Appendix

Appendix

P. xxii, l. 2. Arabic begins to appear in North Arabian inscriptions in the third century A.D. Perhaps the oldest yet discovered is one, of which the probable date is 268 A.D., published by Jaussen and Savignac (Mission archéologique en l'Arabie, vol. i, p. 172). Though it is written in Aramaic characters, nearly all the words are Arabic, as may be seen from the transcription given by Professor Horovitz in Islamic Culture (Hyderabad, Deccan), April 1929, vol. iii, No. 2, p. 169, note 2.

P. 4 foll. Concerning the Sabaeans and the South Arabic inscriptions a great deal of valuable information will be found in the article Saba’ by J. Tkatsch in the Encyclopædia of Islam. The writer points out the special importance of the epigraphic discoveries of E. Glaser, who, in the course of four journeys (1882-94), collected over 2000 inscriptions. See also D. Nielsen, Handbuch der altarabischen Altertumskunde, vol. i (Copenhagen and Paris, 1927).

P. 13, note 2. Excerpts from the Shamsu ’l-‘Ulúm relating to South Arabia have been edited by Dr ‘Azímu’ddín Aḥmad (E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Series, vol. xxiv).

P. 26 foll. For contemporary and later Christian accounts of the martyrdom of the Christians of Najrán, see the fragmentary Book of the Himyarites (Syriac text and English translation), ed. by A. Moberg in 1924, and cf. Tor Andrae, Der Ursprung des Islams und das Christentum (Uppsala, 1926), pp. 10-13.

P. 31. The collection of Arabic proverbs, entitled Kitábu ’l-Fákhir, by Mufaḍḍal b. Salama of Kúfa, is now available in the excellent edition of Mr C. A. Storey (Leyden, 1915).

P. 32, note 1. An edition of the Aghání with critical notes is in course of publication at Cairo.

P. 52, l. 9 foll. The battle mentioned here cannot be the battle of ‘Ayn Ubágh, which took place between Ḥárith, the son of Ḥárith b. Jabala, and Mundhir IV of Ḥíra about 583 A.D. (Guidi, L'Arabie antéislamique, p. 27).

P. 127, l. 16. The ode Bánat Su‘ád is rendered into English in my Translations of Eastern Poetry and Prose, pp. 19-23.

P. 133. As regards the authenticity of the Pre-islamic poems which have come down to us, the observations of one of the greatest authorities on the subject, the late Sir Charles J. Lyall, seem to me to be eminently judicious (Introduction to the Mufaḍḍalīyāt, vol. ii, pp. xvi-xxvi). He concludes that "upon the whole, the impression which a close study of these ancient relics gives is that we must take them, generally speaking, as the production of the men whose names they bear." All that can be urged against this view has been said with his usual learning by Professor Margoliouth (The Origins of Arabic Poetry, J.R.A.S., 1925, p. 417 foll.).

P. 145, l. 2. The oldest extant commentary on the Koran is that of Bukhárí in ch. 65 of the Ṣaḥíḥ, ed. Krehl, vol. iii, pp. 193-390.

P. 146, note 2. Recent investigators (Caetani and Lammens) are far more sceptical. Cf. Snouck Hurgronje, Mohammedanism, p. 22 foll.

P. 152, note 5. As suggested by Mr Richard Bell (The Origin of Islam in its Christian environment, p. 88), the word rujz is in all likelihood identical with the Syriac rugza, wrath, so that this verse of the Koran means, "Flee from the wrath to come."

P. 170, l. 2 foll. This is one of the passages I should have liked to omit. Even in its present form, it maintains a standpoint which I have long regarded as mistaken.

P. 184, l. 4 foll. Professor Snouck Hurgronje (Mohammedanism, p. 44) asks, "Was Mohammed conscious of the universality of his mission?" and decides that he was not. I now agree that "in the beginning he conceived his work as merely the Arabian part of a universal task"--in which case dhikrun li ’l-‘álamín in the passage quoted will mean "a warning to all the people (of Mecca or Arabia)." But similar expressions in Súras of the Medina period carry, I think, a wider significance. The conception of Islam as a world-religion is implied in Mohammed's later belief--he only came to it gradually--that the Jewish and Christian scriptures are corrupt and that the Koran alone represents the original Faith which had been preached in turn by all the prophets before him. And having arrived at that conviction, he was not the man to leave others to act upon it.

P. 223, l. 9. In an article which appeared in the Rivista degli studi orientali, 1916, p. 429 foll., Professor C. A. Nallino has shown that this account of the origin of the name "Mu‘tazilite" is erroneous. The word, as Mas‘údí says (Murúju ’l-Dhahab, vol. vi, p. 22, and vol. vii, p. 234), is derived from i‘tizál, i.e. the doctrine that anyone who commits a capital sin has thereby withdrawn himself (i‘tazala) from the true believers and taken a position (described as fisq, impiety) midway between them and the infidels. According to the Murjites, such a person was still a true believer, while their opponents, the Wa‘ídites, and also the Khárijites, held him to be an unbeliever.

P. 225, l. 1. The Ḥadíth, "No monkery (rahbániyya) in Islam," probably dates from the third century of the Hijra. According to the usual interpretation of Koran, LVII, 27, the rahbániyya practised by Christian ascetics is condemned as an innovation not authorised by divine ordinance; but Professor Massignon (Essai sur les origines du lexique technique de la mystique musulmane, p. 123 foll.) shows that by some of the early Moslem commentators and also by the Ṣúfís of the third century A.H. this verse of the Koran was taken as justifying and commending those Christians who devoted themselves to the ascetic life, except in so far as they had neglected to fulfil its obligations.

P. 225, l. 6 from foot. For the life and doctrines of Ḥasan of Baṣra, see Massignon, op. cit., p. 152 foll.

P. 228 foll. It can now be stated with certainty that the name "Ṣúfí" originated in Kúfa in the second century A.H. and was at first confined to the mystics of ‘Iráq. Hence the earliest development of Ṣúfiism, properly so called, took place in a hotbed of Shí‘ite and Hellenistic (Christian and Gnostic) ideas.

P. 233, l. 4 from foot. In Rābi‘a the Mystic (Cambridge, 1928) Miss Margaret Smith has given a scholarly and sympathetic account of the life, legend, and teaching of this celebrated woman-saint. The statement that she died and was buried at Jerusalem is incorrect. Moslem writers have confused her with an earlier saint of the same name, Rábi‘a bint Ismá‘íl († 135).

P. 313 foll. The text and translation of 332 extracts from the Luzúmiyyát will be found in ch. ii of my Studies in Islamic Poetry, pp. 43-289.

P. 318, l. 12. Since there is no warrant for the antithesis of "knaves" and "fools," these verses are more faithfully rendered (op. cit., p. 167):

They all err--Moslems, Christians, Jews, and Magians; Two make Humanity's universal sect: One man intelligent without religion, And one religious without intellect.

P. 318, l. 7 from foot. Al-Fuṣúl wa ’l-Gháyát. No copy of this work was known before 1919, when the discovery of the first part of it was announced (J.R.A.S., 1919, p. 449).

P. 318, note 2. An edition of the Risálatu ’l-Ghufrán by Shaykh Ibráhím al-Yáziji was published at Cairo in 1907.

P. 319, l. 6. The epistle of ‘Alí b. Manṣúr al-Ḥalabí (Ibnu ’l-Qáriḥ), to which the Risálatu ’l-Ghufrán is the reply, has been published in Rasá’ilu ’l-Bulaghá, ed. Muḥammad Kurd ‘Alí (Cairo, 1913).

P. 332, note 2. For rhymed prose renderings of the 11th and 12th Maqámas, see Translations of Eastern Poetry and Prose, pp. 116-124.

P. 367, l. 7 from foot. New light has recently been thrown upon the character of the Mu‘tazilite movement by the publication of the Mu‘tazilite al-Khayyáṭ's Kitábu ’l-Intiṣár (ed. H. S. Nyberg, Cairo, 1926), a third (ninth) century polemical work directed against the Shí‘ite freethinker Ibnu ’l-Ráwandí (cf. p. 375 supra). It is now evident that this "heretical" sect played an active part as champions of Islam, not only in the early controversies which arose between Moslems and Christians in Syria but also against the more dangerous attacks which proceeded in the first hundred years of the ‘Abbásid period from the Manichæans and other "zanádiqa" in Persia and especially in ‘Iráq (cf. I. Guidi, La Lotta tra l'Islam e il Manicheismo (Rome, 1927)). In order to meet these adversaries on equal terms, the Mu‘tazilites made themselves acquainted with Greek philosophy and logic, and thus laid the foundations of an Islamic scholasticism. Cf. H. H. Schaeder, Der Orient und die Griechische Erbe in W. Jaeger's Die Antike, vol. iv, p. 261 foll.

P. 370, I. 3 foll. From what has been said in the preceding note it follows that this view of the relation between the Mu‘tazilites and the Ikhwánu ’l-Ṣafá requires considerable modification. Although, in contrast to their orthodox opponents, the Mu‘tazilites may be described as "rationalists" and "liberal theologians," their principles were entirely opposed to the anti-Islamic eclecticism of the Ikhwán.

P. 375, note 2. Professor Schaeder thinks that Middle Persian zandík has nothing to do with the Aramaic zaddíq (Z.D.M.G., vol. 82, Heft 3-4, p. lxxx).

Pp. 383-393. During the last twenty years our knowledge of early Ṣúfiism has increased, chiefly through the profound researches of Professor Massignon, to such an extent as to render the account given in these pages altogether inadequate. The subject being one of great difficulty and unsuitable for detailed exposition in a book of this kind, I must content myself with a few illustrative remarks and references, which will enable the student to obtain further information.

P. 383. Massignon's view is that Ṣúfiism (down to the fourth century A.H.) owed little to foreign influences and was fundamentally Islamic, a product of intensive study of the Koran and of inward meditation on its meaning and essential nature. There is great force in his argument, though I cannot help believing that the development of mysticism, like that of other contemporary branches of Moslem thought, must have been vitally affected by contact with the ancient Hellenistic culture of the Sásánian and Byzantine empires on its native soil. Cf. A. J. Wensinck, The Book of the Dove (Leyden, 1919) and Mystic Treatises by Isaac of Niniveh (Amsterdam, 1923).

P. 384, l. 1. The identity of third-century Ṣúfiism with the doctrines of the Vedanta is maintained by M. Horten (Indische Strömungen in der Islamischen Mystik, Heidelberg, 1927-8). Few, however, would admit this. The conversion of Ṣúfiism into a monistic philosophy was the work of Ibnu ’l-‘Arabí (1165-1240 A.D.). See p. 402 foll.

P. 384, l. 5. The so-called "Theology of Aristotle," translated from Syriac into Arabic about 830 A.D., is mainly an abstract of the Enneads of Plotinus. There is an edition with German translation by Dieterici.

P. 385, l. 11. All previous accounts of the development of mystical doctrines in Islam during the first three centuries after the Hijra have been superseded by Massignon's intimate analysis (Essai, chs. iv and v, pp. 116-286), which includes biographies of the eminent Ṣúfís of that period and is based upon an amazingly wide knowledge of original and mostly unpublished sources of information. A useful summary of these two chapters is given by Father Joseph Maréchal in his Studies in the Psychology of the Mystics, tr. Thorold (1927), pp. 241-9.

P. 386, l. 6 from foot. For Dhu ’l-Nún, see Massignon, op. cit., p. 184 foll.

P. 389, l. 12. The Book of the Holy Hierotheos has recently been edited in Syriac for the first time, with English translation, by F. S. Marsh (Text and Translation Society, 1927).

P. 391. For Báyazíd of Bisṭám, see Massignon, op. cit., p. 243 foll. The oldest complete Arabic version of his "Ascension" (Mi‘ráj)--a spiritual dream-experience--has been edited and translated into English in Islamica, vol. ii, fasc. 3, p. 402 foll.

P. 396, l. 8. See my essay on the Odes of Ibnu ’l-Fáriḍ (Studies in Islamic Mysticism, pp. 162-266), which comprises translations of the Khamriyya and three-fourths of the Tá’iyyatu ’l-Kubrá.

P. 399, note 1. With Ḥalláj, thanks to the monumental work of Massignon (La Passion d'al-Ḥalláj, 2 vols., Paris, 1922), we are now better acquainted than with any other Moslem mystic. His doctrine exhibits some remarkable affinities with Christianity and bears no traces of the pantheism attributed to him by later Ṣúfís as well as by Von Kremer and subsequent European writers. Cf. the summary given by Father Joseph Maréchal, op. cit., pp. 249-281, and The Idea of Personality in Ṣúfism (Cambridge, 1922), pp. 26-37.

P. 402, l. 9. For Ibnu ’l-‘Arabí's theory of the Perfect Man, see Tor Andrae, Die Person Muhammeds, p. 339 foll., and for the same theory as expounded by ‘Abdu ’l-Karím al-Jílí († circ. 1410 A.D.), a follower of Ibnu ’l-‘Arabí, in his famous treatise entitled al-Insán al-Kámil, cf. Studies in Islamic Mysticism, pp. 77-142.

P. 456, l. 1 foll. Here, though he is out of place in such an academic company, mention should have been made of Ibn Baṭṭúṭa of Tangier († 1377), whose frank and entertaining story of his almost world-wide travels, entitled Tuḥfatu ’l-Nuẓẓár, is described by its latest translator, Mr H. A. R. Gibb, as "an authority for the social and cultural history of post-Mongol Islam."

P. 465, last line. For a summary of the doctrines and history of the Wahhábís, see the article Wahhābīs by Professor D. S. Margoliouth in Hastings' Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

P. 469. La littérature arabe au xix^e siècle, by L. Cheikho (Beyrouth, 1908-10), which deals chiefly with the literature produced by the Christian Arabs of Syria, deserves mention as one of the few works on the subject written in a European language. The influence of Western ideas on Moslem theology may be studied in the Risálatu ’l-tauḥíd of the great Egyptian divine, Muḥammad ‘Abduh (1842-1905), which has been translated into French by B. Michel and Mustapha ‘Abd el Razik (Paris, 1925).

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS BY EUROPEAN AUTHORS

The following list is intended to give students of Arabic as well as those who cannot read that language the means of obtaining further information concerning the various topics which fall within the scope of a work such as this. Since anything approaching to a complete bibliography is out of the question, I have mentioned only a few of the most important translations from Arabic into English, French, German, and Latin; and I have omitted (1) monographs on particular Arabic writers, whose names, together with the principal European works relating to them, will be found in Brockelmann's great History of Arabic Literature, and (2) a large number of books and articles which appeal to specialists rather than to students. Additional information is supplied by E. G. Browne in his Literary History of Persia, vol. i, pp. 481-496, and D. B. Macdonald in his Development of Muslim Theology, etc. (London, 1903), pp. 358-367, while the Appendix to H. A. R. Gibb's Arabic Literature (Oxford University Press, 1926) contains a well-chosen list of books of reference and translations. Those who require more detailed references may consult the Bibliographie des ouvrages arabes ou relatifs aux Arabes publ. dans l'Europe chrétienne de 1810 à 1885, by V. Chauvin (Liège, 1892-1903), the Orientalische Bibliographie, edited by A. Müller, E. Kuhn, and L. Scherman (Berlin, 1887--), the Handbuch der Islam-Litteratur, by D. G. Pfannmüller (Berlin and Leipzig, 1923), and the Catalogue of the Arabic Books in the British Museum, by A. G. Ellis, 2 vols. (London, 1894-1902) with the Supplementary Catalogue, by A. S. Fulton and A. G. Ellis (London, 1926).

As a rule, titles of monographs and works of a specialistic character which have been already given in the footnotes are not repeated in the Bibliography.

I

PHILOLOGY.

1. Die Semitischen Sprachen, by Th. Nöldeke (2nd ed. Leipzig, 1899).

An improved and enlarged reprint of the German original of his article, 'Semitic Languages,' in the Encyclopædia Britannica (9th edition).

2. A Grammar of the Arabic Language, by W. Wright, 3rd ed., revised by W. Robertson Smith and M. J. de Goeje, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1896-98).

The best Arabic grammar for advanced students. Beginners may prefer to use the abridgment by F. du Pre Thornton, Elementary Arabic: a Grammar (Cambridge University Press, 1905).

3. Arabic-English Lexicon, by E. W. Lane, 8 parts (London, 1863-93).

This monumental work is unfortunately incomplete. Among other lexica those of Freytag (Arabic and Latin, 4 vols., Halle, 1830-37), A. de Biberstein Kazimirski (Arabic and French, 2 vols., Paris, 1846-60, and 4 vols., Cairo, 1875), and Dozy's Supplément aux Dictionnaires arabes, 2 vols. (Leyden, 1881), deserve special notice. Smaller dictionaries, sufficient for ordinary purposes, have been compiled by Belot (Dictionnaire arabe-français, Beyrout, 1928), and Wortabet and Porter (Arabic-English Dictionary, 3rd ed., Beyrout, 1913).

4. Abhandlungen zur Arabischen Philologie, by Ignaz Goldziher, Part I (Leyden, 1896).

Contains masterly studies on the origins of Arabic Poetry and other matters connected with literary history.

5. Die Rhetorik der Araber, by A. F. Mehren (Copenhagen, 1853).

II

GENERAL WORKS ON ARABIAN HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY, LITERATURE, ETC.

6. The Encyclopædia of Islam (Leyden, 1913--).

A great number of Orientalists have contributed to this invaluable work, of which the first half (A-L) is now completed.

7. _Chronique de Ṭabarí, traduite sur la version persane de... Bel‘amí, by H. Zotenberg, 4 vols. (Paris, 1867-74).

8. The Murúju ’l-Dhahab of Mas‘údí (Maçoudi: Les Prairies d'Or), Arabic text with French translation by Barbier de Meynard and Pavet de Courteille, 9 vols. (Paris, 1861-77).

The works of Ṭabarí and Mas‘údí are the most ancient and celebrated Universal Histories in the Arabic language.

9. Abulfedæ Annales Muslemici arabice et latine, by J. J. Reiske, 5 vols. (Hafniæ, 1789-94).

10. Der Islam im Morgen- und Abendland, by August Müller, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1885-87).

11. Histoire des Arabes, by C. Huart, 2 vols. (Paris, 1912).

12. A Short History of the Saracens, by Syed Ameer Ali (London, 1921).

13. Essai sur l'histoire de l'Islamisme, by R. Dozy, translated from the Dutch by Victor Chauvin (Leyden and Paris, 1879).

14. The Preaching of Islam, a History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith, by T. W. Arnold (2nd ed., London, 1913).

15. Sketches from Eastern History, by Th. Nöldeke, translated by J. S. Black (London, 1892).

16. The Mohammadan Dynasties, by Stanley Lane-Poole (London, 1894).

Indispensable to the student of Moslem history.

17. Genealogische Tabellen der Arabischen Stämme und Familien mit historischen und geographischen Bemerkungen in einem alphabetischen Register, by F. Wüstenfeld (Göttingen, 1852-53).

18. Ibn Khallikán's Biographical Dictionary, translated from the Arabic by Baron MacGuckin de Slane, 4 vols. (Oriental Translation Fund, 1842-71).

One of the most characteristic, instructive, and interesting books in Arabic literature.

19. Géographie d'Aboulféda, traduite de l'arabe, by Reinaud and Guyard, 2 vols. (Paris, 1848-83).

20. Travels in Arabia Deserta, by C. M. Doughty, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1888).

Gives a true and vivid picture of Bedouin life and manners.

21. Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to al-Madinah and Meccah, by Sir R. F. Burton, 2 vols. (London, 1898).

22. _The Penetration of Arabia: a record of the development of Western knowledge concerning the Arabian Peninsula_, by D. G. Hogarth (London, 1905).

23. Ḥájjí Khalífa, Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopædicum, Arabic text and Latin translation, by G. Flügel, 7 vols. (Leipzig and London, 1835-58).

24. Die Geschichtschreiber der Araber und ihre Werke (aus dem xxviii. und xxix. Bande der Abhand. d. Königl. Ges. d. Wiss. zu Göttingen), by F. Wüstenfeld (Göttingen, 1882).

25. Litteraturgeschichte der Araber bis zum Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts der Hidschret, by J. von Hammer-Purgstall, 7 vols. (Vienna, 1850-56).

A work of immense extent, but unscientific and extremely inaccurate.

26. Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur, by Carl Brockelmann, 2 vols. (Weimar, 1898-1902).

Invaluable for bibliography and biography.

27. A Literary History of Persia, by E. G. Browne, vol. i from the earliest times to Firdawsí (London, 1902), and vol. ii down to the Mongol Invasion (London, 1906).

The first volume in particular of this well-known work contains much information concerning the literary history of the Arabs.

28. A History of Arabic Literature, by Clement Huart (London, 1903).

The student will find this manual useful for purposes of reference.

29. Arabic Literature: an Introduction, by H. A. R. Gibb (London, 1926).

A trustworthy outline of the subject.

30. Arabum Proverbia, Arabic text with Latin translation, by G. W. Freytag, 3 vols. (Bonn, 1838-43).

31. Arabic Proverbs, by J. L. Burckhardt (2nd ed., London, 1875).

III

PRE-ISLAMIC HISTORY, LITERATURE, AND RELIGION.

32. Essai sur l'histoire des Arabes avant l'Islamisme, by A. P. Caussin de Perceval, 3 vols. (Paris, 1847-48).

Affords an excellent survey of Pre-islamic legend and tradition.

33. Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden, translated from the Annals of Ṭabarí, by Th. Nöldeke (Leyden, 1879).

The ample commentary accompanying the translation is valuable and important in the highest degree.

34. Fünf Mo‘allaqát übersetzt und erklärt, by Th. Nöldeke (Vienna, 1899-1901).

The omitted Mu‘allaqas are those of Imru’u ’l-Qays and Tarafa.

35. The Seven Golden Odes of Pagan Arabia, translated from the original Arabic by Lady Anne Blunt and done into English verse by Wilfrid Scawen Blunt (London, 1903).

36. Hamâsa oder die ältesten arabischen Volkslieder übersetzt und erläutert, by Friedrich Rückert, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1846).

Masterly verse-translations of the old Arabian poetry.

37. Translations of ancient Arabian poetry, chiefly Pre-islamic, with an introduction and notes, by C. J. Lyall (London, 1885).

38. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Poesie der alten Araber, by Th. Nöldeke (Hannover, 1864).

39. Studien in arabischen Dichtern, Heft iii, Altarabisches Beduinenleben nach den Quellen geschildert, by G. Jacob (Berlin, 1897).

40. Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia, by W. Robertson Smith (2nd ed., London, 1903).

41. Lectures on the Religion of the Semites, First Series, by W. Robertson Smith, 3rd ed., revised by S. A. Cook (London, 1927).

42. Reste Arabischen Heidentums, by J. Wellhausen (2nd ed., Berlin, 1897).

IV

MUḤAMMAD AND THE KORAN.

43. Das Leben Mohammed's, translated from the Arabic biography of Ibn Hishám by G. Weil, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1864).

44. Muhammed in Medina, by J. Wellhausen (Berlin, 1882).

An abridged translation of Wáqidí's work on Muḥammad's Campaigns.

45. Das Leben und die Lehre des Moḥammad, by A. Sprenger, 3 vols. (Berlin, 1861-65).

46. Life of Mahomet, by Sir W. Muir, ed. by T. H. Weir (Edinburgh, 1923).

47. Das Leben Muhammed's nach den Quellen populär dargestellt, by Th. Nöldeke (Hannover, 1863).

48. The Spirit of Islam, by Syed Ameer Ali (London, 1922).

49. Mohammed, by H. Grimme, 2 vols. (Münster, 1892-95).

50. Die weltgeschichtliche Bedeutung Arabiens: Mohammed, by H. Grimme (Munich, 1904).

51. Mohammed and the Rise of Islam, by D. S. Margoliouth in 'Heroes of the Nations' Series (London and New York, 1905).

52. Mohammed and Islam, by A. A. Bevan in _The Cambridge Mediæval History_, vol. ii, ch. 10 (Cambridge, 1913).

53. Die Person Muhammeds in Lehre und Glauben seiner Gemeinde, by Tor Andrae (Uppsala, 1918).

54. The origin of Islam in its Christian environment, by R. Bell (London, 1926).

55. Annali dell' Islām, by Leone Caetani, Principe di Teano, vol. i (Milan, 1905).

Besides a very full and readable historical introduction this magnificent work contains a detailed account of Muḥammad's life during the first six years after the Hijra (622-628 A.D.).

56. The Koran, translated into English with notes and a preliminary discourse, by G. Sale (London, 1734).

Sale's translation, which has been frequently reprinted, is still serviceable. Mention may also be made of the English versions by J. M. Rodwell (London and Hertford, 1861) and by E. H. Palmer (the best from a literary point of view) in vols. vi and ix of 'The Sacred Books of the East' (Oxford, 1880); reprinted in The World's Classics, vol. 328.

57. Geschichte des Qorâns, by Th. Nöldeke, 2nd ed., revised by F. Schwally (Leipzig, 1909-19).

Cf. Nöldeke's essay, 'The Koran,' in Sketches from Eastern History, pp. 21-59, or his article in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).

58. The Teaching of the Qur’ān, by H. W. Stanton (London, 1920).

V

THE HISTORY OF THE CALIPHATE.

59. The Caliphate, by T. W. Arnold (Oxford, 1924).

60. Geschichte der Chalifen, by G. Weil, 3 vols. (Mannheim, 1846-51).

Completed by the same author's Geschichte des Abbasiden-Chalifats in Egypten, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1860-62).

61. Annals of the Early Caliphate, by Sir W. Muir (London, 1883).

62. The Caliphate, its rise, decline, and fall, by Sir W. Muir (2nd ed., London, 1924).

63. The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the last thirty years of Roman dominion, by A. J. Butler (London, 1902).

64. Das Arabische Reich und sein Sturz, by J. Wellhausen (Berlin, 1902).

An excellent history of the Umayyad dynasty based on the Annals of Tabarí.

65. The Eclipse of the Abbasid Caliphate, by H. F. Amedroz and D. S. Margoliouth, 7 vols. (Oxford, 1920-1).

Arabic texts and translations valuable for the history of the fourth century A.H.

66. The life and times of ‘Alí b. ‘Ísá, the Good Vizier, by H. Bowen (Cambridge, 1928).

67. Geschichte der Fatimiden-Chalifen, nach arabischen Quellen, by F. Wüstenfeld (Göttingen, 1881).

VI

THE HISTORY OF MOSLEM CIVILISATION.

68. Prolégomènes d'Ibn Khaldoun, a French translation of the Muqaddima or Introduction prefixed by Ibn Khaldún to his Universal History, by Baron MacGuckin de Slane, 3 vols. (in Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Impériale, vols. xix-xxi, Paris, 1863-68).

69. Culturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chalifen, by A. von Kremer, 2 vols. (Vienna, 1875-77).

70. Culturgeschichtliche Streifzüge auf dem Gebiete des Islams, by A. von Kremer (Leipzig, 1873).

This work has been translated into English by S. Khuda Bukhsh in his Contributions to the History of Islamic Civilization (Calcutta, 1905; 2nd ed., 1929).

71. Geschichte der herrschenden Ideen des Islams, by A. von Kremer (Leipzig, 1868).

A celebrated and most illuminating book.

72. La civilisation des Arabes, by G. Le Bon (Paris, 1884).

73. Muhammedanische Studien, by Ignaz Goldziher (Halle, 1888-90).

This book, which has frequently been cited in the foregoing pages, should be read by every serious student of Moslem civilisation.

74. Islamstudien, vol. i, by C. H. Becker (Leipzig, 1924).

75. Umayyads and ‘Abbásids, being the Fourth Part of Jurji Zaydán's History of Islamic Civilisation, translated by D. S. Margoliouth (E. J. W. Gibb Memorial, vol. iv, 1907).

76. Die Renaissance des Islams, by A. Mez (Heidelberg, 1922).

77. Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate, by G. le Strange (Oxford, 1900).

78. A Baghdad Chronicle, by R. Levy (Cambridge, 1929).

79. The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, by G. le Strange (Cambridge, 1905).

80. Palestine under the Moslems, by G. le Strange (London, 1890).

81. Painting in Islam, by T. W. Arnold (Oxford, 1928).

82. Moslem Architecture, by G. T. Rivoira, translated by G. M. Rushforth (Oxford, 1919).

83. Arabian Society in the Middle Ages, by E. W. Lane, edited by Stanley Lane-Poole (London, 1883).

84. Die Araber im Mittelalter und ihr Einfluss auf die Cultur Europa's, by G. Diercks (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1882).

85. An account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, by E. W. Lane (5th ed., London, 1871).

VII

MUḤAMMADAN RELIGION, THEOLOGY, JURISPRUDENCE, PHILOSOPHY, AND MYSTICISM.

86. Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence, and Constitutional Theory, by Duncan B. Macdonald (London, 1903).

The best general sketch of the subject.

87. Asch-Schahrastâni's Religionspartheien und Philosophen-Schulen, translated by T. Haarbrücker (Halle, 1850-51).

88. The Traditions of Islam, by A. Guillaume (Oxford, 1924).

See also No. 73, Pt. ii.

89. Les traditions islamiques trad. de l'arabe, by O. Houdas and W. Marçais (Paris, 1903-14).

A translation of the celebrated collection of Traditions by Bukhárí.

90. A Handbook of early Muhammadan Tradition, by A. J. Wensinck (Leyden, 1927).

91. Mohammedanism, by C. Snouck Hurgronje (American lectures on the history of religions, 1916).

92. Vorlesungen über den Islam, by I. Goldziher (Heidelberg, 1910; 2nd ed., 1925).

93. The Early Development of Mohammedanism, by D. S. Margoliouth (London, 1914; re-issued, 1927).

94. L'Islam, croyances et institutions, by H. Lammens (Beyrout, 1926); translation by E. Denison Ross (London, 1929).

95. The Islamic Faith, by T. W. Arnold (Benn's Sixpenny Library, No. 42).

96. The History of Philosophy in Islam, by T. J. de Boer, translated by E. R. Jones (London, 1903).

97. Die Mutaziliten oder die Freidenker im Islam, by H. Steiner (Leipzig, 1865).

98. Die Philosophie der Araber im X. Jahrhundert n. Chr. aus den Schriften der lautern Brüder herausgegeben, by F. Dieterici (Berlin and Leipzig, 1861-79).

99. Averroes et l'Averroisme, by E. Renan (Paris, 1861).

100. Mélanges de Philosophie Juive et Arabe, by S. Munk (Paris, 1859).

101. Fragments, relatifs à la doctrine des Ismaélîs, by S. Guyard (Paris, 1874).

102. Exposé de la Religion des Druzes, by Silvestre de Sacy, 2 vols. (Paris, 1838).

103. The Mystics of Islam, by R. A. Nicholson (London, 1914).

104. The Religious Attitude and Life in Islam, by D. B. Macdonald (Chicago, 1909).

105. Essai sur les origines du lexique technique de la mystique musulmane, by L. Massignon (Paris, 1922).

106. La Passion d'al-Halláj, by L. Massignon, 2 vols. (Paris, 1922).

107. Al-Ḳuschairîs Darstellung des Ṣûfîtums, by Richard Hartmann (Berlin, 1914).

108. Kleinere Schriften des Ibn al-‘Arabī, by H. S. Nyberg (Leiden, 1919).

109. Studies in Islamic Mysticism, by R. A. Nicholson (Cambridge, 1921).

110. The Idea of Personality in Ṣúfism, by R. A. Nicholson (Cambridge, 1923).

111. The Dervishes or Oriental Spiritualism, by John P. Brown, ed. by H. A. Rose (London, 1927).

112. Les Confréries religieuses musulmanes, by O. Depont and X. Coppolani (Algiers, 1897).

VIII

THE HISTORY AND LITERATURE OF THE MOORS.

113. _Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne jusqu'à la conquête de l'Andalusie par les Almoravides_ (711-1110 A.D.), by R. Dozy, 4 vols. (Leyden, 1861). Translated into English under the title Spanish Islam by F. G. Stokes (London, 1913).

114. History of the Moorish Empire in Europe, by S. P. Scott, 3 vols. (New York, 1904).

115. The Moriscos of Spain, their conversion and expulsion, by H. C. Lea (Philadelphia, 1901).

116. History of the Mohammedan dynasties of Spain, translated from the Nafḥ al-Ṭíb of Maqqarí by Pascual de Gayangos, 2 vols. (London, Oriental Translation Fund, 1840-43).

117. The History of the Almohades, by ‘Abdu ’l-Wáḥid al-Marrákoshí, translated by E. Fagnan (Algiers, 1893).

118. Recherches sur l'histoire et la littérature de l'Espagne pendant le moyen âge, by R. Dozy, 2 vols. (3rd ed., Leyden, 1881).

119. Poesie und Kunst der Araber in Spanien und Sicilien, by A. F. von Schack, 2 vols. (2nd ed., Stuttgart, 1877).

120. Moorish remains in Spain, by A. F. Calvert (London, 1905).

121. Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia, by M. Amari (Firenze, 1854-72). A revised edition is in course of publication.

IX

THE HISTORY OF THE ARABS FROM THE MONGOL INVASION IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT DAY.

122. Histoire des Sultans Mamlouks de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe par Taki-eddin Ahmed Makrizi, traduite en français ... par M. Quatremère, 2 vols. (Oriental Translation Fund, 1845).

123. The Mameluke or Slave dynasty of Egypt, by Sir W. Muir (London, 1896).

124. Histoire de Bagdad depuis la domination des Khans mongols jusqu'au massacre des Mamlouks, by C. Huart (Paris, 1901).

125. _History of the Egyptian revolution from the period of the Mamelukes to the death of Mohammed Ali_, by A. A. Paton, 2 vols. (London, 1870).

126. The Shaikhs of Morocco in the XVI^h century, by T. H. Weir (Edinburgh, 1904).

127. The Arabic Press of Egypt, by M. Hartmann (London, 1899).

128. Neuarabische Volkspoesie gesammelt und uebersetzt, by Enno Littmann (Berlin, 1902).

INDEX

In the following Index it has been found necessary to omit the accents indicating the long vowels, and the dots which are used in the text to distinguish letters of similar pronunciation. On the other hand, the definite article al has been prefixed throughout to those Arabic names which it properly precedes; it is sometimes written in full, but is generally denoted by a hyphen, e.g. -‘Abbas for al-‘Abbas. Names of books, as well as Oriental words and technical terms explained in the text, are printed in italics. Where a number of references occur under one heading, the more important are, as a rule, shown by means of thicker type.

A

Aaron, 215, 273

‘Abbad, 421

‘Abbadid dynasty, the, 414, 421-424, 431

-‘Abbas, 146, 249, 250, 251

-‘Abbas b. -Ahnaf (poet), 261

‘Abbása, 261

‘Abbasid history, two periods of, 257

‘Abbasid propaganda, the, 249-251

‘Abbasids, the, xxviii, xxix, xxx, 65, 181, 182, 193, 194, 220, +249-253+, +254-284+, 287-291, +365-367+, 373

‘Abdullah, father of the Prophet, xxvii, 146, 148, 250

‘Abdullah, brother of Durayd b. -Simma, 83

‘Abdullah, the Amir (Spanish Umayyad), 411

‘Abdullah b. -‘Abbas, 145, 237, 249

‘Abdullah b. Hamdan, 269

‘Abdullah b. Ibad, 211

‘Abdullah b. Mas‘ud, 352

‘Abdullah b. Maymun al-Qaddah, 271-274, 363

‘Abdullah. b. Muhammad b. Adham, 423

‘Abdullah b. -Mu‘tazz. See Ibnu ’l-Mu‘tazz

‘Abdullah b. Saba, 215, 216

‘Abdullah b. Tahir, 129

‘Abdullah b. Ubayy, 172

‘Abdullah b. Yasin al-Kuzuli, +430+

Abdullah b. -Zubayr, 198, 199, 200, 202

‘Abdu ’l-‘Aziz (Marinid), 436

‘Abdu ’l-‘Aziz, brother of ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, 200

‘Abdu ’l-‘Aziz, son of Muhammad b. Sa‘ud, 466

‘Abdu ’l-Ghani al-Nabulusi, 402

‘Abdu ’l-Hamid, 267

‘Abdu ’l-Malik (Umayyad Caliph), +200-202+, 206, 209, 224, 240, 242, 244, 247, 349, 407

‘Abd Manaf, 146

‘Abdu, ’l-Mu’min (Almohade), 432

‘Abdu ’l-Muttalib, 66-68, 146, 148, 154, 250

‘Abdu ’l-Qadir al-Baghdadi, 131

‘Abdu ’l-Qadir al-Jili, 393

‘Abd al-Qays (tribe), 94

‘Abdu ’l-Rahman I, the Umayyad, 253, 264, +405-407+, 417, 418

‘Abdu ’l-Rahman II (Spanish Umayyad), 409, 418

‘Abdu ’l-Rahman III (Spanish Umayyad), +411-412+, 420, 425

‘Abdu ’l-Rahman V (Spanish Umayyad), 426

‘Abdu ’l-Rahman b. ‘Awf, 186

‘Abdu ’l-Razzaq-Kashani, 402

‘Abd Shams, 146

‘Abd Shams Saba, 14

‘Abdu ’l-‘Uzza, 159

‘Abdu ’l-Wahhab, founder of the Wahhabite sect. See _Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab_.

‘Abdu ’l-Wahhab al-Sha‘rani. See -Sha‘rani

‘Abdu ’l-Wahid of Morocco (historian), 431, 433

‘Abid b. -Abras (poet), 39, 44, 86, 101

‘Abid b. Sharya, 13, 19, 247

‘Abida b. Hilal, 239

‘Abir, xviii

‘Abla, 115

-Ablaq, (name of a castle), 84

Ablutions, the ceremonial, incumbent on Moslems, 149

-Abna, 29

Abraha, 6, 15, +28+, +65-8+

Abraham, xviii, 22, 62, 63, 66, 149, 150, 165, 172, 177

Abraham, the religion of, 62, 149, 177

‘Abs (tribe), xix, 61, 88, 114-117

Absal, 433

Abu ’l-‘Abbas (Marinid), 436

Abu ’l-‘Abbas Ahmad al-Marsi, 327

Abu ’l-‘Abbas al-Nami (poet), 270

Abu ’l-‘Abbas-Saffah, 182, 253. See -Saffah

Abu ‘Abdallah Ibnu ’l-Ahmar (Nasrid), 437

Abu ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami, 338

Abu Ahmad al-Mihrajani, 370

Abu ’l-‘Ala al-Ma‘arri, 166, 167, 206, 271, 289, 291, 296, 308, +313-324+, 375, 448

Abu ‘Ali al-Qali, 131, 420

Abu ‘Ali b. Sina, 265. See Ibn Sina

Abu ‘Amir, the Monk, 170

Abu ‘Amr b. al-‘Ala, 242, 285, +343+

Abu ’l-Aswad al-Du’ili, 342, 343

Abu ’l-‘Atahiya (poet), 261, 291, +296-303+, 308, 312, 324, 374

Abu Ayman (title), 14

Abu Bakr (Caliph), xxvii, 142, 153, 175, 180, +183+, 185, 210, 214, 215, 257, 268, 297

Abu Bakr b. Abi ’l-Azhar, 344

Abu Bakr Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi of Seville, 399

Abu Bakr b. Mu‘awiya, 420

Abu Bakr al-Nabulusi, 460

Abu Bakr al-Razi (physician), 265. See -Razi

Abu Bakr b. ‘Umar, 430

Abu ’l-Darda, 225

Abu Dawud al-Sijistani, 337

Abu ’l-Faraj of Isfanan, 32, 123, 131, 270, +347+, 419. See Kitabu ’l-Aghani

Abu ’l-Faraj al-Babbaghá (poet), 270

Abu ’l-Fida (historian), 308, 316, 331, +454+

Abu Firas al-Hamdani (poet), 270, 304

Abu Ghubshan, 65

Abu Hanifa, 222, 284, 402, 408

Abu ’l-Hasan ‘Ali b. Harun al-Zanjani, 370

Abu ’l-Hasan al-Ash‘ari, 284. See -Ash‘ari

Abu Hashim, the Imam, 220, 251

Abu Hashim, the Sufi, 229

Abu Hudhayl -‘Allaf, 369

Abu ’l-Husayn al-Nuri, 392

Abu ‘Imran al-Fasi, 429

Abu Ishaq al-Farisi. See -Istakhri

Abu Ja‘far -Mansur, 258. See -Mansur, the Caliph

Abu Jahl, 158

Abu Karib, the Tubba‘, 12, 19. See As‘ad Kamil

Abu Lahab, 159, 160

Abu ’l-Mahasin b. Taghribirdi (historian), 257, 262, 267, 268, 350, 369, +454+

Abu Marwan Ghaylán, 224

Abu Ma‘shar, 361

Abu Mihjan (poet), 127

Abu Mikhnaf, 210

Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari, 192, 377

Abu Muslim, 220, +251-252+, 375

Abu Nasr al-Isma‘ili, 339

Abu Nasr al-Sarraj, 393

Abu Nu‘aym al-Isfahani, 338

Abu Nuwas (poet), 261, 277, +286+, 290, 291, 292-296, 303, 308, 345, 375

Abu Qabus, kunya of -Nu’man III, 45

Abu ’l-Qasim Ahmad. See -Mustansir

Abu ’l-Qasim Muhammad, the Cadi, 421

Abu ’l-Qasim b. -Muzaffar, 312

Abu ’l-Qasim al-Zahrawi, 420

Abu Qays b. Abi Anas, 170

Abu Qurra, 221

Abu Sa’id b. Abi ’l-Khayr, 391, 394

Abu Salama, 257

Abu Salih Mansur b. Ishaq (Samanid), 265

Abu ’l-Salt b. Abi Rabi’a, 69

Abu Shaduf, 450

Abu Shamir the Younger, 50

Abu Shamir, kunya of -Harith b. ’Amr Muharriq, 50

Abu Shuja’ Buwayh, 266

Abu Sufyan, 124, 175, 195

Abu Sulayman al-Darani, 384, 386, 388

Abu Sulayman Muhammad b. Ma‘shar al-Bayusti, 370

Abu Talib, uncle of the Prophet, 146, 148, 154, 157, 183, 250

Abu Talib al-Makki, 338, 393

Abu Tammam, author of the Hamasa, 79, 129-130, 288, 316, 324, 331. See -Hamasa

Abu ’Ubayda (philologist), 94, 242, 261, 280, 343, 344, 345, 459

Abu ‘Ubayda b. al-Jarrah, 51

Abu ’l-Walid al-Baji, 428

Abu Yazid al-Bistami, 391. See Bayazid of Bistam

Abu Yusuf, the Cadi, 283

Abu Zayd of Saruj, 330, 331, 332, 335

Abu Zayd Muhammad al-Qurashi, 130

Abusir, 326

Abyssinia, 53, 155, 156

Abyssinians, the, xxi; in -Yemen, 5, 6, 26-29; invade the Hijaz, 66-68

Academy of Junde-shapur, the, 358

Academy of Sabur, the, 267, 314

‘Ad (people), +1+, +2+, 3

adab, 283, 346

Adabu ’l-Katib, 346

Adam, xxvi, 62, 63, 244, 398

‘Adana (river), 15

‘Adawi dervishes, the, 393

Adharbayjan, 17

‘Adi (tribe), 233

‘Adi b. ‘Amr, 94

‘Adi al-Hakkari, 393

‘Adi b. Marina, 244

‘Adi b. Nasr, 35

‘Adi b. Zayd, 40, +45-48+, 49, +138+, 244

‘Adiya, 85

Adler, 316

‘Adnán, xviii, xix, xx, 64

‘Adudu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 266, 307

Ælius Gallus, 9

Æthiopic language, the, xvi, xxi

Afghanistan, 268, 275

Africa, xv, xvi

Africa, North, 53, 203, 253, 271, 274, 405, 419, 423, 424, 429, 430, 434, 437, 439, 442, 443, 468

Afshin, 375

-Afwah al-Awdi (poet), 83

-Aghani. See Kitabu ’l-Agfhani

Aghlabid dynasty, the, 264, 274, 441

Aghmat, 424

-Ahlaf, at -Hira, 38

Ahlu ’l-Kitab, 341

Ahlu ’l-Taswiya, 280. See Shu‘ubites, the

Ahlu ’l-tawhid wa-’l-‘adl, a name given to the Mu‘tazilites, 224

Ahlwardt, W., 76, 101, 125, 128,133, 136, 286, 293, 294, 304, 349, 454

Ahmad (Buwayhid), 266

Ahmad, brother of Ghazali, 339

Ahmad, father of Ibn Hazm, 426

Ahmad b. Hanbal, 284, 369, 376, 402

Ahmad al-Nahhas, 102

Ahmad b. Tulun, 354

Ahmar of Thamud, 3

Ahnum, 19

Ahqafu ’l-Raml (desert), 1

Ahsanu ’l-Taqasim fi ma‘rifati ’l-Aqalim, 357

ahwal, mystical term, 231, 391

-Ahwas (poet), 237

-Ahwaz, 271, 293

A‘isha, 151, 183

‘Aja ’ibu ’l-Maqdur, 454

-‘Ajam (the non-Arabs), 277. See -Mawali

-‘Ajjaj (poet), 138

-Ajurrumiyya, 456

Akbar (Mogul Emperor), xxx

Akhbaru ’l-Zaman, 353

-Akhtal (poet), 221, 238, +239-242+, 285

akhu ’l-safa, 370

Akilu ’l-Murar (surname), 42

-A‘lam (philologist), 128

Alamut, 445

‘Ala’u ’l-Din Muhammad Khwarizmshah, 444

Albategnius, 361

Albucasis, 420

Albumaser, 361

Alchemists, the, 361, 387

Alchemy, works on, translated into Arabic, 358

Aleppo, 269, 270, 275, 291, 303, 305, 313, 360, 415, 446, 451, 460, 461

Alexander the Great, 17, 276, 358, 457

Alexandria, 340

Alexandrian Library, the, 435

Alf Layla wa-Layla, 456, 459. See Thousand Nights and a Night and Arabian Nights

-Alfiyya, 456

Alfraganus, 361

Algeria, 430

Algiers, 468

Alhambra, the, 435

‘Ali (Buwayhid), 266

‘Ali, grandson of ‘Umar Ibnu ’l-Farid, 394

‘Ali b. Abi Talib, the Prophet's son-in-law, xxvii, xxviii, 105, 153, 181, 183, +190-193+, 194, 196, 205, 207-211, +213-218+, 220-222, 243, 249, 250, 251, 264, 267, 273, 274, 342, 343, 349, 377, 432, 442

‘Ali b. Abi Talib, public cursing of, 205

‘Ali b. -Mansur, Shaykh, 319

‘Ali b. Musa b. Ja‘far al-Rida, 262, 385

‘Alids, the, 258, 259, 337. See ‘Ali b. Abi Talib and Shi‘ites, the

Allah, 62, 134, 135, 164, 231, 392

Allah, the Muhammadan conception of, 225, 231

Almaqa, 18

Almeria, 421

Almohades, the, 217, 429, +431-434+

Almoravides, the, 423, 429-431

Alp Arslan (Seljuq), 275, 276, 340, 379

Alphabet, the South Arabic, 6, 8, 12

Alphonso VI of Castile, 422, 423, 431

‘Alqama b. ‘Abada (poet), 121, +125+, 128

‘Alqama b. Dhi Jadan (poet), 12

Alvaro, Bishop of Cordova, 414

Amaj, 22

-Amali, 420. See Kitabu ’l-Amali

-Amaliq (Amalekites), 2, +3+, 63

‘Amidu ’l-Mulk al-Kunduri, 379

-Amin, the Caliph, 255, +262+, 293, 343

Amina, mother of the Prophet, 146

‘Amir b. Sa‘sa‘a (tribe), 119

‘Amir b. Uhaymir, 87

Amiru ’l-Mu‘minin (Commander of the Faithful), 185

Amiru ’l-Umara (title), 264

‘Amr, the Tubba‘ 25, 26

‘Amr b. ‘Adi b. Nasr, 35, 36, 37, 40

‘Amr b. Amir (tribe), 94

‘Amr b. ‘Amir Ma’ al-Sama al-Muzayqiya, 15, 16, 49

‘Amr b. -‘As, 192

‘Amr b. -Harith (Ghassanid), 50, 54, 122

‘Amr b. Hind (Lakhmite), 44, 107, 108, 109, 112

‘Amr b. Kulthum (poet), 44, 82, 102, +109-113+, 128, 269

‘Amr b. Luhayy, 63, 64

‘Amr b. Ma‘dikarib, 82

‘Amr b. Mas‘ud, 43

‘Amr b. ‘Ubayd, 223, 374

‘Amr b. Zarib, 35

Amul, 350

Anas, 88

‘anatira, 459

‘Anaza (tribe), xix

-Anbar, 38

-Anbari (philologist), 128

-Anbat, xxv. See Nabatæans, the

Ancient Sciences, the, 282

-Andarin, 111

Angels, the Recording, 161

Angora, 104

-Ansar (the Helpers), 171, 241

‘Antar, the Romance of, 34, 459

‘Antara (poet), 76, 109, +114-116+, 128, 459

‘antari, 459

Anthologies of Arabic poetry, 128-130, 289, 325, 343, 347, 348, 417

Anthropomorphism, 369, 376, 379, 432

Antioch, 43

Anushirwan (Sasanian king). See Nushirwan

Anushirwan b. Khalid, 329

Aphrodite, 43

-‘Aqida, by ‘Izzu ’l-Din b. ‘Abd al-Salam, 461

‘Aqil, 35

Arab horses, the training of, 226

Arab singers in the first century A.H., 236

a‘rabi (Bedouin), 210

Arabia, in the ‘Abbasid period, 276

Arabia Felix, xvii, 4. See -Yemen

Arabian History, three periods of, xxvi

Arabian Nights, the, 238, 256, 261, 292, 421, +456-459+

Arabic language, the, xvi, xvii, xxi-xxv, 6, 77, 201, 203, 239, 265, 277-280, 336, 342, 344

Arabic literature, largely the work of non-Arabs, xxx, xxxi, 276-278

Arabic Press, the, 469

Arabic writing, 201; oldest specimens of, xxi, xxii

Arabs, the Ishmaelite, xviii

Arabs of Khurasan, the, thoroughly Persianised, 250

Arabs, the Northern. See Arabs, the Ishmaelite

Arabs, the Northern and Southern, racial enmity between, xx, 199, 200, 252, 405, 406

Arabs, the Southern, xvii, xviii, xx, 4. See Arabs, the Yemenite

Arabs, the Yemenite, xvii, xviii, xx, 38, 55, 199, 252, 405, 406. See Sabæans, the; Himyarites, the

Arabs, the Yoqtanid, xviii. See Arabs, the Yemenite

Aramæans, the, xv, xxv

Aramaic language, the, xvi, xxv, 279, 375

-Araqim, 113, 114

Arbela, 451

Ardashir Babakan, founder of the Sasanian dynasty, 34, 38

Ἀρέθας τοῦ Γαβάλα, 51

Arhakim, 11

‘arif (gnostic), 386

‘Arifu ’l-Zanadiqa, 373

Aristocracy of Islam, the, 188, 190

Aristotle, 358, 359, 360

-‘Arji (poet), 237

Armenia, xv, 352

Arnaud, Th., 9, 15, 17

Arnold. F. A., 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 114

Arnold, T. W., 184, 223, 224, 360, 448

Arsacids, the, 21, 38

Aryat, 27, 28

-‘Asa (name of a mare), 36

‘asabiyya, 440

Asad (tribe), xix, 104

Asad Kamil, the Tubba‘, 12, +19-23+, 25, 26, 137

Asad b. Musa, 247

Asal, 433

asalib, 289, 315

Ascalon, 456

Ascension of the Prophet, the, 169, 403

Asd (tribe), 19

-A‘sha (poet), 16, 101, 121, +123-125+, 128, 138, 139

-Ash‘ari (Abu ’l-Hasan), 284, +376-379+, 431

Ash‘arites, the, 379, 380, 460

Ash‘aru ’l-Hudhaliyyin, 128

-Ashram (surname of Abraha), 28

Asia, xv, 275, 352, 414

Asia, Central, 255

Asia Minor, 269, 399, 434, 446

Asia, Western, xvi, xxix, 358, 442, 444, 446

Asin Palacios, 404

aslama, 153

-Asma‘i (philologist), 261, 343, 344, +345+, 459

Assassins, the, 272, 371, 372, 381, 445

Assyrian language, the, xvi

Assyrians, the, xv

Astrologers and Astronomers, 361

Astronomy, 276, 283

Aswad b. -Mundhir, 47

-Athar al-Baqiya, 361

Atharu ’l-Bilad, 416

Athens, 240, 358

‘Athtar, ‘Athtor (Sabæan divinity), 11, 18

Atlal, 286

‘Attar (Persian mystic). See Faridu’ddin ‘Attar

‘Atwada, 28

Aurelian, 34

Aurora, 412

Avempace. See Ibn Bajja

Avenzoar, 434

Averroes. See Ibn Rushd

Avicenna. See Ibn Sina

awa’il (origins), 247

‘Awarifu ’l-Ma‘arif, 230, 338

-‘Awfi, 370

awliya (saints), 393

Awrangzib (Mogul Emperor), xxx

Aws (tribe), 170

Aws b. Hajar (poet), 131

Awwam Dhú ‘Iran Alu, 11

a‘yan thabita, 402

ayat (verse of the Koran, sign, miracle), 166

Ayatu ’l-Kursi (the Throne-verse), 176

Aybak, 447

-Ayham b. -Harith (Ghassanid), 50

‘Ayn Jalut, battle of, 446

‘Ayn Ubagh, battle of, 52

ayyamu ’l-‘Arab, 55, 356

Ayyubid dynasty, the, 275, 447, 453

Azd (tribe), 79, 374

-Azhar, the mosque, 395

Azraqites (-Azariqa), the, 208, 239

B

Baalbec, 111

Bab al-Mandab, 5

Babak, 258, 375

Babur (Mogul Emperor), xxix, 444

Babylon, xxv, 38

Babylonia, 34, 38, 138, 253, 255, 307. See -‘Iraq

Babylonian and Assyrian inscriptions, the, xvi, xxv

Babylonians, the, xv

Badajoz, 421, 423

Badis, 428

Badi‘u ’l-Zaman ai-Hamadhání, 328, 329, 331

Badr, battle of, 158, 174, 175

Badr, freedman of ‘Abdu ’l-Rahman the Umayyad, 405, 406

-Baghawi, 337

Baghdad, xxviii, xxix, 131, 182, 254, +255-256+, 290-293, 303, 307, 313, +314+, 315, 326, 338, 340, 345, 346, 347, 350, 351, 352, 355, 357, 359, 362, 365, 369, 376, 380, 382, 385, 387, 392, 399, 412, 415, 418, 431, 441, +444-446+, 447, 449, 450, 458, 461, 465, 466

Baghdad, history of its eminent men, by -Khatib, 355

Baha’u ’l-Dawia (Buwayhid), 267, 314

Bahdala (tribe), 87

Bahira, the monk, 148

Bahman (Sasanian), 457

Bahram Gor (Sasanian), 40, 41

-Bahrayn (province), 107, 108, 186

Bahri Mamelukes, the, 447

Baju, 445

-Bakharzi, 348

Bakil (tribe), 12

Bakr (tribe), xix, 55-60, 61, 69, 70, 76, 93, 107, 109, 113, 114, 242

-Bakri (geographer), 357, 428

Balaam, 73

-Baladhuri (historian), 280, 349

-balagh al-akbar, 371

Balak, 73

-Bal‘ami, 265, 352

Balaq (mountain), 17

Balkh, 232, 233, 259, 361, 385

-Balqa, 63

Banat Su‘ad, the opening words of an ode, 119, 127, 327

Banu ’l-Ahrar, 29

Banu Hind, 58

Banu Khaldun, 437

Banu Musa, 359

Banu Nahshal, 243

Baptists, name given to the early Moslems, 149

baqa, mystical term, 390

Baqqa, 36

-Baramika, 259. See Barmecides, the

Barbier de Meynard, 13, 15, 37, 195, 259, 350, 352, 353, 380, 457

Bardesanes, 364

Barmak, 259

Barmakites, the. See Barmecides, the

Barmecides, the, 255, +259-261+, 262, 293

Barquq, Sultan (Mameluke), 452

Bashama, 119

Bashshar b. Burd, 245, 277, 290, +373-374+, 375

-basit (metre), 75

-Basra, xxiv, 127, 133, 134, 186, +189+, 195, 202, 209, 210, 215, 222, 223, 225, 226, 233, 242, 243, 246, 273, 281, 293, 294, 329, 331, 336, 341, 342, +343+, 345, 346, 369, 370, 374, 377, 378

Basset, R., 327

-Basus, 56

-Basus, the War of, +55-60+, 61, 76, 107, 114

-Batiniyya (Batinites), 381, 382, 402. See Isma‘ilis, the

-Battani, 361

-bayan, 283

-Bayan al-Mughrib, 407

Bayard, 191

Bayazid of Bistam, 391, 460. See Abu Yazid al-Bistami

Baybars, Sultan (Mameluke), 447, 448

-Baydawi, 145, 179

bayt (verse), 74, 77

Baytu ’l-Hikma, at Baghdad, 359

-Bazbaz, 60

Bedouin view of life, the, 136

Bedouin warfare, character of, 54, 55

Bedouin women, Mutanabbi's descriptions of, 310

Benu Marthadim, 11

Berber insurrection in Africa, 405

Berbers, the, 204, 274, 405-409, 413, 420, 423, 424, 429-432, 442, 443

Berbers, used as mercenaries, 407

Berlin Royal Library, 8, 12

Bevan, Prof. A. A., 46, 80, 129, 151, 166, 168, 199, 205, 239, 244, 253, 356, 373, 374, 375

Beyrout, 238, 469

Bibliographical Dictionary, by Hajji Khalifa, 456

Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum, 356

Bidpai, the Fables of, 330, 346

Bilqis, 18

-Bimaristan al-‘Adudi, 266

Biographies of poets, 346, 347, 348

Birnam Wood, 25

-Biruni (Abu Rayhan), 269, 280, +361+

Bishr b. Abi Khazim (poet), 86

Bishr al-Hafi, 228

Bishr b. -Mu‘tamir, 369

Bistam, 391

Blick, J. S., 184, 249, 258

Black, the colour of the ‘Abbasids, 220, 262

Black Stone in the Ka‘ba, the, 63, 274, 319, 467

Blunt, Lady Anne, 88, 101

Blunt, Wilfrid, 88, 101

Bobastro, 410

Boer, T. J. de, 433

Bohlen, 308, 312

Bokhara, 203, 265, 275, 360

Book of Examples, the, by Ibn Khaldun, 437

Book of Sibawayhi, the, 343

Book of the Thousand Tales, the. See Hazar Afsan

Book of Viziers, the, 458

Books, the Six Canonical, 337

Boswell, 144, 313, 452

Brethren of Purity, the, 370-372

British Museum, the, 12, 402

Brockelmann, C., 205, 236, 237, 308, 328, 339, 346, 349, 449, 459, 468, 469

Browne, Prof. E. G., 29, 42, 185, 217, 218, 230, 247, 251, 258, 265, 272, 275, 290, 329, 346, 362, 375, 381, 383, 394, 399, 445

Brünnow, R. E., 32, 35, 49, 51, 209, 210

Brutus, 252

Bu‘ath, battle of, 170

Buddha, 297, 298

Buddhism, 373, 375, 390, 391. See Nirvana

-Buhturi (poet), 130, 316, 324

Bujayr b. ‘Amr, 58

Bukhara. See Bokhara

-Bukhari, 144, 146, 151, 337

Bulaq, 469

Bunyan, 212

Burckhardt, 95, 465, 466, 467

Burd, 373

-Burda, 326, 327

-burda (the Prophet's mantle), 327, 366

Burji Mamelukes, the, 447

Burns, Robert, 450

burnus, the, a mark of asceticism, 210

Burton, Sir Richard, 459

Busir, 326

-Busiri (poet), 326, 327

Buthayna, 238

Butrites, the, a Shi‘ite sect, 297

Buwayhid dynasty, the, 264, +266-268+, 271, 275, 303, 338

Byzantine Empire, the, 3, 29, 46, 171, 255, 261, 269, 359

C

Cadiz, 405

Cæsar, 252

Cætani, Prince, 149, 155, 156, 171

Cairo, 275, 350, 394, 395, 437, 447, 448, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 458, 461, 464, 469

Caliph, the, must belong to Quraysh, 207

Caliph, name of the, mentioned in the Friday sermon, 263, 264; stamped on the coinage, 264; title of, assumed by the Fatimids, 271; by the Umayyads of Spain, 412

Caliphs, the, -Mas‘udi's account of, 354

Caliphs, the ‘Abbasid. See ‘Abbasids, the

Caliphs, the Orthodox, xxiii, xxvii, 181-193

Caliphs, the Umayyad. See Umayyad dynasty, the

Calpe, 204

Campbell, D., 360

Canaanites, the, 3

Canonical Books, the Six, 337

Capuchins, the, 228

Carmathians, the, 272, +274+, 322, 324, 371, 375, 381, 467. See Fatimid dynasty; Isma‘ilis

Carmona, 437

Casanova, P., 371

Caspian Sea, the, xxviii, 21, 264, 266, 350, 352, 391

Castile, 422, 437

Castles of -Yemen, the, 24

Catharine of Siena, 233

Cathay, xxv

Caussin de Perceval, 32

Cave-dwellers of Khurasan, the, 232

Celibacy condemned by Muhammad, 224

Cemetery of the Sufis, the, at Damascus, 463

Ceuta, 405, 412, 423, 434

Ceylon, 352

Chagar Beg, 275

Charles the Hammer, 204

Charter, the, drawn up by Muhammad for the people of Medina, 173

Chaucer, 289

Chauvin, Victor, 214

Chenery, T., 244, 328, 332, 333, 336

Chihrazad, 457

China, 203, 352, 419, 444

Chingiz Khan, 444

Christian poets who wrote in Arabic, 138, 139

Christianity in Arabia, 117, 137-140; in Ghassán, 51, 54, 123; at -Hira, 39, 41, 43, 44, 46, 49, 123, 124, 138; in Najran, 26, 27, 124, 137; in Moslem Spain, 407, 411, 412, 413, +414-415+, 431, 435, 441

Christianity, influence of, on Muhammadan culture, xxii, 176, 177, 216, 221, 231, 389, 390

Christians, Monophysite, 51

Christians, supposed by Moslems to wear a girdle, 461

Christians at the Umayyad court, 221, 240, 241

Chronology of Ancient Nations, the, by -Biruni, 361

Church and State, regarded as one by Moslems, 170, 182, 197

Chwolsohn, 363

Classicism, revolt against, 287-289

Cleopatra, 34

Coinage, Arabic, introduced by ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, 201

Commercial terms derived from Arabic, 281

Companions of the Prophet, biographies of the, 144, 356, 456

Confession of faith, the Muhammadan, 403

Conquests, the early Muhammadan, work on the, 349

Constantinople, xxix, 29, 45, 52, 84, 104, 318, 362, 412

Cordova, 131, 341, 347, 406-411, +412+, 413-415, 418, 420-426, 428, 434, 435

Cordova, the University of, 420

Courage, Arabian, the nature of, 82

Criticism of Ancient and Modern Poets, 283-289

Cromwell, 189

Crusade, the Third, 275

Crusaders, the, 331, 447

Cruttenden, 8

Ctesiphon, 47, 48, 210. See -Mada’in

Cureton, 211, 216, 341

D

Dabba (tribe), xix

-Dahab al-‘Ijli, 44

Dahis (name of a horse), 61

Dahis and -Ghabrá, the War of, 61, 62, 114, 116

-dahriyyun, 381

da‘i (missionary), 249, 272

-Daja‘ima, 50

-Dajjal (the Antichrist), 216

dakhil, 95

Damascus, xxi, xxviii, 13, 46, 51, 53, 54, 111, 181, 104, 195, 202, 203, 207, 235, 240, 241, 242, 244, 247, 252, 255, 274, 304, 313, 335, 340, 374, 386, 399, 408, 451, 462, 463

-Damigh, 375

Daniel, 162

Dante, 360, 404

dapir (Secretary), 257

Daqiqi, Persian poet, 265

Daraya, 386

Darius, 256

Darmesteter, J., 217

Daru ’l-Rum (Constantinople), 362

Daughters, the birth of, regarded as a misfortune, 91, 156

Daughters of Allah, the, 135, 156

Davidson, A. B., 82

dawidar (dawadar), 445

Daws Dhu Tha‘laban, 27

-Daylam, 266

Dead Sea, the, 249

Decline of the Caliphate, 257, 263

Derenbourg, H., 54, 122, 123, 194, 260, 331, 445, 454

Dervish orders, the, 393

Desecration of the tombs of the Umayyad Caliphs, 205

-Dhahabi (Shamsu ’l-Din), historian, 339, 446, 454

Dhamar‘ali Dhirrih, 10

Dhu ’l-Khalasa, name of an idol, 105

Dhu ’l-Khursayn (name of a sword), 96

Dhu ’l-Majaz, 114

Dhu Nafar, 66, 67

Dhu ’l-Nun al-Misri, 386-388, 389, 460

Dhu ’l-Nusur (surname), 2

Dhu Nuwas, 12, +26-27+, 137, 162

Dhu Qar, battle of, 69, 70

Dhu l-Qarnayn, 17, 18

Dhu ’l-Quruh (title), 104

Dhu Ru‘ayn, 25, 26

Dhu ’l-Rumma (poet), 246

Dhu ’l-‘Umrayn, nickname of Ibnu ’l-Khatib, 436

Dhu ’l-Wizaratayn (title), 425

Dhubyan (tribe), xix, 61, 62, 116, 117, 121

Diacritical points in Arabic script, 201

Di‘bil (poet), 261, 375

Dictionaries, Arabic, 343, 403, 456

Didactic poem by Abu ’l-‘Atahiya, 300

Diercks, 360

Dieterici, F., 270, 305, 307, 308, 310, 312, 313, 371

dihqan, 291

Diminutives, 396, 449

din (religion), 178, 287

Dinarzad, 457

Dinarzade, 457

-Dinawar, 346

-Dinawari (historian), 251, 349

Dinazad, 457

Diodorus Siculus, 3

Dionysius the Areopagite, 387, 389

-Dira‘iyya, 466

Dirge, the Arabian, 126

dithar, 152

Divan-i Shams-i Tabriz, 298

Divine Right, the Shi‘ite theory of, 214, 271

diwan (collection of poems), 127, 128

Diwan (Register) of ‘Umar, the, 187, 188

Diwans of the Six Poets, the, 128

diya (blood-wit), 93

-Diyárbakri (historian), 445

Dog, the, regarded by Moslems as unclean, 445

Doughty, E. M., 3

Dozy, 214, 399, 407, 410, 411, 413, 414, 415, 420, 422, 424, 428, 429, 431, 465, 467

Drama, the, not cultivated by the Semites, 328

Drinking parties described in Pre-islamic poetry, 124, 125, 167

Droit du seigneur, le, 4

dubayt (a species of verse), 450

Dubeux, 352

Duka, T., 390

Dumas, 272

Dumyatu ’l-Qasr, 348

Duns Scotus, 367

Durayd b. -Simma, 83

Durayd b. Zayd b. Nahd, 75

Durratu ’l-Ghawwas, 336

Duwalu ’l-Islam, 446

Dvorak, R., 304

Dyke of Ma’rib, the, 2, 5, +14-17+, 50, 63

Dynasties of the ‘Abbasid period, 264-276

E

Eber, xviii

Ecbatana, 129, 328. See Hamadhan

Ecstasy, 387, 393, 394

Edessa, 331, 358

Egypt, xxiv, xxix, xxx, 4, 5, 132, 184, 186, 193, 215, 268, 274, 275, 307, 323, 326, 327, 350, 354, 355, 358, 387-390, 399, 419, 432, 434, 442, 443, 447, 448, 450, 451, 454, 460, 461, 464, 466, 468

Egypt, conquest of, by the Moslems, 184

Egypt, History of, by Ibn Taghribirdi, 454

Eichhorn, xv

Elegiac poetry, 126, 127

Elephant, the Sura of the, 68

Elephant, the year of the, 28, 66, 146

Eloquence, Arabian, 346, 347

Emanation, Plotinus's theory of, 393

Emessa, 304

Emigrants, the. See -Muhajirun

Encomium of the Umayyad dynasty, by -Akhtal, 242

Epic poetry not cultivated by the Arabs, 325

Equality of Arabs and non-Arabs maintained by the Shu‘ubites, 279, 280

Equites Thamudeni, 3

Erotic prelude, the. See nasib

Erpenius, 355

Essenes, the, 224

Euphrates, the, xv, 33, 36, 37, 38, 41, 53, 110, 113, 186, 189, 192, 196, 256, 418, 443, 449

Euting, Julius, 9

F

Fables of beasts, considered useful and instructive, 330

-Fadl, the Barmecide, 260

-Fadl b. al-Rabi‘, 293

-Fahl (surname), 125

Fahm (tribe), 81

Fairs, the old Arabian, 135

-Fakhri, 187, 188, 194, 203, 260, 331, 445, +454+

Fakhru ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 267

Fakhru ’l-Mulk, 340

Falcon of Quraysh, the, 407, 417

-falsafa (Philosophy), 283

fana (dying to self), 233, 390, 391

fanak, 53

faqih, 464

faqir (fakir), 230, 464

faqr (poverty), 230

Farab, 360

-Farábi (Abu Nasr), 270, +360+, 393

-Farazdaq (poet), 196, 238, 239, 240, +242-244+, 245, 246

-Farghani, 361

Faridu’ddin ‘Attar, 226, 228, 386

-Farqadan (name of two stars), 35

-Farra, 343

Farrukh-mahan, 45

Fars (province), 266

Fathers, the Christian, 341

-Fatiha, 143

Fatima, daughter of -Khurshub, 88

Fatima, daughter of the Prophet, 183, 218, 250, 251, 258, 267, 274

Fatima (mother of Qusayy), 64

Fatima, a woman loved by Imru’u ’l-Qays, 106

Fatimid dynasty, the, 217, 265, 268, 269, +271-275+, 322, 371, 412

-Fatra, 152

Fawatu ’l-Wafayat, 449, 452

Fayiasufu ’l-‘Arab (title), 360. See -Kindi

Faymiyun (Phemion), 26

Ferdinand I of Castile, 422

Ferdinand III of Castile, 434

Ferdinand V of Castile, 441

Fez, 436

Fihr (tribe), xix

-Fihrist, 13, 142, 345, 359, +361-364+, 387, 457

-Find, 58, 60, 84

-fiqh (Jurisprudence), 283; denoting law and theology, 339, 420, 465

Firdawsi, Persian poet, 265, 269

Firuz (Firuzan), father of Ma‘ruf al-Karkhi, 385

Firuz, a Persian slave, 189

-Fírúzábádí (Majdu ’l-Din), 403, 456

Fleischer, 400, 404

Flint, Robert, 441

Fluegel, G., 142, 297, 362, 364, 459

Folk-songs, Arabic, 238, 416-417, 449-450

Fons Vitæ, 428

Foreigners, Sciences of the, 282, 283

Forgery of Apostolic Traditions, 145, 146, 279

Forgery of Pre-islamic poems, 133, 134

France, 9, 412, 469

Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, 434, 441

Free schools, founded by Hakam II, 419

Free-thought in Islam, 283, 284, 298, 345, 460. See Mu‘tazilites and Zindiqs

Free-will, the doctrine of, 223, 224

Freytag, G. W., 16, 31, 48, 50, 55, 73, 89, 91, 109, 129, 292, 373

Friedlaender, I., 428

Frothingham, 389

-Fudayl b. ‘Iyad, 232, 233, 385

-fuhul, 138

Fukayha, 89

-funún al-sab‘a (the seven kinds of poetry), 450

Fuqaym (tribe), 28

-Fusul wa-’l-Ghayat, 318

Fususu ’l-Hikam, 400, 401, 402

-Futuhat al-Makkiyya, 400, 464

Future life, Pre-islamic notions of the, 166

G

Gabriel, 63, 141, 150, 267

Galen, 358

Galland, 458

Gallienus, 33

Gaulonitis, the, 53

Gaza, 5

Geber, 361

Geiger, 162

Genealogy, Muhammadan, xx

Genealogy, treatise on, by Ibn Durayd, 343

Genesis, Book of, xv

Geographers, the Moslem, 356, 357

George -Makin, 355

Georgians, the, 445

Germany, 8, 412

Gesenius, 8

-Ghabrá (name of a mare), 61

-Gharid, 236

-Ghariyyan, 43

Ghassán, xxii, 33, 37, 38, 42, 43, 121, 122, 138, 139, 158, 332

Ghassanid court, the, described by Hassan b. Thabit, 53

Ghassanids, the, 33, +49-54+, 122

Ghatafan (tribe), xix, 61

-Ghawl, 119

ghayba (occultation), 216

Ghayman (castle), 24

Ghayz b. Murra, 117

Ghazala, 339

-Ghazali, 230, 234, 277, +338-341+, +380-383+, 393, 431, 463

Ghazan, 446

Ghaziyya (tribe), 83

Ghazna, 268-269, 355

Ghaznevid dynasty, the, 265, +268-269+, 271, 275

ghiyar, 461

Ghiyathu ’l-Din Mas‘ud (Seljuq), 326, 329

-Ghulat (the extreme Shi‘ites), 216

Ghumdán (castle), 24

Gibb, E. J. W., 443, 460

Gibb, H. A. R., 470

Gibbon, 439

Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq), 204, 414

Glaser, E., 9, 15

Gnosis, the Sufi doctrine of, 386, 387

Gnosticism, 389, 390

Gobineau, Comte de, 320

Goeje, M. J. de, 179, 180, 253, 256, 257, 287, 322, 349, 350, 351, 353, 354, 356, 366, 371, 409

Goethe, 97

Gog and Magog, 18

Golden Meadows, the. See Muruju ’l-Dhahab and -Mas‘udi

Goldziher, Ignaz, xx, xxii, 10, 18, 30, 73, 90, 119, 145, 177, 178, 199, 200, 221, 225, 246, 278, 279, 280, 285, 287, 289, 297, 298, 315, 344, 345, 366, 368, 370, 372, 374, 379, 390, 409, 431, 433, 466

Gospel, the, 165, 171

Grammar, Arabic, the origin of, 202, 278, 282, 341-343, 363

Grammars, Arabic, 343, 456

Granada, 421, 424, 428, 431, 434, +435-437+, 441, 442, 447

Gray, T., 77

Greece, 131, 296, 361, 434

Greece, the influence of, on Muhammadan thought, 220, 221, 229, 266, +358-361+, 363, 369, 370, 386, 388

Greek Philosophers, the, 341, 363

Green, the colour of the ‘Alids, 262

Grimme, H., xv, 10

Grünert, M., 346

Guadalquivir, the, 422

Guest, A. R., 453

Guillaume, A., 360

Guirgass, 251

Guyon, Madame, 233

H

Haarbrücker, 220, 221, 223, 224, 297

Habib b. Aws. See Abu Tammam

hadarat, mystical term, 402

-Hadi, the Caliph, 260, 373

Hadiqatu ’l-Afrah, 449

-hadith (Traditions of the Prophet), 132, 134, +143-146+, 201, 247, 258, 348. See Traditions of the Prophet

Hadramawt (province), 1, 5, 42

Hadrian, 137

Hafsa, 142

Hafsid dynasty, the, 442

Hagar. See Hajar, wife of Abraham

Hajar (in -Bahrayn), 94, 96

Hajar, wife of Abraham, xviii, 63

-Hajjaj b. Yusuf, 200, +201-203+, 209, 213, 244

Hajji Khalifa, 456

-Hakam I (Spanish Umayyad), 409

-Hakam II (Spanish Umayyad), 412, 419

hakim (philosopher), 387

hal, mystical term, 387

Halbatu ’l-Kumayt, 417

Halévy, Joseph, 9

Halila, 56

Halima, daughter of -Harith al-A‘raj, 50

Halima, the battle of, 43, 50, 51, 125

Halima, the Prophet's nurse, 147

-Hallaj. See -Husayn b. Mansur

Halle, 8

Ham, xv

hama (owl or wraith), 94, 166

Hamadhan (Ecbatana), 129, 292, 328, 333

-Hamadhání, 328. See Badi‘u ’l-Zaman

Hamal b. Badr, 61, 88

-Hamasa, of Abu Tammam, 55, 57-61, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 92, 93, 98, 100, 126, +129-130+, 136, 137, 199, 213, 324, 331

-Hamasa, of -Buhturi, 130, 324

hamasa (fortitude), 79, 326

Hamat, 454

-Hamaysa‘ b. Himyar, 12

Hamdan, 19

Hamdan Qarmat, 274

-Hamdani (geographer), 6, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 20, 24

Hamdanid dynasty, the, 268, +269-271+, 291, 303

Hamilton, Terrick, 459

Hammad al-Rawiya, 103, 113, 128, +132-134+, 344

Hammer, J. von, 308, 316, 396, 459

Hamza of Isfahan (historian), 14, 280

Hanbalites, the, 376, 462

handasa (geometry), 283

Hani’, a chieftain of Bakr, 69

Hanifa (tribe), 183

Hanifs, the, 69, +149+, +150+, 170, 318

Hanzala of Tayyi’, 44

haqiqat, mystical term, 392

haqiqatu ’l-haqa’iq, mystical term, 403

-haqiqatu ’l-Muhammadiyya, mystical term, 403

-haqq, mystical term, 392

Haram (tribe), 331

Harim b. Sinan, 61, 116, 117, 288

-Hariri, author of the Maqamat, 329-336

-Harith al-Akbar. See -Harith b. ‘Amr Muharriq

-Harith b. ‘Amr (Kindite), 42, 44, 103, 104

-Harith b. ‘Amr Muharriq (Ghassanid), 50

-Harith al-A‘raj (Ghassanid), 43, 50, 54, 125. See -Harith b. Jabala

-Harith b. ‘Awf, 61, 116, 117

-Harith b. Hammam, 330, 331, 333

-Harith b. Hilliza (poet), 44, 100, 109, 113-114, 128

-Harith b. Jabala (Ghassanid), 43, 50, +51+, +52+. See -Harith al-A‘raj

-Harith al-Ra’ish, 17

-Harith b. Surayj, 222

-Harith b. ‘Ubad, 58, 50

-Harith the Younger (Ghassanid), 50

-Harith b. Zalim, 85

-harj, 249

Harran, 221, 358, 361, 462

Harran, the bilingual inscription of, xxii

Hartmann, M., 450, 468

Harun al-Rashid, the Caliph, xxix, 255, 258, 259, +260-261+, 262, 277, 283, 292, 293, 296, 298, 343, 345, 347, 366, 367, 368, 373, 385, 388, 458, 459

Harura, 208

Harwat, 11

hasab, 100

Hasan (Buwayhid), 266

-Hasan of -Basra, 208, 222, 223, +225-227+, 230, 243, 244, 294

-Hasan b. Ahmad al-Hamdani, 11. See -Hamdani

-Hasan b. ‘Ali, the Nizamu ’l-Mulk, 276. See Nizamu ’l-Mulk

-Hasan b. ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, 216, 297

-Hasan al-Burini, 396

-Hasan b. -Sabbah, 445

Hashid (tribe), 12

Hashim, 65, 146, 250

-Hashimiyya (Shi‘ite sect), 220, 251

Hassan b. Thabit (poet), 18, 52, 53, 54, 127

Hassan (son of As‘ad Kamil), the Tubba‘, 19, 23, 25

Hatim of Tayyi’, +85-87+, 288

Hawazin (tribe), xix

Hayy b. Yaqzan, 433

Hayyum, 19

Hazar Afsan (Hazar Afsana), 363, 457-458

-Haziri (Abu ’l-Ma‘ali), 348

Hazzu ’l-Quhuf, 450

Hebrew language, the, xvi

Hebrews, the, xv

Hellespont, the, xxix

Helpers, the. See -Ansar

Hengstenberg, 102

Heraclius, 52

Heresies of the Caliph -Ma’mun, 262

Herodotus, 353

Hierotheus, 389

hija (satire), 73, 294

-Hijaz, xvii, 3, 21, +62+, 63, 64, 69, 137, 149, 150, 215, 340, 395, 398, 399, 465, 466

-Hijr, the inscriptions of, xxi, 3

-Hijra (Hegira), xxv, 158, 171

-Hilla, 449

Hilyatu ’l-Awliya, 338

himaq (a species of verse), 450

Hims, 304

Himyar (person), 14

Himyar (people), xxv, 1, 6, 10, 17, 24, 25, 26, 429

Himyarite kings, the, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17-27. See Tubba‘s, the

Himyarite language, the, xvi, xvii, xxi, 6-11

Himyarite Ode, the, 12, 13

Himyarites, the, xviii, xx, xxi, 4, +5+, +6+, 7, 12, 17, 23, 26

Hind, mother of Bakr and Taghlib, 58

Hind (a Bedouin woman), 46

Hind, daughter of -Nu‘man III, 46, 47

Hind, wife of -Mundhir III, 44, 45, 110

Hinwam (hill), 20

-Hira, xxii, xxiii, 29, 33, 34, +37-49+, 51, 52, 53, 54, 60, 69, 70, 85, 87, 103, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 114, 121, 122, 124, 138, 139, 189, 244, 439

Hira, Mount, 150

Hirran, 11

Hirschfeld, H., 151

Hisham (Umayyad Caliph), 200, 206, 224, 243

Hisham I (Spanish Umayyad), 347, 409

Hisham II (Spanish Umayyad), 412, 421

Hisham b. Muhammad al-Kalbi, 38, 39, 40, 348

Hisn Ghurab, 8

Historians, Arab, +11-14+, 144, 247, +348-356+, 420, 428, 435-440, +452-454+

Historical studies encouraged by the Umayyads, 247

History, the true purpose of, 437; subject to universal laws, 438; evolution of, 439, 440

History of the Berbers, by Ibn Khaldun, 429, 435

History of the Caliphs, by -Suyuti, 455

History of Islamic Civilisation, by Jurji Zaydan, 435

History of Old and New Cairo, by -Suyuti, 455

Holy Ghost, the, 150

Holy War, the, enjoined by the Koran, 174

Homer, the Iliad of, translated into Arabic verse, 469

Homeritæ, the, 5

Hommel, F., xv, 1

Honour, Pre-islamic conception of, 82-100

Horace, 326

Hospitality, the Bedouin ideal of, 85

House of the Prophet, the, 250. See ‘Ali b. Abi Talib; ‘Alids; Shi‘ites.

Houtsma, Th., 193, 242, 329, 349

Huart, C., 468

Hubal (name of an idol), +64+

Hubba, 64

Hud (prophet), 2

Hudhalites (Hudhaylites), 22, 128. See Hudhayl

Hudhayla b. Badr, 61

Hudhayta b. al-Yaman, 142

Hudhayl (tribe), xix, 64, 98, 99, 100

Hughes, G., 80

Hujr (Kindite), 42

Hujr, father of Imru’u ’l-Qays, 104

Hulagu, xxix, 182, 444-446

Hulayl b. Hubshiyya, 64

-Hullat al-Siyara, 418

Hulton, 8

hulul (incarnation), 396, 402

Hulwan, 292

Humani, 457

-Humayma, 249

Hunayn b. Ishaq, 359

hur (houris), 167

Hurmuz (Sasanian), 47

Hurufis, the, 460

-Husayn, son of ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, +196+, +197+, 198, 216, 218, 243, 466

-Husayn b. Damdam, 117

-Husayn b. Mansur -Hallaj, 363, 375, 399

Husnu ’l-Muhadara, 455

-Hutay’a (poet), 127, 131, 261

Huzwa, 398

Hypocrites, the. See -Munafiqun

I

Iamblichus, 389

‘Ibad, the, of -Hira, 38, 39, 138

Ibadites (a Kharijite sect), the, 211

-‘Ibar, by -Dhahabi, 339

Ibnu ’l-Abbar, 418, 424

Ibn ‘Abdi Rabbihi, 102, +347+, +420+

Ibn Abi Du’ad, 376

Ibn Abi Usaybi‘a, 266, 355

Ibn Abi Ya‘qub al-Nadim, 362

Ibn Abi Zar‘, 429

Ibnu ’l-Ahmar (Nasrid), 435

Ibn ‘A’isha, 236

Ibnu ’l-‘Alqami, 445

Ibnu ’l-‘Amid, 267

Ibn ‘Ammar (poet), 422, 424

Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi. See Muhyi ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi

Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi, the Cadi, of Seville, 399

Ibnu ’l-A‘rabi (philologist), 128

Ibn ‘Arabshah, 454

Ibnu ’l-Athir, 203, 205, 253, +355-356+, 376, 379, 420, 429

Ibn Bajja, 361, 434

Ibn Bashkuwal, 426, 434

Ibn Bassam, 422, 434

Ibnu ’l-Baytar, 434

Ibn Durayd, 253, 280, +343+

Ibnu ’l-Farid. See ‘Umar Ibnu ’l-Farid

Ibn Hajar, 456

Ibnu ’l-Hanafiyya. See Muhammad Ibnu ’l-Hanafiyya

Ibn Hani (poet), 419, 420

Ibn Hawqal, 356

Ibn Hayyan, 428

Ibn Hazm, 222, 341, 402, +423-428+

Ibn Hisham, 17, 22, 23, 63, 64, 69, +144+, 147, 150, 151, 152, 154, 156, 158, 166, 170, 173, 175, +349+

Ibn Humam, 105

Ibnu ’l-‘Idhari, 407, 428, 429

Ibn Ishaq, 69, +144+, 146, 149, 156, 247, +349+

Ibn Jahwar, 424

Ibnu ’l-Jawzi, 355

Ibn Jubayr, 357, 434

Ibn Kabsha, nickname of Muhammad, 166

Ibn Khalawayh, 271

Ibn Khaldun, 32, 228, 229, 277, 278, 288, 289, 350, 353, 429, 435, +437-440+, 443, 452

Ibn Khallikan, 129, 132, 190, 213, 224, 234, 245, 261, 266, 267, 276, 288, 295, 308, 312, 326, 343, 344, 346, 348, 355, 357, 359, 360, 377, 378, 387, 408, 422, 425, 427, +451-452+

Ibn Khaqan, 425, 434

Ibnu ’l-Khatib, the Vizier, 413, 435, 436, 437

Ibn Khidham, 105

Ibn Khurdadbih, 356

Ibn Maja, 337

Ibn Malik of Jaen, 456

Ibn Mukarram (Jamalu ’l-Din), 456

Ibn Muljam, 193

Ibnu ’l-Muqaffa‘, 330, +346+, 348, 358

Ibnu ’l-Mu‘tazz (poet), 325

Ibn Nubata (man of letters), 61

Ibn Nubata, the preacher, 271, 328

Ibnu ’l-Qifti, 355, 370, 387

Ibn Qutayba, xviii, 35, 49, 50, 51, 75, 77, 105, 117, 145, 202, 223, 257, 277, 280, +286+, +287+, 288, 289, 293, 294, 345, +346+

Ibnu ’l-Qutiyya, 420

Ibn Quzman, 417

Ibn Rashiq, 71, 288

Ibnu ’l-Rawandi, 375

Ibn Rushd, 341, 361, 432, 434

Ibn Sab‘in, 434

Ibn Sa‘d, 144, 256, 349

Ibnu ’l-Sammak, 261

Ibnu ’l-Sikkit, 343

Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 265, 266, 341, +360+, +361+, 393

Ibn Sirin, 244

Ibn Surayj, 236

Ibn Taymiyya, 371, +462+, +463+, 465, 466

Ibnu ’l-Tiqtaqa, 454

Ibn Tufayt, 361, 432, 433, 434

Ibn Tumart, 431-432

Ibnu ’l-Wahshiyya, xxv

Ibnu ’l-Wardi, 455

Ibn Zaydun (poet), 419, 424-426

Ibn Zuhr, 434

Ibrahim (Abraham), xviii, 63. See Abraham

Ibrahim (‘Alid), 258

Ibrahim b. Adham, 232

Ibrahim b. Hilal al-Sabi, 328

Ibrahim of Mosul, 261

Idol-worship at Mecca, 62-64

Idris, 264

-Idrisi (geographer), 357, 434

Idrisid dynasty, the, 264

Ihya’u Ulum al-Din, 230, 234, 338, 340

-Iji (Adudu ’l-Din), 456

ijma‘, 460

ikhlas, 164

Ikhmim, 387

-Ikhtiyarat, 128

Ikhwánu ’l-Safa, 370-372, 388

-Iklil, 6, 12, 13, 24

-ilahiyyun, 382

Iliad, the, xxii, 325, 469

Il-Khans, the, xxix, 446

Il-Makah, 11

‘ilmu ’l-hadith (Science of Apostolic Tradition), 283

‘ilmu ’l-kalam (Scholastic Theology), 283

‘ilmu ’l-nujum (Astronomy), 283

‘ilmu ’l-qira’at (Koranic Criticism), 283

‘ilmu ’l-tafsir (Koranic Exegesis), 283

‘ilq, 101

‘Imadu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 266

‘Imadu ’l-Din al-Katib al-Isfahani, 348, 355

Imam (head of the religious community), 210

Imam, the Hidden, 216-217, 371; the Infallible, 220, 432

Imam-Husayn, a town near Baghdad, 466. See Karbala

-imam al-ma‘sum, 432

Imamites, the, 251

Imams, the Seven, 217, 273

Imams, the Shi‘ite, 214-220

Imams, the Twelve, 217

Imamu ’l-Haramayn, 339, 379

iman (faith), 222

Imru’u ’l-Qays (poet), 42, 84, 85, 101, 102, +103-107+, 128, 136, 246, 289

India, 4, 17, 268, 341, 352, 361, 389

+India, History of+, by -Biruni, 361

India, the influence of, on Moslem civilisation, 361, 389, 390

India, Moslem conquests in, 203, 268

Indian religion, described by -Shahrastani, 341

Indus, the, xxiv, 203, 264

Infanticide, practised by the pagan Arabs, 149, 243

Initiation, the Isma‘ilite degrees of, 273

Inquisition (mihna) established by -Ma’mun, 368, 369

-Insan al-Kamil, the Perfect Man, 402

Inscriptions, the Babylonian and Assyrian, xxv, 4

Inscriptions, Himyarite. See Inscriptions, South Arabic

Inscriptions, Nabatæan, xxv, 3

Inscriptions, South Arabic, xvi, xxi, xxvi, +6-11+

Inspiration, views of the heathen Arabs regarding, 72, 73, 152, 165

Intellectual and Philosophical Sciences, the, 282

Ionia, the dialect of, xxiii

-‘Iqd al-Faríd, 102, 131, +347+, 420

Iram, 1

-‘Iraq, 34, 38, 42, 123, 132, 142, 201, 202, 207, 208, 243, 244, 255, 262, 266, 273, 303, 350, 419, 445. See Babylonia

-Isaba fi tamyiz al-Sahaba, 456

Isabella of Castile, 441

Isaiah, 151

Isfahan, 14, 131, 268, 280, 326, 347, 355, 419

Isfandiyar, 330, 363

Ishaq b. Ibrahim al-Mawsili, 261, 362, 418

Ishaq b. Khalaf, 92

Ishmael. See Isma‘il

Isidore of Hispalis, 198

Islam, meaning of, 153; cardinal doctrines of, 163-168; formal and ascetic character of, 168, 224; derived from Christianity and Judaism, 176, 177; pagan elements in, 177; opposed to the ideals of heathendom, 177, 178; identified with the religion of Abraham, 62, 177; a world-religion, 184

Isma‘il (Ishmael), xviii, 63, 64

Isma‘il (Samanid), 265

Isma‘il b. ‘Abbad, 267. See -Sahib Isma‘il b. ‘Abbad

Isma‘il b. Naghdala, 428

Isma‘ilis, the, 217, +272-274+, 363, +371+, +372+, 381, 420, 445

+isnad+, 144, 278, 352

-Isnawi, 339

Israel, 73

Istakhr, 356

-Istakhri, 356

istifa, 228

Italy, 412, 414, 441

Ithamara (Sabæan king), 4

-Ithna -‘ashariyya (the Twelvers), 217

I‘timad, name of a slave-girl, 422

-Itqan, 145, 455

ittihad, 402

‘iyar, 297

Iyas b. Qabisa, 53

‘Izzu ’l-Din b. ‘Abd al-Salam, 461

J

Jabal Tariq (Gibraltar), 204

Jabala b. -Ayham (Ghassanid), 50, 51, 52, 53, 54

-Jabariyya (the Predestinarians), 224

Jabir b. Hayyan, 361, 387

jabr (compulsion), 224, 297

Jacob, G., 74, 76

Jadala (tribe), 429

Jadhima al-Abrash, 34, 35, 36, 40

Jadis (tribe), 4, 25

Jaen, 456

Ja‘far, the Barmecide, 260

Ja‘far, son of the Caliph -Hadi, 260

Jafna, founder of the Ghassanid dynasty, 50

Jafnites, the. See Ghassanids, the

Jaghbub, 468

Jahdar b. Dubay‘a, 59

-jahiliyya (the Age of Barbarism), xxvi, +30+, 31, 34, 71, 90, 158, 287

-Jahiz, 267, 280, +346-347+, 375

jahiz, 346

-Jahiziyya (Mu‘tazilite sect), 346

jahl, meaning 'barbarism', 30

Jahm b. Safwan, 222

-Jahshiyari (Abu ‘Abdallah Muhammad b. ‘Abdus), 458

Jalalu ’l-Din Khwarizmshah, 444

Jalalu ’l-Din al-Mahalli, 455

Jalalu ’l-Din Rumi, Persian poet, 298, 393, 404

Jallaban, 293

-Jamhara fi ’l-Lugha, 343

Jamharatu Ash‘ari ’l-‘Arab, 130

-Jami (‘Abdu ’l-Rahman), Persian poet, 229, 284, 386, 433

-Jami‘, by -Tirmidhi, 337

-Jami‘a, 371

Jamil, 238

Jandal, 245

Janissaries, the, 413

-Jannabi, 375

-Jaradatan (name of two singing girls), 2

Jarir (poet), 205, 238, 239, 240, 242, +244-246+

Jassas b. Murra, 56, 57

-Jawf, 9

Jawhar, 429

-Jawlan, 54

Jerusalem, 169, 177, 233, 275, 340, 355, 357

Jesus, 215, 216

Jews, the, 341. See Judaism

-Jibal (province), 292, 356, 445

Jibril (Gabriel), 150

jihad, 430

Jinn, the, 72, 112, 119, 152, 165

jinni (genie), 165

Jirjis -Makin (historian), 355

John of Damascus, 221

John of Ephesus, 52

Johnson, Dr., 286, 313

Joktan, xviii

Jones, E. R., 433

Jones, Sir William, 102, 452

Jong, P. de, 366

Jordan, the, 446

-Jubba’i, 377, 378

Judaism, established in -Yemen, 23, 137; zealously fostered by Dhu Nuwas, 26; in Arabia, 137-140, 149, 158, 170-172, 173, 176, 177; in Spain, 415, 428, 429; in Sicily, 441

Judaism, influence of, on Muhammadan thought, 176, 177, 215, 216

-ju‘iyya (the Fasters), 232

Juliana of Norwich, 233

Junayd of Baghdad, 228, 230, 392, 465

Junde-shapur, 358

Jurhum (tribe), xviii, 63, 117

Jurjan, 339

Jurji Zaydan, 435

Justinian, 43, 51, 104, 358

Justinus (Byzantine Emperor), 27, 52

-Juwayni (Abu ’l-Ma‘ali), 339, 379

Juynboll, 257, 262, 268, 350, 369

K

Ka‘b (tribe), 246

Ka‘b b. Zuhayr (poet), 119, 127, 327

-Ka‘ba, +63+, +64+, +65+, +67+, 101, 117, 154, 155, 157, 164, 169, 177, 198, 319, 400, 403, 467

Ka‘bu ’l-Ahbar, 185

-Kadhdhab (title of Musaylima), 183

Kafur (Ikhshidite), 306, 307

Kahlan, 14

-Kalabadhi, 338

-kalam (Scholasticism), 363, 378

Kalb (tribe), 199, 405

kalb, 445

Kalila and Dimna, the Book of, 346, 363

-Kamala (title), 88

-kamil (metre), 75

-Kamil of Ibnu ’l-Athir, 355, 379, 429. See Ibnu ’l-Athir

-Kamil of -Mubarrad, 92, 131, 202, 226, 227, 237, 244, 343

kanwakan (a species of verse), 450

Karbala, 196, 198, 208, 216, 218, 243, 466

Kariba’il Watar, 10

-Karkh, a quarter of Baghdad, 267, 385

kasb, 379

Kashfu ’l-Zunun, 456

-Kashshaf, 145

katib (secretary), 257, 326

Kawadh (Sasanian), 42

Kerbogha, 446

Khadija, 148, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157

-khafif (metre), 75

Khalaf, 421

Khalaf al-Ahmar, 97, 134, 293, 344

Khalid b. -Mudallil, 43

Khalid b. -Walid, 184

Khalid b. Yazid, 358

khalifa (Caliph), xxvii, 175

-Khalil b. Ahmad, 75, 285, +343+

Khamir (village), 19

-Khamriyya, by Ibnu ’l-Farid, 396

khamriyyat, 294

khanaqah (monastery), 229

-Khansa (poetess), 126, 127

Kharidatu ’l-Qasr, 348

khariji (Kharijite), 209

Kharijites, the, 193, 207, +208-213+, 221, 222, 239, 248, 259, 428

Kharmaythan, 360

-Khasib, 373

khatib, 271

-Khatib, of Baghdad, 355

-Khatim b.‘Adi, 94, 96

-Khawarij. See Kharijites, the

-Khawarnaq (castle), 40, 41

-Khaybar, 50

-Khayf, 237

Khazaza, battle of, 5

-Khazraj (tribe), 170

Khedivial dynasty, the, 468

Khidash b. Zuhayr, 95, 96

Khindif, xix

-Khitat, by -Maqrizi, 453

Khiva, 361, 444

Khizanatu ’l-Adab, 131

Khuda Bukhsh, S., 279

Khuday-nama, 348

Khulafa al-Rashidun, xxvii. See Caliphs, the Orthodox

Khurasan, xxviii, 129, 132, 220, 221, 232, 233, 239, +249+, +250+, 251, 254, 256, 258, 263, 265, 266, 275, 303, 339, 341, 379, 390, 391, 419, 444

Khurasan, dialect of, 339

khuruj (secession), 209

Khusraw Parwez. See Parwez

khutba, 263, 328

Khuza‘a (tribe), 63, 64, 65

Khuzayma (tribe), xix

Khuzistan, 266, 274, 293, 358

Khwarizm, 357, 361, 444

-Khwarizmi (Abu ‘Abdallah), 361

-kibrit al-ahmar, 399

Kilab (tribe), 246

Kilab b. Murra, 64

-kimiya (the Philosophers' Stone), 401

Kimiya’u ’l-Sa‘adat, 340

-kimiya’un (the Alchemists), 364

Kinana (tribe), xix, 64

Kinda (tribe), xviii, 42, 43, 69, 85, 103, 104, 360

-Kïndi, 288, 360

-Kisa’i (philologist), 261, 343

Kisra (title), 45

Kitabu ’l-Aghani (the Book of Songs), 19, 26, 31, +32+, 37, 43, 44, 46, 47, 53, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 94, 102, 104, 109, 110, 123, 124, 131, 134, 138, 139, 150, 200, 205, 216, 236, 237, 239, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, +270+, 279, 291, 292, 297, 345, +347+, 374, +419+

Kitabu ’l-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya_, 338

Kitabu ’l-Akhbar al-Tiwal_, 349

Kitabu ’l-Amali, 131

Kitabu Ansabi ’l-Ashraf, 349

-Kitab al-Awsat, 353

Kitabu ’l-‘Ayn, 343

Kitabu ’l-Badi‘, 325

Kitabu ’l-Bayan wa-’l-Tabyin, 347

Kitabu ’l-Falahat al-Nabatiyya, xxv

Kitabu Futuhi ’l-Buldan, 349

Kitabu ’l-Hayawan, 346, 375

Kitabu ’l-‘Ibar, by Dhahabi, 339

Kitabu ’l-‘Ibar, by Ibn Khaldun, 437

Kitabu, ’l-Ibil, 345

Kitabu ’l-Ishtiqaq, 343

Kitabu ’l-Kamil fi ’l-Ta’rikh, 355. See -Kamil of Ibnu ’l-Athir

Kitabu Khalq al-Insan, 345

Kitabu ’l-Khayl, 345

Kitabu ’l-Luma‘, 393

Kitabu ’l-Ma‘arif, xviii, 202, 223, 224, 345, +346+

Kitabu ’l-Maghazi, by Musa b. ‘Uqba, 247

Kitabu ’l-Maghazi, by -Waqidi, 144

-Kitab al-Mansuri, 265

Kitabu ’l-Masalik wa-’l-Mamalik, 356

Kitabu ’l-Milal wa-’l-Nihal, by Ibn Hazm, 341, 427, 428

Kitabu ’l-Milal wa-’l-Nihal, by -Shahrastani, 341. See -Shahrastani

Kitabu ’l-Muluk wa-akhbar al-Madin, 13

Kitabu ’l-Shi‘r wa-’l-Shu‘ara, 75, 78, 105, 117, 257, 293, 346

Kitabu ’l-Ta‘arruf li-Madhhabi ahli ’l-Tasawwuf, 338

Kitabu ’l-Tabaqat al-Kabir, 144

Kitabu ’l-Tanbih wa-’l-Ishraf, 353, 354

-Kitab al-Yamini, 355

Kitabu ’l-Zuhd, 247

Koran, the, xvii, xx, xxii-xxv, xxvi, xxvii, 1, 2, 3, 15, 17, 18, 27, 68, 74, 91, 102, 119, 132, 134, +141-143+, 144-152, 154-156, 158, +159-168+, 169, 172, 174, +175+, +176+, 178, 179, 183, 184, 185, 187, 192, 201, 203, 207-212, 215, 221, 223, 225, 231, 234, +235+, 237, 247, 249, 273, 277, 278, 279, 282, 284, 287, 294, 318, 327, 329, 330, 342, 343, 344, 363, 365, 368, 369, 375, 378, 379, 397, 398, 403, 408, 417, 433, 449, 454, 455, 460, 461, 462, 463, 467

Koran, the, derivation of, 159; collection of, 142; historical value of, 143; arrangement of, 143, 161; style of, 159, 318, 368; not poetical as a whole, 160; held by Moslems to be the literal Word of God, 159, 235; heavenly archetype of, 151, 163, 368; revelation of, 150-152, 159; designed for oral recitation, 161; commentaries on, 144, 145, 351, 455; imitations of, 318, 368, 375; dispute as to whether it was created or not, 262, 368, 369

Koran-readers (-qurra), the, 209, 210, 277

Kosegarten, 128

Krehl, L., 151, 360

Kremer, Alfred von, 13, 14, 18, 19, 23, 24, 101, 139, 140, 220, 221, 225, 233, 279, 281, 302, 304, 316, 318, 321, 323, 324, 360, 373, 379, 383, 399, 439

-Kufa, xxiv, 38, 70, 127, 133, 134, 186, +189+, 193, 196, 198, 202, 207-210, 215, 218, 219, 229, 250, 253, 291, 293, 296, 304, 342, +343+, 344

-Kulab, battle of, 253

Kulayb (tribe), 244, 245

Kulayb b. Rabi‘a, 5, 55, 56, 57, 76, 93

Kulayb b. Wa’il, 110. See Kulayb b. Rabi‘a

Kulthum b. Malik, 110

-Kumayt (poet), 138

kunya (name of honour), 45, 50, 112

-Kusa‘i, 244

Kuthayyir (poet), 216

-kutub al-sitta (the Six Books), 337

-Kutubi, 449, 452

L

La Fontaine, 469

Labid (poet), 50, 109, +119-121+, 128, 139, 140

Lagrange, Grangeret de, 396, 417

Lahore, 268

Lakhmites, the, of -Hira, 33, 38, +39-49+, 54, 69

Lamis (name of a woman), 82

Lamiyyatu ’l-‘Ajam, 326

Lamiyyatu ’l-‘Arab, +79+, +80+, 89, 134, 326

Lamta (tribe), 429

Lamtuna (tribe), 429

Lane, E. W., 53, 164, 448, 459

Lane-Poole, Stanley, 264, 275, 371, 432

-Lat (goddess), 135, 155

Lata’ifu ’l-Minan, 464

Latifi (Turkish biographer), 460

Laus duplex (rhetorical figure), 311

Law, Muhammadan, the schools of, 283, 284, 363, 465; the first corpus of, 337

Lawaqihu ’l-Anwar, 225, 226, 392

-Lawh al-Mahfuz, 163, 378

Layla, mother of ‘Amr b. Kulthum, 44, 109, 110

Layla, the beloved of -Majnun, 238

Le Strange, G., 256, 356, 357

Learning, Moslem enthusiasm for, 281

Lees, Nassau, 386

Leo the Armenian, 359

Letter-writing, the art of, 267

Lexicon, the first Arabic, 343

Library of Nuh II, the Samanid, 265, 266; of Hakam II, the Spanish Umayyad, 419

Linguistic Sciences, the, 282

Lippert, 370

Lisanu ’l-Arab, 456

Lisanu ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-Khatib. See Ibnu ’l-Khatib

Literary culture despised by the Arabs, 278

litham, 423

Littmann, Enno, 73

Logos, the, 403

Lollards, the, 374

Longland, 450

Loth, O., 1

Lourdes, 382

Love, Divine, the keynote of Sufiism, 231; two kinds of, 234; an ineffable mystery, 387; hymn of, 396; in Sufi poetry, 234, 397, 398, 402, 403

Loyalty, as understood by the heathen Arabs, 83-85

Lucian, 319

-lugha (Lexicography), 283

Luhayy, 63

Lull, Raymond, 404

Lu’lu’, 304

Luqman b. ‘Ad (king), 2, 14

-Luzumiyyat, 315, 316, 319, 323, 324

Luzumu ma la yalzam, 315. See -Luzumiyyat

Lyall, Sir Charles, 32, 54, 71, 75, 82, 89, 92, 97, 101, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 125, 129, 139, 140, 149

M

Ma’ al-Sama (surname), 41

Ma’ab, 63

ma‘ad (place of return), 215

Ma‘add, xix, xx, 112

Ma‘arratu ’l-Nu‘man, 313, 314, 323

-Ma‘arri (Abu ’l-‘Ala), 448. See Abu ’l-‘Ala al-Ma‘arri

Ma‘bad (singer), 236

Ma‘bad al-Juhani, 224

Macbeth, Arabian parallel to an incident in, 25

Macdonald, D. B., 273, 378, 382, 433

Macedonia, 276

Machiavelli, 439

Macoraba, 5, 62

Madagascar, 352

-Mada’in (Ctesiphon), 29, 33, 46, 47, 48. See Ctesiphon

Mada’in Salih, 3

-madh al-muwajjah, 311

-madid (metre), 98

madih (panegyric), 78, 294

Madinatu ’l-Salam, 255. See Baghdad

Madrid, 420

mafakhir, 100

maghazi, 247

-Maghrib, 460

Magi (Magians), the. See Zoroastrians, the

Magian fire-temple at Balkh, the, 259

Mahaffy, J. P., 82

Mahdi, the, +216+, +217+, 248, 249, 274, 431

-Mahdi, the Caliph, 103, 128, 257, 258, 296, 343, 367, 373, 374, 418

-Mahdiyya, 274

Mahmud (Ghaznevid), 268-269, 355

Mahra, dialect of, xxi

Maimonides, 434

Majdu ’l-Din al-Fírúzábádí. See -Fírúzábádí

-Majmu‘ al-Mubarak, 355

-Majnun, 238

majnun, 165

Malaga, 410, 421, 428, 434

Malik (boon companion of Jadhima), 35

Malik (brother of Qays b. Zuhayr), 61

Malik the Azdite, 34

Malik, the slayer of -Khatim b. ‘Adi, 94, 95

Malik b. Anas, 284, +337+, +366+, 408

-Malik al-Dillil (title of Imru’u ’l-Qays), 104

-Malik al-Kamil (Ayyubid), 395, 434

-Malik al-Salih Najmu’l-Din (Ayyubid), 447

Malik Shah (Seljuq), 275, 276, 326, 340

-Malik al-Zahir (Ayyubid), 275

-Malik al-Zahir Baybars. See Baybars, Sultan

Malikite books burned by the Almohades, 433

Malikite school of Law, the, 408

Mameluke dynasty, the, xxix, 442, 446, +447+, +448+, 453, 464

Mamelukes, the, 413

mamluk, 447

-Ma’mun, the Caliph, 92, 129, 255, 257, +262+, +283+, 284, 302, 343, +358-359+, 361, +368+, 369, 373, 388

Manat (goddess), 135, 155

Mandeville, Sir John, xxv

Manfred, 441

-Manfuha, 124

Mani (Manes), 364, 375

Manichæans, the, 218, 297, 341, 372-375. See Zindiqs, the

-Mansur, the Caliph, 128, 206, 252, 253, 255, 257, +258-259+, 291, 314, 337, 346, 349, 358, 373, 407

Mansur I (Samanid), 265, 352

-Mansur Ibn Abi ‘Amir, 412, 413, 426

Mantle Ode (-Burda), the, 326, 327

maqama, 328

-Maqamat, of Badi‘u ’l-Zaman al- Hamadhani, 328, 329

-Maqamat, of -Hariri, 329-336

Maqamu Ibrahim, 63

-Maqdisi. See -Muqaddasi

-Maqqari, 399, 401, +413+, 418, 419, 427, 436, 454

-Maqrizi (Taqiyyu ’l-Din), 453

-Maqsura, 343

Marabout, modern form of murabit, 430

Marasidu ’l-Ittila‘, 357

marathi, 294

Marathon, battle of, 174

Marcion, 364

Margoliouth, Prof. D. S., xxiv, 183, 267, 314, 316, 317, 319, 357, 469

Mariaba, 5

Ma’rib, 2, 5, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 50. See Dyke of Ma’rib

Maridin, 449

ma‘rifat (gnosis), 386

Marinid dynasty, the, 442

Mariya, mother of -Mundhir III, 41

Mariya (name of a handmaiden), 46, 47

Mariya of the Ear-rings, 50

Marj Rahit, battle of, 199

Marr al-Zahran, 95

Marriage, a loose form of, prevailing among the Shi‘ites, 262

Ma‘ruf al-Karkhi, 385, 386, 388

Marwan I (Umayyad Caliph), 199

Marwan II (Umayyad Caliph), 181, 251, 253, 347

-Marzuqi (philologist), 128

Masabihu ’l-Sunna, 337

Masaliku ’l-Mamalik, 356

-mashaf, 294

Mashhad -Husayn, 466

Maslama b. Ahmad, 420

Masruq, 28

Mas‘ud, Sultan, 329. See Ghiyathu ’l-Din Mas‘ud

-Mas‘udi, 13, 15, 37, 195, 203, 205, 206, 259, 260, 267, 349, +352-354+, 387, 456

Materia Medica, by Ibnu ’l-Baytar, 434

mathalib, 100, 280

Mathnawi, the, by Jalalu ’l-Din Rumi, 404

-Matin, 428

matla‘, 309

matn, 144

Mauritania, 412

-Mawa‘iz wa ’l-I‘tibar fi dhikri ’l-Khitat wa ’l-Athar, 453

-Mawali (the Clients), 198, 207, +219+, 222, +248+, 250, +278+, +279+, 373

-Mawali (the Clients), coalesce with the Shi‘ites, 198, 219, 220, 250; treated with contempt by the Arabs, 219, 248, 278, 279; their culture, 248; their influence, 278, 279

mawaliyya, a species of verse, 450

-Mawardi, 337, 338

Mawiyya, mother of -Mundhir III, 41

Mawiyya, wife of Hatim of Tayyi’, 87

-Maydani, 31. See Proverbs, Arabic

Maymun b. Qays. See -A‘sha

Maysun, 195

Mazdak, 42, 258, 364

Mazyar, 375

Mecca, xviii, xxiii, xxvi, xxvii, 2, 3, 5, 6, 22, 28, 53, +62+, 63, 64, 65-68, 101, 102, 114, 117, 146, 150, 154-156, 158, 169, 171, 174, 175, 196, 198, 202, 236, 249, 274, 319, 339, 340, 395, 396, 429, 431, 434, 439, 466, 468

Mecca, Pre-islamic history of, 62; attacked by the Abyssinians, 66-69; submits to the Prophet, 64, 175

Mecca, the dialect of, xxiii

Meccan Revelations, the, 464. See Futuhat al-Makkiyya

Meccan Suras of the Koran, the, 160-168

Media, 356

Medina (-Madina), xxvi, xxvii, 3, 21, 22, 49, 50, 52, 62, 71, 84, 150, 157, 158, 169, 170, 171, 173, 175, 176, 177, 181, 185, 186, 188, 198, 208, 209, 236, 241, 243, 337, 339, 365, 466, 468

Medina, Suras of the Koran revealed at, 175, 176

Mediterranean Sea, the, 5, 255, 275, 404, 412, 444

Merv, 252, 346

Merx, A., 384, 389

Mesopotamia, 35, 186, 238, 240, 269, 355, 358, 385, 388, 411, 446

Messiah, Moslem beliefs regarding the, 215-217, 248, 249. See Mahdi, the

Metempsychosis, the doctrine of, 267

Metres, the Arabian, 74, 75

Mevlevi dervish order, the, 393

mihna, 368

-Mihras, 124

Mihrgan, Persian festival, 250

Milton, 212

Mina, 119

Minæan language, the, xxi

Minæans, the, 7

minbar (pulpit), 199

Minqar, 57

Miqlab (castle), 24

Miracles demanded by the Quraysh from Muhammad, 165; falsely attributed to Muhammad, 166

-Mi‘raj (the Ascension of the Prophet), 169, 403

Mir’atu ’l-Zaman, 355

Mishkatu ’l-Masabih, 337

Misr (Old Cairo), 394

misra‘ (hemistich), 74

-Mishar, 455. See -Muzhir

Moguls, the Great, xxix, 444

Moliere, 469

Monasticism, alien to Islam, 225

Mongol Invasion, the, xxiv, xxix, xxx, 272, 277, 326, 443, +444-446+

Mongols, the, 254, 264, 275, 442, 443, 462. See Mongol Invasion, the

Monte Cristo, 469

Montrose, 191

Mordtmann, 9

Morocco, 264, 341, 423, 424, 430, 431, 442

Moses, 165, 172, 185, 215, 273, 397

Moslem, meaning of, 153

Moslems, the first, 153

Moslems, the non-Arabian. See -Mawali

Mosul (-Mawsil), 261, 269, 281, 326, 355, 362, 399, 445, 454

-Mu‘allaqat, 77, 82, +101-121+, 128, 131, 416, 459

Mu‘awiya b. Abi Sufyan (Caliph), xxviii, 13, 119, 181, 191, 192, 193, +194-195+, 196, 206, 207, 208, 213, 214, 222, 256, 377, 407, 426

Mu‘awiya b. Bakr (Amalekite prince), 2

Mu‘awiya, brother of -Khansa, 126

Mu’ayyidu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 267

-Mubarrad (philologist), 92, 131, 202, 226, 237, 244, +343+, +344+

Mudar b. Nizar, xix, 252

Mudar, the tribes descended from, xix

-Mudhhabat, -Mudhahhabat, 101

-Mutaddal al-Dabbi (philologist), +128+, 133, +343+

Mufaddal b. Salama, 31

-Mufaddaliyyat, 90, +128+, 343

-Mughammas, 69

muhajat (scolding-match), 238

-Muhajirun (the Emigrants), 171, 209

Muhalhil b. Rabi‘a, 58, 76, 109, 110

-Muhallab b. Abi Sufra, 239

-Muhallabi, the Vizier, 267, 347

Muhammad, the Prophet, xxiii, xxvi-xxviii, 3, 10, 15, 18, 27, 30, 51, 62, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 74, 86, 87, 105, 124, 132, 134, 135, 137, 139, +141-180+, 181-183, 186-188, 190-193, 201, 202, 207-209, 213-218, 223, 224, 229, 231, 233, +235+, 237, 249, 250, 251, 257, 258, 267, 273, 274, 277, 278, 279, 280, 318, 327, 330, 341, 342, 348, 349, 355, 356, 380, 383, 392, 400, 403, 420, 428, 433, 449, 455, 462, 463, 465, +467+

Muhammad, question whether he could read and write, 151; his attitude towards the heathen poets, 159, 212, 235; his aim in the Meccan Suras, 160; his death, 175; his character, 179, 180; biographies of, 144, 146, 247, 349; poems in honour of, 124, 127, 326, 327, 449; mediæval legend of, 327; identified with the Logos, 403; pilgrimage to the tomb of, 463; his tomb demolished by the Wahhabis, 467

Muhammad (‘Alid), 258

Muhammad (Seljuq), 326

Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab, 465-467

Muhammad b. ‘Ali (‘Abbasid), 251

Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha, 466, 468

Muhammad b. ‘Ali b. -Sanusi, 468

Muhammad Ibnu ’l-Hanafiyya, 216, 218, 220

Muhammad b. -Hasan, the Imam, 217

Muhammad b. Isma‘il, the Imam, 217, 272-274

Muhammad al-Kalbi, 348

Muhammad b. Sa‘ud, 466

-Muhtadi, the Caliph, 264

Muhyi ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi, +399-404+, 434, 462

Muhyi ’l-Maw’udat (title), 243

Muir, Sir W., 142, 143, 146, 156, 184, 197, 338

-Mu‘izz (Fatimid Caliph), 420

Mu‘izzu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 266, 267, 347

-Mujammi‘ (title), 65

Mu‘jamu ’l-Buldan, 17, 357

Mu‘jamu ’l-Udaba, 357

Mukarrib (title), 10

-Mukhadramun (a class of poets), 127

-Mukhtar, 198, +218-220+, 250

-Mukhtarat, 128

-Muktafi, the Caliph, 257, 269, 325

-Mulaththamun, 423

Müller, A., 5, 101, 261, 266, 355, 429

Müller, D. H., 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 18, 24

Multan, 203

Muluku ’l-Tawa’if (the Party Kings of Spain), 414

-Munafiqun (the Hypocrites), 171, 172, 176

-Munakhkhal (poet), 49

-Mundhir I (Lakhmite), 41

-Mundhir III (Lakhmite), +41-44+, 45, 50, 51, 60, 87, 103, 104

-Mundhir IV (Lakhmite), 45, 47

-Mundhir b. -Harith (Ghassanid), 50, 52

-Mundhir b. Ma’ al-sama, 50, 51. See -Mundhir III

-Munjibat (title), 88

Munk, S., 360

-Munqidh mina ’l-Dalal, 340, 380

munshi, 326

-Muqaddasi (geographer), 356, 357, 409

-Muqaddima, of Ibn Khaldun, 32, 229, 278, 289, +437-440+. See Ibn Khaldun

-Muqanna‘, 258

-Muqattam, Mt., 394, 396

-Muqtabis, 428

-Muqtadir, the Caliph, 325, 343, 399

-murabit, 430

-Murabitun, 433. See Almoravides, the

murid, 392

murji’ (Murjite), 221

Murjites, the, 206, 220, +221-222+, 428

Murra, 56, 57, 58

Mursiya (Murcia), 399

Muruju ’l-Dhahab, 13, 15, 37, 195, 203, 205, 206, 259, 260, 267, +349+, +353+, +354+, 387, 457

muruwwa (virtue), 72, 82, 178, 287

Musa b. Maymun (Maimonides), 434

Musa b. Nusayr, 203, 204, 405

Musa b. ‘Uqba, 247

Mus‘ab, 199

Musaylima, 183

-Mushtarik, 357

Music in Pre-Isiamic Arabia, 236

Musicians, Arab, 236

-musiqi (Music), 283

Muslim (Moslem), meaning of, 153

Muslim (author of -Sahih), 144, 337

Muslim b. ‘Aqil, 196

Muslim b. -Walid (poet), 261

musnad (inscriptions), 6

-Mustakfi (Spanish Umayyad), 424

-Mustakfi, ‘Abbasid Caliph, 266

-Mustansir (‘Abbasid), 448

-Mustarshid Billah, the Caliph, 329

-Musta‘sim, the Caliph, 254, 445

-Mustawrid b. ‘Ullifa, 210

-mut‘a, 262

-Mu‘tadid (‘Abbadid), 421, 425

-Mu‘tadid (‘Abbasid Caliph), 325

-Mu‘tamid (‘Abbadid), 421-424

-Mutajarrida, 49, 122

-Mutalammis (poet), 107, 108, 138

Mutammim b. Nuwayra, 127

-Mutanabbi (poet), 266, 269, +270+, 289, 290, 291, 292, +304-313+, 315, 316, 324, 396, 416, 448

mutasawwifa (aspirants to Sufiism), 229

-Mu‘tasim, the Caliph, 129, 257, 263, 369, 375

-Mutawakkil, the Caliph, 257, 264, 284, 344, 350, 369, +375+, +376+, 388

mutawakkil, 233

Mu‘tazilites, the, 206, 220, +222-224+, 225, 230, 262, 268, 284, 346, +367-370+, 376, 377, 378, 392, 409, 428, 431

-Mu‘tazz, the Caliph, 325

-Muti‘, the Caliph, 353

Muti‘ b. Iyas (poet), 291, 292

muwahhid, 432

-Muwalladun, 278, 408

muwashshah, verse-form, 416, 417, 449

-Muwatta’, 337, 408, 409

Muzaffar Qutuz (Mameluke), 446

Muzayna (tribe), 116

-Muzayqiya (surname), 15

-Muzhir, 71, 455

Mystical poetry of the Arabs, the, 325, 396-398, 403

Mysticism. See Sufiism

N

-Nabat, the Nabatæans, xxv, 279

Nabatæan, Moslem use of the term, xxv

Nabatæan Agriculture, the Book of, xxv

Nabatæan inscriptions, xxv, 3

-Nabigha al-Dhubyam (poet), 39, 49, 50, +54+, 86, 101, +121-123+, 128, 139

nadhir (warner), 164

Nadir (tribe), 170

-Nadr b. -Harith, 330

Nafahatu ’l'Uns, by Jami, 386

Nafhu ’l-Tib, by -Maqqari, 399, 413, 436

Nafi‘ b. -Azraq, 208

-Nafs al-zakiyya (title), 258

-Nahhas (philologist), 102

-Nahrawan, battle of, 208

-nahw (grammar), 283

Na’ila, 35

-Najaf, 40

-Najashi (the Negus), 26, 27, 28

Najd, xvii, 62, 107, 466

Najda b. ‘Amir, 209

Najdites (a Kharijite sect), the, 208

Najran, 26, 27, 105, 124, 136, 137, 162

Na‘man, 11

Namir (tribe), xix

Napoleon, 468

-Naqa’id, of -Akhtal and Jarir, 240

-Naqa’id, of Jarir and -Farazdaq, 239

Naqb al-Hajar, 8

-Nasafi (Abu ’l-Barakat), 456

-Nasa’i, 337

Nashwan b. Sa‘id al-Himyari, 12, 13

nasib (erotic prelude), 77, 310

Nasim, a place near Baghdad, 461

-Nasimi (the Hurufi poet), 460, 461

Nasir-i Khusraw, Persian poet, 323

Nasiru ’l-Dawla (Hamdanid), 269, 411

Nasr b. Sayyar, 251

Nasr II (Samanid), 265

Nasrid dynasty of Granada, the, 435, 442

nat‘, 257

-Nawaji (Muhammad b. -Hasan), 417

Nawar, wife of -Farazdaq, 243, 244

Nawar, the beloved of Labid, 121

Nawruz, Persian festival, 250

Naysabur, 232, 276, 338, 339, 340, 348

Nazmu ’l-Suluk, 396

-Nazzam, 369

Neo-platonism, 360, 384, 389, 390

Neo-platonist philosophers welcomed by Nushirwan, 358

Nero, 325

Nessus, 104

Nicephorus, 261

Niebuhr, Carsten, 7

Night journey of Muhammad, the, 169, 403

Night of Power, the, 150

Nihayatu ’l-Aráb, 455

Nile, the, xxviii, 264, 354, 455

Nirvana, 233, 391

-Nizamiyya College, at Baghdad, 276, 340, 380, 431

-Nizamiyya College, at Naysabur, 276, 340

Nizamu ’l-Mulk, 276, 340, 379

Nizar, xix

Noah, xv, xviii, 165

Nöldeke, Th., xv, xx, xxxiii, xxv, 5, 27, 29, 38, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57-60, 66, 70, 78, 80, 83, 101, 102, 103, 109, 113, 122, 123, 126, 127, 130, 134, 145, 151, 160, 167, 172, 184, 195, 228, 237, 238, 249, 252, 258, 288

Nomadic life, characteristics of, 439, 440

Nominalists, 367

Normans, the, 441

Nubia, 387

Nuh I (Samanid), 265

Nuh II (Samanid), 265

-Nujum al-Záhira, 257, 262, 268, 369, +454+

-Nu‘man I (Lakhmite), 40, 41, 139

-Nu‘man III (Lakhmite), +45-49+, 50, 53, 54, 69, 86, 121, 122

-Nu‘man al-Akbar. See Nu‘man I

-Nu‘man al-A‘war (Lakhmite). See -Nu‘man I

-Nu‘man b. -Mundhir Abu Qabus. See -Nu‘man III

Numayr (tribe), 245, 246

-Nuri (Abu ’l-Husayn), 392

Nushirwan (Sasanian king), 29, 42, 45, 358

-Nuwayri, 15, 455

Nyberg, H. S., 404

O

Occam, 367

Ockley, Simon, 433

Ode, the Arabian, 76-78. See qasida

Odenathus, 33, 35

Odyssey, the, xxii

O'Leary, De Lacy, 360

Ordeal of fire, the, 23

Orthodox Caliphs, the, xxiii, xxvii, 181-193

Orthodox Reaction, the, 284, 376. See -Ash‘ari

Osiander, 9

Ottoman Turks, the, xxix, 442, 447, 464-467

Oxus, the, xxviii, 341, 444

P

Pahlavi (Pehlevi) language, the, 214, 330, 346, 348, 358

Palermo, 441

Palestine, 52, 104, 137, 229

Palmer, E. H., 172, 176, 260

Palms, the Feast of, 54

Palm-tree, verses on the, by ‘Abd al-Rahman I, 418

Palm-trees of Hulwan, the two, 292

Palmyra, 33, 53

Panegyric, two-sided (rhetorical figure), 311

Panjab (Punjaub), the, 203, 268

Pantheism, 231, 233, 234, 275, 372, +390+, +391+, 394, +402+, +403+, 460

Paracelsus, 388

Paradise, the Muhammadan, burlesqued by Abu’l -‘Ala al-Ma‘arri, 318, 319

Parthian kings, the, 457

Parwez, son of Hurmuz (Sasanian), 48, 69

Passion Play, the, 218

Paul and Virginia, 469

Pavet de Courteille, 349

Pearl-fishing in the Persian Gulf, 354

Pedro of Castile, 437

Penitents, the (a name given to certain Shi‘ite insurgents), 218

Pentateuch, the, 165, 171, 323

Perfect Man, doctrine of the, 402

Persecution of the early Moslems, 154, 155, 157; of heretics, 224, 368, 369, 372-375, 376, 436, 460, 461

Persepolis, 356

Persia, xxiv, xxvii, xxix, 21, 29, 33, 34, 38, 41, 42, 48, 113, 169, 182, 184, 185, 188, 208, 214, 247, 255, 258, 265, 266, 274, 279, 328, 348, 349, 390, 394, 404, 444, 446, 454, 457

Persia, the Moslem conquest of, 184

Persia, the national legend of, 349

Persian divines, influence of the, 278

Persian Gulf, the, 4, 107, 354, 357

Persian influence on Arabic civilisation and literature, xxviii, xxix, 182, 250, 256, 265, 267, +276-281+, 287, 288, 290, 295, 418

Persian influence on the Shi‘a, 214, 219

Persian Kings, History of the, translated by Ibnu ’l-Muqaffa‘, 348

Persian literature, fostered by the Samanids and Buwayhids, 265, 303

Persian Moslems who wrote in Arabic, xxx, xxxi, 276-278

Persians, the, rapidly became Arabicised, 280, 281

Persians, the, in -Yemen, 29

Petra, xxv, 5

Petrarch, 425

Pharaoh, 162, 403

Pharaohs, the, 4, 5

Philip III, 441

Philistines, the, 3

Philologists, the Arab, xxiv, 32, 127, 128, 133, 246, +341-348+

Philosophers, the Greeks 341, 363

Philosophers, the Moslem, 360, 361, 381, 382, 432-434

Philosophers and scientists, Lives of the, by Ibnu ’l-Qifti, 355

Philosophus Autodidactus, 433

Phœnician language, the, xvi

Phœnicians, the, xv

Physicians, History of the, by Ibn Abi Usaybi‘a, 266, 355

Piers the Plowman, 450

Pietists, the, 207, 208

Pilgrimage to Mecca, the, 63, 65, 135, 136, 319

Pilgrimage, of the Shi‘ites, to the tomb of -Husayn at Karbala, 218, 466

pir (Persian word), 392

Plato, 204

Plutarch, 363

Pocock, E., 433

Poems of the Hudhaylites, the, 128

Poems, the Pre-islamic, xxii, xxiii, 30, 31, +71-140+, 282, 285-289, 290; chief collections of, 127-131; the tradition of, 131-134; first put into writing, 132

Poems, the Suspended. See -Mu‘allaqat

Poetics, work on, by Ibnu ’l-Mu‘tazz, 325

Poetry, Arabian, the origins of, 72-75; the decline of, not due to Muhammad, 235; in the Umayyad period, 235-246; in the ‘Abbasid period, 285-336; in Spain, 415-417, 425, 426; after the Mongol Invasion, 448-450

Poetry, conventions of the Ancient, criticised, 286, 288, 315

Poetry, Muhammadan views regarding the merits of, 308-312; intimately connected with public life, 436; seven kinds of, 450

Poetry, the oldest written Arabic, 138

Poetry and Poets, Book of, by Ibn Qutayba. See Kitabu ’l-Shi‘r wa-’l-Shu‘ara

Poets, the Modern, 289-336; judged on their merits by Ibn Qutayba, 287; pronounced superior to the Ancients, 288, 289

Poets, the Pre-islamic, character and position of, 71-73; regarded as classical, xxiii, 72, 285, 286

Politics, treatise on, by -Mawardi, 337, 338

Portugal, 416

Postal service, organised by ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, 201

Postmaster, the office of, 45

Prætorius, F., 10

Prayers, the five daily, 149, 168

Predestination, 157, 223, 224, 378, 379

Preston, Theodore, 330

Prideaux, W. F., 11, 13

Primitive races in Arabia, 1-4

Proclus, 389

Procreation, considered sinful, 317

Prophecy, a, made by the Carmathians, 322

Prose, Arabic, the beginnings of, 31

Proverbs, Arabic, 3, 16, +31+, 50, 84, 91, 109, 244, 292, 373

Ptolemies, the, 276

Ptolemy (geographer), 3, 358

Public recitation of literary works, 314

Pyramids, the, 354

Pyrenees, the, xxviii, 204

Pythagoras, 102

Q

Qabus (Lakhmite), 44, 45, 52

qadar (power), 224

-Qadariyya (the upholders of free-will), 224

qaddah (oculist), 271

qadí ’l-qudat (Chief Justice), 395

Qadiri dervish order, the, 393

-Qahira, 275, 394. See Cairo qahramana, 457

Qahtan, xviii, 12, 14, 18, 200

Qala’idu ’l-‘Iqyan, 425

-Qamus, 403, 456

-Qanun, 361

qara’a, 159

-Qarafa cemetery, 396

-Qaramita, 274. See Carmathians, the

qarawi, 138

qarn, meaning 'ray', 18

qasida (ode), 76-78, 105, 288

qasida (ode), form of the, 76, 77; contents and divisions of the, 77, 78; loose structure of the, 134; unsuitable to the conditions of urban life, 288

Qasidatu ’l-Burda. See -Burda

Qasidatu ’l-Himyariyya, 12

Qasir, 36, 37

Qasirin, 111

Qasiyun, Mt., 399

-Qastallani, 455

Qatada, 294

Qatari b. -Fuia’a, 213

-Qayrawan, 264, 429

Qays ‘Aylan (tribe), xix, 199, 293, 405

Qays b. -Khatim, 94-97, 137

Qays b. Zuhayr, 61, 62

Qaysar (title), 45

Qazwin, 445

-Qazwini (geographer), 416

Qift, 355

qiyas, 297

Qoniya, 404

Quatremère, M., xxv, 437, 445, 453

Qudar the Red, 3

Qumis (province), 391

-Qur’an, 159. See Koran, the

Quraysh (tribe), xix, xxiii, xxvii, 22, +64+, 65-68, 117, 124, 134, 142, 146, 153-158, 164, 165, 170, 174, 175, 183, 207, 216, +237+, 241, 279, 330, 347, 375, 407, 417

Quraysh, the dialect of, xxiii, 142; regarded as the classical standard, xxiii, 134

Qurayza (tribe), 21, 170

qurra (Readers of the Koran), 277. See Koran-readers, the

Qusayy, 64, 65, 146

-Qushayri, 226, 227, 228, 230, +338+, 379

Quss b. Sa‘ida, 136

qussas, 374

Qusta b. Luqa, 359

Qutu ’l-Qulub, 338, 393

R

rabad, 409

Rabi‘, son of Fatima, the daughter of -Khurshub, 88

Rabi‘a al-‘Adawiyya, 227, 232, +233-234+

Rabi‘a b. Nizar, xix, 5

Rabi‘a (b. Nizar), the descendants of, xix

Racine, 469

-Radi, the Caliph, 376

Radwa, Mount, 216

Rafidites, the, 268. See Shi‘ites, the

Ra‘i ’l-ibil (poet), 245, 246

raj‘a (palingenesis), 215

-rajaz (metre), 74, 75, 76, 77

Rakhman, 126

Rakusians, the, 149

Ralfs, C. A., 327

Ramadan, the Fast of, 224, 450

Ramla, 229

Raqqada, 274

Rasa’ilu Ikhwan al-Safa, 370, 371

Rasmussen, 61

Rationalism. See Mu‘tazilites and Free-thought

-Rawda, island on the Nile, 455

rawi (reciter), 131

Rawis, the, 131-134

Raydan, 10

-Rayy, 258, 259, 268, 333, 350, 361, 420, 445

-Rayyan, 120

-Razi (Abu Bakr), physician, 361. See Abu Bakr al-Razi

-Razi (Abu Bakr), historian, 420

Reading and writing despised by the pagan Arabs, 39

Realists, 368

Red Sea, the, 4, 5, 62

Reformation, the, 468

Reforms of ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, 201; of ‘Umar b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 205

Register of ‘Umar, the, 187, 188

Reiske, 15, 102, 308, 312, 316, 331

Religion, conceived as a product of the human mind, 317

Religion of the Sabæans and Himyarites, 10, 11; of the Pagan Arabs, 56, 135-140, 164, 166; associated with commerce, 135, 154

Religions and Sects, Book of, by -Shahrastam, 341; by Ibn Hazm, 341. See Kitabu ’l-Milal wa-’l-Nihal

Religious ideas in Pre-islamic poetry, 117, 119, 123, 124, 135-140

Religious literature in the ‘Abbasid period, 337-341

Religious poetry, 298-302

Renaissance, the, 443

Renan, xv, 432

Renegades, the, 408, 415, 426

Resurrection, the, 166, 215, 297, 299, 316

Revenge, views of the Arabs concerning, 93, 94; poems relating to, 97

Rhages. See -Rayy

Rhapsodists, the, 131

Rhazes, 265, 361. See Abu Bakr al-Razi

Rhetoric, treatise on, by -Jahiz, 347

Rhinoceros, the, 354

Rhymed Prose. See saj‘

Ribah b. Murra, 25

ribat, 276, 430

Richelieu, 195

Rifa‘i dervish order, the, 393

-Rijam, 119

Risalatu ’l-Ghufran, 166, 167, 206, +318+, +319+, +375+

-Risalat al-Qushayriyya, 226, 227, 338

Roderic, 204, 405

Rödiger, Emil, 8

Roger II of Sicily, 434

Rome, 33, 34, 41, 43, 50, 52, 113, 252, 314. See Byzantine Empire, the

Ronda, 410

Rosary, use of the, prohibited, 467

Rosen, Baron V., 375

Rothstein, Dr. G., 37, 53

-Rub‘ al-Khali, xvii

Rubicon, the, 252

Rückert, Friedrich, 93, 97, 104, 292, 332

Rudagi, Persian poet, 265

Ruhu ’l-Quds (the Holy Ghost), 150

-rujz, 152

Ruknu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 266, 267

-Rumaykiyya, 422

Rushayyid al-Dahdah, 394, 396

Rustam, 330, 363

Ruzbih, 346. See Ibnu ’l-Muqaffa‘

S

-Sa‘b Dhu ’l-Qarnayn, 17

-Sab‘ al-Tiwal (the Seven Long Poems), 103

Saba (Sheba), xxv, 1, +4+, +5+, 6, 10, 16, 17. See Sabæans, the

Saba (person), 14

Sabæan language, the, xvi. See South Arabic language, the

Sabæans, the, xv, xvii, xviii, xx, xxi, 1, +4+, +5+, 7, 14, 17

Saba’ites, the, a Shi‘ite sect, 215, 216, 217, 219

Sabians, the, 149, 341, 354, 358, 363, 364, 388

-Sab‘iyya (the Seveners), 217

Sabota, 5

Sabuktagin, 268

Sabur I, 33

Sabur b. Ardashir, 267, 314

Sachau, E., xxii, 361

Sacy, Silvestre de, 8, 80, 102, 353, 354

Sa‘d (client of Jassas b. Murra), 56, 57

Sa‘d (tribe), 147

Sa‘d b. Malik b. Dubay‘a, 57

sada (owl or wraith), 94, 166

Sa‘d-ilah, 11

sadin, 259

-Sadir (castle), 41

Sadru ’l-Din of Qoniya, 404

safa (purity), 228, 370

Safa, the inscriptions of, xxi

-Safadi, 326, 456

Safar-Nama, 324

Safawid dynasty, the, xxix

-Saffah, 253, 254, 257, 259

-Saffah b. ‘Abd Manat, 253

-Saffah, meaning of the title, 253

-Saffar (title), 265

Saffarid dynasty, the, 265

safi (pure), 228

Safiyyu ’l-Din al-Hilli (poet), 449, 450

sag (Persian word), 445

-Sahaba (the Companions of the Prophet), 229

Sahara, the, 423, 429, 468

-Sahib Isma‘il b. ‘Abbad, 267, 347

Sahibu ’l-Zanadiqa (title), 373

-Sahih, of -Bukhari, 144, 146, 337

-Sahih, of Muslim, 144, 337

Sahl b. ‘Abdallah al-Tustari, 392

Sa‘id b. -Husayn, 274

St. John, the Cathedral of, 203

St. Thomas, the Church of, at -Hira, 46

Saints, female, 233

Saints, the Moslem, 386, 393, 395, 402, 403, 463, 467

saj (rhymed prose), 74, 75, 159, 327, 328

Sakhr, brother of -Khansa, 126, 127

Sal‘, 398

Saladin, 275, 348, 355

Salahu ’l-Din b. Ayyub, 275. See Saladin

Salama b. Khalid, 253

Salaman, 433

Salaman (tribe), 79

Salamya, 274

Salih (prophet), 3

Salih (tribe), 50

Salih b. ‘Abd al-Quddus, 372-375

Salim al-Suddi, 204

Saltpetre industry, the, at -Basra, 273

Sam b. Nuh, xviii. See Shem, the son of Noah

sama‘ (oral tradition), 297

sama‘ (religious music), 394

Samah‘ali Yanuf, 10, 17

-Sam‘ani 339

Samanid dynasty, the, +265+, +266+, 268, 271, 303

Samarcand, 203, 268, 447

Samarra, 263

-Samaw’al b. ‘Adiya, 84, 85

Samuel Ha-Levi, 428, 429

San‘a, 8, 9, 17, 24, 28, 66, 215

sanad, 144

-Sanhaji, 456

Sanjar (Seljuq), 264

-Sanusi (Muhammad b. Yusuf), 456

Sanusiyya Brotherhood, the, 468

-Saqaliba, 413

Saqtu ’l-Zand, 313, 315

Sarabi (name of a she-camel), 56

Sargon, King, 4

Sari al-Raffa (poet), 270

Sari al-Saqati, 386

Saruj, 330, 331, 332

Sa‘sa‘a, 242

Sasanian dynasty, the, 34, 38, 40, 41, 42, 214, 256, 358, 457

Sasanian kings, the, regarded as divine, 214

Satire, 73, 200, 245, 246

Saturn and Jupiter, conjunction of, 322

Sa‘ud b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz b. Muhammad b. Sa‘ud, 466

Sawa, 333

Sayf b. Dhi Yazan, 29

-Sayfiyya College, the, in Cairo, 395

Sayfu ’l-Dawla (Hamdanid), +269-271+, +303-307+, 311, 313, 360

Saylu ’l-‘Arim, 14

Schack, A. F. von, 360, 416, 436, 441

Schefer, C., 324

Scheherazade, 457

Scholasticism, Muhammadan, 284, 363, 460. See -Ash‘ari; Ash‘arites; Orthodox Reaction

Schreiner, 379

Schulthess, F., 87

Sciences, the Foreign, 282, 283, 358-364

Sciences, the Moslem, development and classification of, +282+, +283+

Scripture, People of the, 341

Sea-serpent, the, 354

Sédillot, 360

Seetzen, Ulrich Jasper, 8

Seleucids, the, 276

Self, dying to (fana), the Sufi doctrine of, 233

Selim I (Ottoman Sultan), 448

Seljuq dynasty, the, 264, 265, 268, +275+, +276+, 326, 445

Seljuq b. Tuqaq, 275

Seljuq Turks, the, 275, 444

Sell, Rev. E., 468

Semites, the, xv, xvi, 1, 328

Semitic languages, the, xv, xvi

Senegal, 430

Seville, 399, 406, 416, 420, 421, 422, 424, 425, 427, 431, 435, 437, 447

Shabib, 209

Shabwat, 5

Shaddad (king), 1

Shaddad b. -Aswad al-Laythi, 166

Shadharatu ’l-Dhahab, 339, 399, 436, 460

-Shadhili (Abu ’l-Hasan), 461

Shadhili order of dervishes, 393, 461

-Shafi‘i, 284, 409

Shafi‘ite doctors, biographical work on the, 339

Shahnama, the, by Firdawsi, 265, 325

-Shahrastani, 211, 216, 220, 221, 223, 224, 297, +341+, 388

Shahrazad, 457

sha‘ir (poet), 72, 73

Shakespeare, 252

Shamir b. Dhi ’l-Jawshan, 196, 197, 198

Shams (name of a god), 11

Shams b. Malik, 81

Shamsiyya, Queen of Arabia, 4

Shamsu ’l-‘Ulum, 13

-Shanfara, +79-81+, 89, 97, 134, 326

Shaqiq (Abu ‘Ali), of Balkh, 232, 233, 385

Sharahil (Sharahbil), 18

-Sha‘rani, 225, 226, 392, 400, 403, 443, 460, 462, +464-465+

shari‘at, 392

-Sharif al-Jurjani, 456

-Sharif al-Radi (poet), 314

Sharifs, of Morocco, the, 442

Sharik b. ‘Amr, 44

Shas, 125

Shayban (clan of Bakr), 58

-Shaykh al-Akbar, 404. See Muhyi ’l-Din Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi

Sheba, 4

Sheba, the Queen of, 18

Shem, the son of Noah, xv, xviii

shi‘a (party), 213

Shi‘a, the, 213. See Shi‘ites, the

-Shifa, 361

Shihabu ’l-Din al-Suhrawardi. See -Suhrawardi

-Shihr, dialect of, xxi

Shi‘ites, the, xxviii. 207, 208, +213-220+, 222, 248, 249, 250, 262, 267, 268, 271-275, 297, 379, 409, 428, 432, 445, 466

shikaft (Persian word), 232

-shikaftiyya (the Cave-dwellers), 232

Shilb, 416

Shiraz, 266, 307

Shirazad, 457

-Shirbini, 450

-shurat (the Sellers), 209

Shu‘ubites, the, 279-280, 344, 372

Sibawayhi, 343

Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi, 355

Sicily, xvi, 52, 441

siddiq, meaning of, 218, 375

-Siddiq (title of Abu Bakr), 183

Sidi Khalil al-Jundi, 456

Sifatu Jazirat al-‘Arab, 12, 18, 20

Siffin, battle of, 192, 208, 377

-sihr wa-’l-kimiya (Magic and Alchemy), 283

-Sila fi akhbari a’immati ’l-Andalus, 426

Silves, 416

Simak b. ‘Ubayd, 210

Sinbadh the Magian, 258

Sindbad, the Book of, 363

Sinimmar, 40

Siqadanj, 252

Siratu ‘Antar, 459

Siratu Rasuli ’llah, 349

siyaha, 394

Siyaru Muluk al-‘Ajam, 348

Slane, Baron MacGuckin de, 32, 104, 129, 132, 136, 190, 213, 224, 229, 245, 261, 267, 278, 288, 289, 295, 326, 343, 344, 348, 355, 357, 359, 360, 371, 377, 378, 387, 408, 422, 425, 427, 429, 435, 437, 438, 440, 451

Slaves, the, 413

Smith, R. Payne, 52

Smith, W. Robertson, 56, 199

Snouck Hurgronje, 217

Socotra, dialect of, xxi

Solecisms, work on, by -Hariri, 336

Solomon, xvii

Solomon Ibn Gabirol, 428

Soothsayers, Arabian, 72, 74, 152, 159, 165

South Arabic inscriptions, the. See Inscriptions, South Arabic

South Arabic language, the, xvi, xxi, 6-11

Spain, xvi, xxx, 199, 203, 204, 253, 264, 276, 399, +405-441+, 442, 443, 449, 454

Spain, the Moslem conquest of, 203, 204, 405

Spencer, Herbert, 382

Spitta, 378

Sprenger, A., 143, 145, 149, 153, 456

Steiner, 369

Steingass, F., 328

Stephen bar Sudaili, 389

Stones, the worship of, in pagan Arabia, 56

Stories, frivolous, reprobated by strict Moslems, 330

Street-preachers, 374

Stylistic, manual of, by Ibn Qutayba, 346

-Subki (Taju ’l-Din), 461

Suetonius, 354

suf (wool), 228

Sufi, derivation of, 227, 228; meaning of, 228, 229, 230

Sufiism, +227-235+, 382, +383-404+, 460, 462, 463-465

Sufiism, Arabic works of reference on, 338

Sufiism, origins of, 228-231, 388-389; distinguished from asceticism, 229, 230, 231; the keynote of, 231; argument against the Indian origin of, 233; composed of many different elements, 389, 390; different schools of, 390; foreign sources of, 390; principles of, 392; definitions of, 228, 385, 392

Sufis, the, 206, 327, 339, 381, 460-465. See Sufiism

Sufyan b. ‘Uyayna, 366

Suhaym b. Wathil (poet), 202

-Suhrawardi (Shihabu ’l-Din Abu Hafs ‘Umar), 230, 232, 338, 396

-Suhrawardi (Shihabu ’l-Din Yahya), 275

-Sukkari, 128, 343

-Sulayk b. -Sulaka, 89

Sulaym (tribe), xix

Sulayma, 34

Sulayman (Umayyad Caliph), 200, 203

Sulayman al-Bistani, 469

-Suli, 297

-Suluk li-ma‘rifati Duwali ’l-Muluk, 453

-Sumayl b. Hatim, 406

Sumayya, 195

-Sunan, of Abu Dawud al-Sijistani, 337

-Sunan, of Ibn Maja, 337

-Sunan, of, -Nasa’i, 337

-sunna, 144, 234

-sunna, collections of traditions bearing on, 337

Sunnis, the, 207

Sunnis and Shi‘ites. not between the, 445

sura, 143, 159

Sura of Abu Lahab, the, 160

Sura of Coagulated Blood, the, 151

Sura of the Elephant, the, 68

Sura of the Enwrapped, the, 152

Sura of the Morning, the, 152

Sura, the Opening, 143, 168

Sura of Purification, the, 164. See Suratu ’l-Ikhlas

Sura of the Severing, the, 161

Sura of the Signs, the, 162

Sura of the Smiting, the, 163

Sura of the Unbelievers, the, 163

Suratu ’l-Fatiha (the opening chapter of the Koran), 168. See Sura, the Opening

Suratu ’l-Ikhlas, 461. See Sura of Purification, the

Suratu ’l-Tahrim, 454

Surra-man-ra’a, 263

Surushan, 391

-Sus, 431

Suwayqa, 398

Suyut, 454

-Suyuti (Jalalu ’l-Din), 55, 71, 145, 403, +454+, +455+

Syria, xxiv, xxvii-xxx, 3, 5, 26, 33, 35, 43, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 63, 73, 84, 123, 132, 142, 148, 170, 184, 185, 186, 191, 193, 199, 207, 215, 232, 240, 247, 255, 262, 268, 269, 271, 274, 275, 303, 304, 350, 355, 358, 382, 386, 388, 390, 405, 418, 419, 442, 443, 446, 448, 451, 461, 468

Syria, conquest of, by the Moslems, 184

T

Ta’abbata Sharran (poet), 79, +81+, +97+, 107, 126

Tabala, 105

Tabaqatu 'l-Atibba, 266

Tabaqatu ’l-Sufiyya, 338

Tabaran, 339

-Tabari, 1, 27, 35, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 66-68, 70, +145+, 155, 156, 158, 185, 186, 187, 189, 210, 212, 215, 218, 219, 256, 258, 259, 265, 277, +349+, +352+, 355, 356, 373, 376

-Tabari's Annals, abridgment of, by -Bal‘ami, 265, 352

Tabaristan, 350

tabi‘iyyun, 381

-Tabi‘un (the Successors), 229

Table, the Guarded, 163

Tabriz, 461

Tacitus, 194

Tadhkiratu ’l-Awliya, by Faridu’ddin ‘Attar, 226, 228, 387

tadlis, 145

Tafsiru ’l-Jalalayn, 455

Tafsiru ’l-Qur‘an, by -Tabari, 1, 145, 351

-Taftazani, 456

Taghlib (tribe), xix, 44, 55-60, 61, 76, 93, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113, 240, 253, 269

Tahafutu ’l-Falasifa, 341

Tahir, 262, 263

Tahirid dynasty, the, 263, 265

tahrimu ’l-makasib, 297

Ta’if, 158

-Ta’iyyatu ’l-Kubra, 396, 397, 402

-Taiyyatu ’l-Sughra, 397

tajrid, 394

Talha, 190

Ta‘limites, the, 381, 382

Talisman, the, 469

Tamerlane, 437. See Timur

Tamim (tribe), xix, 125, 242, 293

Tamim al-Dari, 225

tanasukh (metempsychosis), 267

Tanukh (tribe), xviii, 34, 38

taqlid, 402

Tarafa (poet), 44, 101, +107-109+, 128, 138, 308

tardiyyat, 294

Ta’rikhu ’l-Hind, 361

Ta’rikhu ’l-Hukama, 355, 370

Ta’rikhu ’l-Khamis, 445

Ta'rikhu ’l-Khulafa, 455

Ta'rikhu ’l-Rusul wa-’l-Muluk, 351

Ta'rikhu ’l-Tamaddun al-Islami, 435

Tariq, 204, 405

Tarjumanu ’l-Ashwaq, 403

Tarsus, 361

Tartary, 444

tasawwuf (Sufiism), 228

Tasm (tribe), 4, 25

tawaf, 117

tawakkut, 233

tawhid, 401

ta’wil (Interpretation), the doctrine of, 220

-tawil (metre), 75, 80

-Tawwabun (the Penitents), 218

Tayma, 84

Tayyi’ (tribe), xviii, 44, 53, 115

ta‘ziya (Passion Play), 218

Teheran, 361

Temple, the, at Jerusalem, 169, 177

Tennyson, 79

Teresa, St., 233

Testament, the Old, 161, 179

-Tha‘alibi, 267, 271, 288, 290, 303, 304, +308-312+, +348+

Thabit b. Jabir b. Sutyan, 81, 126. See Ta’abbata Sharran

Thabit b. Qurra, 359

Thabit Qutna, 221

Tha‘lab, 344

Thales, 363

Thamud, x, +3+, 162

thanawi, 374

Thapsus, 274

Thaqif (tribe), 69

Theodore Abucara, 221

Theologians, influence of, in the ‘Abbasid period, 247, 283, 366, 367

Thoma (St. Thomas), 46

Thomas Aquinas, 367

Thorbecke, H., 55, 90, 114, 129, 336, 459

Thousand and One Nights, the, 34, 456-459. See Arabian Nights, the

-tibb (medicine), 283

Tiberius, 194

-Tibrizi (commentator), 55, 130

Tibullus, 425

Tides, a dissertation on, 354

Tigris, the, 189, 238, 256, 446

-Tihama, 62

Tihama, the, of Mecca, 3

Tilimsan, 454

Timur, xxix, 444, 454. See Tamerlane

Timur, biography of, by Ibn ‘Arabshah, 454

tinnin, 354

-Tirimmah (poet), 138

-Tirmidhi (Abu ‘Isa Muhammad), 337

Titus, 137

Tobacco, the smoking of, prohibited, 467

Toledo, 204, 421-423

Toleration, of Moslems towards Zoroastrians, 184; towards Christians, 184, 414, 441

Torah, the, 403. See Pentateuch

Tornberg, 203, 205, 253, 355, 429

Tours, battle of, 204

Trade between India and Arabia, 4, 5

Trade, expansion of, in the ‘Abbasid period, 281

Traditional or Religious Sciences, the, 282

Traditions, the Apostolic, collections of, 144, 247, 337

Traditions of the Prophet, +143-146+, 237, 277, 278, 279, 282, 337, 356, 378, 462, 463, 464, 465, 467

Trajan, xxv

Translations into Arabic, from Pehlevi, 330, 346, 348, 358; from Greek, 358, 359, 469; from Coptic, 358; from English and French, 469

Translators of scientific books into Arabic, the, 358, 359, 363

Transoxania, 203, 233, 263, 265, 266, 275, 360, 419, 444

Transoxania, conquest of, by the Moslems, 203

Tribal constitution, the, 83

Tribes, the Arab, xix, xx

Tripoli, 468

Tubba‘s, the (Himyarite kings), 5, 14, +17-26+, 42

Tudih, 398

tughra, 326

tughra’i (chancellor), 326

-Tughra’i (poet), 326

Tughril Beg, 264, 275

tului, 286

Tumadir, 126

Tunis, 274, 428, 437, 441

Turkey, xvi, 169, 394, 404, 448, 466

Turkey, the Sultans of, 448

Turks, the, 263, 264, 268, 325, 343. See Ottoman Turks; Seljuq Turks

Tus, 339, 340

Tuwayli‘, 398

Tuways, 236

Twenty Years After, by Dumas, 272

U

‘Ubaydu’llah, the Mahdi, 274

‘Ubaydu’llah b. Yahya, 350

‘Ubaydu’llah b. Ziyad, 196, 198

Udhayna (Odenathus), 33, 35

Uhud, battle of, 170, 175

‘Ukaz, the fair of, 101, 102, 135

-‘Ulama, 320, 367, 460, 461

Ultra-Shi‘ites, the, 258. See -Ghulat

‘Uman (province), 4, 62

‘Umar b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz (Umayyad Caliph), 200, 203, +204-206+, 283

‘Umar b. Abi Rabi‘a (poet), 237

‘Umar Ibnu ’l-Farid (poet), +325+, +394-398+, 402, 448, 462

‘Umar b. Hatsun, 410

‘Umar b. al-Khattab (Caliph), xxvii, 51, 105, 127, 142, 157, 183, +185-190+, 204, 210, 214, 215, 242, 254, 268, 297, 435

‘Umar Khayyam, 339

‘Umara, 88

Umayma (name of a woman), 90, 91, 92

Umayya, ancestor of the Umayyads, 65, 146, 181, 190

Umayya b. Abi ’l-Salt (poet), 69, +149-150+

Umayyad dynasty, the, xxviii, 65, 154, 181, 190, +193-206+, 214, 222, 264, 273, 274, 278, 279, 282, 283, 347, 358, 366, 373, 408

Umayyad literature, 235-247

Umayyads (descendants of Umayya), the, 190, 191. See Umayyad dynasty, the

Umayyads, Moslem prejudice against the, 154, 193, 194, 197, 207

Umayyads of Spain, the, 253, 264, 347, +405-414+

-‘Umda, by Ibn Rashiq, 288

Umm ‘Asim, 204

Umm Jamil, 89

Unays, 67

-‘Urayd, 398

Urtuqid dynasty, the, 449

Usdu ’l-Ghaba, 356

‘Usfan, 22

ustadh, 392

Ustadhsis, 258

Usyut, 454

‘Utba, a slave-girl, 296

-‘Utbi (historian), 269, 354

‘Uthman b. ‘Affan, Caliph, xxvii, 142, 185, +190+, 191, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 221, 236, 297

‘Uyunu ’l-Akhbar, 346

‘Uyunu ’l-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba, 355. See Tabaqatu ’l-Atibba

-‘Uzza (goddess), 43, 135, 155

V

Valencia, 421

Valerian, 33

Van Vloten, 221, 222, 250

Vedanta, the, 384

Venus, 18

Vico, 439

Victor Hugo, 312

Villon, 243

Vizier, the office of, 256, 257. See wazir

Viziers of the Buwayhid dynasty, the, 267

Vogué, C. J. M. de, xxii

Vollers, 450

Vowel-marks in Arabic script, 201

W

Wadd, name of a god, 123

Wadi ’l-Mustad‘afin, 394

Wafayatu ’l-A‘yan, 451, 452. See Ibn Khallikan

-Wafi bi ’l-Wafayat, 456

-wafir (metre), 75

Wahb b. Munabbih, 247, 459

wahdatu ’l-wujud, monism, 402

Wahhabis, the, 463, 465-468

Wahhabite Reformation, the, 465-468

-Wahidi (commentator), 305, 307

-wa‘id, 297

Wa’il, xix, 56, 57

wajd, mystical term, 387, 394

Wajra, 398

-Walid b. ‘Abd al-Malik (Umayyad Caliph), 200, +203+, 405

-Walid b. Yazid (Umayyad Caliph), 132, +206+, 291, 375

Wallada, 424, 425

-Waqidi (historian), 144, 261, 349

Waraqa b. Nawfal, 149, 150

wasi (executor), 215

Wasil b. ‘Ata, 223, 224, 374

Wasit, 385, 386

Water-diviners, honoured by the pagan Arabs, 73

-Wathiq, the Caliph, 257, 369

wazir, an Arabic word, 256. See Vizier

Wellhausen, J., 56, 128, 135, 139, 140, 149, 173, 198, 205, 207, 209, 210, 215, 218, 219, 222, 250, 365

Well-songs, 73

Wellsted, J. R., 8

West Gothic dynasty in Spain, the, 204

Weyers, 425

Wine-songs, 124, 125, 138, 206, 325, 417

Witches, Ballad of the Three, 19

Women famed as poets, 89, 126, 127; as Sufis, 233

Women, position of, in Pre-islamic times, 87-92

Woollen garments, a sign of asceticism, 228, 296

Wright, W., 202, 226, 343

Writing, Arabic, the oldest specimens of, xxi

Writing, the art of, in Pre-islamic times, xxii, 31, 102, 131, 138

Wüstenfeld, F., xviii, 17, 129, 132, 190, 213, 245, 253, 275, 295, 357, 378, 408, 416, 452, 459

X

Xerxes, 256

Ximenez, Archbishop, 435

Y

-Yahud (the Jews), 171

Yahya b. Abi Mansur, 359

Yahya b. Khalid, 259, 260, 451

Yahya b. Yahya, the Berber, 408, 409

Yaksum, 28

-Yamama, 25, 111, 124

-Yamama, battle of, xxii, 142

Ya‘qub b. -Layth, 265

Ya‘qub al-Mansur (Almohade), 432

-Ya‘qubi (Ibn Wadih), historian, 193, 194, 349

Yaqut, 17, 357

Ya‘rub, 14

Yatha‘amar (Sabæan king), 4

Yatha‘amar Bayyin, 10, 17

Yathrib, 62. See Medina

Yathrippa, 62

-Yatima. See Yatimatu ’l-Dahr

Yatimatu ’l-Dahr, 267, 271, 304, +308+, +348+

-Yawaqit, by -Sha‘rani, 403, 460

Yazdigird I (Sasanian), 40, 41

Yazid b. ‘Abd al-Malik (Umayyad Caliph), 200

Yazid b. Abi Sufyan, 426

Yazid b. Mu‘awiya (Umayyad Caliph), +195-199+, 208, 241

Yazid b. Rabi‘a b. Mufarrigh, 19

-Yemen (-Yaman), xvii, 2, 5, 7, 11, 12, 15, 17, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 42, 49, 65, 68, 87, 99, 103, 137, 215, 247, 252, 274, 405

Yoqtan, xviii

Yoqtanids, the, xviii, 4. See Arabs, the Yemenite

Yusuf b. ‘Abd al-Barr, 428

Yusuf b. ‘Abd al-Mu’min (Almohade), 432

Yusuf b. ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, 406

Yusuf b. Tashifin (Almoravide), 423, 430, 431

Z

Zab, battle of the, 181, 253

Zabad, the trilingual inscription of, xxii

-Zabba, 35, 36, 37. See Zenobia

Zabdai, 34

zaddiq, 375

Zafar (town in -Yemen), 7, 8, 17, 19, 21

Zafar (tribe), 94

zahid (ascetic), 230

Zahirites, the, 402, 427, 433

-Zahra, suburb of Cordova, 425

zajal, verse-form, 416, 417, 449

Zallaqa, battle of, 423, 431

-Zamakhshari, 145, 280, 336

zandik, 375

-Zanj, 273

Zanzibar, 352

Zapiski, 375

Zarifa, 15

Zarqa’u ’l-Yamama, 25

Zayd, son of ‘Adi b. Zayd, 48

Zayd b. ‘Ali b. -Husayn, 297

Zayd b. ‘Amr b. Nufayl, 149

Zayd b. Hammad, 45

Zayd b. Haritha, 153

Zayd b. Kilab b. Murra, 64. See Qusayy

Zayd b. Rifa‘a, 370

Zayd b. Thabit, 142

Zaydites, the, 297

Zaynab (Zenobia), 35, 36

Zaynab, an Arab woman, 237

Zaynu ’l-‘Abidin, 243

Zenobia, 33, 34, 35

Zinatu ’l-Dahr, 348

Zindiqs, the, 291, 296, 319, 368, +372-375+, 387, 460

Ziryab (musician), 418

Ziyad, husband of Fatima, the daughter of -Khurshub, 88

Ziyad ibn Abihi, 195, 256, 342

Ziyad b. Mu‘awiya. See -Nabigha al-Dhubvani

Ziyanid dynasty, the, 442

Zone, the, worn by Zoroastrians, 461

Zoroaster, 184, 258

Zoroastrians, the, 184, 341, 354, 373, 461

Zotenberg, H., 352

Zubayda, wife of Harun al-Rashid, 262

-Zubayr, 190

-Zuhara, 18

Zuhayr b. Abi Sulma (poet), 62, +116-119+, 128, 131, 137, 140, 312

zuhd (asceticism), 229, 230. 299

zuhdiyyat, 294

Zuhra b. Kilab b. Murra, 64

-Zuhri (Muhammad b. Muslim b. Shihab), 153, 247, 258

zunnár, 461