. teremos recebido, we shall have rec. tereis recebido, you shall have rec. terão recebido, they shall have rec.

=Conditional.=

receberia, I should receive receberias, thou shouldst receive receberia, he should receive receberiamos, we should receive receberieis, you should receive receberião, they should receive.

=Conditional past.=

teria recebido, I should have received terias recebido, thou shouldst have received teria recebido, he should have received teriamos recebido, we should have received terieis recebido, you should have received terião recebido, they should have received.

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que receba, that I may receive recebas, that thou mayest receive receba, that he may receive recebamos, that we may receive recebais, that you may receive recebão, that they may receive.

Imperfect. que recebéra, that I might receive recebéras, that thou mightst receive recebéra, that he might receive recebéremos, that we might receive recebéreis, that you might receive recebérão, that they might receive.

Past definite. que recebesse, that I may have received recebesses, that thou mayest have received recebesse, that he may have received recebessemos, that we may have received recebesseis, that you may have received recebessem, that they may have received.

Past indefinite. que tenha recebido, that I may have received tenhas recebido, that thou mayest have received tenha recebido, that he may have received tenhamos recebido, that we may have received tenhais recebido, that you may have received tenhão recebido, that they may have received.

Pluperfect. que tivesse recebido, that I might have received tivesses recebido, that thou mightst have received tivesse recebido, that he might have received tivessemos recebido, that we might have received tivesseis recebido, that you might have received tivessem recebido, that they might have received.

Future. quando receber, when I shall receive receberes, when thou shalt receive receber, when he shall receive recebermos, when we shall receive receberdes, when you shall receive receberem, when they shall receive.

Compound Future. que haja de receber, that I shall receive hajas de receber, that thou shalt receive haja de receber, that he shall receive hajamos de receber, that we shall receive hajais de receber, that you shall receive hajão de receber, that they shall receive.

Future past. quando tiver recebido, when I shall have received tiveres recebido, when thou shalt have received tiver recebido, when he shall have received tivermos recebido, when we shall have received tiverdes recebido, when you shall have received tiverem recebido, when they shall have received.

=Imperative Mood.=

recebe tu, receive thou receba elle, let him receive recebamos nós, let us receive recebei vós, receive ye recebão, let them receive.

THIRD CONJUGATION.

=Partir, to divide.=

=Infinitive Mood.=

Present. partir, to divide. Past. ter partido, to have divided. Gerund. partindo, dividing. Participles. partido, partida, divided.

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. parto, I divide partes, thou dividest parte, he divides partimos, we divide partis, you divide partem, they divide.

Imperfect. partia, I divided partias, thou dividedst partia, he divided partiamos, we divided partieis, you divided partião, they divided.

Past definite. parti, I have divided partiste, thou hast divided partio, he has divided partimos, we have divided partistes, you have divided partirão, they have divided.

Past indefinite. tenho partido, I have divided tens partido, thou hast divided tem partido, he has divided temos partido, we have divided tendes partido, you have divided tem partido, they have divided.

Past anterior. partira, I had divided partiras, thou hadst divided partira, he had divided partiramos, we had divided partireis, you had divided partirão, they had divided.

Pluperfect. tinha partido, I had divided tinhas partido, thou hadst divided tinha partido, he had divided tinhamos partido, we had divided tinheis partido, you had divided tinhão partido, they had divided.

Future. partirei, I shall divide partirás, thou shalt divide partirá, he shall divide partiremos, we shall divide partireis, you shall divide partirão, they shall divide.

Future anterior. hei de partir, I shall divide has de partir, thou shalt divide ha de partir, he shall divide havemos de partir, we shall divide haveis de partir, you shall divide hão de partir, they shall divide.

Future past. terei partido, I shall have divided terás partido, thou shalt have divided terá partido, he shall have divided teremos partido, we shall have divided tereis partido, you shall have divided terão partido, they shall have divided.

=Conditional.=

partiria, I should divide partirias, thou shouldst divide partiria, he should divide partiriamos, we should divide partirieis, you should divide partirião, they should divide.

=Conditional past.=

teria partido, I should have divided terias partido, thou shouldst have divided teria partido, he should have divided teriamos partido, we should have divided terieis partido, you should have divided terião partido, they should have divided.

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que parta, that I may divide partas, that thou mayest divide parta, that he may divide partamos, that we may divide partais, that you may divide partão, that they may divide.

Imperfect. que partira, that I might divide partiras, that thou mightst divide partira, that he might divide partiramos, that we might divide partireis, that you might divide partirão, that they might divide.

Past definite. que partisse, that I may have divided partisses, that thou mayest have divided partisse, that he may have divided partissemos, that we may have divided partisseis, that you may have divided partissem, that they may have divided.

Past indefinite. que tenha partido, that I may have divided tenhas partido, that thou mayest have divided tenha partido, that he may have divided tenhamos partido, that we may have divided tenhais partido, that you may have divided tenhão partido, that they may have divided.

Pluperfect. que tivesse partido, that I might have divided tivesses partido, that thou mightst have divided tivesse partido, that he might have divided tivessemos partido, that we might have divided tivesseis partido, that you might have divided tivessem partido, that they might have divided.

Future. quando partir, when I shall divide partires, when thou shalt divide partir, when he shall divide partirmos, when we shall divide partirdes, when you shall divide partirem, when they shall divide.

Compound Future. que haja de partir, that I shall divide hajas de partir, that thou shalt divide haja de partir, that he shall divide hajamos de partir, that we shall divide hajais de partir, that you shall divide hajão de partir, that they shall divide.

Future past. quando tiver partido, when I shall have divided tiveres partido, when thou shalt have divided tiver partido, when he shall have divided tivermos partido, when we shall have divided tiverdes partido, when you shall have divided tiverem partido, when they shall have divided.

=Imperative Mood.=

parte tu, divide thou parta elle, let him divide partamos nós, let us divide parti vós, divide ye partão elles, let them divide.

10.

=The Passive Verbs.=

The Passive Verb is conjugated in all its tenses by the Auxiliary Verb “ser” to be, to become, to which is added the Participle of the Passive Verb, as:

sou amado I am loved tu es amado thou art loved serei amado I shall be loved eu seria amado I should be loved.

11.

=The Neuter Verbs.=

are conjugated with the Auxiliary Verb “ter” to have, as:

tenho dormido — I have slept tenho cahido — I have fallen eu tenho chegado — I have arrived.

They are otherwise conjugated like the Active Verbs: amar, receber, partir.

12.

=The Reflective Verbs.=

are conjugated with “ter” and the Pronouns

me, me te, thee se, it nos, we vos, you.

=Lembrar-se=, to remember.

=Infinitive Mood.=

Present. lembrar-se, to remember. Past. ter-se lembrado, to have remembered. Gerund. lembrando-se, remembering. Participle. lembrado, lembrada, remembered.

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu me lembro, I remember tu te lembras, thou rememberst elle se rembra, he remembers nós nos lembramos, we remember vós vos lembrais, you remember elles se lembrão, they remember.

Imperfect. eu me lembrava, I remembered tu te lembravas, thou rememberedst elle se lembrava, he remembered nós nos lembravamos, we remembered vós vos lembraveis, you remembered elles se lembravão, they remembered.

Past definite. eu me lembrei, I have remembered tu te lembraste, thou hast remembered elle se lembrou, he has remembered nós nos lembramos, we have remembered vós vos lembrastes, you have remembered elles se lembrárão, they have remembered.

Past indefinite. eu me tenho lembrado, I have remembered tu te tens lembrado, thou hast remembered elle se tem lembrado, he has remembered nós nos temos lembrado, we have remembered vós vos tendes lembrado, you have remembered elles se tem lembrado, they have remembered.

Past anterior. eu me lembrára, I had remembered tu te lembráras, thou hadst remembered elle se lembrára, he had remembered nós nos lembráramos, we had remembered vós vos lembráreis, you had remembered elles se lembrárão, they had remembered.

Pluperfect. eu me tinha lembrado, I had remembered tu te tinhas lembrado, thou hadst remembered elle se tinha lembrado, he had remembered nós nos tinhamos lembrado, we had remembered vós vos tinheis lembrado, you had remembered elles se tinhão lembrado, they had remembered.

Future. eu me lembrarei, I shall remember tu te lembrarás, thou shalt remember elle se lembrará, he shall remember nós nos lembraremos, we shall remember vós vos lembrareis, you shall remember elles se lembrarão, they shall remember.

Future anterior. eu me hei de lembrar, I shall remember tu te has de lembrar, thou shalt remember elle se ha de lembrar, he shall remember nós nos havemos de lembrar, we shall remember vós vos haveis de lembrar, you shall remember elles se hão de lembrar, they shall remember.

Future past. eu me terei lembrado, I shall have remembered tu te terás lembrado, thou shalt have remembered elle se terá lembrado, he shall have remembered nós nos teremos lembrado, we shall have remembered vós vos tereis lembrado, you shall have remembered elles se terão lembrado, they shall have remembered.

=Conditional.=

eu me lembraria, I should remember tu te lembrarias, thou shouldst remember elle se lembraria, he should remember nós nos lembrariamos, we should remember vós vos lembrarieis, you should remember elles se lembrarião, they should remember.

=Conditional past.=

eu me teria lembrado, I should have remembered tu te terias lembrado, thou shouldst have remembered elle se teria lembrado, he should have remembered nós nos teriamos lembrado, we should have remembered vós vos terieis lembrado, you should have remembered elles se terião lembrado, they should have remembered.

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu me lembre, that I may remember tu te lembres, that thou mayest remember elle se lembre, that he may remember nós nos lembremos, that we may remember vós vos lembreis, that you may remember elles se lembrem, that they may remember.

Imperfect. que eu me lembrasse, that I might remember tu te lembrasses, that thou mightst remember elle se lembrasse, that he might remember nós nos lembrassemos, that we might remember vós vos lembrasseis, that you might remember elles se lembrassem, that they might remember.

Past indefinite. que eu me tenha lembrado } tu te tenhas lembrado } elle se tenha lembrado } that I may have remembered. nós nos tenhamos lembrado } vós vos tenhais lembrado } elles se tenhão lembrado }

Pluperfect. que eu me tivesse lembrado } tu te tivesses lembrado } elle se tivesse lembrado } that I might have remembered. nós nos tivessemos lembrado } vós vos tivesseis lembrado } elles se tivessem lembrado }

Future. quando eu me lembrar } tu te lembrares } elle se lembrar } nós nos lembrarmos } when I shall remember. vós vos lembrardes } elles se lembrarem }

Compound Future. que eu me haja de lembrar } tu te hajas de lembrar } elle se haja de lembrar } nós nos hajamos de lembrar } that I shall remember. vós vos hajeis de lembrar } elles se hajão de lembrar }

Future past. quando eu me tiver lembrado } tu te tiveres lembrado } elle se tiver lembrado } when I shall have remembered. nós nos tivermos lembrado } vós vos tiverdes lembrado } elles se tiverem lembrado }

=Imperative Mood.=

lembra-te tu, remember thou lembre-se elle, let him remember lembremos-nos nós, let us remember lembrai-vos vós, remember ye lembrem-se elles, let them remember.

=Observ.= In all the simple tenses of the Indicative Mood, is it unimportant whether the Pronouns me, te, se, nos, vos stand before or after the Verb, and one may therefore say either: eu me lembro, or eu lembro-me, eu me lembrava and eu lembrava-me, but in the compound tenses as well as in the Subjunctive and Imperative Mood they must stand before the Verb, as: eu me tenho lembrado, que eu me lembre, que eu me lembrasse.

13.

=Irregular Verbs.=

=FIRST CONJUGATION.=

1. =Dar, to give.=[544]

[544] Only the irregular tenses are given, the others are conjugated in the regular manner.

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu dou, I give tu dás, thou givest elle dá, he gives nós damos, we give vós dais, you give elles dão, they give.

Past definite. eu dei, I have given tu déste, thou hast given elle deo, he has given nós demos, we have given vós déstes, you have given elles dérão, they have given.

Past anterior. eu dera, I had given tu deras, thou hadst given elle dera, he had given nós deramos, we had given vós dereis, you had given elles derão, they had given.

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu dê, that I may give tu dês, that thou mayest give elle dê, that he may give nós dêmos, that we may give vós deis, that you may give elles dem, that they may give.

Imperfect. que eu dera, that I might give tu deras, that thou mightst give elle dera, that he might give nós deramos, that we might give vós dereis, that you might give elles derão, that they might give.

Past. que eu désse, that I may have given tu désses, that thou mayest have given elle désse, that he may have given nós dessemos, that we may have given vós desseis, that you may have given elles dessem, that they may have given.

Future. quando eu der, when I shall give tu deres, when thou shalt give elle der, when he shall give nós dermos, when we shall give vós derdes, when you shall give elles derem, when they shall give.

=2. The Verbs ending in “car”=

have no other irregularity than that they change the c every time into qu, if an e follows in the conjugation, as:

ficar, to remain, fiquei (not ficei), I have remained, que eu figue (not fice), that I may remain;

this irregularity is only maintained for the purpose of keeping the same pronunciation for the Verb throughout, which would otherwise not be the case.

=3. The Verbs ending in “gar”=

change the g, if followed by an e, into gu, for the sake of Pronunciation.

=4. The Verbs ending in “iar”=

take an e before i in all persons of the Indicative Mood, as:

premiar, to reward, premeio, premeias, premeia, premeiamos etc.

14.

=SECOND CONJUGATION.=

=5. Dizer, to say.=

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu digo, I say tu dizes, thou sayest elle diz, he says nós dizemos, we say vós dizeis, you say elles dizem, they say.

Past definite. eu disse, I have said tu disseste, thou hast said elle disse, he has said nós dissemos, we have said vós dissestes, you have said elles disserão, they have said.

Past anterior. eu dissera, I had said tu disseras, thou hadst said elle dissera, he had said nós disseramos, we had said vós disserais, you had said elles disserão, they had said.

Future. eu direi, I shall say tu dirás, thou shalt say elle dirá, he shall say nós diremos, we shall say vós direis, you shall say elles dirão, they shall say.

=Conditional.=

eu diria, I would say tu dirias, thou wouldst say elle diria, he would say nós diriamos, we would say vós dirieis, you would say elles dirião, they would say.

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu diga, that I may say tu digas, that thou mayest say elle diga, that he may say nós digamos, that we may say vós digais, that you may say elles digão, that they may say.

Imperfect. que eu dissera, that I might say tu disseras, that thou mightst say elle dissera, that he might say nós disseramos, that we might say vós disserais, that you might say elles disserão, that they might say.

Past. que eu dissesse, that I may have said tu dissesses, that thou mayest have said elle dissesse, that he may have said nós dissessemos, that we may have said vós dissesseis, that you may have said elles dissessem, that they may have said.

Future. quando eu disser, when I shall say tu disseres, when thou shalt say elle disser, when he shall say nós dissermos, when we shall say vós disserdes, when you shall say elles disserem, when they shall say.

=Imperative Mood.=

dize-tu, say thou diga-elle, let him say digamos-nós, let us say dizei-vós, say ye digão-elles, let them say.

=Participle=: dito, dita, said.

All Verbs composed of dizer are conjugated in the same manner, as: contradizer, desdizer, etc.

6. =Fazer=, to do, to make.

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu faço, I do tu fazes, thou doest elle faz, he does nós fazemos, we do vós fazeis, you do elles fazem, they do.

Past definite. eu fiz, I have done tu fizeste, thou hast done elle fez, he has done nós fizemos, we have done vós fizestes, you have done elles fizerão, they have done.

Pluperfect. eu fizera, I had done tu fizeras, thou hadst done elle fizera, he had done nós fizeramos, we had done vós fizereis, you had done elles fizerão, they had done.

Future. eu farei, I shall do tu farás, thou shalt do elle fará, he shall do nós faremos, we shall do vós fareis, you shall do elles farão, they shall do.

=Conditional.=

eu faria, I would do tu farias, thou wouldst do elle faria, he would do nós fariamos, we would do vós farieis, you would do elles farião, they would do.

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu faça, that I may do tu faças, that thou mayest do elle faça, that he may do nós façamos, that we may do vós façais, that you may do elles fação, that they may do.

Imperfect. que eu fizera, that I might do tu fizeras, that thou mightst do elle fizera, that he might do nós fizeramos, that we might do vós fizerais, that you might do elles fizerão, that they might do.

Perfect. que eu fizesse, that I may have done tu fizesses, that thou mayest have done elle fizesse, that he may have done nós fizéssemos, that we may have done vós fizesseis, that you may have done elles fizessem, that they may have done.

Future. quando eu fizer, when I shall do tu fizeres, when thou shalt do elle fizer, when he shall do nós fizermos, when we shall do vós fizerdes, when you shall do elles fizerem, when they shall do.

=Imperative Mood.=

faze-tu, do thou faça elle, let him do façamos-nós, let us do fazei-vós, do ye fação elles, let them do.

=Participle=: feito, feita, done.

7. =Poder=, to be able to, can.

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu posso, I can tu podes, thou canst elle póde, he can nós podemos, we can vós podeis, you can elles podem, they can.

Perfect. eu pude, I have been able tu pudeste, thou hast been able elle pode, he has been able nós pudemos, we have been able vós pudestes, you have been able elles puderão, they have been able.

Pluperfect. eu pudera, I had been able tu puderas, thou hadst been able elle pudera, he had been able nós puderamos, we have been able vós pudereis, you had been able elle puderão, they had been able.

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu possa, that I may be able tu possas, that thou mayest be able elle possa, that he may be able nós possamos, that we may be able vós possais, that you may be able elles possão, that they may be able.

Imperfect. que eu pudera, that I might be able tu puderas, that thou mightst be able elle pudera, that he might be able nós puderamos, that we might be able vós pudereis, that you might be able elles puderão, that they might be able.

Perfect. que eu pudesse, that I may have been able tu pudesses, that thou mayest have been able elle pudesse, that he may have been able nós pudessemos, that we may have been able vós pudesseis, that you may have been able elles pudessem, that they may have been able.

Future. quando eu puder, if I could be able tu puderes, if thou couldst be able elle puder, if he could be able nós pudermos, if we could be able vós puderdes, if you could be able elles puderem, if they could be able.

8. =Querer=, to wish, to will.

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu quero, I wish tu queres, thou wishest elle quer, he wishes nós queremos, we wish vós quereis, you wish elles querem, they wish.

Perfect. eu quiz, I have wished tu quizeste, thou hast wished elle quiz, he has wished nós quizemos, we have wished vós quizestes, you have wished elles quizerão, they have wished.

Pluperfect. eu quizera, I had wished tu quizeras, thou hadst wished elle quizera, he had wished nós quizeramos, we had wished vós quizereis, you had wished elles quizerão, they had wished.

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu queira, that I may wish tu queiras, that thou mayest wish elle queira, that he may wish nós queiramos, that we may wish vós queirais, that you may wish elles queirão, that they may wish.

Imperfect. que eu quizera, that I might wish tu quizeras, that thou mightst wish elle quizera, that he might wish nós quizeramos, that we might wish vós quizereis, that you might wish elles quizerão, that they might wish.

Perfect. que eu quizesse, that I may have wished tu quizesses, that thou mayest have wished elle quizesse, that he may have wished nós quizessemos, that we may have wished vós quizesseis, that you may have wished elles quizessem, that they may have wished.

Future. quando eu quizer, when I shall wish tu quizeres, when thou shalt wish elle quizer, when he shall wish nós quizermos, when we shall wish vós quizerdes, when you shall wish elles quizerem, when they shall wish.

=Imperative Mood.=

queiras tu, wish thou queira elle, let him wish queiramos nós, let us wish queirais vós, wish ye queirão elles, let them wish.

9. =Saber=, to know.

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu sei, I know tu sabes, thou knowest elle sabe, he knows nós sabemos, we know vós sabeis, you know elles sabem, they know.

Perfect. eu soube, I have known tu soubeste, thou hast known elle soube, he has known nós soubemos, we have known vós soubestes, you have known elles souberão, they have known.

Pluperfect. eu soubera, I had known tu souberas, thou hadst known elle soubera, he had known nós souberamos, we had known vós soubereis, you had known elles souberão, they had known.

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu saiba, that I may know tu saibas, that thou mayest know elle saiba, that he may know nós saibamos, that we may know vós saibais, that you may know elles saibão, that they may know.

Imperfect. que eu soubera, that I might know tu souberas, that thou mightst know elle soubera, that he might know nós souberamos, that we might know vós soubereis, that you might know elles souberão, that they might know.

Future. quando eu souber, when I shall know tu souberes, when thou shalt know elle souber, when he shall know nós soubermos, when we shall know vós souberdes, when you shall know elles souberem, when they shall know.

=Imperative Mood.=

sabe tu, know thou saiba elle, let him know saibamos nós, let us know saibei vós, know ye saibão elles, let them know.

10. =Trazer=, to carry, to fetch.

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu trago, I carry tu trazes, thou carriest elle traz, he carries nós trazemos, we carry vós trazeis, you carry elles trazem, they carry.

Perfect. eu trouxe, I have carried tu trouxeste, thou hast carried elle trouxe, he has carried nós trouxemos, we have carried vós trouxestes, you have carried elles trouxerão, they have carried.

Pluperfect. eu trouxera, I had carried tu trouxeras, thou hadst carried elle trouxera, he had carried nós trouxeramos, we had carried vós trouxereis, you had carried elles trouxerão, they had carried.

Future. eu trarei, I shall carry tu trarás, thou shalt carry elle trará, he shall carry nós traremos, we shall carry vós trareis, you shall carry elles trarão, they shall carry.

=Conditional.=

eu traria, I should carry tu trarias, thou shouldst carry elle traria, he should carry nós trariamos, we should carry vós trarieis, you should carry elles trarião, they should carry.

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu traga, that I may carry tu tragas, that thou mayest carry elle traga, that he may carry nós tragamos, that we may carry vós tragais, that you may carry elles tragão, that they may carry.

Imperfect. que eu trouxera, that I might carry tu trouxeras, that thou mightst carry elle trouxera, that he might carry nós trouxeramos, that we might carry vós trouxereis, that you might carry elles trouxerão, that they might carry.

Perfect. que eu trouxesse, that I may have carried tu trouxesses, that thou mayest have carried elle trouxesse, that he may have carried nós trouxessemos, that we may have carried vós trouxesseis, that you may have carried elles trouxessem, that they may have carried.

Future. quando eu trouxer, when I shall carry tu trouxeres, when thou shalt carry elle trouxer, when he shall carry nós trouxermos, when we shall carry vós trouxerdes, when you shall carry elles trouxerem, when they shall carry.

=Imperative Mood.=

traze tu, carry thou traga elle, let him carry tragamos, let us carry trazei vós, carry ye tragão elles, let them carry.

11. =Ver, to see.=

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu vejo, I see tu vês, thou seest elle vê, he sees nós vemos, we see vós vedes, you see elles vêm, they see.

Imperfect. eu vi, I have seen tu viste, thou hast seen elle vio, he has seen nós vimos, we have seen vós vistes, you have seen elles virão, they have seen.

Pluperfect. eu vira, I had seen tu viras, thou hadst seen elle vira, he had seen nós viramos, we had seen vós vireis, you had seen elles virão, they had seen.

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu veja, that I may see tu vejas, that thou mayest see elle veja, that he may see nós vejamos, that we may see vós vejais, that you may see elles vejão, that they may see.

Imperfect. que eu vira, that I might see tu viras, that thou mightst see elle vira, that he might see nós viramos, that we might see vós virais, that you might see elles virem, that they might see.

Perfect. que eu visse, that I may have seen tu visses, that thou mayest have seen elle visse, that he may have seen nós vissemos, that we may have seen vós visseis, that you may have seen elles vissem, that they may have seen.

Future. quando eu vir, when I shall see tu vires, when thou shalt see elle vir, when he shall see nós virmos, when we shall see vós virdes, when you shall see elles virem, when they shall see.

=Imperative Mood.=

vê tu, see thou veja elle, let him see vejamos nós, let us see vede vós, see ye vejão elles, let them see.

=Participle=: visto, vista, seen.

The Verbs composed of ver, are conjugated in the same manner, as:

prever, rever, antever.

12. =Perder=, to lose.

The irregularity of this Verb consists in the following tenses changing the d into c.

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. perco, I lose perdes, thou losest perde, he loses perdemos, we lose perdeis, you lose perdem, they lose.

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu perca, that I may lose tu percas, that thou mayest lose elle perca, that he may lose nós percamos, that we may lose vós percais, that you may lose elles percão, that they may lose.

=Imperative Mood.=

perde tu, lose thou perca elle, let him lose percamos nós, let us lose perdei vós, lose ye percão elles, let them lose.

13. =Valer, to be worth,=

changes l into lh, in the following tenses.

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu valho, I am worth tu vales } elle vale } nós valemos } regular vós valeis } elles valem }

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu valha, that I may be worth tu valhas, that thou mayest be worth elle valha, that he may be worth nós valhamos, that we may be worth vós valhais, that you may be worth elles valhão, that they may be worth.

=Imperative Mood.=

vale tu, be thou worth valha elle, let him be worth valhamos, let us be worth valei vós, be ye worth valhão elles, let them be worth.

14. =Ler, to read.=

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu leio, I read tu lês, thou readest elle lê, he reads nós lemos, we read vós ledes, you read elles lêm, they read.

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu lêia, that I may read tu lêias, that thou mayest read elle lêia, that he may read nós lêiamos, that we may read vós lêiais, that you may read elles lêião, that they may read.

=Imperative Mood.=

lê tu, read thou lêia elle, let him read lêiamos, let us read lede vós, read ye lêião elles, let them read.

The Verb “crer” to believe, is conjugated in the same manner.

=15. The Verbs ending in “ger”=

change g into j in all persons when it is followed by o or a, for the sake of pronunciation. As:

eleger, to elect; elejo, que eu eleja, etc.

15. =THIRD CONJUGATION.=

=16. Ir, to go.=

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu vou, I go tu vas, thou goest elle vai, he goes nós vamos, we go vós ides, you go elles vão, they go.

Imperfect. eu hia, I went tu hias, thou wentest elle hia, he went nós hiamos, we went vós hieis, you went elles hião, they went.

Perfect. eu fui, I have gone (like the Perfect of “ser” to be).

Pluperfect. eu fora, I had gone (like the Pluperfect of “ser”).

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu vá, that I may go tu vás, that thou mayest go elle vá, that he may go nós vámos, that we may go vos vades, that you may go elles vão, that they may go.

Imperfect. que eu fora, that I might go tu foras, that thou mightst go elle fora, that he might go nós foramos, that we might go vós foreis, that you might go elles forão, that they might go.

Perfect. que eu fosse, that I may have gone (like “ser”).

Future. quando eu for, when I shall go (like “ser”).

=Imperative Mood.=

vai tu, go thou vá elle, let him go vamos, let us go ide vós, go ye vão elles, let them go.

17. =Vir, to come.=

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu venho, I come tu vens, thou comest elle vem, he comes nós vimos, we come vós vindes, you come elles vem, they come.

Imperfect. eu vinha, I came tu vinhas, thou camest elle vinha, he came nós vinhamos, we came vós vinheis, you came elles vinhão, they came.

Perfect. eu vim, I have come tu vieste, thou hast come elle veio, he has come nós viemos, we have come vós viestes, you have come elles vierão, they have come.

Pluperfect. eu viera, I had come tu vieras, thou hadst come elle viera, he had come nós vieramos, we had come vós viereis, you had come elles vierão, they had come.

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu venha, that I may come tu venhas, that thou mayest come elle venha, that he may come nós venhamos, that we may come vós venhais, that you may come elles venhão, that they may come.

Imperfect. que eu viera, that I might come tu vieras, that thou mightst come elle viera, that he might come nós vieramos, that we might come vós viereis, that you might come elles vierão, that they might come.

Perfect. que eu viesse, that I may have come tu viesses, that thou mayest have come elle viesse, that he may have come nós viessemos, that we may have come vós viesseis, that you may have come elles viessem, that they may have come.

Future. quando eu vier, when I shall come tu vieres, when thou shalt come elle vier, when he shall come nós viermos, when we shall come vós vierdes, when you shall come elles vierem, when they shall come.

=Imperative Mood.=

vem tu, come thou venha elle, let him come venhamos, let us come vinde vós, come ye venhão elles, let them come.

=Participle=: vindo, vinda, come.

18. =Pedir=, to request,

changes d in ç in the following persons.

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu peço, I request (the other persons are regular:

pedes, pede, etc.).

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu peça, that I may request tu peças, that thou mayest request elle peça, that he may request nós peçamos, that we may request vós peçais, that you may request elles peção, that they may request.

=Imperative Mood.=

pede tu, request thou peça elle, let him request peçamos nós, let us request pedi vós, request ye peção elles, let them request.

“Medir” to measure, is conjugated in the same manner.

19. =Rir, to laugh.=

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu rio, I laugh tu ris, thou laughest elle ri, he laughs nós rimos, we laugh vós rides, you laugh elles rim, they laugh.

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu ria, that I may laugh tu rias, that thou mayest laugh elle ria, that he may laugh nós riamos, that we may laugh vós riais, that you may laugh elles rião, that they may laugh.

=Imperative Mood.=

ri tu, laugh thou ria elle, let him laugh riamos, let us laugh ride vós, laugh ye rião elles, let them laugh.

20. The Verbs ending in “=gir=”

change the g into j in all persons where g is followed by o or a.

21. The Verbs ending in “=uzir=”

drop the final e in the third person Singular of the Present, as: conduz (not conduze), induz (not induze).

22. The Verbs ending in “=hir=”

change hi into i in the following persons.

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu saio, I go out

(the others are regular: sahes, sahe, sahimos, etc.).

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu saia, that I may go out tu saias, that thou mayest go out elle saia, that he may go out nós saiamos, that we may go out vós saiais, that you may go out elles saião, that they may go out.

=Imperative Mood.=

sahe tu, go thou out saia elle, let him go out saiamos nós, let us go out sahi vós, go ye out saião elles, let them go out.

23. =Subir, to mount,=

changes u into o, in the second person Singular, third person Singular and Plural of the Present, and in the second person of the Imperative, as:

sobes, sobe, sobem, sobe tu.

24. =Mentir, to lie,=

changes e into i in the following persons.

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu minto, I lie (tu mentes, elle mente).

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu minta, that I may lie tu mintas, that thou mayest lie elle minta, that he may lie nós mintamos, that we may lie vós mintais, that you may lie elles mintão, that they may lie.

=Imperative Mood.=

mente tu, lie thou minta elle, let him lie mintamos nós, let us lie menti vós, lie ye mintão elles, let them lie.

The same irregularities occur in sentir, to feel servir, to serve ferir, to wound.

25. =Dormir, to sleep.=

This Verb changes o into u in all persons, in which mentir changes the e into i, as:

durmo, durma, durmamos.

26. =Ouvir, to hear.=

This Verb changes uvi into uç in all persons in which mentir changes e into i, as:

eu ouço, I hear que eu ouça, that I may hear.

=Imperative Mood.=

ouve tu, hear thou ouça elle, let him hear ouçamos nós, let us hear ouvi vós, hear ye oução elles, let them hear.

Some writers change u into i, as: oiço, oiça.

27. =Pôr, to place, to put.=

=Indicative Mood.=

Present. eu ponho, I place tu pões, thou placest elle poem, he places nós pômos, we place vós pondes, you place elles poem, they place.

Imperfect. eu punha, I placed tu punhas, thou placedst elle punha, he placed nós punhamos, we placed vós punheis, you placed elles punhão, they placed.

Perfect. eu puz, I have placed tu puzeste, thou hast placed elle póz, he has placed nós puzemos, we have placed vós puzestes, you have placed elles puzerão, they have placed.

Pluperfect. eu puzera, I had placed tu puzeras, thou hadst placed elle puzera, he had placed nós puzeramos, we had placed vós puzereis, you had placed elles puzerão, they had placed.

Future. eu porei, I shall place tu porás, thou shalt place elle porá, he shall place nós poremos, we shall place vós poreis, you shall place elles porão, they shall place.

=Conditional.=

eu poria, I should place tu porias, thou shouldst place elle poria, he should place nós poriamos, we should place vós porieis, you should place elles porião, they should place.

=Subjunctive Mood.=

Present. que eu ponha, that I may place tu ponhas, that thou mayest place elle ponha, that he may place nós ponhamos, that we may place vós ponhais, that you may place elles ponhão, that they may place.

Imperfect. que eu puzera, that I might place tu puzeras, that thou mightst place elle puzera, that he might place nós puzeramos, that we might place vós puzereis, that you might place elles puzerão, that they might place.

Perfect. que eu puzesse, that I may have placed tu puzesses, that thou mayest have placed elle puzesse, that he may have placed nós puzessemos, that we may have placed vós puzesseis, that you may have placed elles puzessem, that they may have placed.

Future. quando eu puzer, when I shall place tu puzeres, when thou shall place elle puzer, when he shall place nós puzermos, when we shall place vós puzerdes, when you shall place elles puzerem, when they shall place.

=Imperative Mood.=

põe tu, place thou ponha elle, let him place ponhamos nós, let us place ponde vós, place ye ponhão elles, let them place.

=Gerund=: pondo, placing.

=Participle=: posto, posta, placed.

The Verbs composed by pôr are conjugated in the same manner, as:

antepôr, compôr, depôr, dispôr, propôr.

16.

The following Verbs have two Participles, a regular and an irregular one.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

aceitar, to accept, aceitado, aceito enxugar, to dry, enxugado, enxuto exceptuar, to except, exceptuado, excepto expressar, to express, expressado, expresso expulsar, to expel, expulsado, expulso gastar, to spend, gastado, gasto imprensar, to print, imprensado, impresso izentar, to except, izentado, izento manifestar, to manifest, manifestado, manifesto pagar, to pay, pagado, pago salvar, to save, salvado, salvo professar, to act, profess, professado, professo soltar, to set at liberty, soltado, solto sujeitar, to subject, sujeitado, sujeito.

SECOND CONJUGATION.

{ absoluto absolver, to acquit, absolvido, { absolto absorver, to swallow, absorvido, absorto accender, to light, accendido, acceso corromper, to corrupt, corrompido, corrupto eleger, to elect, elegido, eleito encher, to fill, enchido, cheio envolver, to envelope, envolvido, envolto escrever, to write, escrevido, escrito incorrer, to incur (a penalty), incorrido, incurso interromper, to interrupt, interrompido, interrupto morrer, to die, morrido, morto prender, to take (into charge), prendido, preso romper, to break (open), rompido, roto suspender, to postpone, suspendido, suspenso torcer, to turn, torcido, torto.

THIRD CONJUGATION.

abrir, to open, abrido, aberto affligir, to afflict, affligido, afflicto concluir, to close, shut, concluido, concluso contrahir, to contract, contrahido, contracto cubrir, to cover, cubrido, cuberto distinguir, to distinguish, distinguido, distincto distrahir, to abstract, distrahido, distracto erigir, to erect, erigido, erecto exhaurir, to exhaust, exhaurido, exhausto expellir, to expel, expellido, expulso exprimir, to express, exprimido, expresso exstinguir, to extinguish, extinguido, extincto extrahir, to extract, extrahido, extracto frigir, to fry, frigido, frito imprimir, to impress, imprimido, impresso incluir, to shut up, incluido, incluso inserir, to insert, inserido, inserto opprimir, to oppress, opprimido, oppresso possuir, to possess, possuido, possesso reprimir, to suppress, reprimido, represso submergir, to submerge, submergido, submerso supprimir, to oppress, supprimido, suppresso surgir, to anchor, surgido, surto.

The first or regular form of these Participles is generally used for the compound tenses, whilst the second or irregular form is Generally used with ser or estar.

17.

=Impersonal Verbs=

are only used in the third person Singular, they are:

Chover, to rain — chove, it rains relampager } to lighten — relampaga } it lightens fuzilar } — fuzila } trovejar, to thunder — troveja, it thunders choviscar, to drizzle (rain) — chovisca, it drizzles nevar, to snow — neva, it snows gelar, to freeze — gela, it freezes.

They follow those Conjugations to which they belong.

18.

Adverbs.

=1. Adverbs of Time.=

Hoje, to-day agora, now hontem, yesterday presentemente, at present antehontem, the day before yesterday antigamente, in times past ultimamente, lastly recentemente, lately amanhãa, to-morrow logo, directly depois de amanhãa, the day after to-morrow daqui por diante, from hence, in future sempre, always desde, since ainda, yet.

=2. Adverbs of Place.=

aqui, here ali, acolá, there arriba, above abaixo, below além, on the other side daquem, on this side á mão direita, to the right á mão esquerda, to the left d’ali, from here.

=3. Adverbs of Number and Comparison.=

primeiramente, firstly segundamente, secondly em terceiro lugar, thirdly depois, afterwards raramente, de maravilha, rarely mais, more menos, less tão } almost como se } como, as assim, just so, the same melhor, better peior, worse quasi, almost em parte, partly quando muito, highest quando menos, least.

=4. Adverbs of Manner and Kind.=

muito, very bem, good, well mal, bad pouco, little assaz, enough demasiadamente, too much sufficientemente, sufficient abundantemente, abundantly mesmo, even apenas, scarcely senão, only principalmente, chiefly em geral, generally, altogether.

=5. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation.=

sim, yes certamente, certainly verdadeiramente, indeed não, no nada, nothing talvez } pode ser } perhaps quiça } quando? when? como? how? porque? why? quanto? how much? onde? where? aonde? whereto?

The Adverbs are not declined, but some are compared like the Adjectives, as:

mais ricamente, richer menos ricamente, less rich tão ricamente, just as rich muito ricamente, very rich o mais ricamente, the richest;

Superl. bem, good, formes the Comp.: melhor — optimamente mal, bad, - - - peior — pessimamente.

19.

=The following Adverbs are principally in use=:

agora, now hoje, to-day amanhãa, to-morrow amanhãa pela manhãa, to-morrow-morning depois de amanhãa, the day after to-morrow frequentamente, frequently, often nunca, never ordinariamente, generally jamais, never tarde, late cedo, early daqui por diante, in future ultimamente, lastly, at latest recentemente, lately logo, soon depois, afterwards abundantemente, abundantly com razão, justamente, in justice absolutamente, absolutely já para já, immediately com condição, under the condition actualmente, actually, at present de proposito, purposely admiravelmente } admirable maravilhosamente } as mil maravilhas, exquisitely astutamente, artfully atraiçoadamente, traitorously de maravilha, very rarely a miudo, often assim } tão } so, equally so apressa, quickly, in haste facilmente, easily ao avesso, reversedly as avessas, reversedly de improviso } extempore improvisamente } quasi, casi, almost então, then desde então, since desde quando? since when? de quando ha? how long ago? quando bem } even ainda quando } quando muito, highest, at latest quando menos, at least cá, here alli, there ahi, there, where (you are} acolá, there traz } behind detraz } para traz, backwards isto he, that is to say em vez, em lugar, instead tambem, also tanto que } as soon as logo que } acaso, accidentally ainda, yet finalmente, at last muito, much, very depressa, quickly aqui, here até, until bem, well, good mal, bad como, how, as como? how? primeiro que, before that primeiro que tudo, before all fora, out, out of já, already abaixo, below acima, above de balde, in vain antes, for, before juntamente, together enteiramente, entirely ao redor, round about loucamente, foolishly atrevidamente, boldly felizmente, happily vergonhosamente, infamously nem se quer, even if mais, more menos, less sim, yes não, no onde, where nada, nothing de cór, by heart em vão, in vain escassamente, scarcely, rarely em fin, at last longe, long, far verdadeiramente, truly dentro, thereinto as vezes, sometimes de vagar, slowly quando, when quanto, how much.

20.

=Prepositions.=

The Prepositions most in use are the following:

a, to de, from em, in dentro, in, within sobre, on, over debaixo } under sob } perante, before altraz } behind traz } entre, between para, after perto } by, near, at junto } desde, of, from até, after antes, before depois, after durante, during desde, since com, with excepto, except fora } besides além } sem, without contra, against a pezar, notwithstanding não obstante, in spite of para com, against acerca, in respect por, through mediante, by means of.

21.

The following are used with the =Genitive=:

além dos mares, on the other side of the seas além d’isso, besides this one acerca daquelle negocio, as to that business aquem or daquem dos mares, on this side of the seas antes do dia, before daybreak diante de Deos, before God dentro da igreja, within the church de traz do palacio, behind the palace debaixo da mesa, under the table em cima da mesa, upon the table ao redor or em contorno da cidade, round about the town perto de Londres, near London fora da casa, out of the house fora de perigo, out of danger depois da cea, after the supper defronte de minha casa, opposite to my house defronte da igreja, opposite the church;

=Dative=:

quanto áquillo, with regard to that pegado á muralha, at, near the wall desde o bico do pé até á cabeza, from head to foot;

=Accusative.=

perante o juiz, before the judge durante o inverno, during the winter traz do templo, behind the temple entre os homens, among men sobre a mesa, on the table conforme á lei, according to the law segundo á ordem, in consequence of the order por amor de Deos, for God’s sake pelo mundo, through the world pela rua, through the street contra elles, against them.

A (to), eu vou a Londres, I go to London, voltar a Portugal, to return to Portugal, não tem nada que fazer } não tem nada a fazer } he has nothing to do.

De (from), vir de França, I come from France, vir das Indias, I come from India, sahir de Londres, I go from London (to leave London), de noite, by night, de dia, by day.

Por (by, from), por mar e por terra, by sea and by land.

22.

=Conjunctions.=

E, and tambem } outrosim } also tambem—como, as well—as não sómente—mas tambem, not only—but also ora—ora, soon—soon em primeiro lugar, firstly então, then além disso } de mais } further depois, afterwards em fim, at last em parte—em parte, partly—partly ou—ou, either—or nem—nem, neither—nor tão, so assim, thus porém } mas } but com tudo, notwithstanding ainda que, although assim, therefore porque, because pois, there afim, that se não, else com tanto que, taking for granted that bem que, certainly, indeed.

23.

que, that nomeadamente, namely se, whether comó, as a saber, viz excepto, alem, except onde, where donde, whence quando, when desde que, since durante que, whilst, during antes, before depois que } afterwards depois de } como, as como tambem, as soon as tão—como, so—as assim—que, so that por isso, why porque, because por, pois, there afim que } that para que } se, if se, posto que, in case se não que, if not com tanto que, in case ainda que, although não obstante, notwithstanding tanto—tanto, the—the.

Examples. Francezes e Inglezes. Frenchmen and Englishmen. Nem este, nem aquelle. Neither these, nor those. Ou este, ou aquelle. Either this one, or that one Nem mais, nem menos. Neither more, nor less. _Quer o faça, quer não, tudo It is indifferent to me whether para mim he o mesmo._ he does it or not. Quer seja verdade, quer não. Whether it be true or not. Antes quero pedir que furtar. I will rather beg than steal. Antes morrerei que dizer-volo. I will rather die than tell it to you.

=Interjections=

may be divided according to the various passions or emotions expressed by them.

Of Joy: Ah! ho! Of Pain: Ai! apre! Of Fear: Ai Jesus! eh, eh! ai de mim! Of Abhorrence: Va-se embora! passa fora! Of Surprise: Oh! Ah! Urging or Exhorting: _Ora vamos! animo, animo! arreda! hola! sentido!_ Silencing: Chiton! calla a boca! calai-vos! Wishing: O provera a Deos!

=Reading Lessons.=

Em um ajuntamento[545] de senhoras e homens suscitou-se[546] a questão[547] de qual era o paiz[548] melhor[549] para se habitar[550]; e dizendo uma que Londres, outra que Pariz, este que o Brazil, aquelle que a Austria ou a Italia, disse uma senhora mui presumida[551]: “Pois[552] eu dou[553] a primazia[554] ao celibato, pois tenho ouvido dizer a meu irmão padre[555], que he de todos os estados o mais perfeito.”

[545] meeting.

[546] to ask.

[547] the question.

[548] land.

[549] better.

[550] to live.

[551] presumptuous.

[552] as.

[553] I give.

[554] the preference.

[555] the priest.

Certo[556] juiz de fóra[557] tendo queixas do povo[558] que os arrematantes da vacca[559] só matavão[560] um boi[561] cada dia d’assouge[562], e que este não chegava[563] para todos, e ao mesmo tempo[564] ouvindo dizer aos ditos arrematantes que dous bois erão de sobejo[565]; mandou[566] por seu respeitando despacho que cada dia d’assougue se matasse boi e meio.

[556] a certain.

[557] judge who has studied.

[558] the people.

[559] the priviledged butchers of beef.

[560] matar, to kill, to slaughter.

[561] the ox.

[562] açougue, the slaughter-house.

[563] chegar, to suffice.

[564] at the same time.

[565] too much.

[566] to order.

Dizia o P. Antonio Vieira, que toda a fortuna d’um homem de corte[567] consistia em saber adular[568], mentir[569], furtar[570], e repartir[571].

[567] courtier.

[568] to flatter.

[569] to lie.

[570] to steal.

[571] to divide.

Na desgraçada[572] morte[573] do Principe D. Affonso, disse El-Rei Dom João II. seu pai: “No excessivo sentimento em que vivo da morte de meu filho, só me consola parecer-me que Deos se lembrou[574] d’este reino[575]; porque o Principe não era para Rei dos Portuguezes: os Portuguezes hão de mister Rei de bronze. Era o Principe inclinado a delicias[576].”

[572] unfortunate.

[573] death.

[574] lembrar-se, to remember.

[575] kingdom.

[576] pleasure.

Levantando[577] El-Rei D. João I. o sitio[578], que tinha posto a Coria, disse: “Grande falta[579] nos fizerão os cavalheiros da taboa redonda[580]; porque se elles aqui estivérão, não nos levantáramos desta cidade sem a render[581].” Respondeo Mem Rodrigues de Vasconcellos: “Não faltarão por certo, senhor, aqui esses cavalheiros; porque aqui está Martim Vasques da Cunha, que he tão bom, como dizem o foi D. Galaz; Gonçalo Vasques Coutinho, que he tão bom como D. Tristão; João Fernandes Pacheco, que não deve nada a Lancarote; e aqui estou eu, que não mereço[582] menos[583] que qualquer d’elles: O certo he, senhor, que só faltou aqui o bom Rei Artur, que os sabía estimar, e animar com mercês grandes.”

[577] to raise.

[578] the siege.

[579] want.

[580] round table.

[581] surrender.

[582] to be worth.

[583] less.

Quando El-Rei D. Sebastião quiz[584] fazer[585] a jornada de Africa, determinou avistar-se em N. Senhora de Guadalupe com El-Rei Philippe seu tio[586]; para se ajustar[587] esta funcção[588] veio[589] de Castella o duque[590] d’Alva, cavalheiro mui soberbo[591], e pouco affeiçoado aos Portuguezes, e de cá foi o conde[592] de Redondo. Entre a pratica[593] que tiverão, lhe perguntou[594] o duque que fidalgos vinhão com El-Rei Dom Sebastião; porque com El-Rei vinha elle, e outros como elle. Respondeo-lhe o conde: “Com El-Rei meu senhor vem o duque de Bragança, o de Aveiro, e o marquez[595] de Villa-Real; e fidalgos razos[596], como eu e vós, vem muitos.”

[584] querer, to wish.

[585] to make.

[586] uncle.

[587] to arrange.

[588] business.

[589] he came (vir).

[590] duke.

[591] proud.

[592] the count.

[593] the discussion.

[594] to ask.

[595] marquis.

[596] the low gentry.

Pedindo[597] um pobre[598] esmola[599] a Philippe II. lhe dizia que se lembrasse erão irmãos; e perguntando-lhe El-Rei por que quarte, respondeo por Adão. Mandou[600]-lhe El-Rei dar um real. Replicou[601] o pobre que aquella esmola não era d’um irmão Rei. “Se a todos os meus irmãos”, disse Philippe, “eu désse outro tanto[602], já não teria[603] real que dar.”

[597] pedir, to beg.

[598] poor.

[599] alms.

[600] ordered.

[601] reply.

[602] just as much.

[603] I would have.

Christovão Colon foi o primeiro que com audaz[604] fortaleza[605] navegou o oceano, o descobrio[606] as Indias de Castella; pelo que mereceo que os Reis Catholicos o fizessem duque de Beraguas. Estava uma noite[607] ceando[608] com outros cavalheiros seus amigos; e dizendo-lhe um que aquella façanha a poderia obrar qualquer outro, se lhe dessem o socorro[609], que fosse necessario, dissimulou Christovão Colon, e tirando um ovo[610] do prato, perguntou aos demais fidalgos se poderia algum fazer que aquelle ovo estivesse levantado[611], sem que se arrimasse[612] a cousa alguma? Respondêrão todos, que não podia ser[613]. Pegou[614] no ovo Christovão Colon, e dando com elle mansamente[615] na mesa[616], lhe fez uma pequena[617] móssa[618], e o póz muito direito. Rírão-se[619] todos, e disse Colon: “Nenhum[620] de Vossas Mercês[621] ha que não acha facil navegar o oceano, depois que eu de lá vim; porém he certo, que se eu não fôra o primeiro, nenhum seria o segundo.”

[604] audacious.

[605] fortitude.

[606] discovered.

[607] night.

[608] cear, to sup.

[609] assistance.

[610] egg.

[611] to stand erect.

[612] to assist.

[613] that it could not be.

[614] pegar, to take up.

[615] quiet.

[616] table.

[617] small.

[618] break.

[619] rir-se, to laugh.

[620] nobody.

[621] of your honours.

Um Mahometano consultando a Aischeh mulher de Mahometo, lhe pedio uma regra[622] para bem viver; e ella lhe respondeo: “Reconhece[623] um só Deos, refrêa[624] a tua lingua, reprime[625] as tuas paixões[626], adquire sciencia, vive constante na tua religião, abstem-te de fazer mal[627], frequenta os bons, encobre[628] os defeitos do teu proximo[629], soccorre[630] os pobres, e espera a eternidade por recompensa.”

[622] rule.

[623] recognise.

[624] restrict.

[625] suppress.

[626] passions.

[627] to do evil.

[628] cover.

[629] neighbour.

[630] assist.

10.

Querendo certo homem desquitar-se[631] de sua mulher, com quem tinha pouca paz[632], appareceo[633] para este fim[634] diante[635] do Provisor. Estranhou[636] elle a proposta[637], porque conhecia a mulher, e era de boas qualidades: “Porque quereis deixar[638] vossa mulher?” (lhe perguntou o Provisor): “Não he virtuosa?”—“Sim, senhor”; respondeo o homem.—“Não he rica?”—“Sim, senhor.” Emfim[639] a todas as cousas, sobre que era perguntado, respondia em abono seu. Com que lhe disse o Provisor: “Pois se vossa mulher tem tantas cousas boas, porque quereis desquitar-vos della?” A isto o homem, descalçando[640] um sapato[641], perguntou ao Provisor: “Senhor, este sapato não he novo?”—“Sim”, respondeo o Provisor. Accrescentou[642]: “não está bem feito[643]?”—“Sim, ao que parece”, respondeo o Provisor.—“Não he de bom cordavão, e de boa sola?”—Respondeo do mesmo modo que sim. “Pois vê Vossa Mercê com tudo isso[644]” (disse o descontente marido[645]), “pois eu quero tirar este sapato, e calçar outro, porque eu sei muito bem aonde[646] me aperta[647], e faz mancar[648], e Vossa Mercê não o sabe.”

[631] to divorce.

[632] peace.

[633] appeared.

[634] for this purpose.

[635] before.

[636] to surprise.

[637] the proposition.

[638] to leave.

[639] in fine.

[640] to take off.

[641] the shoe.

[642] to add.

[643] fazer, to make.

[644] with all that.

[645] husband.

[646] where.

[647] pinch.

[648] to make tame.

11.

=Botocudos.=

Estes Indios dominão[649] na cordilheira[650] habitada[651] por seus maiores[652] os Aimorés, de cuja[653] barbaridade ainda guardão sementes. Quando os Portuguezes começárão[654] a povoar[655] o Brazil tiverão de guerrear com os ferozes[656] Aimorés, a quem dizem[657] que derão[658] o nome de Botocudos, de boto, e codea[659], por isso que os Indios desta nação[660] erão rolhos, e trazião[661] o corpo[662] coberto d’uma codea de gomma[663] copal com que se pintavão[664] para se preservarem das ferretoadas[665] dos mosquitos e outros insectos. Os Botocudos são mais brancos[666] que a maior parte dos demais[667] Indios do Brazil, porém, como seus ascendentes os Aimorés, costumão[668] pintar a cara[669] e mais partes do corpo. Dividem-se em varias tribus ou cabildas[670], cada[671] uma com seu cabo[672], que tem um poder[673] absoluto sobre os seus[674] em os negocios de maior importancia como são a caça[675], a guerra[676] e a escolha[677] de uma nova morada[678]; mas na aldea[679] limita-se toda a sua autoridade a compôr as desavenças que são entre elles mui frequentes. Este lugar não he hereditario, escolhe-se para elle o mais bravo, e por vezes[680] o mais atrevido[681] se proclama por chefe da tribu, sobre tudo se por ventura o que os commandava vem a morrer. Os Botocudos tem as espadoas[682] largas, o pescoço[683] curto, o nariz[684] chato, as maçãas[685] do rosto proeminentes, os pés[686] pequenos, as extremidades inferiores delgadas[687], mas nervosas. Furão as orelhas[688], e o beiço inferior[689], e enfião no buraco[690] uma rodella de páo[691]. São vingativos[692] e traidores[693], posto que tinhão um exterior alegre e um ar[694] de franqueza. Não tem especie alguma de culto; considerão[695] o sol[696] como uma divindade a que chamão[697], e reverenceão ainda mais a lua[698], quando com sua luz os protege em suas excursões nocturnas. Amão e imitão as ceremonias religiosas dos christãos, quanto isto póde compadecer-se com a vida nomada que fazem, assim que são de todos os Indios os que mais custão a civilizar-se.

[649] govern.

[650] mountain chain.

[651] inhabited.

[652] ancestors.

[653] whose.

[654] to begin.

[655] to populate.

[656] wild.

[657] dizer, to say.

[658] they gave (dar).

[659] the rind.

[660] nation.

[661] to carry.

[662] the body.

[663] gum.

[664] pintar, to paint.

[665] sting.

[666] white.

[667] the others.

[668] to have the practice.

[669] face.

[670] hordes.

[671] each.

[672] leader.

[673] power.

[674] over his tribe.

[675] the chase.

[676] war.

[677] the choice.

[678] place of residence.

[679] village.

[680] sometimes.

[681] bold.

[682] shoulder.

[683] neck.

[684] nose.

[685] cheeks.

[686] foot.

[687] thin.

[688] ears.

[689] the underlip.

[690] a hole.

[691] wooden.

[692] vindictive.

[693] traitorous.

[694] an air.

[695] to look upon.

[696] the sun.

[697] to call.

[698] the moon.

12.

=As grutas=[699] =do inferno=[700].

Deo-se[701] este nome ás cavernas naturaes que se achão[702] na montanha em que estão assentadas a povoação e fortaleza[703] da Nova-Coimbra, na provincia de Mato-Grosso e sobre a margem direita[704] do Paraguai. No vertente[705] septentrional[706] da montanha existe uma abertura que dá passo[707] a duas especies de antecamaras, 1 de braça[708] e meia de comprido[709], e 1 de largo[710], e outra algum tanto maior. Desce-se para ellas por uma ladeira que tem obra de 20 braças de comprimento[711], guarnecida de estalactitas, que provêm da filtração continua da abobada. No cabo[712] da ladeira entra-se n’uma salla parecida com uma mesquita[713], de cuja abobada pendem estalactitas de differentes fórmas e tamanhos[714], e o mesmo se observa no chão. A’ esquerda[715] a parede se acha revestida d’uma incrustação d’espalto, que com o reflexo da luz arremeda uma soberba cascata. Póde esta salla ter 50 braças de comprido e 1S de largo, e no fundo della existe um espaço de 6 braças pelo menos coberto d’agua limpida porém de máo sabor[716], que dá da parte de fóra[717] origem a um ribeiro[718] represado frequentemente pelas aguas do Paraguai, nas cheias[719] que alagão todos os annos por varias vezes os campos vizinhos. Os naturaes[720] do paiz não se atrevião[721] a entrar n’estas grutas que forão pela primeira vez exploradas pelo engenheiro[722] Ricardo Franco d’Almeida Serra, em 1791, levando em sua companhia o naturalista Alexandre Rodriguez Ferreira que as debuxou[723] e descreveo[724]. Em 1795, varias pessoas[725] curiosas entrárão n’ellas e com fachas virão que no ribeiro que as aguas ali formavão havião jacarés[726], e que um d’elles tinha uma pata de menos.

[699] grotto.

[700] hell.

[701] one has given.

[702] to find, achar-se.

[703] the fortress.

[704] on the right shore.

[705] slope.

[706] northern.

[707] which forms the entrance.

[708] fathom.

[709] long.

[710] wide.

[711] length.

[712] at the end.

[713] Mosque.

[714] size.

[715] on the left.

[716] bad taste.

[717] from the outside.

[718] rivulet.

[719] inundation.

[720] inhabitants.

[721] attempt.

[722] engineer.

[723] to draw.

[724] to describe.

[725] persons.

[726] crocodile.

Idiomatic Expressions

with =Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc.=

Andar a pé. To go on foot. Andar de pé. To be unwell. Andar a cavallo. To go on horseback. Andar em coche. To drive in a carriage. Andar á vela. To take a sail. Andar para diante. To go forward. Andar para traz. To go backward. Andar a traz de alguem. To follow some one. Andar com o tempo. To go with the times. Andar perdido. To go astray. Andar com honra. To act honorably. Andar de esguelha. To go badly. Andar de mal para peor. Out of the frying-pan into the fire. Com o andar do tempo. In the course of time. Andar de galope. To canter. Dar um passeio, uma volta. To take a walk. Dar a entender. To give to understand. Dar fé. To believe, to credit. Dar fiado. To give credit. Dar á luz. To publish. Dar principio. To begin. Dar fim. To end. Dar os bons dias. To say good day. Dar os parabens. To congratulate. O relogio dá horas. The clock strikes. Dar boa conta de si. To behave well. Eu derei conta d’isso. I will be answerable for it. Dar em ridicularias. To become ridiculous. Dar-se pressa. To be in a hurry. Não se lhe dá de morrer. He does not fear death. Estar escrevendo. To be writing. Estar em pé. To stand erect. Estar assentado. To sit. Está para chover. It is going to rain. Estar em duvida. To be in doubt. Estar na cama. To lie in bed. Estar com, em, de, saúde. To be well. Não está no meu poder. It is not in my power. Estar de posse. To be in possession. Fazer esmólas. To give alms. Faz frio. It is cold. Faz lua. The moon shines. Não faço caso delle. I do not care for him. Fazer uma festa. To give a party. Fazer lugar. To make room. Ter que fazer. To have to do. Fazer um discurso. To make a speech. Fazer uma aposta. To lay a wager. Faz hoje oito dias. It is a week to-day. Fazer o possivel. To do one’s utmost. Não henho que fazer com I have nothing to do with it. isso. Fazer-se velho. To become old. Fazer-se feio. To become ugly. Faz-se tarde. It is getting late. Ter razão. To be in the right. Não ter razão. To be in the wrong. Ter ciumes. To be jealous. Que quer dizer isto? What is the meaning of it? Isto quer dizer, que... It means that... Ha alguma, cousa de novo? Is there any news? Ha muito tempo. It is a long time ago. Ha um anno. It is a year ago. Hir por diante. To go forward. Eilo lá vai. There he goes. Hir para traz. To go back. Hir buscar. To fetch. Nada se vai mais depressa Nothing passes quicker than the time. que o tempo. Vai-se fazendo tarde. It becomes late. Não tenho medo. I have no fear. Não mais. Not more. Ainda não. Not yet. Não o farei. I shall not do it. Não muito depois. Not long after. Queres fazer isso ou não? Will you do it or not? Um diz sim, e outro não. One says yes, the other no. Não he bom nem máo. It is neither good nor bad. Elle ainda não veio. He has not yet come. Até onde? How far? Até Roma. To Rome. Até quando? How long? Até que eu vivo. As long as I live. Como assim? How so? Como! não quereis vir? What! you will not come? Dez libras quando muito. At utmost ten pounds. Dez libras quando menos. At least ten pounds. Dizei muito embora o que You may say what you like. quizerdes. Assim he? Is it so? Assim seja. Be it so. Basta assim por agora. It is enough for the present. Andar a passos lentes. To go very slowly. A’ direita. To the right. A’ esquerda. To the left. Vir de França. To come from France. Venho da casa da Senhora N. I come from Mrs. N. De madrugada. Early in the morning. De noite. By night. De dia. By day. De verão. In summer. Perto de oito horas. Towards eight o’clock. Junto á cidade. Near the town. Sobre a mesa. Upon the table. Sobre a noite. Towards night. Sobre todas as cousas. Before all things. Duas vezes no dia. Twice a day. Na rua. On the street. Em todo o tempo. At all times. Em premio. For reward. Para que he isto? What is that for? Para onde? Whereto? Para que fim? For what purpose? Palavra por palavra. Word for word. Vai por vinho. Fetch wine. De muito atraz. Far back. Fazer passo atraz. To take a step backwards. Alguns dias atraz. A few days ago.

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A new, practical and easy method of learning the Portuguese language

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A new, practical and easy method of learning the Portuguese language

About this book

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Cite this passage

MLA

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Opening

Preface

Part I

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Part I

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