Appendix

Appendix

I.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

During the considerable interval of time since the printing of this work was commenced, many additional facts have come to light in regard to the habits and geographical distribution of the land birds of North America; and while several so-called species have proved to be mere races, or even of less rank, some others have been added to the list. The more important of these are herewith subjoined.

Most of the new facts here announced are the results of the more recent labors of Captain Charles Bendire, First Cavalry, U. S. A., and of Messrs. J. A. Allen, C. E. Aiken, Dr. E. Coues, H. W. Henshaw, Mr. C. J. Maynard, and others, whose names are mentioned in their appropriate places.

* * * * *

=Turdus pallasi=, var. =nanus= (I, 20). Dr. Cooper has sent to the Smithsonian Institution skins of his T. nanus, and they prove to be T. ustulatus. The surmise expressed on page 21, that the nest and eggs described by Dr. Cooper as those of the former in reality belonged to the latter species, is thus undoubtedly correct.

=Turdus pallasi=, var. =auduboni= (I, 21). A nest with the eggs (S. I. 16,320) of this species was taken near Fort Ellis, Montana, July 16, 1872, by C. H. Merriam, attached to Dr. Hayden’s party. The nest is large and bulky for the size of the bird, is deeply saucer-shaped in form, measuring 6 inches in external diameter by 3 in depth. The cavity of the nest is 3 inches in diameter by about 1.75 deep. It is composed entirely of green mosses and lined with fine grass leaves.

The eggs were three in number, in shape broadly ovate and obtusely rounded at either end. They measure .85 of an inch in length by .72 in breadth; their color is a rather deep greenish-blue, almost exactly like those of Turdus migratorius.

The nest was built in a small pine-tree, about eight feet from the ground, in the pine regions of the mountains. In its position it differs from any now known of the Turdus pallasi, which, so far as known, builds invariably on the ground.

=Harporhynchus ocellatus= (I, 36). This is probably a Mexican form of H. cinereus.

=Harporhynchus rufus= (I, 37). According to Mr. Allen (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl., Vol. III, No. 6, p. 134) this species is found on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. It is not included in the “Birds of California,” but Dr. Cooper states that in September, 1870, he found a straggler at Clear Lake, close to the lower town. It was in a thicket with its western cousins, but possessed unmistakably all the characteristics of the eastern bird. Unfortunately, it was not secured. As this species is short-winged and nearly resident in many localities, its occurrence so far from its usual resort is somewhat remarkable. It had none of the appearance of a cage-bird.

=Harporhynchus curvirostris=, var. =palmeri= (I, 43). Four specimens from Tucson, Arizona, were recently forwarded for examination by Dr. Coues, collected by the indefatigable Captain Bendire, U. S. A., when stationed at that post. The specimens are all true palmeri in the characters which definitely separate it from curvirostris, its nearest ally, and show the seasonal discrepancies in the shades of color. A male and female, collected in November, differ from the types, which are summer birds, in being of a brownish-plumbeous above, even more ashy than in any specimens of curvirostris which we have seen. In all other respects, however, they are typical examples of var. palmeri, and substantiate the validity of this well-marked form. The measurements of these two specimens are as follows:—

♂. Wing, 4.50; tail, 4.90; culmen, 1.45; tarsus, 1.25; middle toe, 1.00.

♀. Wing, 4.20; tail, 4.80; culmen, 1.40; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe, .90.

The description of this form was first published by Dr. Coues in “Key to North American Birds” (October, 1872), p. 351, the type being specimen No. 61,589, Mus. S. I.

=Harporhynchus bendirei=, COUES (Am. Nat. Vol. VII, June, 1873, p. 330, fig. 69).

CHAR. Nearly similar to H. palmeri in color, but whiter on the breast, and apparently more ochraceous on the flanks. Much smaller than H. palmeri, with smaller and very differently shaped bill. Male (not adult), No. 2,686, Mus. E. C. Wing, 4.10; tail, 4.50; culmen, 1.15; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe, .88. Female (adult), No. 2,688, Mus. E. C. Wing, 3.80; tail, 4.40; culmen, 1.15; tarsus, 1.15; middle toe, .88.

Hab. Tucson, Arizona.

This new form Dr. Coues considers to be most nearly related to the H. cinereus of Cape St. Lucas; and judging from its eggs, lately sent to the Smithsonian Institution by Captain Bendire, such appear to be really its affinities.

The eggs sent by Captain Bendire (No. 16,486, Mus. S. I.) measure 1.00 in length by .80 in breadth, and are three in number. Their ground-color is a dull bluish-white, spotted with a very faint shade of reddish-brown, the spots thickest round the larger end.

=Harporhynchus crissalis= (I, 47). Captain Bendire found this species breeding abundantly near Tucson, Arizona (See COUES, Am. Nat. VI, June, 1872, 370). The eggs in all instances were similar to those described as found by Dr. Palmer, unspotted, and in size, shape, and color, hardly distinguishable from the eggs of the common Robin (T. migratorius). They are of an oblong-oval shape, rounded and nearly equal at either end, and measure 1.10 inches in length by .75 in breadth.

=Harporhynchus redivivus= (I, 45). The accompanying cut, showing the extreme anatomy of the species, was omitted in its proper place.

=Mimus polyglottus= (I, 49). Mr. C. E. Aiken has obtained this species in El Paso County, Colorado.

=Saxicola œnanthe= (I, 60). Mr. C. J. Hampton obtained a specimen of this bird at Junius, Seneca County, N. Y., on the 9th of September, 1872. Professor Newton suggests, by letter, as an interesting problem, the route by which this species reaches Alaska in its migrations. It is not known to occur near the Sea of Ochotsk, has not been found on the Lower Amoor, and probably does not occur farther eastward than the Baikal Mountains. It has never been noticed in Japan or on the coast of China. It must therefore be very nearly certain that it cannot take that way to Alaska. Sundeval states that it is found in Kamtschatka, but this Mr. Newton questions, as no authority is given for this statement. The only alternative is to assume a route via Greenland, in this, perhaps, in a measure indorsing Petermann’s suggestion that Greenland extends across the pole nearly to the Asiatic coast and to Alaska.

=Sialia mexicana= (I, 65). This species has been obtained in Western Iowa by Mr. Atkinson.

=Regulus calendula= (I, 75). We present the outlines of bill, feet, wings, and tail, omitted in their proper place.

=Polioptila cærulea= (I, 78). Mr. Aiken has taken this species in El Paso County, Colorado. Dr. Cooper informs me that he found it quite numerous near Auburn, Placer County, Cal., May 11, 1870, apparently migrating northward. In the following December he saw one near San Francisco. From this he infers that it winters much farther to the north in that State than it does east of the Rocky Mountains, and that the individuals occurring in Guatemala are eastern birds. He also states that it is the prevailing and probably the only form in all the northern and western parts of the State of California. About September 20, 1872, this species came in great numbers to the vicinity of San Buenaventura and remained there all winter, going to the mountains northward by March 20.

=Polioptila melanura= (I, 81). Dr. Cooper informs me that while he found P. cærulea common in September, he saw none of this species near San Buenaventura until November 12, when small parties appeared moving westward from the colder desert regions east of the mountains. They kept entirely in the artemisia thickets among the sandy and dryest tracts, never going into the high trees like P. cærulea. In form, color, restless habits, and scolding mew, this species is said to be a perfect miniature and mimic of the Catbird.

According to Captain Bendire the species is not common in Arizona, where he met with three nests. “One before me, found July 25, 1872, fastened in a bunch of mistletoe, or rather suspended in it, is composed of a species of wild hemp fibres nicely woven together, and lined with a few feathers and exceedingly fine grass.” The nest is very neatly made: Outer diameter, 2 inches; inner, 1.60; depth, 1.50. The number of eggs is five, ground-color pale green, with spots of light reddish-brown color scattered over the egg. Measurement, .50 by .40 of an inch. Their notes are a rather harsh twitter, kept up for some time. They are active little birds, and are very restless.

=Chamæa fasciata= (I, 84). Mr. Allen thinks that he saw this species in Colorado Territory. See Am. Nat. VI, June, 1872, and Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. III, No. 6, p. 184.

=Lophophanes inornatus= (I, 91). Mr. Aiken has obtained this species in El Paso County, Colorado, where it is common, while Mr. Henshaw, the naturalist of Lieutenant Wheeler’s expedition, found it abundant in Southern Utah. These Rocky Mountain specimens are much grayer and somewhat larger than those from California.

=Parus rufescens= (I, 104). Nests and eggs of a Parus which undoubtedly belong to this species were found by Mr. William A. Cooper, at Santa Cruz, Cal. One of these nests, sent to the Smithsonian Institution, was found about four miles from Santa Cruz, April 22, 1873. The nest was composed of moss and fine bark, largely intermingled with the fur of rabbits and other small quadrupeds. It was built in a hole in the branch of a tree about ten feet from the ground. The branch was about half a foot in diameter and was partially decayed. The cavity was about a foot in length from the nest to the place where the bird gained an entrance, which was a small hole about an inch and a quarter in diameter. The eggs were seven in number and contained partially formed embryos. They measure .64 of an inch in length by .52 in breadth, resemble the eggs of the atricapillus, but are more sparingly marked with spots, rather more minute and of a lighter shade of reddish-brown, on a white ground.

=Sitta pygmæa= (I, 120). This bird is probably a geographical form of S. pusilla, as suggested by Mr. Allen (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl., Vol. III, No. 6, p. 115).

=Sitta pusilla= (I, 122). Young specimens collected at Aiken, S. C., by Mr. C. H. Merriam, are quite different in color from the adult plumage. The head is pale dull ashy, instead of light hair-brown, and the colors are duller generally. There is a near approach to S. pygmæa in their appearance.

=Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus= (I, 132). This species has been collected at Toquerville, Southern Utah, by Mr. Henshaw, and in Southern Nevada by Mr. Bischoff, naturalists to Lieutenant Wheeler’s expedition.

=Salpinctes obsoletus= (I, 135). The range of this species has been remarkably extended by the capture of a specimen in Decatur County, Southern Iowa, where others were seen, by Mr. T. M. Trippe. See Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., December, 1872, p. 236.

=Catherpes mexicanus=, var. =conspersus= (I, 139). Numerous specimens obtained in Colorado by Mr. Allen and Mr. Aiken, and in Southern Utah by Mr. Henshaw, establish the fact of great uniformity in the characters of this race, and its distinctness from var. mexicanus. On page 139 “it is noticed that it is a remarkable fact that this northern race should be so much smaller than the Mexican one, especially in view of the fact that it is a resident bird in even the most northern parts of its ascertained habitat.” As we find this peculiarity exactly paralleled in the Thryothorus ludovicianus of the Atlantic States (see below), may not these facts point out a law to the effect that in species which belong to essentially tropical families, with only outlying genera or species in the temperate zone, the increase in size with latitude is toward the region of the highest development of the group?

Dr. Cooper met with two specimens of this species in California in 1872; one about twelve miles back of San Diego, the other the same distance back of San Buenaventura, and both at the foot of lofty, rugged mountains. Their song he compares to loud ringing laughter; it is so shrill as to be heard at quite a distance, and seems as if it must be produced by a much larger bird.

=Thryothorus ludovicianus= (I, 142). Specimens of this species from Miami, Fla., are much darker colored than those from the Middle States (Maryland, Illinois, and southward), as might be expected; but very strangely, they are also much larger. In colors they very nearly resemble var. berlandieri, from the Lower Rio Grande.

A specimen in Mr. Ridgway’s collection (No. 1,864, January 9), from Miami, Fla., compares with one from Southern Illinois (No. 1,652, Mt. Carmel, January, 1871) as follows:—

+-----+----------------+----+-----+-----+-------+-------+-----------+ | No. | Locality. |Sex.|Wing.|Tail.|Culmen.|Tarsus.|Middle Toe.| +-----+----------------+----+-----+-----+-------+-------+-----------+ |1,864|Miami, Fla. | ♂ | 2.75| 2.60| .90| .95| .60| +-----+----------------+----+-----+-----+-------+-------+-----------+ |1,652|Mt. Carmel, Ill.| ♂ | 2.45| 2.30| .80| .80| .55| +-----+----------------+----+-----+-----+-------+-------+-----------+

In coloration they are more nearly alike, the Florida specimen being hardly appreciably darker on the upper surface, though the lower parts are much deeper ochraceous, almost rufous. The Illinois specimen is deep ochraceous beneath, just about intermediate between Maryland and Florida specimens. Another Florida specimen (No. 62,733, Mus. S. I.; C. J. Maynard) measures: wing, 2.50; tail, 2.40; culmen, .85.

=Thryothorus bewicki=, var. =leucogaster= (I, 147). Specimens of this form were obtained at Toquerville, Southern Utah, in October, 1872, by Mr. Henshaw, attached to Lieutenant Wheeler’s expedition.

=Troglodytes parvulus=, var. =hyemalis= (I, 155). Dr. Cooper has noticed a few of these Wrens near San Buenaventura in winter, after November 10. They probably reside in the summer in the high coast mountains lying east as well as in the Sierra Nevada. Outlines, omitted before, are here given.

=Cistothorus stellaris= (I, 159). Mr. Henshaw obtained good evidence of this bird’s breeding at Utah Lake. Nests and eggs were found in a farm-house, unquestionably those of this species, and said to have been obtained among the tulés or sedges along the shore of the lake. Outlines of this species are here given.

=Anthus ludovicianus= (I, 171). Mr. Allen found this species breeding in the summer of 1871 on the summit of Mt. Lincoln, Colorado Territory, above the timber-line, at an altitude of over 13,000 feet.

=Helmitherus vermivorus= (I, 187). Professor Frank H. Snow procured a specimen of this species near Lawrence, Kansas, May 6, 1873.

=Helmitherus swainsoni= (I, 190). Was obtained in Florida by Mr. W. Thaxter.

=Helminthophaga virginiæ= (I, 199). Very common in El Paso County, Colorado, where it was obtained by Mr. Aiken.

=Helminthophaga luciæ= (I, 200). We are indebted to Captain Bendire for the discovery of the nest and eggs of this comparatively new Warbler. He first met with its nest near Tucson, Arizona, May 19, 1872. Unlike all the rest of this genus, which, so far as is known, build their nests on the ground, this species was found nesting something after the manner of the common Gray Creeper, between the loose bark and the trunk of a dead tree, a few feet from the ground. Except in their smaller size the eggs also bear a great resemblance to those of the Creeper. In shape they are nearly spherical, their ground is of a crystal whiteness, spotted, chiefly around the larger end, with fine dottings of a purplish-red. They measure .54 of an inch in length by .45 in breadth.

=Helminthophaga celata=, var. =lutescens= (I, 204). See Am. Nat. Vol. VII, October, 1873, p. 606.

=Helminthophaga peregrina= (I, 205). Obtained in El Paso County, Colorado, in September, 1873, by Mr. Aiken.

=Parula americana= (I, 208). Obtained in May in El Paso County, Colorado, by Mr. Aiken.

=Dendroica vieilloti=, var. =bryanti= (I, 218). See Am. Nat. VII, October, 1873, p. 606.

=Dendroica auduboni= (I, 229). In July, 1870, Dr. Cooper found families of this species fully fledged, wandering through the woods, at the summit pass of the Central Pacific Railroad, 7,000 feet altitude, confirming his supposition that they breed in the high Sierra Nevada. There they are very numerous in summer, following the retreating snow to this elevation about May 1, when the males are in full plumage, retaining it till August. Their song is always faint, and similar to that of D. æstiva.

=Dendroica cærulea= (I, 235). A nest, containing one egg, of the Cærulean Warbler, was obtained in June, 1873, by Frank S. Booth, the son of James Booth, Esq., the well-known taxidermist of Drummondville, Ontario, near Niagara Falls. The nest was built in a large oak-tree at the height of fifty feet or more from the ground. It was placed horizontally on the upper surface of a slender limb, between two small twigs, and the branch on which it was thus saddled was only an inch and a half in thickness. Being nine feet from the trunk of the tree, it was secured with great difficulty. The nest is a rather slender fabric, somewhat similar to the nest of the Redstart, and quite small for the bird. It has a diameter of 2½ inches, and is 1¼ inches in depth. Its cavity is 2 inches wide at the rim, and 1 inch in depth. The nest chiefly consists of a strong rim firmly woven of strips of fine bark, stems of grasses, and fine pine-needles, bound round with flaxen fibres of plants and wool. Around the base a few bits of hornets’ nests, mosses, and lichens are loosely fastened. The nest within is furnished with fine stems and needles, and the flooring is very thin and slight. The egg is somewhat similar in its general appearance to that of D. æstiva, but is smaller and with a ground-color of a different shade of greenish-white. It is oblong-oval in shape, and measures .70 of an inch in length by .50 in breadth. It is thinly marked over the greater portion of its surface with minute dottings of reddish-brown. A ring of confluent blotches of purple and reddish-brown surrounds the larger end.

=Dendroica blackburniæ= (I, 237). Obtained at Ogden, Utah, in September, 1871, by Mr. Allen (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl. III, No. 5, p. 166).

=Dendroica dominica= (I, 240). A superb nest of the Yellow-throated Warbler was taken by Mr. Giles, near Wilmington, N. C., in the spring of 1872. The nest was enclosed in a pendent tuft of Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides), and completely hidden within it. Its form is cup-shaped, and it is made of fine roots, mixed with much downy material and a few soft feathers, and, except in its situation, does not differ much from other nests of this genus. Other nests have since been received from Mr. Giles; also a nest of Parula americana similarly situated. Mr. Ridgway, from an examination of the nests, infers that this situation is not constant, but that in other localities where the moss is not found this Warbler may build in thick tufts of leaves near the extremity of drooping branches, or in other similar situations.

=Dendroica dominica=, var. =albilora= (I, 241). See Am. Nat, VII, October, 1873, p. 606.

=Dendroica graciæ=, var. =decora= (I, 244). See Am. Nat. VII, October, 1873, p. 608.

=Dendroica castanea= (I, 251). This Warbler is cited by us as exceedingly rare in Eastern Massachusetts, though not unknown. A remarkable exception to this otherwise general rule occurred in the spring of 1872. For several days, in the latter part of May, they were found in great abundance in the vicinity of Boston. As the same unusual occurrence of this species in large numbers was noticed by Mr. Kumlien in Southern Wisconsin, it is probable that along the 42d parallel something occurred to cause a deviation from their usual migrations. The long pause of this species in its spring migrations, and its appearance in large numbers, are not known to have occurred before.

Mr. Salvin (Ibis, April, 1872) expresses the opinion that this Warbler, in its southern migration, does not pause in its flight from the Southern United States to stop in any of the West India Islands, nor in any point of Central America north of Costa Rica. It is by no means rare at Panama during the winter. We may therefore infer that in both its southern and its northern migrations long flights are made, at certain periods, over sections of country in which they do not appear at all, or where only a straggling few are ever seen, and that their abundance in 1872 was exceptional and due to causes not understood.

=Dendroica nigrescens= (I, 258). Obtained in El Paso County, Colorado; AIKEN.

=Dendroica occidentalis=, =D. townsendi=, and =D. nigrescens= (I, 258, 265, 266). While travelling over the Cuyamaca Mountains east of San Diego, in April, 1872, Dr. Cooper found D. occidentalis, for the first time, quite common. They seemed to be still migrating during the last week of April, but perhaps were only moving upwards, being numerous between the elevation of 1,500 and 4,000 feet, while heavy frosts still occurred at the latter height. They probably go in May as high as 6,200 feet, the summits of the highest peaks, which are densely covered by coniferous trees. D. townsendi and D. nigrescens were in company with occidentalis in small flocks, among the oaks, and all seemed to be following an elevated route northward. In 1862, Dr. Cooper found them among the chaparral along the coast, but he regards this as exceptional and probably occasioned by a severe storm in the mountains, as he saw none in 1872 in a spring of average mildness. They occur about Petaluma as early as April 1.

=Seiurus ludovicianus= (I, 287). Mr. E. Ingersoll met with the nest and eggs of the Large-billed Thrush near Norwich, Conn. The nest was sunk in the ground, in some moss and in the rotten wood underneath the roots of a large tree on the banks of the Yantic River. It was covered over, except just in front, by the roots. The nest was 2½ inches in internal diameter and rather shallow, and was somewhat loosely constructed of fine dry grasses and little dead fibrous mosses. About the nest, but forming no part of it, were several loose leaves. These were chiefly in front of the nest, and served as a screen to conceal it and its occupant. The nest itself was placed under the edge of the bank, about ten feet above the water. The eggs were four in number and were quite fresh. Unblown, they have a beautiful rosy tint, the ground-color is a lustrous white, the egg having a polished surface. They are more or less profusely spotted all over with dots and specks, and a few obscure zigzag markings of reddish-brown of two shades, and umber, with faint touches of lilac and very pale washing of red. These markings are much more thickly distributed about the larger end, but nowhere form a ring. They resemble the eggs of S. aurocapillus, but differ in their somewhat rounder shape, the brilliant polish of their ground, and the greater distinctness of the markings. They varied from .75 to .80 of an inch in length, and from .60 to .62 in breadth.

=Geothlypis= (I, 295). For a new synopsis of all the species of this genus, see Am. Journ. Science and Arts, Vol. X, December, 1872.

=Geothlypis trichas= (I, 297). Dr. Cooper found this species wintering in large numbers near San Buenaventura. They frequented the driest as well as the wettest spots.

=Geothlypis macgillivrayi= (I, 303). We now consider this form a geographical race of S. philadelphia. (See Am. Journ. Science and Arts, Vol. X, December, 1872.)

=Myiodioctes pusillus=, var. =pileolatus= (I, 319). See Am. Nat. VII, October, 1873, p. 608.

=Setophaga picta= (I, 322). This species, not included in the preceding pages among North American Birds, was noticed on only two occasions by Captain Charles Bendire in the vicinity of Tucson, Arizona. This was on the 4th of April, and again on the 12th of September, 1872. He thinks that they unquestionably breed in the mountains to the northward of Tucson. When seen in September they appeared to be moving southward, on their way to their winter quarters. He saw none throughout the summer. (See Am. Nat. VII.) By letter from Mr. Henshaw, we learn that he has obtained this species at Apache, Arizona.

=Vireosylvia olivacea= (I, 369). Obtained at Ogden, Utah, in September, 1871, by Mr. Allen.

=Lanivireo solitarius= (I, 373). Dr. Cooper found, April 30, 1870, a male of this species in full plumage and singing delightfully on a ridge above Emigrant Gap on the west slope of the Sierra, about 5,500 feet altitude, and where the snow was still lying in deep drifts. He is confident that he saw the same species at Copperopolis in February, 1864. He thinks there is no doubt that to some extent they winter in the State.

=Lanivireo solitarius=, var. =plumbeus= (I, 378). El Paso County, Colorado; AIKEN.

=Vireo pusillus= (I, 391). Dr. Cooper found this species near San Buenaventura as early as March 26, 1872, where it was quite common. On the 22d of April he found a nest pendent between the forks of a dead willow branch. This was five feet from the ground, built on the edge of a dense marshy thicket, of flat strips and fibres of bark, and lined with fine grass, hair, and feathers. There were a few feathers of the Barn Owl, also, on the outside. The nest measured three inches each way. The eggs were laid about the 28th, were four in number, white, with a few small black specks mostly near the larger ends, and measured .69 of an inch in length by .51 in breadth.

=Phænopepla nitens= (I, 405). Captain Bendire writes me that he found this species common in the vicinity of Tucson, Arizona, during the summer, a few only remaining during the winter; most of these had white edgings on all their feathers, and were probably young of the year. Their flight is described as wavering, something like that of Colaptes mexicanus. While flying they utter a high note, resembling whuif-whuif, repeated several times. He never heard them sing, as they are said to do, although he has watched them frequently. They are very restless, and are always found about the mistletoe, on the berries of which they feed almost exclusively. The nest is saddled on a horizontal branch, generally of a mesquite-tree. It is a shallow structure, about 4 inches across; its inner diameter is 2½ inches, depth ½ an inch. It is composed of fine sticks, fibres of plants, and lined with a little cottonwood down and a stray feather. The first nest was found May 16. This was principally lined with the shells of empty cocoons. The number of eggs was two. Though he found more than a dozen nests with eggs and young, he never found more than two in a nest. Their ground-color varies from a greenish-white to a lavender and a grayish-white, spotted all over with different shades of brown. The spots are all small, and most abundant about the larger end, and vary greatly in their distributions. In size they range from .97 of an inch to .84 in length, and in breadth from .66 to .60.

=Collurio ludovicianus=, var. =robustus= (I, 420). See Am. Nat. VII, October, 1873, p. 609.

=Certhiola newtoni= (I, 427). See Am. Nat. VII, October, 1873, p. 611.

=Certhiola caboti= (I, 427). See Am. Nat. VII, October, 1873, p. 612.

=Certhiola barbadensis=, =Certhiola frontalis= (I, 427). See Am. Nat. VII, October, 1873, p. 612.

=Pyranga hepatica= (I, 440). Captain Bendire found what he identified as this species breeding near Tucson, Arizona. Its nests and eggs resembled those of P. æstiva. The latter vary in length from 1.02 inches to .95, and in breadth from .70 to .67 of an inch. Their ground-color is a pale light green. Some are sparingly marked over the entire egg with very distinctive and conspicuous blotches of purplish-brown; others are covered more generally with finer dottings of the same hue, and these are so numerous as partly to obscure the ground. In shape the eggs are oblong oval, and are of nearly equal size at either end. This species was also obtained by Mr. Henshaw, at Apache, Arizona.

As no skins of the parent appear to have been preserved, it is not improbable that the bird in question may be really P. æstiva, var. cooperi.

=Hesperiphona vespertina=, var. =montana= (I, 450). Two adult males obtained at Waukegan, Illinois, in January, 1873, by Mr. Charles Douglass, are typical examples of the Rocky Mountain form.

=Pinicola enucleator= (I, 453). Dr. Cooper mentions having shot a fine male of this species near the summit of the Central Railroad Pass at an elevation of about 7,000 feet. It was in a fine orange-red plumage. It was moulting, and appeared to be a straggler.

=Pyrrhula cassini= (I, 457). Since the publication of the article on this species we learn from Cabanis (Journal für Ornithologie, 1871, 318, 1872, 315) that the species is not uncommon in the vicinity of Lake Baikal, in Siberia, and that it has even been observed in Belgium (Crommelin, Archives Neérlandaises). The bird, therefore, like the Phyllopneuste borealis (P. kennicotti, Baird) and Motacilla flava, is to be considered as Siberian, straggling to continental Alaska in the summer season.

=Chrysomitris psaltria= (I, 474). See Am. Journ. of Science and Arts, Vol. IV, December, 1872, for a special paper upon the races of this species and their relation to climatic regions.

=Chrysomitris psaltria=, var. =arizonæ= (I, 476). On the 7th of May, 1872, Dr. Cooper saw a single specimen (male), which he had no doubt was of this bird, at Encinetos Ranch, thirty miles north of San Diego. It was feeding with other species among dry sunflowers. He also saw another near San Buenaventura in January, 1873.

=Loxia “leucoptera=, var.” =bifasciata= (I, 483). At the time when the synopsis of the species of this genus was prepared, we had not seen any specimens of the European White-winged Crossbill. A recent examination of specimens from Sweden has convinced us, however, that the species is entirely distinct from leucoptera, and more nearly related to curvirostra, with the several forms of which it agrees quite closely in the details of form and proportions, as well as in tints, with the exception of the markings of the wing.

=Leucosticte tephrocotis= (I, 504). The specimens collected by Mr. Allen in Colorado, mentioned in the foot-note on page 505, and there said to be the summer dress of L. tephrocotis, we now believe to be a distinct form, which may be named var. australis, ALLEN, characterized as follows:—

Leucosticte tephrocotis, var. australis, ALLEN, MSS. Leucosticte tephrocotis, ALLEN, Am. Nat. VI, No. 5, May, 1872.—IB. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl. Vol. III, No. 6, pp. 121, 162.

CHAR. Similar to var. tephrocotis, but without any gray on the head, the red of the abdomen and wing-coverts bright carmine, instead of dilute rose-color, and the bill deep black, instead of yellow tipped with dusky. Prevailing color raw-umber (more earthy than in var. tephrocotis), becoming darker on the head and approaching to black on the forehead. Nasal tufts white. Wings and tail dusky, the secondaries and primaries skirted with paler; lesser and middle wing-coverts and tail-coverts, above and below, broadly tipped with rosy carmine, producing nearly uniform patches; abdominal region with the feathers broadly tipped with deep carmine or intense crimson, this covering nearly uniformly the whole surface. Bill and feet deep black.

Male (No. 15,724, Mus. C. Z., Mt. Lincoln, Colorado, July 25, 1871; J. A. Allen). Wing, 4.20; tail, 3.10; culmen, .45; tarsus, .70; middle toe, .60.

Female (Mt. Lincoln, July 25; J. A. Allen). Wing, 4.00; tail, 3.00. Colors paler and duller, the red almost obsolete.

Hab. Breeding on Mt. Lincoln, Colorado, above the timber-line, at an altitude of about 12,000 feet. (July, 1872, J. A. Allen.)

Since the descriptions of the several stages of L. tephrocotis were cast, we have received from Mr. H. W. Elliott—Assistant Agent of the United States Treasury Department, stationed at St. Paul’s Island, Alaska, an accomplished and energetic collector—numerous specimens of L. griseinucha in the breeding plumage. The fact that these specimens have the gray of the head as well defined as do examples in the winter plumage, while the red is at the same time much intensified, induces us to modify our views expressed on pages 504, 505, in regard to Mr. Allen’s Colorado specimens, and to regard them as representing a race which must have the head dusky at all seasons, and not a seasonal phase of var. tephrocotis. The winter plumage probably differs from that described above only in the red being of a soft, rather dilute, rosy tint, instead of a harsh bright carmine; the bill is also probably yellow in winter, since in the breeding specimens of griseinucha from Alaska the bill is black, while in winter examples it is yellow, with only the point dusky.

A series of seven fine specimens sent in by Mr. J. H. Batty, the naturalist of Dr. Hayden’s expedition, confirm the validity of this form, and even so much as suggest to us the possibility of its eventually proving a distinct species, more nearly related to L. brunneinucha than to L. tephrocotis. They were collected on some one of the high peaks of Colorado, but as Mr. Batty’s notes have not come to hand we cannot tell which. The specimens are all males, and resemble Mr. Allen’s specimens, except that they are perhaps more highly colored. They all have the throat tinged with carmine, and in some the tinge is very deep,—on one extending over the whole breast and throat, up to the cheeks and bill. We hope to learn soon from Mr. Batty some interesting details regarding this series.

=Centronyx bairdi= (I, 531). The past year has been a remarkably fortunate one for our knowledge of this species, and, owing to the investigations of Mr. C. E. Aiken, Dr. Coues, and Mr. H. W. Henshaw, it cannot now be classed among the rare birds of our country; the total number of specimens collected by these gentlemen amounting to more than one hundred. The first example—the second one then known—was collected by Mr. Aiken in El Paso County, Colorado, October 9, 1872, and, being in the soft autumnal plumage, appeared to be so distinct from the type that, after a careful comparison of the two specimens, Mr. Ridgway wrote Mr. Aiken that it was in his opinion different, and accompanied his letter by a comparative diagnosis of the two supposed species. The Colorado specimen was then described in the American Naturalist (Vol. VII, April, 1873, p. 236) as Centronyx ochrocephalus, AIKEN. On the 6th of May, 1873, Mr. Aiken obtained another specimen at the same locality; and this one, being forwarded to Mr. Ridgway for comparison, proved to be so decidedly intermediate between the types of C. bairdi and C. “ochrocephalus” that they immediately suggested the probability of their being seasonal stages of one species,—C. bairdi representing the very faded and much abraded midsummer dress; C. ochrocephalus being the autumnal dress, probably of a young bird, with the pattern of coloration distinct, and the colors soft and deep; and the May specimen the spring plumage, just intermediate between the two others.

During the past summer (1873) Dr. Coues collected about seventy specimens along the northern border of Dakota, from just west of the Pembina Mountains to the second crossing of the Mouse River. They frequented the open prairie exclusively, associating in vast numbers with Neocorys spraguei and Plectrophanes ornatus, these three being the most abundant and characteristic birds of the prairie. By the middle of July young birds were already observed; and, equally young ones being taken in the middle of August, it is presumed that two broods were raised. The splendid suite of specimens brought in by Dr. Coues comprises both adult and young birds. Of the former, many examples exactly match Audubon’s type, while others approach very closely Mr. Aiken’s specimen in the spring plumage. The young, however, are in a plumage entirely new. We give below descriptions of the several stages of plumage:—

Adult male in spring (No. 2,141, Mus. R. R., El Paso County, Colorado, May 6, 1873; C. E. Aiken). Ground-color of the head deep buff, growing paler toward the throat, which is white; crown sharply streaked with deep black, the streaks aggregated laterally so as to form two broken stripes; a cuneate speck of black at the post-superior corner of the auriculars; maxillary stripe deep buff, bounded above and below by continuous stripes of black,—one from the rictus along lower edge of cheeks, the other from side of chin down side of throat. Above pale hair-brown, the feathers paler, or brownish-white, externally, and brownish-black centrally. Beneath white, tinged with buff across the jugulum, where thickly marked with cuneate streaks of deep black; sides sparsely streaked, the streaks more brown. “Legs and lower mandible flesh-color; upper mandible horn-color; toes and claws dusky. Length, 5.62; extent, 9.04.” Wing, 2.80; tail, 2.15; culmen, .45; tarsus, .80; middle toe, .60.

Adult female in summer, exactly similar, but rather smaller, and the colors duller and paler.

Young, in first plumage. Similar in general appearance to the adult in fall plumage, but the markings more suffused. All the contour feathers of the dorsal surface sharply bordered terminally and laterally with white; streaks on the breast heavier and shorter.

Adult male in autumn (No. 1,113, Mus. C. E. A., El Paso County, Colorado, October 9, 1872).[118] Ground-color of the head deep ochraceous, deepest on the middle of the crown, and gradually fading to buffy-white on the throat; feathers of the crown with broad, deep black medial streaks, these narrower toward the middle, forming two lateral broadly black-streaked areas, with an intervening, badly defined, deep-ochraceous, narrowly streaked stripe. A distinct black spot behind the upper posterior corner of the auriculars; a smaller one at the middle of their posterior edge, and two black streaks bordering the light-ochraceous maxillary stripe,—a narrow one from the rictus along the lower edge of the deeply ochraceous ear-coverts and suborbital region, and a heavy “bridle” on each side of the throat. Lower parts buffy-white, fading into nearly pure white posteriorly; jugulum crossed by a series of heavy cuneate deep-black streaks, these continuing backward along the sides, but becoming reddish on the flanks; tibiæ brownish-gray. Neck, laterally and posteriorly, light ochraceous-yellow, each feather with a sharply defined medial streak of black. Dorsal feathers deep black centrally, then hair-brown (not reddish), and broadly bordered with white, both laterally and terminally. Rump and upper tail-coverts reddish hair-brown, each feather broadly bordered with buffy-white and with a black shaft-streak. General aspect of the wings grayish-pinkish ochraceous, the feathers all blackish centrally; outer web of outer primary pure white. Tail-feathers black, skirted with whitish ashy-ochraceous, this becoming pure white on the lateral pair of feathers, the exterior of which is pale gray centrally. Lining of wing immaculate pure white.

Wing, 3.00; tail, 2.40; culmen, .45; depth of bill, .23; tarsus, .85; middle toe, .63; lateral toes, .20 shorter; hind toe, .35. End of the wing formed by the four outer quills, of which the second and third are equal and longest, the first and fourth equal and just appreciably shorter; tertials considerably longer than the secondaries, and only .20 shorter than the longest primaries. Tail deeply emarginated (fork .20 deep), the lateral feathers longest.

The following measurements of about thirty fresh specimens, kindly furnished us by Dr. Coues, indicate the normal variation in size: “The males range from 5.10 to 5.85 in length, by 9.10 to 9.85 in extent, averaging about 5.65 by 9.50. The shortest-winged specimen was a female, expanding 8.85, though measuring 5.50 in length; the wing ordinarily ranged from 2.75 to 3.00.”

Dr. Coues also furnishes the following account of the habits of this species, which we print verbatim:—

“Out of thirty-one specimens collected July 14 and 15, twenty-nine were males, one female, and one young. This remarkable preponderance of males collected was owing to the fact that these attracted my attention as they sat singing on the tops of the weeds and low bushes; the females being probably down in the grass, incubating, or attending to their young,—at any rate not singing. In general appearance and manners they were so similar to Savanna Sparrows (Passerculus savanna) with which they were here associated, that they could only be distinguished at gunshot range after several days’ close observation. The song resembles that of the Savanna Sparrow, but may soon be learned; it consists of two or three chirps and an indefinite trill—zip, zip, zip, zurrrrrrr—in a mellow tinkling tone. The birds rise from the grass with a quick flickering flight, seldom going far before re-alighting. They remain in this portion of the country at least until October. Though scattered over the prairie, they tend to gather in little colonies; that is to say, one might ride a mile or so without seeing any, and then find numbers in the same spot. After leaving the prairie included in the bend of the Souris River, none were seen on the Coteau de Missouri; though this may have been owing to the lateness of the season. Late in July I scared a female off her nest on the prairie: the bird ran slyly through the grass, like a mouse, for some distance, before taking wing; her actions being like those of Plectrophanes ornatus under similar circumstances. Unfortunately, however, the nest was not found; but it will almost certainly be found to be built upon the ground, like that of Poocætes, Passerculus, and other allies.”

We learn by letter (dated October 7, 1873) from Mr. H. W. Henshaw, the naturalist of Lieutenant Wheeler’s expedition, that he has obtained (somewhere along the line of their route, apparently in New Mexico, but the locality is not mentioned) about thirty specimens of what he supposes to be this bird in the fall plumage. In regard to their habits, Mr. Henshaw writes as follows: “It is essentially a plain bird, with habits about half-way between those of the Savanna and Yellow-winged Sparrows, both of which were abundant in the same locality.”

=Plectrophanes ornatus= (I, 520). The abundant material brought in by recent collectors, among whom we may mention particularly Mr. Allen (see Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl. III, No. 6, p. 135) and Dr. Coues, throws additional light upon the relationship of this species and P. “melanomus” (I, 521), and affords conclusive evidence of their identity. The latter is merely a high stage of plumage, with the lesser coverts deep black, instead of brown as in midsummer, and rufous borders to the black feathers of the lower parts, which become worn off in midsummer.

=Passerculus alaudinus= (I, 537). Dr. Cooper informs me that in July, 1873, he found young but fully fledged birds of this species quite common along the beach near Santa Barbara, and where, possibly, they may have been mistaken by Dr. Heermann for P. rostratus. One he shot closely resembled in plumage the young Melospiza heermanni. They had been, without doubt, hatched on the grassy hills near by, and may breed farther south on the mountains. P. anthinus was numerous all summer in the neighboring marshes, but not away from salt water.

=Passerculus princeps= (I, 540). Additional specimens collected at Ipswich, Mass., by Mr. Maynard, and on Long Island by Mr. Lawrence, confirm the validity of this form, and likewise considerably extend its known range.

=Coturniculus passerinus=, var. =perpallidus= (I, 556). First described in Coues’s Key, October, 1872, p. 137.

=Coturniculus lecontei= (I, 558). Seven specimens of this interesting species were collected in August, 1873, by Dr. Coues, while attached to the Northern Boundary Survey. Five of them were obtained August 9, at the head-waters of the Souris River, on a boundless prairie. They inhabited the low portions of the prairie, where the grass was tall, recalling to mind the sea-shore marshes inhabited by the Ammodromi of the Atlantic coast. In habits they entirely resembled the seaside Buntings (A. caudacutus and A. maritimus).

These specimens reveal the fact that Leconte’s Bunting is quite as much an Ammodromus as a Coturniculus, being, in fact, just intermediate between A. caudacutus and C. henslowi, agreeing most nearly with the latter in style of coloration, and exactly resembling the former in form, the rectrices being even longer, stiffer, and more acute. This renders it necessary to unite Ammodromus and Coturniculus into one genus, recognizing them as subgenera, definable chiefly by the different style of coloration of the superior surface in the two groups. The name Ammodromus stands as the proper designation of the genus, being of earlier date.

Several stages of plumage are represented in the series obtained by Dr. Coues; and, the diagnosis of the species given on p. 552 being taken from a very defective specimen, we give here short descriptions taken from the elegant skins before us.

Adult male (No. 3,442, Coll. E. C.). Ground-color of the head white, tinged with buff on the maxillæ, and with ash on the auriculars; crown with two broad black stripes, separated by a narrow medial one of whitish; nuchal feathers bright rufous, edged with ashy-white, and shafted with black; dorsal feathers black, broadly edged exteriorly with white, and interiorly narrowly skirted with rufous. Beneath entirely white, tinged on the throat with buff, and streaked on the sides—from the breast to the flanks—with black. Length, 5.00; extent, 7.10; wing, 2.10; tail, 2.00; culmen, .42; tarsus, .68.

Adult female (No. 3,443, E. C.). Resembling the male, but, being in less abraded plumage, the colors more pronounced. The head is deep buff (just as in Ammodromus caudacutus), the auriculars and lores distinctly grayish-white, and the medial stripe of the crown ashy-white, except the anterior third, which is buff. On the lower parts, the whole lower side of the head, the entire breast, sides, flanks, and tibiæ, are deep buff, the sides sharply streaked with black. The abdomen, anal region, and crissum are pure white, in marked contrast. Length, 5.00; extent, 7.00; wing, 2.00; tail, 2.10; culmen, .45; tarsus, .70.

Young (Nos. 3,444, 3,445, and 3,446, E. C.). Ground-color above dull buff, below white; the pattern of the old birds seen in the markings, which, however, are pure black, all red and brown tints being absent,—except on the wings and tail, which are nearly as in the adult.

=Ammodromus maritimus= (I, 560). Mr. Maynard has discovered a very remarkable new local form of this species in Florida, which he has named var. nigrescens, possessing the following characters:—

Ammodromus maritimus, var. nigrescens, RIDGWAY.

CHAR. Above black, nearly uniform, and with a faint brownish cast; dorsal feathers with their outer edges narrowly grayish-white; remiges and tail-feathers edged with olive-brown; edge of the wing bright gamboge-yellow; supra-loral stripe deep yellow to above the middle of the eye; an obscure supra-auricular stripe of olive-grayish. Lores, auriculars, and cheeks nearly uniform black; lower parts pure white, covered with broad streaks of black, the anal region and middle line of the throat only unstreaked. Wing, 2.40; tail, 2.50; culmen, .55; tarsus, .95; middle toe, .55. (1855, Coll. R. R.)

Specimens of var. maritimus from Fort Macon, North Carolina, are much darker than Connecticut examples.

=Zonotrichia leucophrys=, var. =gambeli= (I, 569). Specimens from the Pacific Coast, which are true gambeli, are uniformly different from Middle Province examples in several important particulars; the colors are all darker, the ash more sombre, and the dorsal streaks sooty-black instead of chestnut-brown. In everything except the coloration of the head they closely resemble Z. coronata. The Middle Province form may be named Zonotrichia leucophrys, var. intermedia, Ridgway.

=Junco= (I, 578). For a new synopsis of the genus, see Am. Nat. VII, October, 1873, p. 613.

=Junco hyemalis=, var. =aikeni= (I, 584). First described in Am. Nat. VII, October, 1873, p. 615.

=Junco oregonus= (I, 584). Dr. Cooper writes that the Oregon Snowbird frequents the Sierra Nevada, lat. 39°, up to an elevation of 9,000 feet. He found a nest with three eggs at an elevation of about 7,000 feet, July 28, 1870.

=Poospiza belli= (I, 593). A fall specimen from Dr. Cooper, collected at Saticoy, California, October 8, 1872, shows a new plumage of this form, and substantiates the remarkable difference, in every stage of plumage, from var. nevadensis (I, 594). It differs from specimens of the latter in the corresponding dress, in the following particulars:—

Sub-maxillary bridle deep black, very broad, and reaching to the bill; pectoral spot conspicuous, black; sides strongly washed with ochraceous; above dark plumbeous instead of light ash; no trace of streaks on the back. Wing, 2.80; tail, 3.00; culmen, .40; tarsus, .80. (No. 63,652, Mus. S. I.)

=Spizella monticola= (II, 3). Collected by Henshaw in Southern Utah, in October, 1872. Probably found throughout the Middle Province region.

=Spizella socialis= (II, 7). Dr. Cooper informs us that the Chipping Sparrow frequents the Sierra Nevada, near latitude 39°, up to 9,000 feet elevation, in summer, and is the only species of Spizella to be seen there at that season.

=Spizella pallida=, var. =breweri= (II, 13). Dr. Cooper met with this species arriving from the South, in small flocks, April, 1873, frequenting bushy grounds ten miles inland. They had the song and habits as described, but were not seen in the low country in summer.

=Melospiza lincolni= (II, 31). Dr Cooper writes that in July, 1870, he found this species numerous at and near the summit of the Central Railroad in an elevation of from 7,000 to 9,000 feet. They were always about marshy thickets, often close to fields of perpetual snow. They had there raised their young, which were mostly fledged. He found a nest with one egg on the ground. As he found this July 27, he thinks that without doubt it raises two broods in a season even in that subalpine region. The song he found quite different from that of the other Melospizæ, being fainter, more lively and continuous, like that of some Wren or Warbler.

=Melospiza palustris= (II, 34). Collected in Southern Utah (Washington), October 23, 1872, by Mr. Henshaw. (Mus. S. I., No. 63,500.)

=Peucæa æstivalis=, var. =arizonæ= (II, 41). First described in Am. Nat. VII, October, 1873, p. 616.

=Peucæa carpalis.= An additional species of Peucæa has been discovered in Arizona by that diligent collector, Lieutenant (now Captain) Charles Bendire, U. S. A. It has been described (Am. Nat. VII, June, 1873, p. 322) by Dr. Coues as Peucæa carpalis. Its characters are as follows:—

Peucæa carpalis, COUES. Rufous-shouldered Sparrow.

SP. CHAR. Resembling in general appearance a large Spizella pusilla, but with rufous lesser wing-coverts, and blackish rictal and infra-maxillary streaks. Above grayish earth-brown, each feather with the medial portion dusky, forming conspicuous black streaks on the dorsal region, and dusky centres to the wing-coverts and tertials. Nape and rump plain, and more ashy. Crown and lesser wing-coverts plain rufous, the former divided anteriorly with a whitish medial line. Beneath ashy-white, including a well-defined superciliary and maxillary stripe, which have a slight buffy tinge. Throat nearly pure white, bordered on each side by a conspicuous narrow streak of black; whitish maxillary stripe bordered above by a dusky rictal streak. Bill reddish, darker on the culmen. Tarsi dilute brown; toes horn-brown. Wing, 2.50; tail, 2.75; culmen, .45; tarsus, .80; middle toe, .55.

Hab. Tucson, Arizona. (No. 62,372. September, 1872, Captain C. Bendire, U. S. A.)

Another specimen, supposed to be a female, in winter plumage (Tucson, January 10, 1873) differs quite appreciably in its markings and colors. The crown is more streaked, every feather being edged laterally with ashy-gray; the blackish streaks on the back and scapulars are more distinct, and the inner web of the lateral tail-feather is broadly bordered with white terminally. It measures, wing, 2.50; tail, 2.90; culmen, .45; tarsus, .70. “Length, 5.75; stretch, 7.80.”

Captain Bendire informs me that he found this species rather common in the vicinity of Tucson. It was generally seen in company with Poospiza bilineata. Its usual call-note resembled the syllables zib-zib-zib. He believed it to be a resident of Arizona throughout the year. It commences nesting early in June, generally building in the small mesquite bushes, sometimes not over six inches, seldom more than four feet, from the ground. The nests are composed of fine dry grasses and rootlets, and lined with the fine, slender seed-tops of the secatow or rye-grass, and sometimes with a few hairs. The nest is very deep, and is firmly fixed into a fork of the bush in which it is built. The eggs, when fresh, are of a pale green color, and average .73 of an inch in length by .58 in breadth, are unspotted, are generally four, seldom five, in a nest. One nest with four eggs was found September 11, 1872.

=Passerella= (II, 49). The capture of a specimen exactly intermediate between P. iliaca and P. townsendii, at Saticoy, California, December 14, 1872, by Dr. Cooper, renders it extremely probable that all the known forms of this genus are but geographical races of one species. The characters of this specimen (No. 63,651) are as follows: Most like iliaca in reddish tints and coloration of the head, with occasional nearly pure ashy lights, but with the suffused pattern of townsendii. Wing, 3.60; tail, 3.60; culmen, .50; tarsus, 1.00.

=Passerella megarhynchus= (II, 57). Dr. Cooper found this species common between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation, on the Central Pacific Railroad line, where most of the country was still covered with snow. One or two were to be found in every thicket at distances of a quarter of a mile, already paired and having selected their summer residence, having remained in close proximity to the snowy region all winter. In July, on a second visit to the mountains, he observed them still singing occasionally, at Truckee, near 6,000 feet altitude, on the east slope.

=Euspiza americana= (II, 65). According to Mr. Allen this species is abundant at Denver, Colorado, being found entirely across the Plains to the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains.

=Guiraca cærulea= (II, 77). Has been obtained in El Paso County, Colorado, by Mr. Aiken.

=Cardinalis virginianus=, var. =igneus= (II, 103). Has been found in El Paso County, Colorado. Specimens from Eastern Kansas, collected by Mr. Allen, seem also to be referrible to this form.

=Pipilo erythropthalmus= (II, 109). Specimens collected by Dr. Coues at Pembina, Minnesota, in June, 1873, have (both males and females) a greater or less number of minute white specks more or less distinctly indicated on the portion where the large white spots of the western forms are located. This points to the probability that all the black races ranged in the synopsis under maculatus (including the latter itself) must be referred to erythropthalmus.

=Pipilo mesoleucus= (II, 125). Captain Bendire found this species breeding in Southern Arizona, in the neighborhood of Tucson. One nest was found August 2, another September 4, 1872. Both were built in mesquite-trees, and were six feet from the ground,—an unusual position in birds of this family. The eggs are also peculiar, and differ from any of this genus I have ever met with, having more resemblance to eggs of Sturnellæ, especially to the militaris of South America. The eggs from one nest are one inch in length by .73 in breadth, have a bright white ground, with a slight tinge of bluish, and are boldly plashed, especially around the larger end, with distinct deep dashes of reddish and purplish brown. A few of these blotches are scattered irregularly over the entire egg, but the greater portion are grouped around the more obtuse end. The eggs are of oval shape, both ends rounded, one slightly less than the other. The eggs in another nest are more nearly spherical, with less difference in the ends; the ground-color is more distinctly white; the spots, of reddish-brown, are finer and more concentrated about the larger end; and the faint markings of purplish are much more numerous. These measure .74 by .90 of an inch.

This species has also been found resident in El Paso County, Colorado, by Mr. Aiken.

=Pipilo aberti= (II, 128). Captain Bendire found this species breeding abundantly in the vicinity of Tucson, in Southern Arizona. The nests were not on the ground, as is usual among the more northern forms of Pipilos, but in trees and in bushes at the height of several feet from the ground. One nest was taken July 28, in a small ash-tree, and another was found on the same day in a willow-tree, more than eight feet from the ground. The eggs bear a close resemblance to those of Pipilo fuscus and to those of P. albigula, having a ground-color of very light blue, marked almost exclusively around the larger end with a wreath of irregular blotches of dark purplish-brown. They are of a rounded oval shape, are quite obtuse at one end, and vary in length from .97 of an inch to .88, and in breadth from .76 to .75.

=Pipilo chlorurus= (II, 131). Dr. Cooper met with none of this species in the Sierra Nevada between 3,000 and 7,000 feet elevation in April, 1870, when they were leisurely working their way up from the lower country; but in July he found them from Truckee, 6,000 feet on the east slope, up to the summit, 7,000 feet, but not higher. They were then feeding half-grown young. Dr. Albert Kellogg found a nest on the ground, with four eggs, spotted near the larger end on a bluish ground. The males were still singing occasionally and very melodiously, and had the same cry of alarm or anger as the Pipilo erythropthalmus. Dr. Cooper also met with this species at Clear Lake, near the end of September, showing that they probably breed in the northern Coast Range.

=Dolichonyx oryzivorus= (II, 149). Specimens from every portion of the Plains, and west to the Great Basin, have the black intenser and more continuous, the nuchal patch clear ochraceous-white, the scapulars and rump unshaded white, and the white of the back confined to a median line. The bill and feet are also jet-black, instead of horn-color. They constitute var. albinucha, Ridgway.

=Icterus cucullatus= (II, 193). Except in the materials, which difference may be more local than specific, the nests of this species are hardly distinguishable from those of I. spurius. A nest from Cape St. Lucas (S. I. No. 4,954), collected May, 1860, by Mr. Xantus, is basket-shaped and pendulous, suspended on two sides to the numerous twigs of each fork of a drooping branch. In structure it is exactly like that of I. spurius, and is composed of dry wiry grasses, lined scantily with vegetable down. The length is six inches, lower side of aperture only two and a half inches from the bottom. Another (S. I. No. 1,940) taken May 20, 1859, at San José, Lower California, by Mr. Xantus, is a very elaborately wrought basket-shaped nest. The circumference of the circular rim is much less than the greatest girth of the nest. The lower walls and base of the nest are very thick. The whole is composed of fine wiry grasses and scantily lined with vegetable down and soft flaxy fibres. The external diameter is 5.00 inches, the internal 2.10, height about 3.00, and the depth of the cavity 2.80.

Captain Charles Bendire met with this species in Southern Arizona. It was first noticed by him on the 15th of April, but he thinks they had arrived nearly ten days previously, and that the date of their coming may be given as during the first week of April. He describes it as a shy, active, and restless bird, generally frequenting the extreme tops of the tallest cottonwood-trees near the borders of the watercourses, which, however, are usually dry. There the bird flutters through the dense foliage in search of insects, and is scarcely ever seen for more than an instant at a time. It commences building about the first of June. The nest is suspended from the extremities of the lower branches of an ash, walnut, mesquite, or cottonwood tree, and is exclusively composed of fine wire-like grasses, which are made use of while green and pliable, and sparsely lined with the silky fibres of a species of Asclepias. These grasses are interlaced in such a complicated manner as to form, even when dry, a very strong structure. The dimensions of a nest are: Inner diameter, three inches; inside depth the same; outside from five and a half to four inches wide and about four deep. The eggs are from two to four in number, usually three, are of a pale bluish-white ground, spotted with dark lilac and umber-brown about the larger end. The largest eggs measure one inch by .64. Captain Bendire adds that he cannot regard this Oriole as a fine singer. Besides a usual chattering note resembling the syllables char-char-char, frequently repeated, it has a call-note something like hui-wit, which is also several times repeated.

=Icterus baltimore= (II, 195). Extends its range westward to the Rocky Mountains. Collected in El Paso County, Colorado, by Mr. Aiken.

=Icterus bullockii= (II, 199). Extends eastward to Eastern Kansas, where it is not uncommon. (See Snow’s Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas, 1873.)

=Corvus cryptoleucus= (II, 242). According to Mr. Aiken this species is abundant, and nearly replaces C. carnivorus along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, as far north as Cheyenne.

Captain Bendire found this a resident species in Southern Arizona, and met with two nests at the base of the St. Catharine Mountains, near Tucson. One of these contained three, the other four eggs. These he described as very light colored, so pale that if mixed with hundreds of others of this family they could be picked out without difficulty. Their ground-color is said to be a very pale green, with darker markings running more into lines than spots; in fact, very few spots were found on either set. The size of the largest was 1.85 inches by 1.33, that of the largest 1.70 by 1.19. They were not common in the vicinity of Tucson.

=Cyanura= (II, 271). For a special treatment of the races of C. stelleri, see Am. Journ. Science and Arts, January, 1873.

=Cyanocitta californica= (II, 298). Dr. Cooper has ascertained that this species does occur on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, but lower down than the region he visited in 1863. He found a few at Verdi, close to the eastern boundary-line of California, at about 4,500 feet elevation, in July, 1870. He saw none elsewhere.

=Tyrannus vociferans= (II, 327). Captain Bendire writes that this species arrives in the neighborhood of Tucson about the middle of April, but does not commence nesting until the middle of June. All the nests he found were difficult to get at, being generally placed on a branch of a large cottonwood-tree, and at a distance from the trunk. The nest is described as very large for the size of the bird, composed of sticks, weeds, dry grasses, and lined with hair, wool, and the inner soft fibres of bark of the cottonwood. The usual complement of eggs is three, seldom four. They measure from 1.00 by .75 to 1.10 by .80 of an inch, are of a creamy-white color, with large isolated spots of a reddish-brown, scattered principally about the larger end.

=Myiarchus= (II, 329). For a discussion of the races of M. lawrencii considered in their relation to climatic color-variation, see Am. Journ. Science and Arts, December, 1872.

=Sayornis= (II, 339). The outlines of species of Sayornis given below are additional to those already published.

=Empidonax brunneus= (II, 363). Specimens in the collection of the Boston Society bear the MSS. name of E. olivus. But we cannot find a reference to this name.

=Empidonax minimus= (II, 372). Has been collected in El Paso County, Colorado, by Mr. Aiken.

=Empidonax obscurus= (II, 381). Dr. Cooper found a few of this species wintering in a large grove of balsam, poplars, and willows, which retained most of their old leaves till spring, near San Buenaventura. Those shot were remarkably gray, and were supposed to have been blown down from the borders of the desert by the violent northeast-wind.

=Pyrocephalus mexicanus= (II, 387). Captain Bendire found the Red Flycatcher quite abundant in Southern Arizona, where they breed as early as April. They were most common in the neighborhood of Reledo Creek, near Tucson, and were generally found in the neighborhood of water. Their nests were in various situations, in one instance in a cottonwood-tree thirty feet from the ground, in another in the forks of a mesquite not more than ten feet from the ground. The nests were small, slight, and loosely made, and not readily preserved. They were made externally of twigs, fine bark, stems of plants, etc., and lined with hair and feathers. The usual number of eggs was three, and never more. Except in size these bear a close resemblance to the eggs of Milvulus forficatus. Their ground is a rich cream-color, to which the deep purplish-brown markings with which they are blotched imparts a slight tinge of red. These markings are few, bold, and conspicuous, and encircle the larger end with an almost continuous ring. In shape they are of a roundish oval, and measure .66 of an inch in length by .55 in breadth. The nest and eggs of this species were also obtained at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. John Xantus, and the eggs correspond. Dr. Cooper found two male birds of this species in a grove near the mouth of the Santa Clara River, six miles from San Buenaventura, in October, 1872. They had obtained their perfect plumage, but seemed to be young birds. They hunted insects much like a Sayornis, and uttered only a faint chirp.

=Chordeiles popetue=, var. =minor= (II, 400). Specimens from Miami, Florida, collected by Mr. Maynard, agree very nearly with typical examples of var. minor from Cuba, both in size and color, and should possibly be referred to that race. A male (7,414, Mus. C. J. M.) measures: wing, 7.00; tail, 4.15. The colors are those of var. popetue, with less rufous than in the single specimen of minor with which it has been compared.

=Chordeiles texensis= (II, 406). Dr. Cooper shot a single specimen of this species near San Buenaventura, April 18, 1873.

=Antrostomus carolinensis= (II, 410). This species has been detected by Mr. Ridgway in Southern Illinois (Wabash County), where it is a rare summer sojourner.

=Panyptila melanoleuca= (II, 424). Dr. Cooper saw many of this species in the cañon of Santa Anna, flying about inaccessible cliffs of sandstone, where they doubtless had nests, May 20. He saw also them near San Buenaventura, August 25, when they came down to the valley from the sandstone cliffs ten miles distant. They afterwards hunted insects almost daily near the coast, flying high during the calm morning, but when there were sea-breezes flying low and against it. After a month they disappeared, and none were seen until December 14, when they were again seen until the 20th. None were seen during the rains, or until February 26, when they reappeared, and after April 5 they retired to the mountains.

=Nephœcetes niger= (II, 429). Dr. Cooper informs us that a fine specimen of this rare bird was taken at San Francisco in the spring of 1870, and brought to Mr. F. Gruber. It had, from some cause, been driven to alight on the ground, from which it was not able to rise, and was taken alive. The exact date was not noted.

=Chætura vauxi= (II, 435). Dr. Cooper states that in the spring of 1873 this Swift appeared as early as April 22 near San Buenaventura. The year before he first saw them near San Diego on the 26th.

=Geococcyx californianus= (II, 472). Has been found in El Paso County, Colorado, by Mr. Aiken.

=Picus gairdneri= (II, 512). Four eggs of this Woodpecker were taken by Mr. William A. Cooper near Santa Cruz, Cal., from a hole in a tree, one side of which was much decayed. Four is said to be the usual number of their eggs, although five were found in one instance. The eggs resemble those of P. pubescens, and measure .75 of an inch in length by .57 in breadth.

=Sphyropicus varius= (II, 539). Collected in El Paso County, Colorado, by Mr. Aiken.

=Centurus uropygialis= (II, 558). Captain Bendire found this Woodpecker the most common of the family in the vicinity of Tucson, Arizona, where it was resident throughout the year. Like nearly all of its kindred, it is an exceedingly noisy bird. It appears to be a resident species throughout the year in all the southern portions of the Territory. Its favorite localities for nesting appear to be in the gigantic trunks of the large Cereus giganteus, which plants are called by the natives Suwarrows. These are easily excavated, and form a remarkably safe place in which to rear their young ones, on account of the many thorns with which these cacti are protected. Their eggs are usually four in number, but sometimes are only two, and resemble those of all the other kinds of Woodpeckers in their color and in their rounded oval shape. They average .98 of an inch in length and .76 in breadth. Usually two, and occasionally even three, broods are raised in a season.

=Strix pratincola= (III, 13). Dr. Cooper informs us that, though most of these Owls are resident in California south of latitude 35°, there is a migration southward in fall from the north. Great numbers of them appeared near San Buenaventura about October 20, 1872, for a few days, and most of them went still farther southward. They return north about the first of April. On the 12th of April he found a nest built four feet up in a pepper-tree (Schinus molle), forming part of a hedge, composed of coarse sticks, straws, and dry horse-dung inside, shallow but strongly built, and containing two eggs.

=Falconidæ= (III, 103). The following outlines of the Falconidæ were omitted in their proper places.

=Chamæpelia passerina= (III, 389). Dr. Cooper states that an individual of this species was killed by Mr. Lorquin at San Francisco, in May, 1870. Mr. Lorquin also obtained several at San Gabriel, Los Angeles County, several years previous.

=Tetrao obscurus= (III, 421). Dr. Cooper found this species in April, 1870, at the edge of the melting snow, near Cisco, about 6,000 feet altitude. They were still more numerous at Emigrant Gap, 5,300 feet altitude, where snow lay only in patches, and at Truckee, on the east slope, where there was no snow, and where he found two of their eggs in a deserted nest within sight of the town. In July he found them near Verdi, near the State line. This is the limit of their range. They also frequent the edge of perpetual snow, at an elevation of 9,000 feet, more numerously than below.

=Ortyx virginianus=, var. =floridanus= (III, 469, footnote). Specimens from Miami, Fla., exhibit the peninsular extreme of this species. They are altogether more like var. cubanensis than like virginianus proper, yet they differ uniformly in such essential respects from the Cuban form that they merit a distinctive name. The characteristic features of this form are the following:—

CHAR. Above, with dark bluish-gray prevailing, only the anterior part of the back being washed, or mixed, with reddish; scapulars and tertials quite conspicuously bordered with whitish. The whole gray surface more or less mottled or barred with black. The head-stripes are nearly uniformly black, with only a little rusty mixed in the occiput; the black gular collar is much extended, encroaching on the throat anteriorly, so as to leave only an inch, or less, of white, and posteriorly invades the jugulum, so that there is more than an inch of continuous black, and over this distance where black predominates. The entire abdomen, anal region, and breast are heavily barred with black, the black bars on the breast almost equalling the white ones in width. The sides, flanks, and crissum are nearly uniform rufous, the feathers of the former with white edges, broken by the extensions of the black streak which runs inside the white, while the latter have heavy black medial streaks and white terminal spaces.

The female is similar, except in the color of the head, which is exactly that of var. texanus.

Wing, ♂, 4.30–4.40; ♀, 4.35. Culmen, .60–.65; tarsus, 1.15–1.20; middle toe, 1.05–1.10.

=Oreortyx pictus= (III, 475). Dr. Cooper found these birds already paired near the summit of the Sierra Nevada, where the snow was but half melted off, and they scarcely descended below the limits of the snow in the coldest weather. In July he saw young birds just hatched near Truckee, at an elevation of 6,000 feet. This was on the 24th. On the 28th another brood, a little older, was seen at the foot of Mt. Stanford, about 8,000 feet above the sea. Most of the broods, however, were nearly fledged at that time. Dr. Cooper also mentions that he found this Quail not rare in the mountains east of San Diego above an elevation of 3,800 feet. He thought, also, that he heard this bird in the Santa Anna range east of Annaheim. It also exists in the Santa Inez Mountains, sixteen miles east of San Buenaventura, at an altitude of from 3,000 to 4,000 feet. It seems to be confined to the zone of coniferous trees, rarely if ever coming below them. Mr. Henshaw has obtained this species at Apache, in Arizona.

=Lophortyx gambeli= (III, 482). Captain Bendire found this Quail breeding in the vicinity of Tucson, in Arizona, near Rillito Creek, occasionally nesting in situations above the ground. One nest, seen June 7, 1872, contained three fresh eggs. It was two feet above the ground, on a willow stump, and in an exposed place, near the creek. The nest was composed of the leaves of the cottonwood-tree. In some instances he found as many as eighteen eggs in one nest. These closely resemble the eggs of the California Quail, so much so as to be hardly distinguishable from them. They are all of a rounded oval shape, sharply tapering at one end, and quite obtuse at the other. They measure 1.24 inches in length by one inch in their largest breadth. Their ground-color varies from a deep cream to a light drab. Some are sparingly marked with large and well-defined spots, most of them circular in shape, and of a rich purplish-brown color. In others the whole surface is closely sprinkled with minute spots of yellowish-brown, intermingled with which are larger spots of a dark purple. This species was obtained in Southern Utah by Mr. Henshaw.

II.

EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING THE EXTERNAL FORM OF BIRDS.

REFERENCES TO THE FIGURE.

N. B. In the figure the adjacent regions are separated by a double bar, with the letters belonging to each affixed.

A. The body in general. B. The region of the head. C. The region of the neck. D. The region of the trunk. E. The region of the tail. F. The region of the wings. G. The region of the legs. H. The feathers.

NOTE.—I am under obligations to Professor Sundevall of Stockholm and Dr. Sclater of London for assistance in correcting and improving the present article.—S. F. BAIRD.

B. Head.

9. Bill in general. 10. Maxilla. 11. Mandible. 20. Ridge. 21. Tip of maxilla. 22. Keel. 23. Angle of chin. 27. Angle of mouth. 28. Commissure. 28½. Nostrils. 30. Cap (pileus), includes 32, 33. 31. Crown (vertex). 32. Front head (sinciput). 33. Hind head (occiput). 34. Forehead. 36. Frontal points. 39. Lores. 40. Ophthalmic region. 41. Orbits. 42. Cheeks. 43. Eyebrows. 44. Temples. 45. Parotics. 46. Chin.

C. Neck.

48. Hind neck (includes 49, 50). 49. Nape. 50. Scruff. 51. Fore neck (includes 52, 53). 52. Throat. 53. Jugulum. 54. Side neck.

D. Trunk or Body.

57. Back (includes 58, 59). 58. Upper back. 59. Lower back. 60. Rump. 61. Mantle (back and wings together). 62. Breast. 63. Abdomen (includes 64, 65). 64. Epigastrium. 65. Belly. 66. Crissum.

E. Tail.

70. Tail feathers (or rectrices). 72. Upper tail coverts. 73. Lower tail coverts.

F. Wings.

75. Primary quills. 76. Secondary quills. 77. Bend of wing. 79. False wing (alula). 80. Scapulars. 86. Primary coverts. 89. Secondary coverts (include 92, 93, 94). 92. Greater wing coverts. 93. Lesser wing coverts. 94. Middle wing coverts. 95. Edge of wing.

G. Legs.

97. Thigh (concealed under skin). 98. Shin (tibia). 103. Heel joint. 103½. Tarsus. 112. Foot. 116. Toes. 126. Outer toe. 127. Inner toe. 128. Middle toe. 129. Hind toe.

For the purpose of defining the form, markings, coloration, and other peculiarities of birds, the different regions of the body have received names by which intelligible reference can be made to any portion. It is, perhaps, hardly necessary to say that all living birds have a head supported on a neck, with jaws extended into a bill covered with a horny sheath, or with skin, the two jaws situated one above the other, and always destitute of teeth. The anterior pair of limbs is developed into wings which, however, are not always capable of use in flight; the posterior serve as legs for the support of the body in an oblique or nearly erect position. The body is covered with feathers of variable structure and character, both in the young bird and the old. (The wings are apparently wanting in some fossil species.)

The following terms, English and Latin, are those most generally employed in describing the external form of birds, and are principally as defined by Illiger. In cases where there is no suitable English word in use, the Latin equivalent only is given. The figure selected for illustration, drawn by Mr. R. Ridgway, is that of the common American robin (Turdus migratorius, L.), and will be familiar to most students of ornithology.

A. Body in General (Corpus).

1. =Feathers= (Plumæ). A dry elastic object, with a central stem at one end forming a hollow horny tube implanted in the skin at its tip, the other feathered on opposite sides.

2. =Quills= (Pennæ). The large stiff feathers implanted in the posterior edge of the wing and in the tail.

3. =Plumage= (Ptilosis). The general feathery covering of the body.

4. =Unfeathered= (Implumis). A portion of skin in which no feathers are inserted.

5. =Upper parts= (Notæum). The entire upper surface of the animal. (Sometimes restricted to the trunk.)

6. =Lower parts= (Gastræum). The entire lower surface of the animal. (Sometimes restricted to the trunk.)

7. =Anterior portion= (Stethiæum). The forward part of the body (about half), both upper and under surfaces, including the chest.

8. =Posterior portion= (Uræum). The hinder portion of the body (about half), including the abdominal cavity.

B. The Head (Caput).

9. =Bill= (Rostrum). The projecting jaws, one above the other, united by a hinge joint behind, and covered by a horny sheath, or a skin, and enclosing the mouth.

10. =Maxilla=, or =upper jaw= (Maxilla).

11. =Mandible=, or =lower jaw= (Mandibula).

12. =Ramphotheca.= The horny covering, or sheath of the jaws.

13. =Rhinotheca.= The covering of the upper jaw.

14. =Gnathotheca.= The covering of the lower jaw.

15. =Cere= (Cera, or Ceroma). A skin at the base of the maxilla, in certain birds. (In birds without a horny sheath to the bill, the cere may be considered as extending to its very tip.)

16. =Edges of bill= (Tomia). The margins of upper and lower jaws where they come in contact. We have thus a

17. =Maxillary tomium=, and a

18. =Mandibular tomium.=

19. =Gape= or =Commissure= (Commissura). The junction of the tomia, or of the two bills.

20. =Ridge= (Culmen). The upper outline of the bill when viewed laterally; extending from base of bill to the

21. =Tip= (Dertrum).

22. =Keel= (Gonys). The lower outline of the bill viewed laterally; extending from the angle of the chin to the tip.

23. =Angle of the chin= (Angulus mentalis). The point where the two branches, or rami, of the lower jaw

24. (=Gnathidia=, Rami) unite, thence to be continued to its tip as the

25. =Myxa= (Symphysis).

26. =Malar region= (Regio malaris). The outside of the base of lower jaw; usually covered with feathers.

27. =Angle of the mouth= (Angulus oris). The angle formed by the mandible and maxilla; the posterior boundary of the gape or commissure, the tip of bill being the anterior.

28. =Nostrils= (Nares).

29. =Head=, as restricted (Caput). The head, exclusive of the bill.

30. =Cap= (Pileus). The whole top of head from the base of bill to nape.

31. =Crown= (Vertex). The highest central portion of the top of head (between the ears).

32. =Sinciput= (Sinciput). The anterior half of cap (from bill to middle of crown).

33. =Occiput= (Occiput). The posterior half of cap, (from middle of crown to the nape).

34. =Forehead= (Frons). From base of bill to crown (usually anterior to line of eye).

35. =Nape= (Nucha). See 49.

36. =Frontal points= (Antiæ). The two projecting feathered angles of the forehead embracing the base of the culmen, or included between the frontal angle of the maxilla and the angle of the mouth (not always present).

37. =Mastax= (Mastax). The side of the fore part of the head, adjacent to the base of the maxilla, and distinguished by its feathers or its color.

38. =Capister= (Capistrum). The anterior portion of the head all round the base of the bill.

39. =Lore= (Lorum). Narrow space between the bill and the eye, on each side.

40. =Ophthalmic region= (Regio ophthalmica). Space round the eye.

41. =Orbits= (Orbita). The innermost portion of the ophthalmic region immediately adjacent to the eye.

42. =Cheeks= (Genæ). See Malar region.

43. =Eyebrow= (Supercilia). A longitudinal stripe immediately above the eye.

44. =Temples= (Tempora). Whole side of the head behind the eye or between the eye, top of head, and the ear.

45. =Parotic region= (Regio parotica). Space around the ears.

46. =Chin= (Mentum). Space embraced between the branches of lower jaw.

C. The Neck (Collum).

47. =Neck= (Collum). The part connecting the head and trunk, enclosing the neck vertebræ.

48. =Hind-neck= (Cervix). The upper or posterior portion of the neck, from occiput to back.

49. =Nape= (Nucha). The portion of hind neck nearest the head.

50. =Auchenium= (Auchenium). The portion of hind neck nearest the back, the “scruff” of the neck.

51. =Fore-neck= (Guttur). The inferior or anterior portion of neck, from the chin to the breast.

52. =Throat= (Gula). The upper part of fore neck, or that nearest the chin.

53. =Jugulum= (Jugulum). The lower part of fore neck, between the throat and the breast. (Divided into upper, middle, and lower.)

54. =Side neck= (Parauchenium). The sides of the neck, between the front and the hind neck.

55. =Collar= (Torques). A ring of any kind encircling the neck.

D. The Trunk (Truncus).

56. =Trunk= (Truncus). That portion of the body enclosing the viscera and intestines, and carrying the neck and head at one end, the tail at the other, as also the four limbs.

57. =Back= (Dorsum). The portion of the upper surface of the trunk, from the neck to the rump, and corresponding to the dorsal and sacral vertebræ.

58. =Upper back= (Interscapulium). The upper portion of the back, or along the dorsal vertebræ; between the shoulder-blades, and opposite the breast, sometimes called dorsum anticum.

59. =Lower back= (Tergum). The lower portion of the back along the saeral region, from the upper back to the rump, and opposite the belly, sometimes called dorsum posticum.

60. =Rump= (Uropygium). The portion of the upper side of the trunk corresponding to the caudal vertebræ.

61. =Mantle= (Stragulum; Pallium). The back and the outside of the folded wings taken together.

61½. =Ventral region= (Regio ventralis). Under side of body, including breast and abdomen.

62. =Breast= (Pectus). The most anterior portion of the lower surface of trunk, representing the region of the sternum or breast bone (between the jugulum and the abdomen).

63. =Abdomen= (Abdomen). The under side of body, between the breast and the anal region.

64. =Epigaster= (Epigastrium). The anterior portion of abdomen, next to the breast.

65. =Belly= (Venter). The hinder portion of the abdomen, next to the anal region or crissum.

66. =Anal region= (Crissum). The region around the anus, below the tail, and opposite to the rump. Frequently includes under tail coverts.

67. =Flanks= (Hypochondria). The sides of the soft parts of the body.

68. =Humeral region= (Regio humeralis). The anterior portion of the sides; that in which the wing is implanted.

E. The Tail (Cauda).

69. =Tail= (Cauda). The feathers forming the posterior extremity of the body, implanted on the os coccygis, or rump bone.

70. =Tail feathers= (Rectrices). The long individual feathers belonging to the tail.

71. =Tail coverts= (Calypteria). The feathers overlying and covering the base of the tail feathers; the

72. =Upper= (superiores) being those above, and

73. =Lower= (inferiores) those below; sometimes concealing or projecting beyond the tail.

NOTE.—Tegmina (73½) are coverts in general, whether of wing or tail. Calypteria are tail coverts. Tectrices (83), wing coverts.

F. The Wings (Alæ).

74. =Wings= (Alæ). The anterior pair of limbs of the bird, used in flight.

75. =Primary quills=, or =quills of the first series=; =Hand-quills= (Remiges primariæ). The (usually) ten stiff feathers inserted on the hand or first joint (metacarpus and digit), or from the bend of the wing to the tip.

76. =Secondary quills= or =quills of the second series=; =Arm-quills= (Remiges secundarii; Pennæ cubili). The inner quills, or those inserted along the posterior edge of the forearm or cubitus. The innermost of these quills, sometimes longer or different from the rest, are frequently called tertials. (Pennæ tertiariæ.)

77. =Bend of the wing= (Flexura, Plica). The angle of junction of the hand-joint and that of the forearm.

78. =Armpit= (Axilla). The under side of the insertion of the wing into the body.

79. =False= or =Bastard wing= (Alula). A series of several stiffened feathers on the edge of the wing, overlying and exterior to the primary quills, and inserted on the thumb joint of the hand.

80. =Scapulars= (Pennæ scapulares). Stiffened feathers inserted on the shoulder-blade or the insertion of arm (humerus), and filling up the interval between the secondary quills and the body.

81. =Axillars= (Pennæ axillares). Similar feathers connecting the under surface of the wing and the body, and concealed in the closed wing.

82. =Speculum=, or =Mirror= (Speculum alæ). A brilliantly colored portion of the wing especially in the ducks, over the extremities of the secondary quills, and framed in on one side (in the closed wing) by the primary quills, or the other by the scapulars.

83. =Wing coverts= (Tectrices). The smaller feathers of the wing. The

84. =Upper= (superiores), side above or outer. The

85. =Lower= (inferiores), below, or inside, and overlying the bases of the quills. These and the quills form the surfaces of the wings.

86. Primary coverts (Tectrices primariæ). The feathers, which either

87. =Upper= or

88. =Under= overlie the bases of the primary quills. These are on the upper or under surface of the wing; not often distinguished in descriptions.

89. =Secondary coverts= (Tectrices secundariæ). The feathers which, as

90. =Upper= and

91. =Under=, cover the bases of the secondary quills, on the upper or under surface of the wings, being generally those referred to as “coverts.”

92. =Greater coverts= (Tectrices majores). The longest coverts projecting beyond the rest, and resting directly upon the bases of the secondary quills.

93. =Lesser coverts= (Tectrices minores). The succession of many series of small feathers beginning at and covering the anterior edge of the wing, very small at first and increasing in size behind.

94. =Middle coverts= (Tectrices mediæ). One or more rows of coverts, intermediate in size as well as position, between the lesser and greater coverts.

95. =Edge of the wing= (Campterium; Margo carpi). The small feathers covering the anterior edge of the wing, both along the forearm and the hand or first joint, including the bend of the wing.

G. The Legs (Pedes).

96. =Legs= (Pedes). The posterior pair of limbs inserted in the pelvis, and used in walking or running.

97. =Thigh= (Femur). The basal joint of the leg, its head articulating with the pelvis. This is generally imbedded in the flesh, and covered by the skin so as not to be appreciable, especially in the prepared specimen.

98. =Shin= (Tibia). The second or middle joint of the leg, articulated above to the thigh, below to the tarsus. The upper part, sometimes the whole, is enveloped in flesh, and covered by skin and feathers; sometimes the lower extremity is covered by horny plates, the

99. (=Cnemidium=).

100. =Foot joint= (Podarthrum). The junction of the tarsus below with the foot.

101. =Podotheca= (Podotheca). The horny or skinny covering of lower tibia, tarsus, and feet.

102. =Knee= (Genu). The junction of the thigh with the leg, usually concealed by the skin.

103. =Heel joint= (Suffrago). The junction of the leg with the tarsus.

103½. =Tarsus= (Tarsus). The third joint of the leg and next to the tibia; covered generally with horn, sometimes with naked skin or feathers, never with flesh; the toes are articulated to its lower extremity. This joint corresponds to the ankle joint of the human body.

104. =Instep=, or =Front of tarsus= (Acrotarsium). The anterior face of the tarsus, usually covered by small plates, which in the higher groups are united into one; sometimes covered by skin.

105. =Side of tarsus= (Paratarsium).

106. =Back of tarsus= (Planta tarsi). Homologically the =Sole= (Planta).

107. =Heel= (Calcaneus; Talus). The upper posterior extremity of the tarsus.

108. =Spur= (Calcar). Any bony sharp process or spine implanted on the tarsus, as in the rooster.

109. =Scutellæ= (Scutella). The succession of small, usually rectangular plates, applied against the anterior face of the tarsus, and the upper surface of toes. These sometimes encircle the tarsus completely, meeting on the inner side; sometimes reach half round with similar half-rings on the back side of the tarsus; are sometimes divided into polygonal plates; are sometimes fused into a continuous plate, either anteriorly or laterally. Modifications of structure in this respect indicate differences in rank and systematic position of the highest value.

110. =Scutellate tarsus.= When the tarsus is covered with transverse or polygonal scales, as described above.

111. =Booted tarsus.= Where the anterior face is covered with a continuous horny plate not divided into scutellæ.

112. =Foot= (Pes). The toes and tarsus taken together.

113. =Top of foot= (Acropodium). The entire upper surface of the foot.

114. =The track= (Pelma). The entire lower surface of the foot.

115. =Heel pad= (Pterna; Tuber). The posterior portion of the pelma, immediately under the joint of the foot, and frequently prominent.

116. =Toes= (Digiti). The, usually four, sometimes three, very rarely two, articulated portions of the leg hinged on the lower extremity of the tarsus. When all four are present, one is usually behind, sometimes two before, and two behind.

117. =Top of toes= (Acrodactylum). The upper surface of the toes individually.

118. =Soles of toes= (Hypodactylum). The lower or plantar surface of the toes individually.

119. =Side of toes= (Paradactylum). The sides, in any way distinguished from the soles.

120. =Phalanges.= The several bones composing a toe.

121. =Claw= (Ungues). The horny tips sheathing the last joint of the toes.

122. =Claw joint= (Rhizonychium). The terminal bone of the toe, carrying or armed with the claws.

123. =Pads= (Tylari). The swellings or bulbs on the under side of the phalanges. Those =Toes= are

124. =Anterior= which are directed forwards;

125. =Posterior=, directed backwards;

126. =Exterior=, on the outer side of the foot;

127. =Interior=, on the inner side of the foot; the

128. =Middle toe= is the central of three toes directed forwards.

129. =Hind toe= (Hallux). The single toe directed backwards. This is homologically the first or great toe directed backward. It is

130. =Insistent= (insistens), when the tip at least touches the ground, but the base raised above the level of the rest;

131. =Incumbent= (incumbens), when its whole under surface touches the ground; and

132. =Elevated= (elevatus; amotus), when raised so high that the tip does not touch the ground at all.

133. =Unarmed toe= (Digitus muticus). Toe without a claw. The tarsus is unarmed when without a spur.

134. =Fringed toe= (Digitus lomatinus). A lateral membranous margin to the toes. This

135. =Fringe= (Loma) may be

136. =Continuous= (continuum), or

137. =Lobed= or =Scolloped= (lobatum).

138. =Membrane= (Palama). A skin either soft or covered with scales or feathers connecting two adjacent toes together at the base, and sometimes extending to or beyond their tips. The foot so constructed is called

139. =Palmate= (palmatus) when the anterior toes only are so connected and

141. =Oared= (Steganopus), where all the toes, including the hinder, are so connected in the cormorants, etc. The feet may be half, or semipalmate; entirely or totipalmate.

NOTE. In the usual arrangement of the toes, of three before and one behind, the hinder corresponds to the great toe of man, or the first; the inner anterior is the second; the middle is the third; and the outer is the fourth. When the toes are in pairs or two before and two behind, it is the outer or fourth toe that is turned backwards, as is the woodpeckers. In the Trogons, however, the inner toe is reversed. With scarcely an exception in birds, the hinder or first toe has two joints; the inner (2d) has three; the middle (3d) has four; and the outer (4th) has five, or a formula of 2.3.4.5. In the typical Caprimulgidæ the outer toe has only four phalanges the formula being 2.3.4.4. Finally, in some Cypselidæ (Cypselus and Panytila), we have the middle and outer toes with three joints only each, the formula being 2.3.3.3. When there are but three toes, the hinder or first is wanting; the ostrich (Struthio) has but two toes, lacking the first and second.

H. The Outer Covering (Indumentum).

142. =Outer covering= (Indumentum; Ptilosis). The exterior of the bird in detail.

143. =Feathers= (Plumæ). Composed of the stem and the webs.

144. =Stem= (Scapus). The entire central axis of the feather.

145. =Quill= (Calamus). The hollow horny basal portion of the feather.

146. =Shaft= (Rhachis). The solid terminal portion of the stem in which the fibres are implanted.

147. =Webs= (Pogonia). The series of fibres implanted on each side the shaft, generally stiff, and having little

148. =Hooks= or =barbules= along the edges, by which adjacent ones interlock; sometimes soft, with the barbules not interlocking, the barbules sometimes wanting. The

149. =Inner web= (Pogonium internum) is situated on the inner side of the shaft; the

150. =Outer= (externum), on the outer side.

151. =Vane= (Vexillum). The shaft and webs taken together, or the portion of the feather left when the barrel or quill is cut away.

GLOSSARY.

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN DESCRIPTIVE ORNITHOLOGY.

Including a number of prominent Anatomical and Physiological Terms.

(PREPARED BY DR. COUES.)

NOTE.—The number in parenthesis refers to the foregoing “Explanation of Terms,” etc. The sign (´) marks accent; n., noun; a., adjective; pl., plural; gen., genitive.

A.

ABDO´MEN or AB´DOMEN, n. Belly; part of gastræum between sternum and anus. (63.)

ABDOM´INAL, a. Pertaining to the belly.

ABDUC´TION, n. Act of carrying a limb away from the axis of the body. Opposed to adduction. Muscles so acting are abductors.

ABER´RANT, a. Deviating from ordinary character.

ABNOR´MAL, a. Of highly unusual, extraordinary character; deformed; monstrous.

ABOR´TIVE, a. Suppressed; remaining or becoming imperfect. The nostrils of the cormorant are abortive.

ACAR´IDES, n. pl. Certain external parasites.

ACCIP´ITRINE, a. Hawk-like; belonging to Accipitres.

ACCLIMATIZA´TION, n. Naturalization, with reference to the effect of a new country upon the economy.

ACETAB´ULUM, n. Pelvic cavity for reception of head of femur.

ACHIL´LIS (tendo), n. Tendon of principal extensor muscle of foot.

ACIC´ULAR, a. Needle-shaped; sharp and very slender.

ACRODAC´TYLUM, n. Top of toes collectively. (117.) (Little used.)

ACRO´MION, n. Process of the scapula.

ACROPO´DIUM, n. Entire upper surface of foot. (113.) (Little used.)

ACROTAR´SIUM, n. Front of tarsus, corresponding to the human instep. (104.) (Little used).

ACU´MINATE, a. Tapering gradually to a point.

ACUTE´, a. Sharp-pointed.

AD- (in composition). To; towards.

ADDUC´TION, n. Act of drawing a limb toward axis of body. Muscles so acting are adductors. Compare ABDUCTION.

AD´ENOID, a. Glandular; glandiform.

AD´IPOSE (tissue), a. for n. Cellular tissue holding fat in special vesicles.

ADOLES´CENCE, n. Youth.

ADRE´NAL (body), a. for n. A small organ capping the kidney.

ADULT´, a. or n. Grown to full size; mature.

ÆGITHOGNATH´OUS, a. Having the palate bones disposed as in a sparrow or other passerine bird.

AF´FERENT, a. Bringing to or towards. Opposed to efferent.

AFFINED´, a. Joined or related by affinity.

AFFIN´ITY, n. Quality of direct relation; conformity; agreement. Morphological affinity implies relationship by genetic descent; teleological affinity cannot be properly predicated.

AF´TER-SHAFT, n. Scape or stem of the supplementary plume springing from many feathers, or, oftener, such plume itself.

AL´A, n.; pl. alæ. Wing; the anterior limb of birds. (73.)

A´LAR, a. Pertaining to the wings.

ALAT´US, a. Winged.

AL´BINISM, n. State of whiteness, complete or partial, resulting from deficiency or entire lack of pigment in the skin and its appendages.

ALBI´NO, n. An animal affected with albinism.

ALBINOT´IC, a. Affected with albinism.

ALBU´MEN, n. Transparent glairy fluid of which white of egg mainly consists.

ALBU´MINOUS, a. Containing or consisting of albumen.

ALIMEN´TARY, a. Pertaining to the digestive organs or nutritive function.

ALISPHE´NOID, n. “Wing,” or expanded part of sphenoid bone.

ALLANTO´IS, n. A certain organ of the embryo.

AL´LEX, n. Same as HALLUX (which see).

AL´TRICES, n. pl. Birds reared in the nest and fed by the parents.

ALTRIC´IAL, a. Having the nature of Altrices.

AL´ULA, n. Literally, little wing. The bastard wing, composed of the feathers that are set on the so-called thumb.

AL´ULAR, a. Pertaining to the bastard wing.

ALVE´OLUS, n. Socket, particularly of a tooth.

AL´VINE, a. Pertaining to the lower belly (said chiefly of intestinal discharges).

AM´BULATORY, a. Same as GRADIENT (which see).

AM´NION, n. A certain organ of the embryo.

AMO´TUS, a. Denoting the hind toe so elevated and short that the tip does not touch the ground. (132.)

AMPHIARTHRO´DIAL, a. Denoting a sliding joint, or one capable of mixed movement.

AMPHICŒL´IAN, a. Said of a vertebra when both ends of its centrum are cupped. Corresponding terms are procœlian, cupped in front, and opisthocœlian, cupped behind.

AMPUL´LA, n. A certain cavity of the inner ear.

A´NAL, a. Pertaining to the anus; situated about the anus.

ANALOG´ICAL, a. Having analogy; related by analogy.

ANAL´OGY, n. Quality of likeness in certain (generally superficial or inconsiderable) respects, between things essentially unlike. There may be analogy entirely without homology, as between the wing of a bird and of a butterfly.

ANASTOMO´SIS, n. Inosculation or intercommunication of two or more vessels.

AN´ATINE, a. Duck-like.

ANCHYLO´SIS or ANKYLO´SIS, n. Restriction or loss of motion in a naturally movable joint; also, any coössification.

AN´CONAL, a. Pertaining to the elbow.

ANGLE OF CHIN = ANGULUS MENTI. (23.)

ANGLE OF MOUTH = ANGULUS ORIS. (27.)

AN´GULUS O´RIS, n. Corner of the mouth; equivalent to commissural point.

AN´NOTINE, n. A bird one year old, or which has once moulted.

AN´NULAR, a. Ringed.

AN´NULUS, n. Ring.

ANOM´ALOUS, a. Extremely irregular; very strange or unusual; contrary to natural order (nearly synonymous with abnormal).

AN´SERINE, a. Pertaining to the Anseres; goose-like.

AN´TE- (in composition). Before; as, anteocular, anteorbital, etc.

ANTERIOR, a. Forward; in front of.

ANTERIOR PORTION. (7.) See STETHIÆUM.

ANTERIOR TOES. (124.)

AN´TI- (in composition). Against.

AN´TIÆ, n. pl. Frontal points; projections of feathers on either side of base of culmen. (36.)

ANTIBRACH´IUM, n. Cubit or forearm.

A´NUS, n. Outlet of refuse of digestion. In birds, the same orifice discharges the products of the genito-urinary organs.

AOR´TA, n. The first great artery, immediately issuing from the left ventricle of the heart.

AOR´TIC, a. Pertaining to the aorta.

APERTU´RA, n. An opening; as, apertura auris, ear-opening.

A´PEX, n.; pl. apices. Tip or point of anything.

APOHY´AL, a. A portion of the “horn” of the hyoid bone.

APONEURO´SIS, n. Broad, strong, fibrous membrane or band; fascia.

APOPH´YSIS, n. Any natural bony prominence of notable size.

APPOSED´, a. Mutually fitted, adapted; set over against; meeting closely and exactly. The tomia of the bill are usually apposed.

APTE´RIUM, n.; pl. apteria. Tract of skin where no feathers grow. Compare PTERYLA.

AQUAT´IC, a. Pertaining to the water; said of birds frequenting water, and thence drawing subsistence.

A´QUEOUS, a. Watery. Said of the fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye. See VITREOUS.

AQ´UILINE, a. Eagle-like; belonging to the Aquilinæ.

ARACH´NOID, n. One of the three enveloping membranes of the brain, between the dura mater and the pia mater.

ARBOR´ICOLE, a. Tree-inhabiting.

ARCH´ETYPE, n. Original plan or idea of structure, modified or lost by subsequent specialization.

ARCHETYP´ICAL, a. Having the primitive pattern or original plan of structure.

ARC´UATE, a. Bow-shaped; bent regularly and gradually.

ARE´OLA, n.; pl. areolæ. Small naked space on the feet between scales.

ARE´OLAR TISSUE. The light cellular connective tissue of the body.

ARMIL´LA, n. Ring of color, like a bracelet, around lower end of crus.

ARM´PIT, n. (78.) See AXILLA.

ARTE´RIAL, a. Pertaining to arteries; as, arterial system, arterial blood.

AR´TERY, n. Vessel conveying blood from the heart.

ARTICULA´TION, n. A joining together; joint.

ARTIC´ULUS, n. Joint of a finger or toe (commonly used to signify the hinge itself, but better to designate any one of the segments joined by articulation).

ARTIFI´CIAL, a. Elaborate; skilfully or artfully contrived. Some birds build highly artificial nests. Also, arbitrary; as, an artificial classification, more or less at variance with that which a natural system may be.

AR´TUS, n.; pl. artus. Any member, limb.

ARYT´ENOID, a. Denoting certain ossicles of the larynx.

ASCAR´IDES, n. pl. Certain intestinal parasites.

ASH or ASH´Y, a. Pale gray.

ASTER´NAL (ribs), a. Denoting “floating” ribs; those not joining the sternum.

ASTRAG´ALUS, n. One of two proximal tarsal bones of birds, early confluent with the tibia.

ASYMMET´RICAL, a. Uneven; disproportionate as to opposite, as right and left, parts.

ASYM´METRY, n. Disproportion of duplicate parts or organs, or of those which are repeated on opposite sides of a plane or axis.

AT´AVISM, n. Reversion, or tendency to revert, to characters of ancestral stock.

AT´LAS, n. First cervical vertebra, articulating with the occipital bone.

ATRES´IA, n. Closure.

AT´ROPHY, n. See HYPERTROPHY.

ATTEN´UATE, a. Growing gradually slenderer toward an extremity; or, narrowly produced for a long distance; in neither case necessarily sharp-pointed, which would be rather acuminate.

ATTYP´ICAL, a. Of particular character acquired in specialization from a common type.

AUCHE´NIUM, n. Lower back part of neck; the scruff. (50.) (Little used.)

AU´RAL or AURIC´ULAR, a. Pertaining to the ear.

AU´RICLE, n. The external ear; wanting or imperfect in birds. Also, cavity (right and left) of the heart receiving blood from the system and lungs; also called atrium.

AURIC´ULARS, n. pl. Peculiar feathers overlying the ear-opening.

AUTOCH´THONOUS, a. Indigenous.

AUTOG´ENOUS, a. Literally, self-producing. In homology, developing from distinct and independent centres. Opposed to exogenous.

AU´TOPSY, n. Personal observation or examination.

AUTOP´TICAL, a. Personally inspected.

AUTUM´NAL PLUM´AGE. That ensuing from the first moult, if any, or prior to the spring moult, from which it is different in many birds.

A´VIARY, n. Place where birds are kept captive.

AVIC´ULA, n. Little bird; hence, nestling, fledgling, or any ungrown bird.

AVICUL´TURE, n. Care of birds.

A´VIS, n.; pl. aves. Bird.

AXIL´LA, n. Armpit; hollow beneath the shoulder. (78.)

AX´ILLAR or AX´ILLARY, a. Pertaining to the armpit.

AX´ILLARIES, n. pl. Lengthened or otherwise distinguished feathers growing from the axillary region. (81.)

AX´IS, n. Second cervical vertebra. Also, an imaginary line passing along the middle of any one of the three mutually perpendicular planes of the body, the longitudinal, vertical, and transverse. Also, a pivot.

A´ZYGOS, a. Single, in the sense of not paired.

B.

BACK, n. Upper surface of body proper, corresponding to dorsal and sacral vertebræ. Includes INTERSCAPILIUM and TERGUM (which see). (57.)

BACK OF NECK. Cervical region. Includes NUCHA and CERVIX (which see). Equivalent to hind-neck. (48.)

BACK OF TAR´SUS. Hinder edge and hinder half, on each side, of tarsus. See PLANTA. Homologically the sole. (106.)

BAND or BAR. Any crosswise color-mark, transverse to long axis of the body.

BAND´ED or BARRED, a. Marked crosswise.

BARB, n. Any one of the laminæ composing the vane of a feather.

BAR´BA, n. Beard. Lengthened or otherwise distinguished feathers of chin or throat.

BARBAT´US, a. Bearded.

BAR´BICEL, n. Barb of a barbule, not hooked. Compare HAMULUS.

BAR´BULE, n. Barb of a barb. (148.)

BA´SAL, a. Pertaining to the base; situate at the base.

BASE, BA´SIS, n. Bottom; root; origin.

BASIHY´OID, n. Central tongue-bone.

BASIOCCIP´ITAL, n. Basal element of the occipital bone; centrum of hindermost cranial vertebra.

BASIPTER´YGOID, n. A boss or protuberance of the base of the sphenoid bone, often movably abutting against the pterygoid bone.

BASISPHE´NOID, n. Basal element of sphenoid bone; centrum of second cranial vertebra.

BEAK, n. Bill. See ROSTRUM. (9.)

BEL´LY, n. See ABDOMEN. (65.)

BELT, n. Bar or band of color more or less completely encircling the body.

BEND OF WING. Angle or prominence formed at carpus in the folded wing.

BEV´ELLED, a. Having two plane surfaces meeting obliquely.

BEV´Y, n. Flock of quail.

BI- (in composition). Twice; double.

BIBLIOG´RAPHY, n. History or other account of the literature of the subject.

BI´CEPS, n. Principal flexor muscle of forearm.

BI´NARY, a. Double, in sense of compounded of two.

BINO´MIAL, a. Of two terms. Also, noting a system of nomenclature in which each object has two names, generic and specific. This is the generally adopted system at present.

BIOL´OGY, n. The study of living beings, as to the laws and results of organization. It is more comprehensive than physiology.

BIOTAX´Y, n. Equivalent to taxonomy.

BIVEN´TER, n. Name of a double-bellied muscle of the neck.

BLAS´TODERM, n. Superficies of the early embryo.

BOAT-SHAPED (tail), a. Having plane of each side of tail meeting the other obliquely, making a re-entrance above and keel below.

BOOT, n. The tarsal envelope when entire.

BOOT´ED (tarsus), a. Having the tarsal envelope entire, i.e. undivided in most or all of its extent, by fusion of the usual scales or plates. (111.)

BO´REAL, a. Northern.

BOSS, n. Stud; knob; protuberance; short stout process.

BRACH´IAL, a. Pertaining to the wing.

BRACHYP´TEROUS, a. Short-winged.

BRACHYU´ROUS, a. Short-tailed.

BREAST, n. (62.) See PECTUS.

BRIS´TLE, n. Small stiff hair-like feather, especially about the mouth or eyes. Compare VIBRISSA.

BRON´CHIAL, a. Pertaining to the bronchi.

BRON´CHUS, n.; pl. bronchi. Fork or branch of the windpipe below, leading to either lung.

BUC´CAL, a. Pertaining to the cheeks internally.

BUFF, BUFFY; a. Pale brownish-yellow; color of yellow buckskin.

C.

CADU´COUS, a. Falling off early.

CÆ´CAL, a. Pertaining to the cæca.

CÆ´CUM, n.; pl. cæca. (Pronounced see´cum.) Intestinal cul-de-sac at junction of smaller and larger intestines, usually present paired in birds; sometimes a foot long. (Also written cœcum, cœca.)

CAL´AMUS, n. Quill; the dry, hard, horny portion of the stem of a feather below the web, hollow or partly pithy, and translucent. Calamus + rhachis = scapus. (145.)

CALCA´NEAL, a. Pertaining to the back upper portion of the tarso-metatarsus (tarsus of ordinary language).

CALCA´NEUM, n. Heel; back upper part of tarso-metatarsus. Same as talus. (107.) One of the tibial condyles is by some regarded as the homologue of the calcaneum.

CAL´CAR, n. Spur; sharp horn-covered bone-cored process on the shank of many birds; also, similar horny process on the metacarpal bone.

CALCARAT´US, a. Spurred.

CALCA´REOUS, a. Chalky. A cormorant’s egg is covered with calcareous substance.

CALCIF´IC, a. Calcifying; an epithet of that portion of the oviduct where the egg-shell is formed.

CALIG´ULA, n. Same as BOOT (which see).

CAL´LUS, n. New bony matter joining a fracture.

CALYPTE´RIA, n. pl. Tail-coverts; the smaller feathers underlying or overlying the base of the tail. (Little used.) See CRISSUM and TECTRICES CAUDÆ. (71.)

CA´LYX, n. Pedicellated ovarian capsule of two membranes with lax tissue and vessels, rupturing at a point called the stigma to discharge the ovum, then collapsing and becoming absorbed.

CAMPTE´RIUM, n. Front and outer border of wing as far as the bone extends. (Little used.) (95.)

CANALIC´ULUM, n. Little groove.

CAN´CELLATED, a. Denoting bony network.

CAN´THUS, n.; pl. canthi. Corner of eye where the lids meet; commissural point of eyelids. Canthi are anterior and posterior.

CAP, n. PILEUS (which see). (30.)

CAP´ILLARY, a. or n. Of hair-like slenderness. The smallest bloodvessels are the capillaries.

CAPIS´TRATE, a. Hooded or cowled.

CAPIS´TRUM, n. Hood or cowl; front of head all around bill. (38.)

CAP´ITATE, a. Said of a feather having enlarged extremity.

CAPIT´ULUM, n. Head of a rib.

CAP´SULAR, a. Denoting certain ligaments that completely invest a joint.

CA´PUT, n.; gen. capitis, pl. capita. Head. (9, 29.)

CAR´DIAC, a. Pertaining to the heart.

CARI´NA, n. Keel; under ridge, as if a keel.

CAR´INATE, a. Keeled; ridged beneath as if keeled; having a keel, as the sternum of most birds.

CAR´INATE (birds), n. Those possessing a keeled sternum; the group Carinatæ as contrasted with Ratitæ.

CAR´NEOUS, a. Fleshy.

CARNIV´OROUS, a. Flesh-eating.

CAROT´ID (artery), a. for n. The principal bloodvessel of the neck, single in most birds, sometimes paired as in mammalia.

CAR´PAL, a. Pertaining to the wrist.

CAR´PAL AN´GLE, n. Prominence formed at the wrist-joint when the wing is closed. It is practically an important point regionally, since the universally used measurement, “length of wing,” is from this point to the end of the longest quill.

CAR´PUS, n. The wrist; especially its bones.

CAR´TILAGE, n. A whitish, hard, and solid, but elastic, flexible, and soluble, substance of the body, permanent, or becoming osseous by deposition of bone-earth. It occurs in the windpipe, in many joints, and elsewhere.

CARTILAG´INOUS, a. Like, containing, or consisting of, cartilage.

CAR´UNCLE, n. Small fleshy excrescence, particularly about the head, usually naked, and wrinkled, warty, or brightly colored.

CARUN´CULATE, a. Having caruncles.

CAU´DA, n. The tail. (69.) In descriptive ornithology, generally only the tail-feathers are meant. Cauda navicularis = BOAT-SHAPED TAIL (which see).

CAU´DAD. Backwards; toward the tail.

CAU´DAL, a. Pertaining to the tail; as, caudal vertebræ, or caudal extremity; but we hardly say caudal feathers.

CELL, n. Any closed sac containing fluid or other substance.

CEL´LULAR, a. Having cells; composed of cells.

CEN´TRE OF GRAV´ITY, n. Point of a body about which the whole is balanced, and which, if supported, supports the whole. In a flying bird the centre of gravity is below the middle of the body, so that the bird is naturally ballasted.

CEN´TRUM, n.; pl. centra. Body of a vertebra.

CEPH´ALAD. Forwards; towards the head.

CEPHAL´IC, a. Pertaining to the head.

CEPHALO-CER´CAL (axis), a. Denoting the long axis of the body.

CE´RA, CERE, CERO´MA, n. Fleshy, cutaneous or membranous, often feathered, covering of base of bill of many birds, as parrots, hawks, and owls; differing thus in texture from the rest of the rhamphotheca, and usually also showing an evident line of demarcation. When present, the nostrils are always pierced in its substance,—at least at its edge.

CERATOHY´AL, n. A portion of the “horn” of the hyoid bone.

CER´CAL, a. Pertaining to the tail. (Little used.)

CEREBEL´LAR, a. Pertaining to the cerebellum.

CEREBEL´LUM, n. Little brain; the hinder, lower, smaller mass of the brain, in birds striate transversely.

CER´EBRAL, a. Pertaining to the brain.

CER´EBRO-SPINAL (axis or column). The whole neural axis, or column of nerve-substance enclosed in the spinal canal and cranium.

CER´EBRUM, n. Brain proper, or larger brain, as distinguished from the cerebellum.

CERU´MEN, n. Ear-wax.

CER´VICAL, a. Pertaining to the hind-neck; as, a cervical collar. Also, pertaining to the whole neck; as, cervical vertebræ.

CER´VIX, n. Hind-neck; from occiput to interscapulium, including nape and scruff. (48.)

CHALAZ´Æ, n. pl. Twisted filaments of condensed albumen forming a thread at each pole of the yolk, steadying it by attachment to the lining membrane of the egg, and balancing it in such manner that the “tread” stays uppermost.

CHALAZIF´EROUS, a. Denoting the layers of condensed albumen which form the chalazæ.

CHAR´ACTER, n. Any material attribute susceptible of definition for use in description and classification. Also, a sum of such attributes; as, of passerine character.

CHAS´MA, n. Decussation of the optic nerve.

CHEEK, n. Outside of base of lower jaw; also, the corresponding region of upper jaw. Compare GENÆ and MALAR REGION. (26.) (The term is differently employed by various writers, and is at best not definite.)

CHIN, n. Space between forks of lower jaw; upper throat. See MENTUM. (46.)

CHO´ROID, n. Vascular black membrane of the eye, between retina and sclerotic. Choroid plexus, a certain fold of the pia mater.

CHYLE, n. A certain intestinal fluid resulting from digestion.

CHYME, n. A certain product of incompleted digestion.

CICATRIC´ULA, n. Dark spot on the surface of a fecundated yolk. See YOLK.

CIL´IATED, a. Bristly; furnished with bristles, or small bristle-like feathers; fringed.

CIL´IUM, n.; pl. cilia. Bristly or hair-like feather, about the mouth and eyes especially. See VIBRISSA and SETA.

CINE´REOUS, a. Of an ashy color.

CIRCUM- (in composition). Around; about: as, circumanal, circumorbital, circumaural,—around the anus, orbit, ear, etc.

CIRCUMDUC´TION, n. Movement of a limb by which, if completed, a cone is described.

CIRRH´OUS, a. Tufted.

CLASS, n. Fundamental division of animals: the class of Birds; the class Aves.

CLASSIFICA´TION, n. Systematic arrangement.

CLAV´ICLE, n. Collar-bone. In birds, the two clavicles usually unite to form the furculum, merry-thought or wish-bone.

CLAVIC´ULAR, a. Pertaining to the clavicles.

CLAW, n. (121.)

CLAW-JOINT, n. (122.) See RHIZONYCHIUM.

CLIT´ORIS, n. Erectile venereal organ of the female, homologue of the male penis, present in some birds.

CLOA´CA, n. Enlarged lower end of straight gut, receptacle of products of genito-urinary system and refuse of digestion.

CLUTCH, n. Nest-complement of eggs.

CNE´MIAL, a. Pertaining to the crus or shin. Equivalent to crural.

CNEMID´IUM, n. End of crus, naked in most wading birds.

COCCYGE´AL, a. Pertaining to the tail, especially to its bones; synonymous with caudal.

COC´CYX, n. The tail, as to its bones collectively. Os coccygis. Any one of the tail-bones, or coccygeal vertebræ.

COCH´LEA, n. A certain portion of the inner ear.

CŒ´CUM, n.; pl. cœca. See CÆCUM.

CŒ´LIAC, a. Pertaining to certain of the abdominal viscera. Little used, excepting as the name of a certain artery, the cœliac axis.

COI´TUS, n. Sexual intercourse.

COL´LAR, n. Ring of color around neck. See TORQUES. (55.)

COL´LUM, n. Neck; part of body between and connecting head and trunk. (47.)

COLORA´TION, n. Coloring; pattern or mode of coloring, or the colors collectively.

COLUMEL´LA, n. Bone or cartilage of the inner ear of Sauropsida, answering to the stapes of mammalia.

COMB, n. Erect fleshy lengthwise process, or caruncle, on top of head, as in the domestic cock.

COMMIS´SURAL POINT. Point where the apposed edges of the mandibles meet and join; corner of the mouth. Equivalent to angle of the mouth, angulus oris.

COM´MISSURE, n. (Lat. con and mitto, to put or lay together.) Line of closure of the two mandibles; track or trace of their apposed edges when the jaws are closed. Often improperly used to signify the opening between the mandibles; but this is apertura oris, gape, rictus. Commissure is the whole rima oris, outline of the mouth, when such outline of upper and under jaw is made one in closure of the mouth.

COMPLEX´US, n. Name of a certain cervical muscle.

COMPRESSED´, a. Narrowed sidewise; higher than wide. The opposite of depressed.

COMPRESSED´ (tail), a. Folded together, as in the barnyard cock. = Cauda compressa.

CONA´RIUM, n. Same as PINEAL BODY (which see).

CON´CAVE, a. Hollowed, as the inner side of a curved line or inner face of a curved surface. Opposite of convex.

CON´DYLE, n. Articular eminence of bone in hinge-joints.

CON´FLUENT, a. Run together; grown together; coalesced.

CONIROS´TRAL, a. Having a conical bill, like a sparrow’s.

CONJUNCTI´VA, n. Vascular membrane lining the eyelids and reflected over the front of the eyeball.

CON´NATE, a. Born or produced together; originally united; joined from the beginning. Connation is earlier and more intimate or complete union than confluence.

CONTINU´ITY, n. Part of a thing between its ends in any way distinguished.

CON´TOUR FEATH´ERS, n. The general plumage of perfect feathers, lying external and determining the superficial shape of a bird. Distinguished from down feathers.

COR´ACOID (bone), n. Large stout bone connecting shoulder with sternum.

COR´DATE, COR´DIFORM, a. Heart-shaped.

CORIA´CEOUS, a. Denoting integument of dense, tough, leathery texture.

CO´RIUM, n. Same as CUTIS (which see).

COR´NEA, n. Transparent portion of the eyeball.

COR´NEOUS, a. Horny.

COR´NIPLUME, a. Tuft of feathers on head, erected like a horn.

COR´NU, n. Horn.

CORO´NA, n. Top of head. Equivalent to cap or pileus. Vertex is the highest point of corona.

COR´ONATE, a. Having coronal feathers lengthened or otherwise distinguished.

COR´PUS, n. Body, as a whole.

COR´PUS CALLO´SUM, n. Mass of transverse white fibres, connecting the cerebral hemispheres; wanting in birds.

COR´TICAL, a. External, as opposed to medullary.

COS´TAL, a. Pertaining to the ribs.

COSTIF´EROUS, a. Rib-bearing, as the dorsal vertebræ.

COT´YLE, n. Same as ACETABULUM.

COX´A, n. Hip.

CRA´NIAL, a. Pertaining to the skull.

CRA´NIUM, n. Skull.

CREST, CRIS´TA, n. Any lengthened feathers of top or sides of head.

CRIB´RIFORM, a. Sieve-like.

CRI´COID, a. Name of a certain laryngeal cartilage.

CRIS´SUM, n. Properly, the under tail-coverts collectively. Oftener used to designate the circumanal plumage. (66.)

CRO´TAPHYTE (depression). A concavity on the outside of the skull on each side behind, filled with muscle; temporal fossa.

CROWN, n. Pileus; top of head, especially the vertex.

CRU´CIAL, CRU´CIFORM, a. In the shape of a cross. The crucial test is one experimentally conclusive.

CRURÆ´US, n. Name of a certain muscle of the thigh.

CRU´RAL, a. Pertaining to the crus, or shin.

CRUS, n. The shin; segment of the leg between the thigh and ankle, represented by the tibia.

CRYS´TALLINE (lens), a. See LENS.

CU´BIT, n. The forearm.

CU´BITAL, a. Pertaining to the forearm.

CU´CULLATE, a. Hooded.

CUL-DE-SAC, n. “Bottom of a bag”; closed end of a cavity.

CUL´MEN, n. Ridge of upper mandible; highest median lengthwise line of the bill. (20.)

CUL´MINAL, a. Pertaining to the culmen.

CULTRIROS´TRAL, a. Having the bill shaped like a heron’s.

CUN´EATE, CUN´EIFORM, a. Wedge-shaped. A cuneate tail has the middle feathers longest, the rest successively regularly shortened.

CUN´EIFORM (bone), n. One of the wrist-bones.

CURSO´RIAL, a. Running; pertaining or belonging to an obsolete group, Cursores or runners.

CUS´PIDATE, a. Pointed as a spear-head.

CUTA´NEOUS, a. Pertaining to the skin. Same as dermal.

CU´TICLE, n. Scarf-skin; outermost layer of skin, which continually exfoliates.

CU´TIS, n. Skin; the true skin, as distinguished from cuticle and subcutaneous tissue. Corium and derma are synonymous.

CYST, n. Sac holding pathological products.

D.

DAC´TYL, n. Finger or toe. Equivalent to digit.

DACTYLOTHE´CA, n. Covering of the toes.

DASYPÆ´DIC, a. Synonymous with ptilopædic.

DECID´UOUS, a. Temporary; falling early. The dorsal plumes of the egret are deciduous.

DECOMPOSED´, a. Separate; standing apart. A decomposed crest has the feathers standing away from each other.

DECUM´BENT, a. Lying or hanging downward.

DECURVED´, a. Gradually curved downward. Opposed to recurved.

DECUS´SATE, a. Crossed; intersected.

DEFECA´TION, n. Act of discharging the contents of the cloaca.

DEGLUTI´TION, n. Act of swallowing.

DEJEC´TION, n. Same as defecation. Also, the matters so discharged.

DEL´TOID, a. Triangular. A muscle over the shoulder is so named.

DEMI- (in composition). Half; same as semi-.

DEN´TARY, a. An epithet of the foremost element of the compound mandibular bone.

DEN´TATE, DENTIC´ULATE, a. Toothed; notched as if toothed.

DENTIG´EROUS, a. Bearing teeth. The Ichthyornis, Apatornis, and Odontopteryx (?) are dentigerous birds.

DENTIROS´TRAL, a. Having the bill notched as if toothed. Belonging to a certain obsolete order, Dentirostres.

DENTI´TION, n. Act of cutting teeth.

DENUDA´TION, n. State of nakedness; act of laying bare.

DENU´DED, a. Naked; laid bare.

DEOR´SUM. Below.

DEPLU´MATE, DEPLUMA´TUS, a. Bare of feathers. (4.)

DEPRESSED´, a. Flattened vertically. Opposite of compressed.

DERÆ´UM, n. Bottom or lower part of the neck. (Little used.)

DER´MAL, a. Pertaining to the skin; made of skin; cutaneous.

DER´MAL APPEN´DAGE. Any outgrowth from the skin.

DERTROTHE´CA, a. Covering of end of bill.

DER´TRUM, n. End of maxilla, in any way distinguished. (21.)

DESMOGNATH´OUS, a. Having the palate bones united.

DES´MOID, a. Ligamentous.

DESQUAMA´TION, n. Peeling off.

DEX´TRAD, a. Toward the right side.

DEX´TRAL, a. Of or on the right side.

DI- (in composition). Twice; double.

DIAGNO´SIS, n. Distinctive knowledge. Also characterization, or a brief, precise, and exclusively pertinent definition. Diagnosis is nearly synonymous in this sense with definition; both differ from description in omitting non-essential particulars; but definition may include points equally applicable to some other object.

DIAGNOS´TIC, a. Distinctively and exclusively characteristic. Feathers are diagnostic of birds.

DIAPH´ANOUS, a. Transparent.

DI´APHRAGM, n. Midriff; musculo-tendinous partition between thorax and abdomen, rudimentary or wanting in birds.

DIAPHRAGMAT´IC, a. Pertaining to the diaphragm.

DIAPOPH´YSIS, n. Transverse process of a vertebra.

DIARTHRO´SIS, n. Movable articulation of bones in general.

DIAS´TASIS, DIAS´TEMA, n. A separation of bones, particularly the cranial ones, or of teeth, from each other.

DIAS´TOLE, n. Dilatation of the heart, alternating with the systole or contraction, occasioning pulsation.

DICHOT´OMOUS, a. Divided into pairs.

DICHROMATIC, a. Of two colors, as the “red” and “gray” plumages of Scops asio.

DIDAC´TYLOUS, a. Two-toed, as the ostrich.

DIGAS´TRIC, a. Double-bellied; name of a certain muscle.

DIGIT´IGRADE, a. Walking on the toes. Opposed to plantigrade.

DIGITUS, n.; pl. digiti. Digit. Finger or toe. (116.)

DIMORPHIC, a. Of two forms.

DIPLO´Ë, n. Light spongy network of bone between inner and outer surface of the skull.

DISC or DISK, n. Set of radiating feathers of peculiar shape or texture around the eye of owls.

DISSEPIMEN´TUM NAR´IUM, n. Same as septum narium, which see.

DIS´TAD, a. Toward an extremity.

DIS´TAL, a. Remote; situate at or near an extremity; opposed to proximal.

DIS´TICHOUS, a. Two-rowed; spread apart on either side of a middle line, as the hairs of a squirrel’s tail, or the tail-feathers of the Archæopteryx.

DITOK´OUS, a. Producing but two eggs, as the pigeon and humming-bird.

DIUR´NAL, a. Pertaining to the daytime.

DIVAR´ICATE, a. Branching off; spreading apart; curving away.

DIVERTIC´ULUM, n. An offshoot of the small intestine.

DOR´SAD, a. Toward the back. Opposite of ventrad.

DOR´SAL, a. Pertaining to the back.

DOR´SUM, n. Back; upper surface of trunk from neck to rump. (57.)

DOWN, n. Small soft feathers of plumulaceous structure, generally growing about the roots of plumæ, and concealed by them. See PLUMULÆ.

DOWN´Y, a. Of plumulaceous structure. A part of the plumage is of down-feathers, and the bases of the contour feathers usually also are of downy structure.

DUCT, a.. Any tube for conveyance of an animal product; as oviduct, sperm-duct, lachrymal duct.

DUOD´ENAL, a. Pertaining to the duodenum.

DUOD´ENUM, n. A short portion of the upper intestine next to the gizzard, receiving the pancreatic and hepatic secretions.

DU´RA MA´TER, n. Outer membranous investment of the brain.

DUSK´Y, a. Of any undefined dark color.

E.

EARED, a. Having lengthened or highly colored auricular or other feathers on the side of the head. Eared grebe; long-eared owl.

EC´DYSIS, n. Moult; the shedding and renewal of plumage.

ECON´OMY (also written œconomy), n. Physical or physiological disposition. (Literally, regulation of a household.)

ECTO- (in composition). Outer.

ECTOZO´ÖN, n. External parasite, as a louse; same as epizoön. Opposed to entozoön.

EDEN´TATE, EDEN´TULOUS, a. Toothless, as nearly all birds are.

EDGE OF WING. (95.) See CAMPTERIUM.

EF´FERENT, a. Conveying outward or away; opposed to afferent.

EL´EMENT, n. A simple ultimate constituent part of a compound organ. The centrum is an element of a vertebra.

EL´EVATED, a. Said of the hind toe when inserted above the level of the others.

ELON´GATE, a. Lengthened beyond usual ratio.

EMAR´GINATE, a. Notched at the end; slightly forked, especially in case of a tail so shaped; also notched, or abruptly narrowed along the edge, in its continuity, as the border of many a wing-quill.

EMBONPOINT, n. State of perfect health, as indicated by condition of fatness not amounting to corpulence or obesity.

EM´BRYO, n. Fecundated germ or rudiment of an animal; said of a bird until hatched, and therefore corresponding to fœtus in mammalogy.

EMBRYOL´OGY, n. Science or study of the development of animals before birth or hatching.

EMBRYON´IC, a. Pertaining to an embryo; being an embryo; not yet hatched.

ENAM´EL, n. The hard white substance covering the teeth.

ENARTHRO´SIS, n. Ball-and-socket joint.

ENCEPH´ALON, n. Contents of the cranium, especially the brain.

ENDOCAR´DIUM, n. Lining membrane of the heart.

ENDOG´ENOUS, a. Of internal growth or formation; interstitially deposited. Compare autogenous. Opposed to exogenous.

ENDOSKEL´ETON, n. The skeleton proper, or skeleton as commonly understood; the inner bony framework of the body. (Used in distinction from exoskeleton or dermoskeleton, such as some animals possess.)

ENTER´IC, a. Belonging or relating to the intestines; intestinal.

ENTO- (in composition). Inner.

EPENCEPH´ALON, n. Hindmost segment of the brain.

EPI- (in composition). On; upon; over. Opposed to hypo-.

EPIDER´MIS, n. Cuticle or scarf-skin.

EPIDID´YMIS, n. An associate organ of the testis, in birds apparently a remnant of the primordial kidney.

EPIGAS´TRIUM, n. Pit of stomach; upper belly, next to breast. (A region not well distinguished in birds. The term is scarcely used.) (64.)

EPIGLOT´TIS, n. Gristly flap on top of windpipe, rudimentary or wanting in birds.

EPIGNATH´OUS, a. Hook-billed.

EPIOT´IC, a. for n. A certain element of the auditory capsule.

EPIPH´YSIS, n. Gristly cap on the end of a bone, afterward becoming bony and united.

EPIPLEU´RA, n. An obliquely backward bony process of a vertebral rib.

EPITHE´LIUM, n. Superficial layer of mucous membrane. Sometimes also the thick tough membrane lining the gizzard.

EPITHE´MA, n. Horny excrescence upon the bill.

EPIZO´ÖN, n. An external parasite.

EPIZOÖT´IC, a. Parasitic among animals.

EREC´TILE, a. Susceptible of being raised, as a crest; or capable of swelling and stiffening, as a penis.

ER´YTHRISM, n. A particular state of plumage characterized by excess of red pigment; it is well shown in Scops asio and other owls. (Compare albinism and melanism.)

ETH´MOID, n. One of the cranial bones, in the nasal region.

ETYP´ICAL, a. Of exceptional character. Tending away from a particular type. Opposed to attypical.

EUSTA´CHIAN (tube), a. for n. The air-tube from the fauces to the inner ear.

EVEN (tail), a. Having all the feathers of equal length. Also called cauda æqualis or integra.

EX- (in composition). Out; out of; away from.

EXCRES´CENCE, n. Outgrowth, fleshy or cutaneous.

EXCRE´TA, n. pl. Excrement, or other animal refuse.

EX´CRETORY or EX´CRETIVE, a. Having power or quality of excreting. Excreting differs from secreting, in that the substance resulting is to be eliminated from the economy, not used; e.g. saliva is secreted; urea is excreted.

EXOCCIP´ITAL, a. or n. One of the lateral elements of the occipital bone.

EXOG´ENOUS, a. Produced by outgrowth.

EXOSTO´SIS, n. Any morbid bony outgrowth or enlargement.

EXTEN´SOR, n. Generic name of muscles that extend or straighten a limb or any of its segments.

EXTE´RIOR TOES. (126.)

EXTREM´ITY, n. Any limb, member; equal to membrum, artus.

EY´AS, n. An unfledged hawk.

EYE´BROW, n. (43.) See SUPERCILIUM.

EY´RY or EY´RIE, n. Nest of a bird of prey.

F.

FABEL´LA, n. A certain sesamoid bone.

FA´CET, n. Smooth, flattened articulating surface.

FA´CIAL, a. Pertaining to the face.

FA´CIES, n. Face; whole front of head, excepting the bill.

FÆ´CAL, a. Pertaining to excrement; excrementitious.

FÆ´CES, n. pl. Excrement; dung.

FAL´CATE, FAL´CIFORM, a. Sickle-shaped; scythe-shaped.

FAL´CONINE, a. Like a hawk; belonging to the Falconidæ.

FALSE WING. (79.) See ALULA.

FALX CEREBRI, n. A certain fold of the dura mater.

FAMILY, n. Systematic group of the grade between order and genus, generally distinguished or denoted by the termination -idæ, as Falcon-idæ.

FAS´CIA, n. Broad band of color. Also, equivalent to APONEUROSIS (which see).

FAS´CIATED, a. Broadly banded with color.

FAS´CICLE, n. Bundle.

FAS´CICLED, FASCIC´ULATE, a. Bundled.

FASTIG´IATE, a. Bundled together into conical shape, or with enlarged head, like a wheat-sheaf.

FAU´CES, n. The jaws, internally; back of the mouth. Compare PHARYNX.

FEATHER, n. (1; 143.) See PLUMA, PENNA. Any one of the objects which collectively constitute the peculiar covering of birds.

FEC´ULENT, a. Excrementitious.

FECUN´DATED, a. Impregnated; made fruitful; said of the germ of an egg which has received the male element.

FECUNDA´TION, n. Impregnation; the usual consequence of the completed joint act of the ovarian and spermatic organs.

FECUN´DITY, n. Fruitfulness.

FEM´ORAL, a. Pertaining to the thigh, or part of leg from hip to knee.

FE´MUR, n. Thigh-bone. Also used synonymously with thigh. (97.)

FENES´TRATE, a. Furnished with openings (from fenestra, a window).

FE´RAL, a. Wild; not tamed. Opposed to domestic. The mallard is the feral stock of the tame duck.

FERRUGIN´EOUS or FERRU´GINOUS, a. Rusty-red.

FE´TUS or FŒ´TUS, n. Unborn young. (But the unhatched young of birds are oftener called embryos.)

FIBRIL´LA, n.; pl. fibrillæ. Little fibre.

FIB´RIN, a. Certain animal substance of fibrous composition, found in the blood and elsewhere.

FI´BRO-CAR´TILAGE, n. A kind of cartilage of fibrous structure, such as that between vertebræ and many other joints.

FIB´ULA, n. Smaller outer leg-bone, lying alongside the tibia.

FIL´AMENT, n. Thread or slender fibre.

FILAMENT´OUS, FIL´IFORM, a. Threadlike; composed of filaments; oftener, very narrowly linear.

FILOPLUMA´CEOUS, a. Having the structure of a filoplume.

FIL´OPLUME, n. Thread-like or hair-like feather; one with slender scape, and without web in most or all of its length.

FIM´BRIATED, a. Fringed.

FISSIPAL´MATE, a. Lobiped and semipalmate, as a grebe’s foot is.

FIS´SIPED, a. Having cleft toes. Opposed to palmiped.

FISSIROS´TRAL, a. Having the bill cleft far beyond the base of its horny part.

FISSIROS´TRES, n. An obsolete order of cleft-billed birds.

FLAM´MULATED, a. Pervaded with reddish color.

FLANK, n. Hinder part of side of trunk. (67.)

FLAP, n. See LOMA.

FLEX´ION, n. Bending (of a limb). Opposed to extension.

FLEX´OR, n. Generic name of a muscle that bends a limb or any of its segments.

FLEXU´RA (alæ), n. Bend of the wing; carpal angle; salient angle or prominence formed at the wrist when the wing is folded. (77.)

FLEX´URE, n. See FLEXURA.

FLOC´CULENT, a. Pertaining to the peculiar down of newly hatched or unfledged young birds. (Not used in ornithology in its common sense of flaky.)

FLOC´CUS, n. A peculiar kind of plumage of simple structure (generally downy), found in unfledged birds, at first growing directly from the skin, afterwards for the most part affixed to the tip of the true feather, of which it is the precursor, or rather the first-formed part; and finally falling off. In psilopædic birds the floccus is only associated with the true plumage, sprouting from the future pterylæ alone; in ptilopædic birds it also sprouts from the apteria, and in so far is unconnected with future plumage; the whole body is in such cases densely clothed. (Sundevall.)

FΫTUS, n. Same as FETUS (which see).

FOL´LICLE, n. Minute secretory sac.

FOLLIC´ULAR, FOLLIC´ULATE, a. Having follicles; composed of follicles.

FOOT, n. (112.) See PES.

FOOT-JOINT, n. Junction of toes collectively with the metatarsus. (100.) See PODARTHRUM.

FORA´MEN, n.; pl. foram´ina. Hole; opening; perforation. Foramen magnum, the large hole in the occipital bone transmitting the neural axis. Foramen lacerum, irregular vacuity between certain bones at base of skull. The foramen rotundum transmits the optic nerve; foramen ovale, the trigeminal nerve; the latter is also a name of the opening between right and left sides of the heart.

FORE´HEAD, n. Front of head from bill to crown. (34.) See FRONS.

FORE-NECK, a. Whole front of collum, from chin to breast; whole throat. (51.) See GUTTUR.

FOR´FICATE, a. Deeply forked.

FORKED (tail), a. Having the outer feathers longest, the rest gradually successively shortened to the middle pair; when these are again lengthened somewhat, the tail is said to be doubly forked.

FOS´SA, n.; pl. fossæ. Ditch; excavated place. Used chiefly in the plural to denote the pits or grooves in which most birds’ nostrils open.

FOS´SIL, a. or n. Dug out of the ground. Particularly, any organized body, or remains, trace, or mould of such body, naturally buried in past time by geologic agencies. The Archæopteryx macrurus, of the Jurassic formation of Solenhofen, a mesozoic bird, is the oldest known ornithic fossil.

FOSSO´RIAL, a. Digging into the earth for a habitation.

FOS´TER. This word and its various compounds are used in their common senses in treating of the relations of young cowbirds and young cuckoos with the birds upon which they are parasitic.

FO´VEA, n. A slight depression.

FREE, a. Said of the leg when not enclosed to the knee in the common integument of the body.

FRE´NUM, a. Bridle; hence, any cheek-stripe.

FRINGE, n. Marginal membrane; also, marginal row of feathers. (135.) See LOMA.

FRINGED TOE. (134.)

FRONS, n. Forehead. (34.)

FRON´TAL, a. Pertaining to the forehead.

FRON´TAL BONE, n. Principal bone of the forehead.

FRON´TAL POINTS. See ANTIÆ. (36.)

FRONT OF TARSUS. Instep. (104.)

FRUGIV´OROUS, a. Fruit-eating.

FULIG´INOUS, a. Sooty-brown; dark smoky brown.

FUL´VOUS, a. Of a brownish-yellow color.

FUR´CATE, a. Forked; forficate.

FUR´CULA or FUR´CULUM, n. The merry-thought or wish-bone; the two clavicles or collar-bones taken together. Also called os furcatum.

FUS´COUS, a. Of a dark-brown color.

FU´SIFORM, a. Spindle-shaped; tapering at each end.

G.

GAL´EATE, a. Covered as with a helmet; said of certain gallinules, coots, etc.

GALL, n. Bile; the secretion of the liver.

GALL-BLAD´DER, n. Membranous sac attached to liver for holding bile.

GALL-DUCT, n. Tube for conveyance of bile into the intestine; the ductus choledochus.

GALLINA´CEOUS, a. Belonging to the Gallinæ; having the nature of the domestic fowl.

GANG´LION, n.; pl. ganglia. Natural knot-like enlargement of a nerve.

GAPE, n. Opening of the mouth; area of the opened mouth. (28.) Compare RICTUS and COMMISSURE.

GASTRÆ´UM, n. The whole under part of a bird. (16.)

GAS´TRIC, a. Pertaining to the stomach or belly. The gastric juice of birds is the secretion of the proventriculus, or follicular stomach, not of the gizzard or grinding muscular stomach.

GASTROCNE´MIUS, n. A muscle of the back of the leg.

GEMEL´LI, n. pl. The twins; certain muscles of the pelvis.

GE´NA, n. Cheek; feathered side of under mandible. (43.) See MALAR REGION.

GEN´ERATIVE OR´GANS, n. Organs of reproduction in either sex.

GENER´IC, n. Pertaining to a genus; as, generic character, generic description.

GEN´ESIS, n. Act, mode, or conditions of reproduction. In science, genesis notes rather the laws and results of origination of individuals or species. The “genesis of species” is a term equivalent to the evolution of species from antecedent forms, with some; with others, their origination by creative fiat.

GENET´IC, a. Pertaining to genesis. Genetic descent, or genetic succession in species, is maintained by those who hold the theory of evolution.

GE´NU, n. Knee; joint of femur with tibia.

GE´NUS, n.; pl. gen´era. An assemblage of species, or a single species, constituting a taxonomic group of value next below that of the family.

GEN´YS, n. See GONYS.

GER´MINAL VES´ICLE, n. Cell in the vitellus having a dark spot.

GIBBOSE´, GIB´BOUS, a. Swollen; protuberant; humped; hunched.

GIBBOS´ITY, n. A swelling or protuberance.

GIGE´RIUM, n. Gizzard.

GIN´GLYMUS, n. Hinge-joint. The knee and elbow are ginglymoid, or hinged joints.

GLAB´ROUS, a. Smooth.

GLAND, n. A soft fleshy organ, in which fluids of the body are modified to form new products, to be used in, or eliminated from, the economy. But some organs without ducts, and the function of which is unknown, are called glands, as the thymus, thyroid, and pineal. The liver is the largest gland of the body. The proventriculus is a glandular organ.

GLAN´DULAR, a. Pertaining to glands; having glands; consisting of glands.

GLANS, n. Head of the penis.

GLOS´SA or GLOT´TA, n. Tongue.

GLOS´SO-HY´AL, n. Principal bone of the tongue.

GLOS´SO-PHARYN´GEAL, a. Pertaining to the tongue and jaws. A certain nerve is so called.

GLU´TÆAL, a. Pertaining to the buttocks; certain muscles are so called.

GLU´TÆUS, n. A muscle of the side of the rump.

GNATHID´IUM, n.; pl. gnathidia. Branch of the lower jaw as far as it is naked. (Oftener used in the plural.) (24.)

GNATHOTHE´CA, n. Covering of the lower mandible. (14.)

GONYDE´AL, a. Pertaining to the mandibular symphysis.

GO´NYS, n. Keel or lower outline of the bill as far as the mandibular rami are united. (The word is commonly but erroneously so written, as if from the Greek gonu, knee, or protuberance of the bill; it is rather from the Greek genus (genys), signifying chin.—Sundevall.)

GOR´GET, n. Throat-patch, distinguished by color or texture of the feathers.

GRA´DIENT, a. Walking or running by steps. Opposed to saltatory, or leaping.

GRAD´UATED, a. Changing length at regular intervals, in regular succession; said chiefly of the tail when its feathers regularly shorten successively by more and more from the middle to the outer.

GRAMINIV´OROUS, a. Grass-eating.

GRANIV´OROUS, a. Seed-eating.

GRAN´ULATE, a. Roughened with numerous small elevations, like shagreen. (Said chiefly of the tarsus.)

GREATER WING-COV´ERTS, n. The single, longest, most posterior series of the secondary set. (92.)

GROUND-COL´OR (in oölogy), n. The color of the general surface of the egg-shell, as distinguished from its markings.

GRYPAN´IUM, a. Noting a particular form of bill, in which the culmen is nearly straight, but bent down at the tip.

GU´LA, n. Upper foreneck, adjoining chin; upper throat. (52.)

GU´LAR, a. Pertaining to the upper foreneck.

GUT´TATE, n. Having drop-shaped spots.

GUT´TIFORM, a. Drop-shaped.

GUT´TUR, n. The whole foreneck. (51.) (But guttural is rarely used in this connection.)

GYMNOPÆ´DIC, n. Synonymous with psilopædic.

GYMNORHI´NAL, a. Having unfeathered nostrils.

H.

HAB´ITAT, n. Locality or region frequented by a species; its geographical distribution.

HAB´ITUS, n. Habitude; mode of life.

HACK´LE, n. Long cervical feather of the domestic cock.

HÆ´MAL ARCH, n. The lower ring of a (ideally or actually) complete vertebra, enclosing a section of the principal vascular and visceral systems, as the neural arch does a section of the principal nervous system. In birds the hæmal arch is complete only in the thoracic region.

HÆ´MAL SPINE, n. An ideal transverse section of the sternum corresponding to any one pair of ribs, completing the hæmal arch inferiorly.

HÆMAPOPH´YSIS, n. Segment, actual or potential, of the hæmal arch between the pleurapophysis and hæmal spine. In birds it actually exists in the thoracic region, as the sternal rib, movably articulated with the sternum and the vertebral rib, which latter is the pleurapophysis.

HÆMATIT´IC, a. Of a bloody-red color.

HÆMATOTHER´MA, n. Warm-blooded animals collectively; the antithesis is hæmatocrya.

HAL´LUCAL, a. Pertaining to the hallux.

HAL´LUX, n. The hind toe. The name is retained, even when the hind toe is brought round to the front. When the toes are in pairs, it is the inner of the two hind ones, excepting in Trogonidæ. In the genus Picoides the actual single hind toe is not the hallux, but the fourth toe reversed, there being no hallux. This toe may always be recognized by presence of not more than two joints. It is the one usually wanting in three-toed birds, and is frequently rudimentary or functionless, even when present. Its large size, with largest claw, and specialization of its flexor muscle, marks the passerine or highest group of birds. (129.) (Sometimes written hallex or allex.)

HALO´NES, n. pl. Certain appearances of the yolk, probably due to the margins of its successive layers.

HAM´ULATE, a. Hooked.

HAM´ULUS, n.; pl. hamuli. Hooked fringe of a barbule; hooked barbicel.

HAND-QUILLS, n. Primary remiges. (75.)

HAS´TATE, a. Spear-head shaped.

HEAD, n. (9, 29.)

HEEL, n. (107.) See CALCANEUS and TALUS. Upper back part of tarso-metatarsus (tarsus or shank), rarely resting on the ground in birds when standing erect. (Commonly, but most improperly, called knee.)

HEEL-JOINT, n. (103.) See SUFFRAGO. The tibio-tarsal articulation, as it is called; that between the leg (crus), and the tarso-metatarsus (shank). With few exceptions among certain Raptores, it always bends backward; the knee always has its convexity forward.

HEEL-PAD, n. (115.) Pterna; tuber (which see). The posterior portion of pelma, immediately under the foot-joint, and frequently prominent. (But heel-pad should not be used in this connection, since the heel (calcaneus) is at the top of the tarsus, and not at the bottom where the heel-pad lies.) (115.)

HEMI- (in composition). Semi-; demi-; half.

HEPAT´IC, a. Pertaining to the liver; as, hepatic artery, hepatic secretion.

HETEROGE´NEOUS, a. Of different or dissimilar nature; of mixed or miscellaneous character.

HEX´AGON, n. Figure of six sides and six edges.

HEXAG´ONAL, a. Having six sides and edges.

HIBER´NAL, a. Pertaining to the winter time. (Neither this nor æstival are much used, although vernal and autumnal are continually employed.)

HIND-NECK, n. (48.) See CERVIX.

HIND-TOE, n. (129.) See HALLUX.

HINDER PARTS. (8.) See URÆUM.

HIP, n. Joint of femur with pelvis; projection formed by femoral trochanter over the joint.

HIRSUTE´, a. Hairy; rather shaggy, as the feet of a grouse.

HISTOG´ENY, n. Formation of tissue.

HISTOL´OGY, n. Minute anatomy; history of tissue.

HISTON´OMY, n. Laws of formation of tissue.

HOAR´Y, a. Of a pale silvery-gray.

HOLORHI´NAL, a. Having the nasal bones contiguous.

HOMOGENE´ITY, n. Sameness; structural similarity.

HOMOGE´NEOUS, a. Of the same kind or nature. Opposed to heterogeneous. A homogeneous group contains only structurally related forms.

HOMOLOG´ICAL, HOMOL´OGOUS, a. Structurally related; having structural affinity. Opposed to analogous, which implies similarity of appearance, purpose, or use without corresponding affinity.

HOMOL´OGY, n. Structural affinity, generally implying genetic relationship. Opposed to analogy, or mere resemblance.

HOMOTYP´ICAL, a. Of the same type of structure.

HOMOT´YPY, n. A particular kind of homology.

HOR´NOTINE, a. or n. Yearling; a bird of the year.

HU´MERAL, a. Pertaining to the humerus, or, more generally, to the upper arm.

HU´MERUS, n. The upper arm bone; sometimes the whole upper-arm, from shoulder to elbow.

HY´ALINE, HY´ALOID, a. Transparent, like glass; said chiefly of the vitreous humor of the eye, and of certain appurtenances of the back chamber of the eye.

HY´BRID, a. or n. Cross-born between two species; mongrel.

HYBRIDIZA´TION, n. Cross-fertilization. Production of hybrids.

HY´BRIDIZE. To cross and bear mongrel offspring.

HY´OID, HYOID´EAN, a. Pertaining to the os hyoides or tongue-bone, or, more generally, to the tongue itself.

HYPAPOPH´YSIS, n. Bony process from the under side of a vertebra, sometimes very large, as in the loon.

HYPER- (in composition). Same as super- (which see).

HYPERBO´REAN, a. Northern; boreal.

HYPERCHROM´ATISM, n. State of unusually increased or intensified coloration.

HYPER´TROPHY, n. Inordinate enlargement of a part or organ, due to excessive nutrition. The opposite of atrophy, or the wasting away of an organ through deficient nutrition.

HYPO- (in composition). Same as sub- (which see).

HYPOCHON´DRIUM, n. The flank. (Oftener used in the plural, hypochondria, flanks.) (67.)

HYPODAC´TYLUM, n. Soles of the toes. (118.)

HYPOGAS´TRIC, a. Under or behind the belly. (Little used).

HYPOGNATH´OUS, a. Having the under mandible longer than the upper, as the black skimmer.

HYPOPTI´LUM, n. Supplementary plume, or accessory plume, springing from the same barrel of the main feather. Generally found, but wanting in many families, and always on the quills of the wings and tail. Synonymous with hyporrhachis as generally used.

HYPORA´DII, n. pl. Barbs of the hypoptilum.

HYPORRHA´CHIS, n. Aftershaft; stem or scape of the supplementary plume. Generally used for the whole of such accessory feather, but best thus restricted.

HYPOTH´ESIS, n. A reasonable presumption or supposition taken as premise of an argument, or as probably true, to account for what is not understood. As it does not necessarily rest upon fact, it has not the weight or dignity of theory.

HYPOTHET´ICAL, a. Reasonably presumptive: logically supposititious; conditional; assumed without proof but with fair probability.

I.

IDENTIFICA´TION, n. Act or process of determining to what species a specimen or a name belongs; the determination so made.

IDEN´TIFY. To determine the name of a specimen or of a species; to ascertain the identity of a certain specimen with a name, or name with a certain species.

IGNO´BLE, a. Said of hawks lacking the special qualities of those used in falconry.

IL´EUM, n. Lower portion of small intestine.

IL´IAC, a. Relating to the ilium, or haunch-bone; also, to the ileum.

IL´IUM, n. Haunch-bone; principal bone of the pelvis, forming with the ischium and pubis the os innominatum.

IM´BRICATED, a. Fixed shingle-wise with overlapping edge or end.

IMMAC´ULATE, a. Unspotted; not marked with different colors.

IMMATURE´, a. Not having yet assumed final size, shape, color, or other conditions of the adult.

IMPER´FORATE, a. Not pierced through; also, closed up (said chiefly of the nostrils).

IMPLACEN´TAL, a. Having no placenta. Birds are implacental.

INCISED´, a. Cut out; cut away.

INCUBA´TION, n. Act of setting on eggs to hatch them.

INCUM´BENT, a. Depressed or bending down upon something; laid at full length; chiefly said of the hind-toe when its whole length rests on the ground or other support, owing to its low insertion on the level of the rest. (131.)

IN´CUS, a. A bone of the inner ear of mammalia, held by high authority to be homologous with the os quadratum of birds (which see). See also MALLEUS.

IN´DEX, n. The principal digit of the wing is often so called, but is really homologous with the third or middle finger of mammals; the pollex or so-called thumb of birds being the homologue of the mammalian index.

IN´DOLES, n. Natural disposition.

INDUMEN´TUM, n. Covering of birds; the ptilosis or plumage. (142.)

IN´FRA- (in composition). Below; under; opposite of supra-. It is in part synonymous with sub-, but refers only, to position, while sub- is of more extensive application.

INFRAMAX´ILLARY, n. The under jaw bone, or mandible.

INFRAOR´BITAL, a. Below the eye-socket.

INFUNDIBU´LIFORM, a. Funnel-shaped.

INFUNDIB´ULUM, n. Funnel; name of several different organs.

INGES´TA, n. pl. Things eaten; contents of crop or stomach. Opposed to egesta.

INGLU´VIES, n. Crop or craw. Also used synonymously with chin.

IN´GUEN, n. The groin; whence the adj. inguinal. (Little used.)

IN´GUINAL, a. Pertaining to the groin.

INNER TOE, n. (127.) In most birds the second is the inner anterior toe; in the trogons, the third or middle toe becomes inner anterior by reversion of the second, which is then inner posterior. In a few exotic kingfishers, the second or inner anterior is rudimentary or wanting. In several birds the hallux or first or hinder toe is reversed, and becomes inner anterior. But in any position the inner toe, properly speaking, is the second, that one with only three joints.

INNOM´INATE (bone), n. The pelvic bone, composed of ilium, ischium, and pubis.

INOSCULA´TION, n. Same as ANASTOMOSIS (which see).

INSECTIV´OROUS, a. Insect-eating.

INSESSO´RES, n. pl. Perching-birds; an order now becoming obsolete.

INSESSO´RIAL, a. Relating to perching-birds.

INSIS´TENT, a. Said of the hind toe, when its base is so elevated that the tip only touches the ground. (130.)

IN´STINCT, n. Imperfect reason; the faculty of doing the right thing without knowing why.

INTEG´UMENT, n. A covering or envelope; commonly, the skin.

INTER- (in composition). Between; among.

INTERARTIC´ULAR, a. Between the joints; in a joint; as, interarticular cartilage.

INTERCOS´TAL, a. Between two ribs; as, intercostal muscle, artery, vein.

INTERMAX´ILLARY (bone), n. Same as PREMAXILLARY (which see).

IN´TERNODE, n. Any bone of a finger or toe.

INTEROR´BITAL, a. Between the eye-sockets.

INTERRA´MAL, a. Between the forks or rami of the lower jaw.

INTERRUPT´ED, a. Discontinuous; broken up.

INTERSCAPIL´IUM or INTERSCAP´ULUM, n. Region of the upper back between the shoulders. (58.)

INTERSCAP´ULAR, a. Between the shoulders. The plural, interscapulars or interscapularies, is used to denote the feathers of such region collectively.

INVAG´INATE, a. Sheathed.

INVER´TEBRATE, a. or n. Having no backbone; an animal without a backbone. Opposed to vertebrate.

I´RIAN, IRID´IAN, a. Pertaining to the iris.

IRIDES´CENT, a. Glittering with many colors, which change in different lights.

I´RIS, n. Circular muscular curtain suspended perpendicularly in the eye between the aqueous and vitreous chambers, having a hole in the centre (the pupil). It is of all colors in birds.

ISCHIAT´IC, a. Pertaining to the ischium.

IS´CHIUM, n. One of the pelvic bones, the hindermost.

-ISH. A suffix, forming an adjective, usually denoting possession of a quality in less degree; especially used for colors; as, blackish, not quite black, etc.

ISTH´MUS, n. Neck or narrow strip connecting two larger portions of same region, patch of color, etc.

J.

JAW, n. See MAXILLA, MANDIBLE.

JEJU´NUM, n. Portion of intestine between duodenum and ileum (not definite, and little used).

JU´GAL, a. Pertaining to the zygoma.

JU´GAL (bone), n. Same as malar bone.

JU´GULAR, a. Pertaining to the jugulum.

JU´GULUM, n. Lower throat; lower foreneck. (53.)

JUNCTU´RA, n. Articulation; joint.

K.

KEEL, n. Same as GONYS (which see). (22.)

KNEE, n. Femoro-tibial articulation. (N. B. The heel-joint, suffrago, or tibio-metatarsal articulation, is often improperly called knee.) (102.)

L.

LA´BEL, n. Card, ticket, or similar slip of paper, parchment, etc., affixed to an object, giving written information respecting it.

LAC´ERATE, LACIN´IATE, a. Cut or slashed on the edge or end into a fringe or brush.

LACH´RYMAL (bone), a. A large stout bone forming part of the orbit.

LACU´NA, n. Small pit or depression; oftener, an open space or vacuity, as in the palate.

LACU´NÆ, n. pl. Certain small excavations in bone and in mucous membrane.

LACUS´TRINE, a. Lake-inhabiting.

LAMB´DOID, a. L-shaped.

LAMEL´LA, n.; pl. lamellæ, LAM´INA, n.; pl. laminæ, A thin plate or scale; a plate-like process. The processes inside a duck’s bill are lamellæ; the individual barbs of a feather are laminæ.

LAM´ELLATE, LAM´INATE, a. Having, or composed of, laminæ, or series of plates.

LAMELLIROS´TRAL, a. Having a lamellate bill.

LAMELLIROS´TRES, n. pl. A group of lamellate-billed birds (the duck tribe).

LAN´CEOLATE, a. Lance-head shaped; tapering narrowly at one end, less so at the other.

LARYNGE´AL, a. Pertaining to the larynx.

LAR´YNX, n. Adam’s-apple, hollow cartilaginous organ, a modification of the windpipe either at the top or bottom, but especially the former; the lower larynx being called SYRINX (which see).

LAT´ERAL, a. To or towards the side; on either hand from the middle line.

LAT´ERALLY, a. Sidewise.

LATIS´SIMUS, a. for n. A certain muscle of the back.

LEGS. (96.)

LENS (crystalline), n. A circular biconvex transparent body in the eye which brings rays of light to a focus.

LESSER WING-COVERTS, n. pl. The smaller anterior set of secondary coverts in several series upon the plica alaris.

LEVA´TOR, n. Generic name of muscles that elevate; as, levator palpebræ, lifter of the eyelid.

LIG´AMENT, n. Fibrous band or sheet binding bones or other structures together.

LIGAMEN´TUM NU´CHÆ, n. A particular strong elastic ligament along the nape and cervix of many animals.

LIGAMEN´TUM TE´RES, n. A particular strong fibrous cord holding the head of the femur in its socket.

LIM´BATE, a. Having edging of one color against another.

LI´MES FACIA´LIS, n. Facial outline; line of the feathers all around the bill.

LIMICO´LÆ, n. pl. A group of shore-waders, as plover, snipe, etc.

LIMIC´OLINE, a. Shore-inhabiting.

LIN´EAR, a. Narrow, with straight parallel sides; uniformly narrow for a long distance.

LIN´GUA, n. Tongue.

LINIS´CI, n. pl. Reticulations of the podotheca. (Little used.)

LIV´ER, n. See GLAND.

LO´BATE, LOBED, a. Furnished with membranous flaps (said chiefly of toes). See LOMATINUS. (137.)

LOBE, n. Membranous flap (generally curved, but may be straight-edged). See LOMA.

LO´MA, n. Lobe; membranous fringe or flap. (135.)

LOMAT´INUS, a. Furnished with lobes or flaps. (134.)

LONG-EXSERT´ED, a. Said of tail-feathers abruptly much longer than the rest.

LONGIPEN´NES, n. pl. A group of long-winged swimming-birds, the gulls, terns, and petrels.

LONGIPEN´NINE, a. Having long wings (reaching, when folded, beyond the tail).

LONGIROS´TRAL, a. Having a long bill (longer than the head).

LONGIROS´TRES, n. pl. An obsolete group of long-billed wading birds.

LONGIS´SIMUS, a. for n. A certain muscle of the back.

LONGITU´DINAL, a. Running lengthwise, or in direction of the antero-posterior axis of the body.

LON´GUS COL´LI. A certain muscle of the neck.

LO´RAL, a. Pertaining to the lore.

LORE, LO´RUM, n. Space between eye and bill. (39.)

LOWER BACK. (59.) See TERGUM.

LOWER JAW. LOWER MANDIBLE. (11.) See MANDIBLE.

LOWER PARTS. (6.) See GASTRÆUM.

LOWER WING-COVERTS. (85.) See TECTRICES.

LOWER TAIL-COVERTS. See CALYPTERIA, CRISSUM, TECTRICES.

LUM´BAR, a. Pertaining to, or situate in, the loins. In birds, a lumbar region or lumbar vertebræ are not well distinguished, if at all; and in many, rib-bearing vertebræ continue into the sacral region.

LUMBRIC´IFORM, a. Same as VERMIFORM (which see).

LU´NULATE, a. Narrowly crescentic.

LU´TEOUS, a. Clay-colored.

LYMPHAT´IC, a. or n. Pertaining to lymph; an absorbent vessel.

LY´RATE, a. Lyre-shaped, as the tail of Menura superba or Tetrao tetrix.

M.

MAC´ERATED, a. Soaked to softness.

MAC´ULA, n. A spot.

MAC´ULATE, a. Spotted.

MAG´NUM, a. for n. One of the carpal bones.

MA´LA, n. Basal portion of outside of lower jaw, usually feathered. (Sometimes used for corresponding portion of upper jaw; the site and boundary of mala and gena are not well determined, and vary with writers. Both lie on side of head, back of bill, and under lore, eye, and ear.) (26.)

MA´LAR RE´GION. Same as mala.

MALLEO´LUS, n.; pl. malleoli. The enlarged articular surface of the bottom of the tibia; in birds formed by confluence of the two proximal tarsal ossicles.

MAL´LEUS, n. A bone of the inner ear of mammalia, held by high authority as probably homologous with the OS QUADRATUM (which see).

MAM´MA, n. Teat.

MAM´MARY, a. Pertaining to the teats, or function of lactation.

MAN´DIBLE, MANDIB´ULA, n. Jaw. Properly the under jaw, the upper jaw being maxilla. (11.)

MANDIB´ULAR, a. Pertaining to the under jaw. (Maxillary relates to the upper jaw.)

MANDUCA´TION, n. Mastication.

MANDU´CATORY, a. Pertaining to mastication.

MANTLE, n. (61.) See STRAGULUM and PALLIUM.

MANU´BRIUM STER´NI, n. (Literally “handle.”) Process of breast-bone on front border at root of keel.

MAN´US, n. Hand; all of the wing, excepting the feathers, which lies beyond the wrist; the metacarpus and digits, with associate soft parts. It corresponds with pes.

MAR´BLING, n. Fine spotting and streaking intermixed; variegation like marble. The markings are more distinct than in clouding or nebulation.

MAR´GINAL FRINGE, n. See LOMA. (135.)

MAR´GO, n. Margin. Margo mentalis, inner boundary of the forks of the mandible. Margo malaris, boundary of the base of the mala.

MARSU´PIUM, n. Vascular, erectile, membranous organ in the back chamber of the eye of birds, supposed to aid in accommodation of vision. Also called pecten.

MASSE´TER, n. One of the muscles that effect mastication.

MAS´TAX, n. “Side of the forepart of head, adjacent to the base of the bill.” (37.) (Little used, and undistinguished from lore.)

MAS´TOID, a. Name of a process of the temporal bone.

MA´TRIX, n. Mould. Tissue or organ containing something and determining its form or other condition.

MAXIL´LA, n. Jaw, especially the upper jaw, or maxilla superior; the maxilla inferior being especially called mandibula. (10.)

MAX´ILLAR, MAX´ILLARY, a. Pertaining to the upper jaw. Maxillary bone, the cheek-bone; in birds an inconsiderable bone of the bill itself, not of the cheek.

MAX´ILLO-PAL´ATINE (bone), n. Certain paired bone of the upper jaw in the palate.

MEA´TUS, n. Passage or canal. Meatus auditorius, ear-passage.

ME´DIAN, a. Lying in the middle line. Opposed to lateral.

MEDIASTI´NUM, n. One of the thoracic partitions.

MEDUL´LA, n. Marrow. Medulla spinalis, spinal cord. Medulla oblongata, tract of nerve matter between cerebellum and spinal cord proper.

MEL´ANISM, n. State of coloration resulting from excess of black or dark pigment; a frequent condition of hawks.

MELANIS´TIC, MELANOT´IC, a. Affected with melanism.

MEM´BRANA PUTAM´INIS, n. The lining membrane of the egg-shell, formed of dense modified albumen.

MEM´BRANE, n. Thin soft sheet of various structure covering a part or organ. Cerebral or spinal membrane. See MENINGES. Nictitating membrane, the third or inner eyelid of birds, which sweeps across the ball. Soft skinny covering of the bill of many birds is said to be membranous. Webbing of the toes is the interdigital membrane. Loma is a fringed membrane.

MEM´BRUM, n.; pl. membra. Any limb, or other peripheral part, as a bill, as distinguished from body proper or truncus.

MENIN´GES, n. pl. Envelopes of the brain or spinal cord; especially the dura mater and pia mater. (The singular, meninx, is scarcely used.)

MEN´TAL, a. Pertaining to the chin.

MEN´TUM, n. Chin; soft parts between the branches of the lower jaw.

MESENCEPH´ALON, n. A certain brain-tract, the second from behind.

MESENTER´IC, a. Pertaining to the mesentery.

MES´ENTERY, n. A fold of the peritoneum binding the intestines in place.

MESERA´IC, a. Same as MESENTERIC (which see).

ME´SIAL, a. In the middle; same as median.

MESO- (in composition). Middle; median.

MESOMET´RIUM, n. Partially muscular peritoneal fold supporting the oviduct.

MESORHI´NIUM, n. Portion of bill between the nostrils. (Little used.)

MESOSTER´NUM, n. Middle segment of the breast-bone.

METACAR´PAL, a. or n. Pertaining to the metacarpus; particularly the metacarpal bone.

METACAR´PUS, n. Hand, exclusive of the fingers; segment of the wing between the carpus and the digits.

METAGNATH´OUS, a. Cross-billed; having the points of the mandibles passing each other on the right and left.

METATAR´SAL, a. Pertaining to the metatarsus; particularly the metatarsal bone.

METATAR´SUS, n. Foot, exclusive of the toes; segment of the leg between the tarsus and the digits, commonly called the shank, and in descriptive ornithology usually known as the tarsus. The metatarsus, however, has a distal tarsal ossicle confluent with it, so that it is actually tarso-metatarsus. In birds, the metatarsus proper (exclusive of the confluent tarsal bone) consists of three parallel metatarsal bones, more or less completely confluent, and of the associated accessory metatarsal bone which bears the hallux. Compare TARSUS.

METATAR´SUS HAL´LUCIS, n. The accessory metatarsal bone, as just said.

MID´DLE TOE, n. The third toe in order of reckoning, with few exceptions four-jointed. When the fourth toe is reversed, as in all zygodactyle birds except trogons, it becomes the outer anterior toe; in trogons, and a few birds in which the true inner or second toe is wanting, it becomes the inner anterior toe. It is never versatile. It rarely has only three joints, like the second toe. (128.)

MID´DLE WING-COV´ERTS, or ME´DIAN COV´ERTS. The series of upper coverts of the secondary set, situate in one or more rows between the greater and lesser coverts. They are usually recognized by their overlapping each other in the reverse direction (i.e. inner border of one overlapping outer border of the next one) from the others, whence they are sometimes called tectrices perversæ. (94.)

MIGRA´TION, n. Periodical (but sometimes irregular) journeyings, or change of abode, of birds at certain seasons, to secure food, climate, or other physical conditions of environment best suited to their wants. Migration is generally meridional (north-south), and believed by some to be mainly accomplished along a magnetic meridian; but it is often quite otherwise, influenced by topography, etc., or altogether capricious. In the Northern Hemisphere, the vernal migration is northward, the autumnal in the opposite direction.

MIME´SIS, n. Mimicry; mocking; simulated resemblance in voice, shape, color, etc.

MIMET´IC, a. Imitative; given to mimicry. Mimetic analogy, simulated resemblance in superficial respects, such as many insects bear to the twigs or leaves they rest upon.

MIR´ROR, n. See SPECULUM. (82.)

MOL´ECULE, n. Embryo part of the impregnated ovum. See CICATRICULUM.

MOL´LIPILOSE, a. Softly downy.

MONOG´AMOUS, a. Pairing; mating with a single one of the opposite sex. Birds of which the male assists in incubation and care of the young are called doubly monogamous.

MONOG´AMY, n. The paired state.

MONOMOR´PHIC, a. Of the same or essentially similar type of structure. Opposed to polymorphic.

MONOTO´KOUS, a. Uniparous; laying a single egg.

MON´STER, n. Any malformed animal.

MORPHOL´OGY, n. The science of form. The doctrine of the laws of form. Structure itself, considered as to its principles; e.g. the morphology of the odontoid process of the axis is centrum of the atlas, the morphological interpretation of the tibial condyles is tarsal ossicles. The segment called metatarsus is, morphologically, tarso-metatarsus. Homology rests upon morphology; analogy is generally predicable upon teleology.

MOR´SUS DIABOL´ICUS, n. An epithet of the infundibuliform orifice of the oviduct which takes in the ova.

MUCIP´AROUS, a. Producing mucus.

MU´COUS MEM´BRANE, n. Lining of the alimentary and other interior tracts of the body, secreting mucus.

MU´CRO, n. A sharp spine.

MU´CRONATE, a. Spine-tipped, as the tail of a swift.

MU´CUS, n. Peculiar secretion of the mucous membrane.

MULTIF´IDUS, a. for n. A certain spinal muscle.

MULTIP´AROUS, a. Producing many young.

MUS´CLE, n. (musculus, pl. musculi). Organ of animal motion, consisting of contractile fibre, the shortening of which draws upon attached parts. With the muscular tissue is usually associated a fibrous ligament, the tendon or “leader.” Voluntary muscles have striped fibre, contracting at will of the animal; such are all those of the general system, moving the bones, effecting locomotion, mastication, etc. Involuntary muscles mostly have plain fibre contractile under special stimuli without obedience to the will; such are those of the intestines, etc.

MUS´CULAR, a. Pertaining to muscle; having muscle or composed of muscle; resulting from muscle: as, muscular fibre, muscular organ, muscular exertion. Also, strong, vigorous: the falcon is a muscular bird.

MU´TICUS, a. Unarmed; as, a toe without a claw, an unspurred tarsus. (133.)

MYELENCEPH´ALON, n. Whole cerebro-spinal column.

MY´ELON, n. The spinal cord.

MYOLEM´MA, n. Sheath of muscular fibre.

MYOL´OGY, n. Doctrine or description of the muscles.

MYX´A, n. End of the mandible, as far as the symphysis, corresponding to the dertrum of the maxilla. (25).

N.

NAN´US, a. or n. Dwarf; pigmy.

NAPE, n. (49.) See NUCHA.

NAR´IS, n.; pl. nares. Nostril (always paired). (28½.) The external nares open upon the bill, or its cere, in very various shape and position; the internal nares open slit-wise upon the back part of the palate.

NA´SAL, a. Pertaining to the nostrils. Nasal bones, a pair at the root of the upper mandible.

NAS´CENT, a. About being born; beginning to grow or exist.

NATA´TION, n. Act of swimming.

NATATO´RES, n. pl. A group of swimming-birds.

NATATO´RIAL, a. Capable of swimming; belonging to swimming-birds.

NEARC´TIC, a. Indigenous to the northern portion of the Western Hemisphere.

NEBULA´TED, a. Clouded with various indistinct colors.

NECK, n. (47.) See COLLUM.

NEOGÆ´AN, n. Indigenous to the Western Hemisphere or “New World.”

NEOS´SINE, n. Substance of the “edible birds’-nests.”

NEOSSOL´OGY, n. Study of young birds.

NEOTROP´ICAL, a. Indigenous to the tropical portion of the Western Hemisphere.

NER´VINE, n. Nerve substance.

NEU´RAL, a. Pertaining to nerves. Neural canal, the tube of the backbone. Neural spine, the so-called spinous process of a vertebra. Neural axis, cerebro-spinal axis. Neural arch, see NEURAPOPHYSIS.

NEURAPOPH´YSIS, n. The laminate process of a vertebra, which, meeting its fellow at the neural spine, closes the canal for transmission of the spinal cord.

NEURILEM´MA, n. Sheath of nerve fibre.

NEUROL´OGY, n. Study of the nerves.

NIC´TITATING MEM´BRANE, n. The third or inner eyelid of birds.

NIDIFICA´TION, n. Nest-building; mode of nesting.

NI´DUS, n. Nest.

NI´SUS FORMATI´VUS, n. The formative tendency; the unknown law which determines the rudiment of an animal to take its proper shape, “each after its kind.” “Plastic force.”

NODE, NO´DUS, n. A swelling; hence, a joint, as bones usually enlarge at their articulating extremities. Compare INTERNODE.

NOMEN´CLATURE, n. The sum of the words or terms peculiar to any department of knowledge; as, ornithological nomenclature; in this sense equivalent to terminology. Also, the naming of objects according to some fixed principle; as, the binomial nomenclature. It is essential to the integrity of nomenclature that it should rest upon classification, or taxonomy.

NON-. Not. A frequent prefix in scientific literature, denoting negation, used much like dis-, un-, in-, etc.

NOS´TRIL, n. (28½.) See NARIS.

NOTÆ´UM, n. The entire upper part of a bird. (5.)

NO´THA, a. Spurious. By ala notha has been meant the scapular, axillar, and tertiary feathers collectively, which are also called parapterum.

NO´TOCHORD, n. Primitive condition of the backbone.

NU´CHA, n. Nape; upper part of cervix, next to occiput. (49.)

NU´CHAL, a. Pertaining to the nape.

NU´CLEATED, a. Containing a special cell or cells.

NUCLEO´LUS, n. Cell or point within a nucleus.

NU´CLEUS, n. Special cell within another.

NU´TRIENT, a. Nourishing; nutritious.

NUTRI´TION, n. Repair of waste that ensues by decomposition in animal life, and promotion of growth, with supply of new assimilable material. Alimentation is the act of supply; aliment or nutriment the supply; nutrition the result of its assimilation.

O.

OARED (foot), a. Having the hind toe, as well as the others, full-webbed. See STEGANOPODOUS. (140.)

OBCOR´DATE, a. Inversely heart-shaped.

OBLIQUE´, a. Indirect; aslant. Also, name of certain abdominal muscles.

OB´LONG, a. Longer than broad.

OBO´VATE, a. Inversely ovate.

OBSCURE´, a. Dark; not evident; little known; faintly marked.

OB´SOLETE, a. Disused; little used. Also, synonymous with obscure, as obsolete spots; also, synonymous with imperfect or rudimentary: the hind toe of the petrel is obsolete.

OBTURA´TOR, n. A muscle, membrane, and foramen of the pelvis are respectively so called.

OBTUSE´, a. Blunt. Opposed to acute.

OCCIP´ITAL, a. or n. Pertaining to the hind-head; as, occipital bone, occipital region.

OC´CIPUT, n. The hind head. (33.)

OCEL´LUS, n. (Literally “little eye.”) Distinct rounded spot of color, like the “eyes” of a peacock’s tail.

OCH´REY, OCH´REOUS, a. Color of yellow ochre.

OC´REATE, a. Booted. See BOOT and CALIGULA.

OC´ULO-MO´TOR, n. A nerve of the eye-muscles.

OC´ULUS, n. Eye. (The adjective ocular being applied chiefly to processes and results of sight, much like visual, rather than to physical attributes, the word orbital is used for the latter instead.)

ODON´TOID (process), a. A part of the axis (second cervical vertebra) is so called.

ŒSOPH´AGUS, n. Gullet; tube conveying food from mouth to stomach.

OLEC´RANON, n. Upper back part of the ulna, not prominent in birds.

OLFAC´TORY, a. Pertaining to the sense of smell.

OLIGOMY´OID, a. Having few or imperfect syringeal muscles among Passeres.

OLIGOTO´KOUS, a. Producing few young.

OLIVA´CEOUS, a. Of a mixed green and brown color.

OMNIV´OROUS, a. Eating anything; feeding indiscriminately.

O´MOPLATE, n. Shoulder-blade. (Omo-, in composition, is a prefix referring to the shoulder.)

OM´PHALOS, n. Same as umbilicus, navel.

OÖLOG´ICAL, a. Pertaining to oölogy.

OÖL´OGY, n. Science of birds’ eggs.

OPER´CULUM, n. Lid or cover; flap. The nasal scale, or roofing of the external nostrils, is the operculum naris.

OPHTHAL´MIC, a. Pertaining to the eye. Ophthalmic region is equivalent to orbital region.

OP´TIC, a. Pertaining to the eye, or to the sight. The optic nerve issues from the brain and spreads into the retina.

O´RAL, a. Pertaining to the mouth.

ORBIC´ULAR, a. Circular.

OR´BIT, n. Eye-socket. Also, synonymous with orbita.

OR´BITA, n. Circumorbital region taken immediately around the eye-opening. (41.)

OR´BITAL, a. Pertaining to the orbit.

ORBI´TO-SPHE´NOID, n. Part of the sphenoid bone, forming a portion of the orbit.

OR´DER, OR´DO, n. In classification, a group pl. ordines, between family and class.

OR´DINAL, a. Having the taxonomic rank or value of an order.

OR´GAN, n. Any individual part, or system of parts, of the body having a specific physiological function, considered with reference to its action, processes, or results. Eye, organ of sight; wing, organ of flight; stomach, liver, organs of digestion; muscles collectively, organs of locomotion.

OR´GANISM, n. Any living body capable of separate existence.

OR´GASM, n. Immoderate excitement; said chiefly of sexual excitement, of which the orgasm is the height. Erethism.

ORNITH´IC, a. Pertaining to birds.

ORNITHOCOP´ROLITE, n. Fossil bird-dung.

ORNITHOL´OGY, n. Science of birds.

ORNITHOT´OMY, n. Anatomy of birds.

OS, n.; gen. oris; pl. ora. Mouth. Cavum oris, cavity of the mouth.

OS, n.; gen. ossis; pl. ossa. Bone. Many or most names of individual bones are adjectives, used substantively, os or bone being understood; as, hyoid or hyoides, hyoid (bone) or (os) hyoides, etc. The quadrate bone or os quadratum is, as to its physical characters and office, not found in animals above birds; it hinges the lower jaw, pterygoid, and malar bones to the rest of the skull. It is regarded as the homologue of the mammalian incus by some, by others as probably homologous with the mammalian malleus.

OS´CINE, a. Musical; capable of singing.

OS´CINES, n. pl. A group of singing-birds, possessing a complex vocal organ of numerous syringeal muscles, conferring musical ability. These are regarded as the highest or most perfectly developed of their class.

OS´SEOUS, a. Bony.

OS´SICLE, n. A small bone.

OSSIF´IC, a. Bony; rather, having power to ossify.

OS´SIFIED, a. Become bony; united by bone.

OS´SIFY. To form bone; to change into bone.

OSTEOLOG´ICAL, a. Pertaining to osteology.

OSTEOL´OGY, n. A description of bones. Also used to denote the osseous system, as myology, neurology, splanchnology, likewise are for their respective systems.

OS´TIUM, n. Doorway; entrance.

O´TIC, a. Pertaining to the ear.

O´TOCRANE, n. “Skull of the ear”; cavity containing essential organs of hearing.

OUTER COVERING. (142.) See INDUMENTUM and PTILOSIS.

OUTER WEB (of a feather). (150.) See POGONIUM EXTERNUM.

O´VAL, O´VATE, O´VOID, OVOID´AL, a. Egg-shaped; in a general sense, oblong and curvilinear. Distinctions which may subsist between these words are practically ignored among oölogical writers, who use them interchangeably for the oblong curvilinear shape when the curve is unequal at the opposite ends; the terms elliptical, ellipsoidal, being generally used to denote a curve equal at both ends. The transverse contour-line of an egg being always circular, the descriptive terms refer to the lengthwise contour, considered either as of a surface or a solid.

OVA´RIUM, n.; pl. ovaria, O´VARY, n.; pl. ovaries, Organ or tissue in which eggs originate; they subsequently acquire albuminous deposit, and, in birds, a calcareous shell, in the oviduct.

O´VIDUCT, n. Tube conveying eggs from ovary to cloaca.

OVIP´AROUS, a. Producing eggs which are developed after exclusion from the body. Opposed to viviparous.

OVIPOSI´TION, n. Act of laying eggs.

O´VISAC, n. Ovarian cavity in which an egg originates. Graafian vesicle.

OVULA´TION, n. Formation of eggs in, and discharge from, the ovary.

O´VUM, n.; pl. ova. Egg. Sometimes synonymous with embryo.

P.

PAB´ULUM, n. Food; nourishment; aliment.

PADS. (123.) See TYLARI.

PALÆARC´TIC, a. Indigenous to the northern parts of the Eastern Hemisphere.

PALÆOGÆ´AN, a. Indigenous to the Eastern Hemisphere, or “Old World.”

PALÆORNITHOL´OGY, n. Science of fossil birds.

PAL´AMA, n. Webbing between the toes. (138.)

PAL´ATAL, PAL´ATINE, a. Pertaining to the palate; _palatine _ is said especially of certain bones.

PAL´ATE, n. Roof of mouth.

PAL´ATUM, n. The palate.

PA´LEA, n. Fleshy pendulous skin of the chin or throat; dewlap.

PAL´LIUM, n. Same as STRAGULUM (which see).

PAL´MAR, a. Pertaining to the under surface of the pinion.

PAL´MATE, PALMA´TED, PAL´MIPED, a. Web-footed; having the anterior toes full-webbed. Compare SEMIPALMATE and TOTIPALMATE.

PAL´MATE FOOT. (139.)

PAL´PEBRA, n. Eyelid.

PAL´PEBRAL, a. Pertaining to the eyelids.

PAL´PEBRATE, a. Having eyelids.

PALU´DICOLE, a. Marsh-inhabiting.

PAN´CREAS, n. A lobulated gland near the stomach, the secretion of which poured into the duodenum aids digestion by making an emulsion of fat.

PANCREAT´IC, a. Pertaining to the pancreas; as, pancreatic fluid.

PAPIL´LA, n. Small fleshy nipple-like prominence.

PAP´ILLATE, PAP´ILLOSE, a. Having papillæ.

PAP´ULÆ, n. pl. Pimples.

PAP´ULOUS, a. Pimply.

PARADAC´TYLUM, n. Side of the toes, in any way distinguished from top or sole. (119.) (Little used.)

PARAGNATH´OUS, a. Having both mandibles of equal length, their tips meeting.

PARAPOPH´YSIS, n. Certain lateral process of a vertebra.

PARAP´TERUM, n. Of uncertain meaning, but has been applied to the scapular region or its feathers. (Little used.)

PARASIT´IC, a. Habitually making use of other birds’ nests.

PARATAR´SIUM, n. Side of the tarsus, in any way distinguished. (105.) (Little used.)

PARATO´NUM, n. Side of upper mandible when distinguished from the culmen. (Little used.)

PARAUCHE´NIUM, n. Side of neck. (54.) (Little used.)

PAREN´CHYMA, n. Essential substance of a viscus.

PARI´ETAL (bones), a. for n. Expanded bones forming part of the cranium.

PARI´ETES, n. Wall.

PAROCCIP´ITAL, a. for n. Certain lateral elements of the occipital bone.

PAROT´IC, a. About the ear. (45.)

PAROT´ID, a. or n. Pertaining to the ear. Especially, a salivary gland situate near the ear.

PAS´SERES, n. pl. A group of birds including sparrows and all the higher birds.

PAS´SERINE, a. Sparrow-like. Belonging to the group of Passeres.

PATEL´LA, n. Knee-pan; knee-cap. Sesamoid bone of knee-joint.

PAT´ENT, a. Open.

PATHOL´OGY, n. Physiology of disease.

PEC´TEN, n. Same as MARSUPIUM (which see).

PEC´TINATE, PEC´TINATED, a. Having tooth-like projections, like those of a comb.

PECTINA´TION, n. Comb-like toothing.

PEC´TORAL, a. Pertaining to the breast. The pectoral muscles of birds, three in number, are the principal ones in point of bulk in most birds; they move the wing as a whole.

PEC´TUS, n. Breast. (62.) Anterior portion of lower part of trunk, between jugulum and abdomen; properly, the region overlying and containing the breast-bone, but generally restricted to the more forward swelling portion of such region.

PE´DES, n.; pl. of pes. Feet. (96.) Leg beyond the end of the tibia.

PED´ICEL, n. Narrow foot-stalk or stem by which an organ is attached. Same as peduncle.

PELAG´IC, a. Frequenting the high seas.

PEL´LICLE, n. Any very delicate membrane.

PEL´MA, n. The track; entire lower surface of the toes. (114.)

PEL´VIC, a. Pertaining to the pelvis.

PEL´VIS, n. Cavity of the body formed by the ossa innominata, sacrum, and coccyx; also, these bones collectively.

PE´NIAL, a. Pertaining to the penis.

PENICIL´LATE, a. Brushy-tipped.

PE´NIS, n. The male intromittent organ.

PEN´NA, n. A feather. Generally a contour-feather (pluma), as distinguished from a down-feather (plumula); particularly, a large stiff feather of the wing or tail, one of the remiges or rectrices.

PENNA´CEOUS, a. Denoting a perfect feather complete in all the parts a feather can have; distinguished from plumulaceous.

PEN´NIFORM, a. Noting a muscle whose fibres are arranged alongside of a central tendon, like the web of a feather.

PER´FORATE, a. Pierced through. (Said especially of the nostrils when without a septum.)

PERICAR´DIUM, n. Bag holding the heart.

PERICRA´NIUM, n. Soft parts enclosing the skull; especially the periosteum of the bones.

PERIOS´TEUM, n. Membranous investment of bone.

PERIPHERAL PARTS, n. pl. Superficial, as opposed to interior, parts.

PERIPH´ERY, n. Superficies; contour.

PERISTAL´TIC, a. Denoting the peculiar motion of the intestines by which their contents are urged onward; the peristole.

PERITONE´UM, n. Thin smooth serous membrane lining the belly, and investing most of the contained organs.

PERONE´AL, a. Pertaining to the fibula.

PERONE´US, a. for n. Name of a fibular muscle.

PER´VIOUS, a. Open. Used synonymously with perforate in respect of the nostrils, but better restricted to the opposite of impervious or closed (as to an external opening).

PES, n.; pl. pedes (which see). Foot. (96.)

PES´SULUS, n. Cross-bone of the syrinx; bony bar across lower end of windpipe, at point of forking into the bronchi.

PETRO´SAL, a. (Used substantively.) Same as petrous.

PE´TROUS, a. Stony; hence, hard. The petrous bone is an element of the temporal bone.

PHA´LANX, n.; pl. phalan´ges. Commonly any bone of a finger or toe. Equivalent to internode or joint (not articulation). Properly in such application lacking the singular number, phalanges being the row or series of the small digital bones, taken collectively. (120.)

PHARYNGE´AL, a. Pertaining to the pharynx.

PHAR´YNX, n. Back compartment of the mouth, leading directly into the œsophagus.

PHREN´IC, n. Pertaining to the diaphragm.

PHYS´ICAL, a. Bodily; material. Opposed to mental or psychical.

PHYSIOG´NOMY, n. Countenance, in respect to temper of mind; general appearance, in respect to habits.

PHYSIOL´OGY, n. Science of animal or vegetable economy; science of bodily functions, processes, operations. It is less comprehensive than biology, or the science of life, as it takes account only of material or physical, not psychical, offices.

PI´A MA´TER, n. Soft vascular membrane immediately investing the brain.

PI´CINE, a. Woodpecker-like.

PICTU´RA, n. Pattern of coloring.

PIG´MENT, n. Coloring-matter.

PIL´EUS (also written pileum), n. The cap; top of head from base of bill to nape. (30.)

PIN´EAL BODY, n. A small organ associated with the brain.

PIN´ION, n. Part of the wing beyond the wrist exclusive of the feathers; usually the metacarpus and phalanges; the hand bone. Not technically used synonymously with quill or wing.

PIN´NATED, a. Having little wing-like tufts of feathers on the neck.

PIN´NIFORM, a. An epithet of the penguin’s wing; fin-like.

PISCIV´OROUS, a. Fish-eating.

PITU´ITARY, a. That secretes mucus. Pituitary membrane, the mucous membrane of the nasal passages. Pituitary gland, a certain appendage of the brain.

PLA´GA, n. Stripe of color.

PLAN´TA, a. Back of tarsus, homologically the sole. (106.)

PLAN´TAR, a. Pertaining to the sole. A certain muscle is the plantaris.

PLAN´TIGRADE, a. Walking on the back of the tarsus as well as on the soles of the toes. Many pygopodous birds are plantigrade.

PLAS´MA, n. Colorless fluid of the blood.

PLAS´TIC, a. That may be moulded. Forming or serving to form; histogenetic. Plastic force. See NISUS FORMATIVUS.

PLEU´RA, n. Membrane lining the thorax and investing the lungs.

PLEURAPOPH´YSIS, n. Segment of the hæmal arch next to the centrum. The vertebral rib of a bird is a pleurapophysis.

PLEX´US, n. Union in network of nerves, vessels, or fibres. Said especially of the anastomosis of nerves.

PLI´CA ALA´RIS, or PLI´CA PREALA´RIS, n. The feathered fold of skin on the front border of the wing stretched by an elastic tendon from the shoulder to the wrist, rendering the smooth straight anterior border of the wing. (Plica alaris is rarely used for the fold or bend of the wing.)

PLI´CA INTERDIGITA´LIS, n. Webbing between the toes. Same as palama.

PLI´CÆ PRIMITI´VÆ, n. pl. Primitive folds; certain parallel lines observed in the early embryonal trace.

PLU´MA, n. A feather in general. Compare PENNA and PLUMULA. (1.) A feather of which the two webs are equal and alike is called isopogonous: otherwise anisopogonous.

PLU´MAGE, n. The feathers, collectively; PTILOSIS (which see).

PLUM´BEOUS, a. Having the color of tarnished lead; dull bluish-gray.

PLUM´IPED, a. Having the feet feathered.

PLU´MOSE, PLU´MOUS, a. Feathery; in general, having feathers; feathered. Compare PENNACEOUS and PLUMULACEOUS.

PLU´MULA, n. A down feather, lacking certain qualities and parts of a penna.

PLUMULA´CEOUS, n. Downy. Compare PENNACEOUS.

PNEUMAT´IC, a. Relating to the respiratory system; permeated with air.

PNEUMOGAS´TRIC, a. Pertaining to lungs and belly; a name of the most extensive cranial nerve.

PODARTH´RUM, n. Foot-joint; the articulation of the toes collectively with the metatarsus. (100.)

PO´DIUM, n. Foot. (Same as pes.) Generally used, however, for the toes collectively without the shank. (112.)

PODOTHE´CA, n. Whole envelope of tarsus and toes. (101.)

POGO´NIUM, n.; pl. pogonia. Web or vanes of a feather. (147.) Pogonium externum, outer web (farthest from middle line of the body). Pogonium internum, inner web. See PLUMA.

POL´LEX, n. Thumb. The joint which bears the alula is so called, though it is homologous with the index or second finger. Spina pollicaris, or Tuberculum pollicare, the horny spur on the wing of some birds.

POLYG´AMOUS, a. Mating with more than one female, like the domestic cock.

POLYMOR´PHIC, n. Of many forms; consisting of, or containing, several different types of structure: as, a polymorphic group.

POLYMY´OID, a. Having numerous syringeal muscles; noting a group equivalent to Oscines.

POLYNO´MIAL, n. or a. Name of more than two words. Consisting of several words. The polynomial nomenclature is obsolete.

POLYTO´KOUS, a. Multiparous; producing many young.

PONS, n. Bridge. Certain parts of the brain.

POPLITE´AL, a. Pertaining to the back of the knee.

POR´TAL CIRCULA´TION. Passage of blood from the capillaries of one organ to those of another, as is conspicuous in certain of the digestive viscera.

POSTAX´IAL, a. Situate on the external or posterior (ulnar or fibular) side of a limb.

POSTE´RIOR PORTION. (8.) See URÆUM.

POSTERIOR TOE. (125.) The hind-toe, or that one directed backward, is generally the hallux; often also the fourth or outer; rarely the second or inner. The hallux is generally meant by posterior toe.

POSTOR´BITAL, a. Situate behind the eye.

POW´DER-DOWN FEATH´ERS, n. pl. Peculiar imperfect feathers, in a matted patch, which grow continually, and as constantly break down, with a scurfy exfoliation, and pervaded with a greasy substance; they are especially conspicuous in the heron tribe, but are also found elsewhere.

PRÆAX´IAL, a. Situate on the internal or anterior (radial or tibial) side of a limb.

PRÆCO´CES, n. pl. An obsolete group of birds, able to run about and feed themselves at birth.

PRÆCO´CIAL, n. Belonging to the Præcoces; having the nature of Præcoces.

PRÆPEC´TUS, n. Fore-breast; region of the craw. Not well distinguished from jugulum.

PREMAX´ILLARY (bone), a. The foremost and principal bone of the upper jaw. Intermaxillary is synonymous.

PREP´UCE, n. Foreskin. The homologous structure occurs in some birds. Preputial, pertaining to the foreskin.

PRESSIROS´TRAL, a. Having a bill like that of a plover. (Obsolete.)

PRESTER´NUM, n. Anterior segment of the breast-bone.

PRI´MARY, n.; pl. primaries. Any one of the (usually ten, often nine, rarely eleven) large stiff quills growing upon the pinion or hand-bone, as distinguished from the secondaries which grow upon the forearm. They form the tip of the wing, and much of its surface.

PRI´MARY WING-COVERTS, n. pl. Those overlying the bases of the primaries.

PROCE´RES or PRO´CERI, n. pl. Same as RATITÆ (which see).

PROLIG´EROUS, a. See YOLK.

PRONA´TION, n. A particular movement of the radius upon the ulna, by which the hand turns over,—in birds it is very slight, if it occur at all. The reverse movement is termed supination. The muscles effecting it are pronators and supinators.

PROÖT´IC, a. for n. An element of the auditory capsule.

PROSENCEPH´ALON, n. A certain tract of the brain, the third from behind.

PRO´TOPLASM, n. Primitive common embryonic tissue, out of which different organs and parts are formed.

PROTOVER´TEBRÆ, n. pl. First trace of the backbones.

PROTRAC´TILE, PROTRU´SILE, a. Susceptible of being thrust forward or out, as the tongue of most woodpeckers.

PROVENTRIC´ULUS, n. Part of gullet, usually enlarged, next to gizzard, having solvent glands for digestion. It is the true stomach of a bird, as distinguished from the gizzard or grinding stomach.

PROX´IMAL, a. Proximate; nearest or next to any centre or axis. Opposed to distal or terminal.

PSILOPÆ´DES, n. pl. A group of psilopædic birds, further distinguished by being born weak and helpless, fed and reared in the nest. The term gymnopædes is synonymous.

PSILOPÆ´DIC, a. Having down growing only from the future pterylæ, as the precursor of the future plumage, to which it is subsequently affixed for a while and then falls off.

PSO´AS, n. Name of certain pelvic muscles.

PTERAPOPH´YSIS, n. Certain process of cranial bones.

PTER´NA, n. Heel-pad. (115.)

PTERO´MATA, n. pl. (This word is of uncertain meaning.) (89 ?)

PTER´YGOID (bone), n. A slender bone connecting the quadrate with the palatine.

PTER´YLA, n.; pl. pterylæ. Area or tract on the skin where feathers grow.

PTERYLOG´RAPHY, n. A description of the plumage, especially with reference to the distribution of the feathers on the skin.

PTERYLO´SIS, n. Plumage, considered with reference to its distribution on the skin.

PTI´LA, n. (This word is of uncertain meaning.) (86 ?)

PTILOPÆ´DES, n. pl. Ptilopædic birds. Such are generally able to run about at birth, or at least to feed themselves. Dasypædes is synonymous.

PTILOPÆ´DIC, a. Clothed at birth with floccus, which sprouts not only from the future pterylæ, but also from apteria.

PTILO´SIS, n. Plumage. (3.)

PU´BIC, a. Pertaining to the pubis.

PU´BIS, n. The most anterior bone of the pelvis. In birds the ossa pubis or pubes are separate, there being no pubic symphysis, and directed more or less backward.

PUL´LUS, n. A chick; young bird, before its first complete plumage.

PUL´MONARY, a. Pertaining to the lungs; relating to respiration.

PUL´SUS, PULSE, n. Beating of the arteries.

PUNC´TATE, a. Dotted; pitted; studded with points.

PUNC´TUM SA´LIENS, n. First trace of the embryonic heart.

PUPIL´LA, n. Central black disc circumscribed by the iris; the pupil (a hole, not a substance).

PUPIL´LARY, a. Pertaining to the pupil.

PYGOP´ODES, n. pl. A group of birds distinguished by the far backward position, and deep burial, in common integument, of the legs.

PYGOP´ODOUS, a. Belonging to Pygopodes, or having the character of that group.

PY´GOSTYLE, n. Last coccygeal vertebra, of peculiar size and shape in recent birds; also called the vomer.

PYLOR´IC, a. Pertaining to the pylorus.

PYLO´RUS, n. Opening from gizzard into duodenum; especially, valve guarding this orifice.

PYR´IFORM, a. Pear-shaped.

Q.

QUADRAN´GULAR, a. Four-edged or four-angled.

QUAD´RATE, a. Squared.

QUAD´RATE BONE, n. See OS QUADRATUM. A peculiarly shaped bone interposed between the lower jaw and the rest of the skull.

QUADRILAT´ERAL, a. Four-sided.

QUADRILOC´ULAR, a. Four-chambered, as the heart of higher vertebrates is.

QUAR´RY, n. Prey of raptorial birds.

QUILL, n. See PENNA. (2, 75, 76, 145.)

QUI´NARY, a. Noting a certain absurd system of classification which presumes that there are five types, or sets of objects, in every natural group.

QUIN´CUNX, n. Set of five, arranged thus, ⁙

R.

RA´DIAL, a. Pertaining to the radius.

RA´DII, n. pl. Barbs of a main feather.

RA´DII ACCESSO´RII, n. pl. Barbs of the supplementary feather.

RADIO´LI, n. pl. BARBULES (which see).

RADIO´LI ACCESSO´RII, n. pl. Barbules of the supplementary feather, aftershaft or hypoptilum.

RA´DIUS, n. Outer bone of forearm.

RA´MUS, n.; pl. rami. Branch or fork. Gnathidea.

RAPH´E, n. Line of separation of two parts of an organ when prominent or otherwise distinguished.

RAPTO´RIAL, a. Pertaining to birds of prey.

RATI´TÆ, n. pl. Birds with flat sternum, as ostriches, emus or cassowaries, and the apteryx.

RAU´COUS, a. Hoarse-voiced.

REC´TRIX, n.; pl. rectrices. Quills of the tail. (70.) (The singular is little used.)

REC´TUM, n. Lower straight gut.

REC´TUS, a. Name of certain muscles.

RECURVED´, a. Bent regularly and gradually upward.

REFLECT´ED, a. Turned backward.

REFLEC´TION, n. Play of color changing in different lights.

REG´IMEN, n. Diet.

RE´GIO, RE´GION, n. Portion of the body in any way distinguished; dorsal region; cervical region.

RE´MEX, n.; pl. remiges. Quill of the wing. (75, 76.) (Little used in the singular.)

RE´NAL, a. Pertaining to the kidneys.

RE´TE, n. Same as plexus.

RETIC´ULATE, a. Marked with network of lines.

RETICULA´TION, n. Network; mosaic.

RET´INA, n. Expansion of the optic nerve within the eye, upon which images of objects are impressed.

RETRAC´TILE, a. Susceptible of being drawn back and driven forward as a hawk’s claw.

RETRORSE´, a. Directed backward.

RHACH´IS, n.; pl. rhachides. Scapus exclusive of calamus; shaft of a feather, bearing the webs, without the hollow horny barrel. (146.) Also, the spinal column.

RHAMPHOTHE´CA, n. Covering of the whole bill. (12.)

RHI´NAL, a. Pertaining to the nose.

RHINENCEPH´ALON, n. Foremost tract of the brain, the fourth from behind.

RHINOTHE´CA, n. Covering of the upper mandible. (13.)

RHIZONYCH´IUM, n. Terminal bone of a toe bearing a claw. (122.) (Little used.)

RHOM´BOID, a. Lozenge-shaped. Name of a muscle of the shoulder-blade.

RIC´TUS, n. Gape of the mouth.

RIDGE, n. CULMEN (which see). (20.)

RI´MA, n. Outline of a slit-like opening.

RI´MA GLOT´TIDIS, n. Opening of the glottis.

RI´MA ORIS, n. Equivalent to COMMISSURE (which see).

ROS´TRUM, n. Bill; beak; projecting forepart of head of birds; of two jaws, upper and lower, consisting of a frame of certain bones over which is stretched unfeathered skinny or horny membrane, the rhamphotheca. (9.)

ROUND´ED (tail), a. Having the central feathers longest, the rest successively gradually and slightly shorter. A tail is double-rounded when, with central feathers shorter than the next, the rest are graduated as before.

RU´DIMENT, n. A beginning.

RUDIMEN´TARY, a. Undeveloped; imperfectly elaborated; existing only in its beginnings.

RUFF, n. Set of lengthened or otherwise modified or peculiarly colored feathers around the throat or whole neck.

RU´GA, n. Ridge or raised fold; wrinkle.

RUGOSE´ or RU´GOUS, a. Wrinkled.

RUMP, n. UROPYGIUM (which see). (60.)

S.

SAC´RAL, a. Pertaining to the sacrum.

SAC´RUM, n. A compound bone of the spine, composed of several anchylosed vertebræ of the pelvic region, with which the iliac bones are sutured.

SAC´RO-COCCYGE´AL, a. Pertaining to the sacrum considered as comprising also several coccygeal vertebræ.

SAG´ITTATE, a. Arrow-head shaped; an elongated cordate figure with pointed lobes.

SALI´VA, n. Spittle.

SAL´IVARY GLANDS. Organs secreting saliva.

SAL´TATORY, a. Progressing by leaps. Opposed to ambulatory or gradient.

SAN´GUIS, n. Blood.

SAPHE´NA, n. Principal vein of the leg.

SARCOLEM´MA, n. Same as myolemma.

SARTOR´IUS, a. Name of a certain muscle of the leg.

SAUROP´SIDA, n. A primary group of vertebrata, comprising birds and reptiles.

SAURU´RÆ, n. pl. Name of a certain primary group of Aves formed for the reception of the Archæopteryx.

SCAB´ROUS, a. Scabby; scurfy; scaly. Said of a surface roughened as if in such manner.

SCANSO´RIAL, a. Capable of climbing, as a woodpecker.

SCAPHOLUN´AR, n. One of the carpals or wrist-bones.

SCAP´ULA, n. Shoulder-blade.

SCAP´ULAR, a. Pertaining to the shoulder-blade; as, scapular region.

SCAP´ULAR, n. Any feather of a series growing on the pteryla humeralis, in an oblique line across the humerus. Scapulars is generally said, the plural designating these feathers collectively; they are also called scapularies. (80.) The scapulars fill up what would otherwise be an interval between the inner border of the wing and the body. Illiger’s word, parapterum, seems to designate them, but is also used in an entirely different sense.

SCA´PUS, n. Entire stem of a feather; calamus + rachis. (144.)

SCHIZOGNATH´OUS, a. Having the palate bones separated.

SCHIZORHI´NAL, a. Having the nasal bones separated.

SCI´ATIC, n. Same as ischiatic; pertaining to the ischia.

SCIS´SION, n. A cutting apart; fissuration.

SCIS´SOR-SHAPED (tail), a. Deeply forficate.

SCLEROT´IC, n. Dense opaque fibrous membrane forming most of the eyeball.

SCOL´LOPED, a. Lobed. (137.)

SCOLO´PACINE, a. Snipe-like.

SCRO´TUM, n. Bag holding testicles.

SCUTEL´LATE, a. Provided with scutella.

SCUTEL´LATE TARSUS. (110.)

SCUTEL´LUM, n.; pl. scutella. Scale. Any one of the divisions into which the podotheca may be broken up by regular lines of impression; especially such divisions when large and in regular vertical series; various smaller divisions being called reticulations. Scutella occur especially on the anterior face of the tarsus and top of the toes; often also on the back of the tarsus; sometimes they completely encircle the tarsus. When thus large, some ornithologists call them scuta; then using scutella for the smaller irregular reticulations. Scutella are sometimes obsolete. (Commonly, but erroneously, written scutellæ.) (109.)

SCU´TIFORM, a. Scalelike.

SCU´TUM, n.; pl. scuta. See SCUTELLUM.

SEC´ONDARY COV´ERTS. The smaller wing-feathers growing from the forearm and its region, overlying the bases of the secondary quills. (89.)

SEC´ONDARY QUILLS or SEC´ONDARIES. Quills growing upon the forearm.

SEG´MENT, n. A portion specially distinguished. The tarsus is a segment of the leg.

SEGMENTA´TION, n. Division into parts. Particularly applied to a process which takes place in the vitellus or yolk during incubation.

SEL´LA TUR´CICA, n. A certain part of the sphenoid bone.

SE´MEN, n. The male fluid, containing spermatozoa.

SEMI- (in composition). Half.

SEMILU´NAR, a. Crescentic.

SEMIMEMBRANO´SUS, n. A certain muscle of the thigh.

SEM´INAL, a. Pertaining to the male generative fluid.

SEMINIF´EROUS, a. Secreting or conveying semen.

SEMIPAL´MATE, a. Half webbed; having a basal membrane between the front toes not reaching to their ends.

SEM´IPLUME, n. Feather with pennaceous stem and plumulaceous web.

SEMITENDINO´SUS, n. A certain muscle of the thigh.

SE´NILE, a. Aged; pertaining to old age.

SENSE, n. Faculty of apprehending external impressions; as, sense of sight, hearing.

SEN´SORY, a. Relating to the senses.

SEP´TUM, n. A partition. Same as Dissepiment.

SE´ROUS, a. Thin, watery (of fluids).

SER´RATE, a. Toothed, like a saw.

SERRA´TUS, a. for n. A muscle of the trunk.

SE´RUM, n. Watery portion of animal fluids, especially of the blood.

SES´AMOID (bone), n. A small rotund bone situate in the substance of a tendon about a joint.

SES´SILE, a. Seated; i.e. without a stem or peduncle.

SETA´CEOUS, a. Bristly; bristled.

SE´TÆ, n. pl. Bristles.

SE´TIFORM, a. Bristle-like.

SEX´UAL, a. Pertaining to sex.

SEX´US, n. Sex.

SHAFT, n. (146.)

SHANK, n. Properly, the shin or tibial segment of the leg. In case of birds oftener used, but incorrectly, for the tarsus (tarso-metatarsus).

SHIN, n. (98.)

SHOULDER, n. (68.)

SIB´ILANT, a. Hissing.

SIDE-NECK, n. (64.)

SIDE OF TARSUS, n. (105.)

SIDE OF TOES, n. (119.)

SIG´MOID, a. S-shaped. Several parts are so called.

SIGN, SIG´NUM, n. Any character or other arbitrary abbreviation of a word or term.

Prominent among those used in ornithology are: ♂, male; ♀, female; ⚪, juv. young, juvenis; ad., adult; hornot., hornotine; pull., pullus, chick; sen. or sr., senior, senex, old; pt., plumage; nupt. temp., in the breeding season; æst., summer; hyem., winter; vern., spring; aut., autumnal; mus., museum; coll., collection, cabinet; syn., synonym; =, equal to; >, more than; <, less than; +, plus; ×, in a different sense; v., vide, see; cf., confer, consult; i.e. or h.e., that is; l. c., loco citato, in the place just cited; op. cit., the work cited; h. l., hoc loco, here; auct., auctt., author, authors; script., writer; p., page; vol. or t., volume, tome; pl. or tb., plate, tabula; f., or fig., figure; infra, below (reference); supra, above; qu., query; ?, query; !, certainty, from autopsy; err., error; corr., corrigenda; add., addenda; descr., description; id., the same (person); ib. or ibid., there (in the same place); quid? what (may it be)? sc., scilicet, to wit; viz., videlicet, namely; excl., exclusive of; n., nova, novum, new; var., variety; sp., species; gen., genus; fam., family; ord., order; n. sp., n. g., new species, genus. Authors’ names are constantly abbreviated, with the first one, two, or three, or other most characteristic letters.

SINCIP´ITAL, a. Pertaining to the sinciput.

SIN´CIPUT, n. Anterior half of pileus, from bill to vertex. (32.)

SINIS´TRAD, a. Toward the left.

SINISTRAL, a. On the left side.

SI´NUS, n. Name of numerous and various cavities of the body.

SKEL´ETON, n. Sum of the bones of a body. It generally means only the endoskeleton proper, or internal bony framework of the body, as distinguished from exoskeleton or dermoskeleton.

SOLE, n. (106.)

SOLES OF TOES, n. (118.)

SO´LEUS, n. A muscle of the leg.

SPAT´ULATE, a. Spoon-shaped; contracted near the end, where enlarged.

SPE´CIES, n. Aggregate of individuals related by genetic succession without notable change of physical characters.

SPECIF´IC, a. Of, or relating to, a species; as, specific name, specific character.

SPEC´ULUM, n. Mirror; brightly colored area on the secondaries, especially of ducks.

SPERM, n. The secretion of the testicles; same as semen.

SPERMAT´IC, a. Pertaining to semen, or to the organs concerned in its production and emission.

SPERMATOZO´A, n. pl. Essence of the male seed.

SPHE´NOID (bone), n. A compound bone of the skull, constituting much of the second cranial segment.

SPHENOID´AL, n. Relating to the sphenoid.

SPHINC´TER, n. An annular muscle constricting or closing a natural orifice; especially, sphincter ani.

SPI´NAL, a. Relating to the backbone.

SPINA´LIS, a. for n. Name of a certain muscle of the back.

SPINE, n. Backbone. Also, any sharp projecting point of bone or horn.

SPINOSE´ or SPI´NOUS, a. Sometimes said of a mucronate feather.

SPLANCH´NIC, a. Visceral.

SPLANCHNOL´OGY, n. Science or study of the viscera.

SPLEEN, n. A deep red, soft, spongy, ductless and extremely vascular, abdominal organ of uncertain function.

SPLE´NIAL, a. Name of a certain element of the mandible.

SPLE´NIUS, a. for n. A certain cervical muscle.

SPUR, n. (108.)

SPU´RIOUS, a. False; bastard; imperfect; rudimentary.

SPU´RIOUS QUILL, n. The first primary, when rudimentary or very short.

SPU´RIOUS WING, n. Feathers growing on the so-called thumb of birds.

SQUAM´OUS, a. Scaly.

STA´PES, n. One of the auditory ossicles; the stirrup-bone, becoming the columella in Sauropsida.

STEGANOP´ODOUS, a. Having all four toes full-webbed. (141.)

STEL´LATE, a. Starred.

STEM, n. (144.) See SCAPUS.

STER´ILE, a. Unfruitful; infecund; barren; noting the condition of the female corresponding to impotence of the male.

STER´NAL, a. Relating to the breast-bone.

STER´NUM, n. Breast-bone.

STETHIÆ´UM, n. Entire anterior half of a bird. (7.) (Little used.)

STIG´MA, n. See CALYX.

STIP´ULA, n. Newly sprouted feather.

STO´MA, n. Mouth.

STRAG´ULUM, n. Mantle; back and folded wings taken together. Same as pallium. (61.) (Little used.)

STRA´TUM, n. Layer.

STREAK, n. Lengthwise color-mark; not so strong, firm, or large as stripe.

STRI´A, n.; pl. striæ. Stripe; streak.

STRI´ATE, a. Striped; streaked.

STRI´DENT, a. Shrill.

STRIG´INE, a. Owl-like; belonging to the Strigidæ.

STRIPE, n. A long, strong, sharp streak.

STRO´MA, n. Essential texture of any organ.

STRU´THIOUS, a. Ostrich-like.

STY´LOID or STY´LIFORM, a. Shaped like a peg or pin.

SUB- (in composition). Under; less than; not quite; somewhat; slightly so. Sub- diminishes the force, point, or extent of application of a term.

SUB-BA´SAL, a. Near the base.

SUB-CLASS, n. An intermediate group often recognized between class and order, of less taxonomic value than the former.

SUBCLA´VIAN, a. Beneath the clavicle.

SUBFAM´ILY, n. A group between a family and a genus.

SUBGE´NUS, n. A group between a genus and a species. (Often used; of extremely indefinite value.)

SUBMAX´ILLARY, a. or n. Under the jaw. Also, equivalent to inferior maxillary or mandible.

SUBSCAP´ULAR, a. or n. Under the shoulder-blade; name of a muscle.

SUBTYP´ICAL, a. Not quite true to the type; deviating somewhat; slightly aberrant. It expresses a condition between typical and aberrant.

SUB´ULATE, a. Awl-shaped.

SUFFRA´GO, n. The tibio-tarsal joint; the heel-joint. (103.)

SUFFU´SION, n. A “running” shade of color.

SUL´CATE, a. Grooved or channelled.

SUL´CUS, n. A groove or channel.

SU´PER- (in composition). Over; above; beyond; more than. The opposite qualification of sub-.

SUPERCIL´IARY, a. Pertaining to region of eyebrow, as a streak of color over the eye.

SUPERCIL´IUM, n. Eyebrow. (43.)

SUPER-FAM´ILY, n. A group containing one or more families, yet not of ordinal rank.

SUPERFIC´IES, n. The exterior in general.

SUPE´RIOR, a. Lying over, above, or uppermost.

SUPEROCCIP´ITAL, a. for n. The superior element of the occipital bone.

SUPER-OR´DER, n. A group containing one or more orders, yet not of the taxonomic rank of a class. (N. B. Super-genus is a word not yet used.)

SUPINA´TOR, n. Name of a muscle that effects, or tends to effect, the reverse movement of pronation (which see).

SUPRA- (in composition). Same as super-.

SUPRACIL´IARY, a. See SUPRAORBITAL.

SUPRA-OCCIP´ITAL, a. for n. Superior element of the occipital bone.

SUPRAOR´BITAL, a. Situate over the orbit.

SUPRA-RENAL (body), a. for n. See ADRENAL.

SURAN´GULAR, a. Name of a certain element of the mandible.

SUR´SUM. Over; above.

SU´TURE, n. A kind of immovable articulation.

SYM´BOL, n. See SIGN.

SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM (of nerves). That portion of the nervous system not belonging to the cerebro-spinal axis.

SYM´PHYSIS, n. A growing together; as, symphysis pubis, symphysis menti.

SYNARTHRO´SIS, n. Same as suture.

SYNCHONDRO´SIS, n. Cartilaginous union or articulation.

SYNDAC´TYLE or SYNDAC´TYLOUS, a. Having two toes immovably coherent for a considerable distance.

SYNGNE´SIOUS (foot), a. Same as syndactyle foot.

SYN´ONYM, n.; pl. syn´onyms or synon´yma. A different word of the same or similar meaning. Archæopteryx macrurus, Owen, is a synonym of Arch. lithographica, Meyer. Synonym is the converse of homonym, which is the same word, of different meanings. Thus, Sylvicola, Swainson, a bird, is a homonym of Sylvicola, Humphreys, a mollusk. (Also written synonyme.)

SYNON´YMOUS, a. Expressing the same meaning in different terms. (Synonymical is also written, but rarely.) (Also written synonomous.)

SYNON´YMY, n. A collection of synonyms. In this sense, synonymy is a burden and a disgrace to ornithology. Also, in the abstract, expression of the same meaning by different words. (Also written synonomy.)

SYNO´VIA, n. The peculiar glairy fluid which lubricates joints. So, synovial fluid; synovial membrane.

SYN´THESIS, n. Act of putting together this and that fact or observation, whence to deduce a generalization; opposed to analysis. Also, merely composition.

SYRINGE´AL, a. Pertaining to the lower larynx.

SY´RINX, n. The lower larynx, situate at the bottom of the trachea, at the fork of the bronchi. The vocal organ of birds.

SYS´TOLE, n. Contraction of the heart, urging on the blood. Opposed to diastole (which see).

T.

TAC´TILE, a. Pertaining to the sense of touch.

TAIL, n. (69.) See CAUDA.

TAIL-COV´ERTS, n. pl. (71.) See CALYPTERIA.

TAIL-FEATHERS, n. pl. (70.) See RECTRICES.

TA´LUS, n. Same as CALCANEUS (which see).

TAR´SAL, a. Relating to the tarsus, or tarso-metatarsus.

TAR´SO-METATAR´SUS, n. The morphologically correct term for the segment, commonly called the tarsus in descriptive ornithology,—that bone reaching from the tibia to the toes, and which is really nearly all metatarsus, but has at its top one of the small tarsal bones confluent with it, so that in itself it comprehends part of tarsus as well as all of metatarsus.

TAR´SUS, n. The ankle-bones, collectively. In birds, there are no persistently separate tarsal bones, since the two proximal ones are confluent with the extremity of the tibia, forming its so-called malleoli, and the distal one anchyloses with the metatarsus, leaving the tarsal joint between them, as in reptiles, not between the tarsal bones and the tibia, as in mammalia. But, in descriptive ornithology, the whole segment between the tibia and the toes, commonly called the shank, is usually called tarsus. See, also, TARSO-METATARSUS and METATARSUS. (103½.) (N. B. In the foregoing “Explanation,” etc., the word tarsus is defined as used in descriptions, not in its morphologically correct sense.)

TAR´SUS, BACK OF. (106.) See PLANTA TARSI.

TAR´SUS, BOOTED. (111.) See BOOT.

TAXIDER´MY, a. Art of preparing and preserving skins so as to represent the appearance of the living animal.

TAXONOM´IC, a. Classificatory.

TAXON´OMY, n. Classification; rational arrangement according to some scientific principle. Biotaxy.

TEC´TRICES, n. pl. Coverts; the smaller feathers, either of wing or tail, but especially of the former; tail-coverts being calypteria. (72, 73, 83.)

TEC´TRICES ALÆ, n. pl. Wing-coverts.

TEC´TRICES CAUDÆ, n. pl. Tail-coverts.

TEC´TRICES INFERIO´RES, n. pl. Under coverts. (73.)

TEC´TRICES PERVER´SÆ, n. pl. Median upper wing-coverts, of the secondary set.

TEC´TRICES SUPERIO´RES, n. pl. Upper coverts. (72.)

TEG´MINA, n. pl. Same as tectrices.

TEG´UMENT, n. Same as integument.

TELEOLOG´ICAL, a. Relating to teleology.

TELEOL´OGY, n. Doctrine of final causes; science of adaptation of means to ends.

TEM´PLES, n. pl. (44.) See TEMPORA.

TEM´PORA, n. pl. Temples; portion of sides of head between eyes and ears. (Scarcely used.)

TEN´DO or TEN´DON, n. Fibrous cord or band of attachment of muscle to bone or other parts; a “leader.” Tendo achillis, hamstring.

TENUIROS´TRAL, a. Slender-billed.

TERATOL´OGY, n. Science of monsters.

TE´RES or TE´RETE, a. Cylindrical and tapering; fusiform. Also, name of a muscle.

TER´GUM, n. Lower back, between interscapilium and uropygium. (Not well distinguished, and little used.) (59.)

TER´MINAL, a. At the end.

TERMINOLOG´ICAL, a. Relating to terminology.

TERMINOL´OGY, n. Science of calling things by their right names according to some determined principle. Nomenclature.

TER´TIALS, TER´TIARIES, n. pl. Large inner quills of wing growing from humerus or elbow. The two or three longer inner true secondaries (which see) are often incorrectly called tertials, especially when distinguished by size, shape or color from the rest of the secondaries. (76.)

TES´TIS, n.; pl. testes. Testicles; male organs secreting spermatozoa.

TETRADAC´TYLE, a. Four-toed.

THAL´AMUS, n. A certain tract of the brain.

THE´CA, n. Sheath.

THE´NAR, a. Palmar; plantar.

THE´ORY, n. Scientific speculation. Philosophical explanation. Result of inference from established principles.

THERMOG´ENOUS, a. Heat-producing, as all vital processes are.

THIGH, n. Segment of leg between hip and knee. (97.)

THORAC´IC, a. Pertaining to the chest.

THO´RAX, n. The chest; segment of the body enclosed by ribs, sternum, and certain vertebræ, containing heart and lungs.

THROAT, n. See GULA. (52.)

THUMB, n. In birds, the so-called thumb, upon which the alula, or bastard wing, grows, is homologically the index-finger. Penguins lack this segment.

THYROHY´AL, n. An element of the hyoid bone.

THY´ROID, a. Shield-shaped. Name of principal laryngeal cartilage.

THY´ROID CAR´TILAGE. One of those forming the larynx.

TIB´IA, n. Principal and inner bone of leg between knee and heel; the shin-bone.

TIB´IAL, a. Pertaining to the tibia.

TOE, TOES, n. (116.)

TOMIUM, n.; pl. tomia. The cutting edge of the bill. There is a superior or maxillary tomium, and an inferior or mandibular tomium; each is double (i.e. right and left); together they are the tomia, mutually apposed when the mouth is shut.

TOP OF TOES. (117.) See ACRODACTYLUM.

TOR´QUATE, a. Ringed; collared.

TOR´QUES, n. Ring or collar of color or of feathers otherwise distinguished. Lewis’s woodpecker has a cervical torques both in color and texture of the feathers.

TOTIPAL´MATE, a. Having all four toes webbed. Same as steganopodous.

TRACH´EA, n. Windpipe.

TRANSVERSE´, a. Crosswise; in direction at right angle with longitudinal axis of the body.

TREAD (of the cock), n. Cicatriculum; molecule. See YOLK.

TRI- (in composition). Thrice; treble.

TRI´CEPS, n. A certain extensor muscle of wing and leg.

TRIDAC´TYLE, a. Three-toed.

TRIGEM´IMUS, a. for n. A certain cranial nerve.

TRIHE´DRAL, a. Three-sided.

TRIV´IAL, a. Said of a specific name. Opposed to generic.

TROCHAN´TER, n. Prominence at top of femur.

TROCH´LEA, n. A pulley; smooth bony surface over which a tendon plays.

TRUN´CATE, a. Cut squarely off.

TRUN´CUS, n. Trunk; body without its members. (56.)

TUBER´CULUM, n. Tubercle; a little lump or elevation.

TU´NIC, n. Enveloping membrane of various organs.

TU´NICA ALBUGIN´EA, n. Dense whitish membranous investment of the testicles.

TUR´BINAL, a. Scroll-like; name of certain bones of nasal passages.

TYLAR´I, n. pl. Pads under the toes. (123.)

TYM´PANIC (bone), a. for n. Same as OS QUADRATUM (which see).

TYM´PANUM, n. Ear-drum. Also, the naked inflatable air-sacs on the sides of the neck of grouse, an enlargement of the ordinary cervical reservoirs of air which communicate with the bronchi.

TYPE, n. Way; plan; mode. Also, sign or symbol. The type, or typical form, of a group is that which exhibits a given set of characters most perfectly. But the type of a genus is usually the species, if any, from which the generic characters were especially drawn up, without reference to such qualification; while, furthermore, the type of a species, in current acceptation, is merely the specimen from which the species was originally described, even though it may very inadequately represent such species.

TYP´ICAL, a. Of most usual structure; adhering strictly to a given plan of structure. (But compare TYPE.)

U.

UL´NA, n. Inner or posterior bone of forearm.

UL´NAR, a. Pertaining to the ulna.

UMBIL´ICAL, a. Relating to the umbilicus.

UMBIL´ICATE, a. Pitted, as if with an umbilicus.

UMBILI´CUS, n. Navel. Pitted scar, indicating point of entrance of placental vessels into the fœtus. Also, any similar pit or depression, as that on the scape of a feather at junction of rhachis and calamus.

UNARMED TOE. Toe bearing no claw. See DIGITUS MUTICUS. (133.)

UN´CIFORM, a. Hooked.

UNDER JAW. See MANDIBULUM.

UNDER PARTS. See GASTRÆUM.

UNDER TAIL-COVERTS. (13.) See CRISSUM.

UNDER WING-COVERTS. (84.) See TECTRICES.

UNDULA´TION, n. Wavy color-marks.

UNGUIC´ULATE, a. Clawed.

UNGUIS, n.; pl. ungues. Claw.

UNIP´AROUS, a. Producing but one young. Same as monotokous.

UPPER BACK. (58.) See INTERSCAPILIUM.

UPPER JAW. (10.) See MAXILLA.

UPPER PARTS. (5.) See NOTÆUM.

UPPER TAIL-COVERTS. (72.) See CALYPTERIA.

UPPER WING-COVERTS. (84.) See TECTRICES.

URÆ´UM, n. Hinder half of a bird. (8.) (Little used.)

URE´A, n. A certain component of urine.

URE´TER, n. Tube conveying urine from kidney to cloaca.

URE´THRA, n. Groove in penis for direction of the discharge.

U´RINARY BLADDER, n. A certain compartment of the cloaca, in some birds, is so named.

U´RINE, n. Liquid excretion of the kidneys, in birds voided more or less mixed with the fæces.

URO-GEN´ITAL or GEN´ITO-U´RINARY, a. Said of organs common to the two offices implied in the words, or of such organs regarded as associate parts.

UROHY´AL, n. Median backward process of the hyoid bone.

UROPYG´IUM, n. Rump. (60.)

U´TERUS, n. Womb. Wanting in birds; but a lower tract of the oviduct where the eggshell is formed has been loosely so called.

V.

VACU´ITY, n. Deficiency in a part; as, a vacuity in the bony palate.

VAGI´NA, n. Any sheath, in general. Particularly, the female sexual passage. In birds the lowermost tract of the oviduct is sometimes loosely so called.

VANE, n. (151.) See VEXILLUM.

VARIETY, n. A nascent species. Practically, the term designates a set of objects incompletely distinguished from others of the same species, by reason of slightness of the difference, or presence of connecting links.

VAS´CULAR, a. Permeated with blood vessels. Also equivalent to circulatory; as, the vascular system.

VAS DEF´ERENS, n. Tube conveying semen from testes to cloaca.

VAS´TUS, a. for n. A certain muscle of the thigh.

VEIN, n. Vessel conveying blood from the capillaries to the heart. Artery carries blood from the heart.

VE´NÆ CA´VÆ, n. pl. Large veins pouring blood from the system into the heart.

VE´NOUS, a. Pertaining to a vein; as, venous blood, the venous system.

VEN´TER, n. Lower belly. (Not well distinguished from abdomen, and little used.) (65.)

VEN´TRAD, a. Towards the belly.

VEN´TRAL, a. Pertaining to the belly.

VEN´TRICLE, n. Chamber of the heart, right or left, whence issue the pulmonary arteries and the aorta. Compare AURICLE. Also, a cavity of the cerebrum.

VEN´TRICOUS, a. Swollen; bulbous.

VENTRIC´ULUS BULBO´SUS, n. Same as gigerium.

VENTRIC´ULUS SUCCENTURIA´TUS, n. Same as proventriculus.

VERMICULA´TION, n. Very fine crosswise marking.

VER´MIFORM, a. Shaped like a worm; as, a woodpecker’s tongue. LUMBRICIFORM is the same.

VER´NAL, a. Relating to the spring.

VERRU´COUS, a. Warty.

VER´SATILE, n. Reversible; susceptible of turning either way.

VERTEBRA, n.; pl. vertebræ. Any bone of the spine; any one of the backbones.

VER´TEBRAL, a. Pertaining to the backbone.

VERTEBRARTE´RIAL (canal), a. for n. Passage for an artery through several cervical vertebræ.

VER´TEBRATE, a. Having a backbone; also, used substantively for an animal with a backbone.

VER´TEX, n. Crown; highest central portion of pileus.

VESCIC´ULA SEMINA´LIS, n. A structure, imperfect or wanting in birds, for storage of semen.

VESTI´TUS, a. or n. Clothed, i.e. feathered. Clothing, i.e. plumage; as, vestitus nuptialis, breeding plumage.

VEXIL´LUM, n. Rhachis and web of a feather taken together; all of a feather excepting calamus.

VIBRIS´SA, n.; pl. vibrissæ. Bristly or bristle-tipped feather about the mouth of a bird.

VIC´TUS, n. Food; diet.

VIL´LI, n. pl. Soft papulous projections of membrane.

VIS´CERAL, a. Pertaining to the viscera.

VIS´CUS, n.; pl. viscera. Any interior organ of the body, but especially of the digestive system. The stomach is a viscus; the intestines are viscera.

VI´SUS, n. Vision; eyesight.

VI´TELLINE, a. Pertaining to the vitellus.

VI´TELLINE MEM´BRANE, n. An envelope of the vitellus.

VITEL´LUS, n. YOLK (which see).

VIT´REOUS, a. Glassy; said of the humor in the back chamber of the eye.

VIT´TA, n. Broad band of color.

VO´MER, n. A bone of the skull, lying at the base, in the median line, in advance of the sphenoid. Also, the peculiarly shaped and enlarged last bone of the tail, or pygostyle.

W.

WASHED, a. As if overlaid with a thin layer of different color.

WAT´TLE, n. A naked, fleshy, and usually wrinkled and highly colored skin hanging from the chin or throat, as in the cock and turkey.

WEB, n. The vane of a feather, on either side of the rhachis.

WEDGE-SHAPED, a. See CUNEATE.

WHIS´KERED, a. Having lengthened or bristly feathers on the cheeks.

WING, n. (73.) See ALA.

WING, BEND OF. (77.) See FLEXURA.

WING-COVERTS, n. pl. (83.) See TECTRICES.

WOLFF´IAN BODIES, n. Certain organs of the embryo associated with the uro-genitals.

X.

XI´PHOID, a. or n. Sword-shaped. Posterior prolongation of the sternum.

Y.

YOLK or YELK, n. “Yellow” of an egg; a soft, opaque, yellow globular mass, enveloped in a proper membrane (the vitelline) and suspended in the white by the chalazæ. It has a central cavity full of a clear substance, furnished with a duct leading to a mass of cells termed proligerous disc; adhering to its surface is the cicatriculum, or “tread,” which becomes the embryo.

Z.

ZO´NA PELLU´CIDA, n. Consolidated membranous envelope of the primitive ovum.

ZOÖLOGY, n. Natural history of animals, of which ornithology is one department.

ZYGAPOPH´YSIS, a. Articular process of a vertebra.

ZYGODAC´TYLE, a. Yoke-toed; having the toes in pairs, two before and two behind.

ZYGO´MA, n. Malar bone and its connections.

ZYGOMAT´IC, a. Pertaining to the malar bone.

INDEXES.

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.

Ani, II. 488.

Bee Martin, II. 316. Bird of Paradise (Texas), II. 311. Birds of Prey, III. 1. Blackbird, Brewer’s, II. 206. Cow, II. 154. Crimson-shouldered, II. 163. Crow, II. 214. Red and White shouldered, II. 165. Redwing, II. 159. Rusty, II. 203. Savanna, II. 488. Swamp, II. 159. White-winged, II. 61. Yellow-headed, II. 167. Black Warrior, III. 292. Bluebird, Eastern, I. 62. California, I. 65. Rocky Mountain, I. 67. Bobolink, II. 149. Bob-White, III. 468. Bull-Bat, II. 401. Bullfinch, Cassin’s, I. 457. Bunting, Arctic, II. 119. Baird’s, I. 531. Bay-winged, I. 545. Black-crowned, I. 573. Black-throated, II. 65. Blue, II. 82. Cañon, II. 125. Chestnut-collared, I. 520. Green-tailed, II. 131. Henslow’s, I. 550. Indigo, II. 82. Lark, II. 61. Leconte’s, I. 552. Long-clawed, II. 113. Maccown’s, I. 523. Painted, II. 87. Seaside, I. 560. Sharp-tailed, I. 557. Smith’s, I. 518. Townsend’s, II. 68. Varied, II. 86. Western Yellow-winged, I. 556. Yellow-winged, I. 553. Burion, I. 465, 466, 468. Bush-Titmouse, Black-eared, I. 108. Lead-colored, I. 110. Least, I. 109. Yellow-headed, I. 112. Butcher-Bird, I. 415. Buzzard, Harris’s, III. 250. Turkey, III.

Cardinal, Cape, II. 103. Grosbeak, II. 100. Texas, II. 95. Catbird, I. 52. Cedar-Bird, I. 401. Chacalacca, Texas, III. 398. Chaparral Cock, II. 472. Chat, Long-tailed, I. 309. Yellow-breasted, I. 390. Chatterer, Bohemian, I. 396. Chewink, II. 109. Florida, II. 112. White-eyed, II. 112. Chickadee, Brown-capped, I. 105. Chestnut-backed, I. 104. Eastern, I. 96. Hudson’s Bay, I. 105. Long-tailed, I. 99. Mountain, I. 95. Southern, I. 102. Western, I. 101. White-browed, I. 95. Chippy, II. 7. Chuck-Will’s Widow, II. 410. Cock of the Plains, III. 429. Condor, California, III. 338. Cowbird, II. 154. Creepers, I. 124, 425. Creeper, Bahama, I. 428. Brown, I. 125. Mexican, I. 128. Crossbill, Mexican, I. 488. Red, I. 484. White-winged, I. 488. Crow, Carrion, III. 351. Clarke’s, II. 255. Common, II. 243. Fish, II. 251. Florida, II. 247. Northwestern Fish, II. 248. White-necked, II. 242. Cuckoos, II. 470. Cuckoo, Black-billed, II. 484. Mangrove, II. 482. Yellow-billed, II. 477. Curassows, III. 397.

Dipper, American, I. 56. Dove, Carolina, or Common, III. 383. Ground, III. 389. Red-billed, III. 363. Scaly, III. 387. White-winged, III. 376. Zenaida, III. 379.

Eagle, American, III. 326. Bald, III. 326. Caracara, III. 178. Golden, III. 314. Ring-tailed, III. 314. Emerald, Linnæus’s, II. 468.

Falcons, III. 103. Falcon, American Peregrine, III. 132. Aplomado, III. 155. Black Peregrine, III. 137. Prairie, III. 123. Finches, I. 466. Finch, Black-faced, II. 93. Blanding’s, II. 131. California Purple, I. 465. Cañon, II. 122. Cassin’s Purple, I. 460. Crimson-fronted, I. 465, 466. Eastern Purple, I. 462. Gray-cheeked, I. 507. Gray-crowned, I. 504. Gray-eared, I. 508. Hepburn’s, I. 507. Lazuli, II. 84. Lincoln’s, II. 31. Mountain, II. 3. Painted, II. 87. Summer, II. 39. Yellow-throated, II. 65. Flicker, II. 575. Cape, II. 583. Hybrid, II. 582. Red-shafted, II. 578. Flycatcher, Arkansas, II. 324. Ash-throated, II. 337. Buff-breasted Least, II. 386. Canada, I. 320. Cassin’s, II. 327. Crested, II. 334. Fork-tailed, II. 309. Great-crested, II. 334. Green Black-capped, I. 317. Hammond’s, II. 383. Least, II. 372. Little, II. 366. Mexican Olive-sided, II. 356. Olive-sided, II. 353. Red, II. 387. Shining-crested, I. 405. Small-headed, I. 316. Small Green-crested, II. 374. Swallow-tail, II. 311. Traill’s, II. 369. Western Yellow-bellied, II. 380. Wright’s, II. 381. Yellow-bellied, II. 378.

Gerfalcon, Black, III. 117. Iceland, III. 113. McFarlane’s, III. 115. White, III. 111. Gnatcatcher, Arizona, I. 80. Black-capped, I. 81. Blue-gray, I. 78. Eastern, I. 78. Lead-colored, I. 80. Goatsuckers, II. 398. Goatsucker, Long-winged, II. 401. Short-winged, II. 410. Goldfinch, Arizona, I. 476. Arkansas, I. 474. Black, I. 478. Lawrence’s, I. 478. Mexican, I. 478. Pine, I. 480. Rocky Mountain, I. 474. Goshawk, American, III. 237. Grakle, Boat-tailed, II. 222. Bronzed, II. 218. Florida, II. 221. Great-tailed, II. 225. Purple, II. 215. Greenlet, Florida, I. 360. Philadelphia, I. 367. Red-eyed, I. 363. Warbling, I. 368. Western Warbling, I. 371. Grosbeak, Black-headed, II. 73. Blue, II. 77. Evening, I. 449. Pine, I. 453. Rose-breasted, II. 70. Ground-Tits, I. 83, 84. Grouse, III. 414. Canada, III. 416. Dusky, III. 422. Franklin’s, III. 419. Oregon, III. 454. Oregon Dusky, III. 425. Pinnated, III. 440. Richardson’s Dusky, III. 427. Ruffled, III. 448. Sharp-tailed, III. 434. Shoulder-knot, III. 448. Spotted, III. 416. Willow, III. 457. Gyrfalcon. See Gerfalcon.

Hang-Nest, II. 195. Harrier, American, III. 214. Hawk, American Sparrow, III. 169. Baird’s, III. 263. Band-tail, III. 272. Black, III. 304. Broad-winged, III. 259. California Squirrel, III. 300. Cooper’s, III. 230. Cooper’s Red-tailed, III. 295. Duck, III. 132. Fish, III. 184. Gruber’s, III. 254. Harlan’s, III. 292. Marsh, III. 214. Mexican, III. 246. Mexican Blue-backed, III. 231. Pigeon, III. 144. Red-bellied, III. 277. Red-shouldered, III. 275. Red-tailed, III. 281. Rough-legged, III. 304. Sharp-shinned, III. 224. Sharp-winged, III. 266. Swainson’s, III. 263. Swallow-tailed, III. 192. Heathcock, Black-spotted, III. 416. High-Holder, II. 575. Hoot-Owl, III. 34. House-Finch, California, I. 468. Hummer, Ruffed, II. 457. Humming-Birds, II. 437. Humming-Bird, Anna, II. 454. Black-chinned, II. 450. Broad-tailed, II. 462. Calliope, II. 445. Costa’s, II. 457. Heloisa’s, II. 465. Ruby-throated, II. 448. Rufous-backed, II. 459. Xantus’s, II. 467.

Indigo-Bird, II. 82.

Jackdaw, II. 222. Jay, Alaskan Gray, II. 302. Blue, II. 273. Brown, II. 304. California, II. 288. Canada, II. 299. Florida, II. 285. Green, II. 295. Long-crested, II. 281. Maximilian’s, II. 260. Rocky Mountain Gray, II. 302. Sierra, II. 279. Steller’s, II. 277. Ultramarine, II. 293. Woodhouse’s, II. 291.

Kestrel, American, III. 169. Kingbird, II. 316. Couch’s, II. 329. Gray, II. 319. King-Buzzard, III. 178. Kingfishers, II. 391. Kingfisher, Belted, II. 392. Green, II. 396. Texas, II. 396. Kinglet, Cuvier’s, I. 75. Golden-crowned, I. 73. Ruby-crowned, I. 75. Kite, Black-shouldered, III. 198. Blue, III. 203. Everglade, III. 203. Fork-tailed, III. 192. Hook-bill, III. 203. Mississippi, III. 203. White-tailed, III. 198.

Lanner, American, III. 123. Lark, Meadow, II. 174. Old Field, II. 174. Western, II. 176. Linnet, Brewster’s, I. 501. House, I. 465. Red-headed, I. 468. Log-Cock, II. 550. Loggerhead, I. 418. Western, I. 421. Longspur, Black-bellied, I. 520. Black-shouldered, I. 521. Chestnut-shouldered, I. 523. Lapland, I. 515. Painted, I. 518.

Magpie, II. 266. Yellow-billed, II. 270. Martin, Cuban, I. 332. Purple, I. 329. Sand, I. 353. Marsh-Wren, Long-billed, I. 161. Short-billed, I. 159. Merlin, American, III. 144. Black, III. 147. Richardson’s, III. 148. Mocking-Bird, I. 49. Moose-Bird, II. 299.

Night-Hawk, II. 401. Texas, II. 406. Western, II. 404. Nonpareil, II. 87. Nuthatch, Brown-headed, I. 122. Pygmy, I. 120. Red-bellied, I. 118. Slender-billed, I. 117. White-bellied, I. 114.

Orioles, II. 147. Oriole, Audubon’s, II. 186. Baltimore, II. 195. Bullock’s, II. 199. Hooded, II. 193. Orchard, II. 190. Red-winged, II. 159. Scott’s, II. 188. Osprey, American, III. 184. Owls, III. 4. Owl, American Barn, III. 13. American Hawk, III. 75. American Snowy, III. 70. American Sparrow, III. 40. Barred, III. 34. Burrowing, III. 90. California Pygmy, III. 81. Feilner’s, III. 58. Great Gray, III. 30. Great Horned, III. 62. Kennicott’s, III. 53. Kirtland’s, III. 43. Lesser-horned, III. 18. Little Red, III. 49. Long-eared, III. 18. Marsh, III. 22. Mottled, III. 49. Red-tailed, III. 85. Richardson’s, III. 40. Saw-whet, III. 43. Short-eared, III. 22. Spotted, III. 38. Western-barred, III. 38. Western Great-horned, III. 64. Western-mottled, III. 52. White-fronted, III. 43. Whitney’s, III. 87.

Paisano, II. 472. Parakeet, II. 587. Parrots, II. 585. Parrot, Carolina, II. 587. Illinois, II. 587. Orange-headed, II. 587. Partridge, III. 448, 466, 468. Massena, III. 492. Mountain, III. 453. Plumed, III. 475. Scaled or Blue, III. 487. Spruce, III. 416. Pewee, II. 343. Black, II. 340. Say’s, II. 347. Short-legged, II. 360. Western Wood, II. 360. Wood, II. 357. Pheasant, III. 448. Phœbe-Bird, II. 343. Pigeons, III. 357. Pigeon, Band-tailed, III. 360. Blue-headed, III. 395. Key West, III. 393. Passenger, III. 368. White-headed, III. 363. Wild, III. 368. Pipit, American, I. 171. European, I. 173. Sprague’s, I. 175. Poor-Will, II. 417. Prairie-Chicken, III. 440. Prairie-Hen, III. 440. Texas, III. 446. Ptarmigan, White, III. 457. Rock, III. 462. White-tailed, III. 464.

Quail, III. 468. California, III. 479. Gambel’s, III. 482. Mountain, III. 475.

Raven, American, II. 234. Redbird, II. 100. Summer, I. 441. Redbreast, American, I. 25. Red-Poll, Lesser, I. 493. Mealy, I. 498. Redstart, American, I. 322. Red-Tail, Eastern, III. 282. St. Lucas, III. 285. White-bellied, III. 284. Reedbird, II. 149. Ricebird, II. 149. Road-Runner, II. 472. Robins, I. 25. Robin, Cape St. Lucas, I. 27. Golden, II. 195. Ground, II. 109. Oregon, I. 29. Oregon Ground, II. 116.

Sage-Cock, III. 429. Sapsucker, Larger, II. 503. Lesser, II. 509. Scissor-Tail, II. 311. Screech-Owl, III. 49. Sea-Eagle, Gray, III. 324. Seed-Eater, Little, II. 91. Sharp-Tail, Columbia, III. 436. Shore-Lark, II. 141. Shrikes, I. 412. Shrike, Great Northern, I. 415. Southern, I. 418. White-rumped, I. 421. White-winged, I. 420. Skylark, II. 136. Missouri, I. 175. Snowbirds, I. 580. Snowbird, Oregon, I. 584. Red-backed, I. 587. White-winged, I. 584. Snow-Bunting, I. 512. Solitaire, Townsend’s, I. 409. Sparrows, I. 528. Sparrow, Arizona, II. 41. Artemisia, I. 594. Bachman’s, II. 39. Bell’s, I. 593. Black-chinned, II. 15. Black-hooded, I. 577. Black-throated, I. 590. Brewer’s, II. 13. California Shore, I. 539. Cassin’s, II. 42. Chipping, II. 7. Clay-colored, II. 11. Field, II. 5. Fox-colored, II. 50. Golden-crowned, I. 573. Grass, I. 545. Harris’s, I. 577. Heermann’s Song, II. 24. House, I. 525. Ipswich, I. 540. Kodiak Song, II. 30. Lark, I. 562. Little Brown, II. 5. Northwest Savanna, I. 538. Oregon Song, II. 27. Rufous-crowned, II. 45. Rusty Song, II. 29. St. Lucas, I. 544. Samuel’s Song, II. 26. San Diego, I. 542. Savanna, I. 534. Song, II. 19. Swamp, II. 34. Texas, II. 47. Thick-billed, II. 57. Townsend’s, II. 53. Tree, II. 3. Western Chipping, II. 11. Western Savanna, I. 537. Western Song, II. 22. Western White-crowned, I. 569. White-crowned, I. 566. White-throated, I. 574. Starlings, II. 228. Starling, II. 229. Swallows, I. 326. Swallow, Aculeated, II. 432. Bank, I. 353. Barn, I. 339. Chimney, II. 432. Cliff, I. 334. Eave, I. 334. Rough-winged, I. 350. Violet-green, I. 347. White-bellied, I. 344. Swifts, II. 421. Swift, Black, II. 429. Oregon Chimney, II. 435. White-throated, II. 424.

Tanagers, I. 431. Tanager, Louisiana, I. 437. Scarlet, I. 435. Thistle-Bird, I. 471. Thrasher, Brown, I. 37. California, I. 45. Cape St. Lucas, I. 40. Gray Curve-Bill, I. 41. Leconte’s, I. 44. Palmer’s, I. 43. Red-vented, I. 47. Sage, I. 32. Texas, I. 39. Thrushes, I. 1. Thrush, Alice’s, I. 11. Dwarf Hermit, I. 20. Golden-crowned, I. 280. Gray-cheeked, I. 11. Hermit, I. 18. Louisiana Water, I. 287. Rocky Mountain Hermit, I. 21. Olive-backed, I. 14. Oregon, I. 16. Red-wing, I. 23. Rufous-tailed, I. 18. Small-billed Water, I. 283. Swainson’s, I. 14. Tawny, I. 9. Varied, I. 29. Wilson’s, I. 9. Wood, I. 7. Titlark, I. 171. Titmice, I. 86. Titmouse, Black-capped, I. 96. Black-fronted, I. 87. Black-tufted, I. 90. California, I. 91. Gray-tufted, I. 91. Striped-headed, I. 93. Texas, I. 90. Tufted, I. 87. Wollweber’s, I. 93. Towhees, II. 109. Towhee, Abert’s, II. 128. Brown, II. 122. Cape, II. 127. Troupial, II. 184. Turkey-Buzzard, III. 344. Turkeys, III. 402. Turkey, Mexican, III. 410. Wild, III. 404. Tyrant Flycatchers, II. 306.

Vireo, Arizona, I. 393. Bell’s, I. 389. Black-capped, I. 383. Blue-headed, I. 373. Cassin’s, I. 376. Hutton’s, I. 387. Lead-colored, I. 377. Least, I. 391. White-eyed, I. 385. Yellow-green, I. 366. Yellow-throated, I. 379. Vultures, III. 335, 338. Vulture, Black, III. 351. Red-headed, III. 344.

Wagler, I. 578. Wagtails, I. 164. Wagtail, White, I. 165. Yellow, I. 167. Warblers, I. 177. Warbler, Alaska Willow, I. 70. Arizona, I. 243. Audubon’s, I. 229. Bachman’s, I. 194. Bay-breasted, I. 251. Black and White, I. 180. Black and Yellow, I. 232. Blackburnian, I. 237. Black-masked Ground, I. 297. Black-Poll, I. 248. Black-throated Blue, I. 254. Black-throated Gray, I. 258. Black-throated Green, I. 261. Blue Mountain, I. 271. Blue-winged Yellow, I. 195. Blue Yellow-backed, I. 208. Cærulean, I. 235. Cape May, I. 212. Carbonated, I. 214. Chestnut-sided, I. 245. Connecticut, I. 290. Creeping, I. 180. Golden Swamp, I. 184. Golden-winged, I. 192. Hooded, I. 314. Kentucky, I. 293. Kirtland’s, I. 272. Lucy’s, I. 200. Macgillivray’s Ground, I. 303. Maryland Yellow-throat, I. 297. Mourning, I. 301. Myrtle, I. 227. Nashville, I. 196. Olive-headed, I. 258. Orange-crowned, I. 202. Orange-throated, I. 237. Pacific Orange-crowned, I. 204. Pine-creeping, I. 268. Prairie, I. 276. Prothonotary, I. 184. Rocky Mountain, I. 199. Swainson’s Swamp, I. 190. Tennessee, I. 205. Townsend’s, I. 265. Virginia’s, I. 199. Western, I. 266. Western Yellow-rump, I. 229. White-throated Blue, I. 235. Worm-eating Swamp, I. 187. Yellow Red-poll, I. 273. Yellow-rump, I. 227. Yellow-throated Gray, I. 240. Water Ouzel, I. 56. Waxwing, Northern, I. 396. Southern, I. 401. Wheat-Ear, I. 60. Whippoorwill, II. 413. Nuttall’s, II. 417. Whiskey-Jack, II. 299. Woodcock, Black, II. 550. Woodpecker, Black-backed Three-toed, II. 530. Brown-headed, II. 547. California, II. 566. Cape, II. 519. Downy, II. 509. Gairdner’s, II. 512. Gila, II. 558. Hairy, II. 503. Harris’s, II. 507. Ivory-billed, II. 496. Ladder-backed, II. 515. Lewis’s, II. 561. Narrow-fronted, II. 573. Nuttall’s, II. 521. Pileated, II. 550. Red-bellied, II. 554. Red-breasted, II. 544. Red-cockaded, II. 524. Red-headed, II. 564. Red-naped, II. 542. White-backed, Three-toed, II. 532. White-headed, II. 526. White-rumped, II. 564. Williamson’s, II. 545. Yellow-bellied, II. 539, 557. Yellow-shafted, II. 575. Wrens, I. 130. Wren, Alaska, I. 157. Berlandier’s, I. 144. Bewick’s, I. 145. Cactus, I. 132. Cañon, I. 139. Cape Cactus, I. 133. Great Carolina, I. 142. House, I. 149. Long-tailed House, I. 145. Parkman’s, I. 153. Rock, I. 135. Western Wood, I. 153. White-throated Rock, I. 139. Winter, I. 155. Wood, I. 149. Tit, I. 84.

Yellow-Bird, I. 471. Summer, I. 222.

INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Aburria, III. 397. Acanthis, I. 491. canescens, I. 498. holbölli, I. 493. Acanthylis, II. 431. pelagica, II. 432. vauxi, II. 435. Accipiter, III. 220, 222. æsalon, III. 142. ardosiacus, III. 225. carolinensis, III. 169. cauda furcata, III. 192. cooperi, III. 220, 222, 230. dominicensis, III. 167. falco freti hudsonis, III. 111. falco islandicus, III. 113. falco maculatus, III. 132. falco niger, III. 137. falco piscator antillarum, III. 184. falco piscator carolinensis, III. 184. fringillarius, III. 222. fringilloides, III. 225. fuscus, III. 224, 225. gyrfalco, III. 111. lithofalco, III. 142. mexicanus, III. 231. milvus carolinensis, III. 192. minor, III. 169. palumbarius, III. 144. pennsylvanicus, III. 225. pileatus, III. 230. piscatorius, III. 184. ruficaudus, III. 282. trinotatus, III. 220, 222. velox, III. 225. Aëtos, III. 312. Ægiothus, I. 448, 491. brewsteri, I. 493, 501. canescens, I. 493, 498. exilipes, I. 493. flavirostris, I. 493. fuscescens, I. 493. holbölli, I. 493. linarius, I. 493. rostratus, I. 493. Ægithaliscus, I. 107. melanotis, I. 108. flaviceps, I. 111, 112. Ægolius, III. 17. Æsalon, III. 107, 142. columbarius, III. 144. lithofalco, III. 142. Agelainæ, II. 147, 148. Agelaius, II. 148, 158. assimilis, II. 159. bullocki, II. 199. gubernator, II. 159, 163. icterocephalus, II. 167. longipes, II. 167. phœniceus, II. 158, 159. tricolor, II. 159, 165. xanthocephalus, II. 167. Agrodoma spraguei, I. 175. Alauda, II. 135; III. 519. agrestis, II. 136. alpestris, II. 139, 143. arvensis, II. 136. cælipeta, II. 136. chrysolæma, II. 144. cornuta, II. 143. italica, II. 136. ludoviciana, I. 171. magna, II. 171, 174. minor, II. 144. montana, II. 136. pennsylvanica, I. 171. pratensis, I. 173. rubra, I. 171. rufa, I. 164, 170, 171; II. 144. segetum, II. 136. spraguei, I. 174, 175. vulgaris, II. 136. Alaudidæ, I. 164, 431; II. 135. Alcedinidæ, II. 391. Alcedo alcyon, II. 391, 392. americana, II. 396. cabanisi, II. 396. guacu, II. 392. jaguacate, II. 392. rudis, II. 391. viridis, II. 396. Amazilia xantusi, II. 467. Ammodromus, I. 529, 556. Ammodromus bachmani, II. 39. caudacutus, I. 557. macgillivrayi, I. 560. maritimus, I. 560; III. 515. palustris, II. 34. rostratus, I. 542. ruficeps, II. 45. samuelis, II. 26. Ampelidæ, I. 3, 356, 395, 431. Ampelinæ, I. 395. Ampelis, I. 395. americana, I. 401. cedrorum, I. 396, 401. garrulus, I. 396, 401. phœnicopterurn, I. 396. sialis, I. 63. Angusticolles, II. 492. Anorthura, I. 131, 149. Antenor, III. 105. Anthinæ, I. 164, 169. Anthus, I. 149, 170. aquaticus, I. 171. bogotensis, I. 164, 170. l’herminieri, I. 284. ludovicianus, I. 170, 171, 175, 286; III. 509. pennsylvanica, I. 171. pipiens, I. 171. pratensis, I. 170, 173. reinhardti, I. 171. rubens, I. 171. rufus, I. 170. spinoletta, I. 171. spraguei, I. 175. Antrostomus, II. 399, 400, 408. Antrostomus carolinensis, II. 409, 410; III. 523. cubanensis, II. 409. macromystax, II. 409. nuttalli, II. 409, 417. vociferus, II. 409, 413. Aphelocoma, II. 282. californica, II. 288. crissoleucus, II. 529. floridana, II. 285. Apternus, II. 528. americanus, II. 532. arcticus, II. 530. hirsutus, II. 532. kamtchatkensis, II. 529. tridactylus, II. 529. Aquila, III. 105, 312. albicilla, III. 324. americana, III. 184. canadensis, III. 313, 314. chrysaëtus, III. 313. fulva, III. 314. haliætus, III. 183. leucocephala, III. 324, 326. melanaëtus, III. 314. nobilis, III. 314. ossifraga, III. 324. piscatrix, III. 184. regia, III. 314. valeria, III. 313. Archibuteo, III. 105, 297. ferrugineus, III. 298, 300. lagopus, III. 298. regalis, III. 300. sancti-johannis, III. 299, 304. Argyrtria maculata, II. 468. Asio, III. 17. brachyotus, III. 22. bubo virginianus, III. 62. crassirostris, III. 61. galopagoensis, III. 23. hypogæa, III. 25. macrorhyncha, III. 61. mexicana, III. 61. nævia, III. 49. otus, III. 17. peregrinator, III. 18. scops carolinensis, III. 49. Astragalinus mexicanus, I. 478. tristis, I. 471. Astur, III. 220, 236. atricapillus, III. 237. borealis, III. 282. cinerea, III. 245, 246. cooperi, III. 230. fuscus, III. 224, 275. hyemalis, III. 275. latissimus, III. 259. palumbarius, III. 236, 237. pennsylvanicus, III. 225, 259. plagiata, III. 245, 246. striolatus, III. 245. unicinctus, III. 249. velox, III. 225. Asturina, III. 105, 244. nitida, III. 245. Asyndesmus, II. 559. torquatus, II. 561. Athene cunicularia, III. 90. ferruginea, III. 85. gnoma, III. 81. hypogæa, III. 90. nana, III. 85. noctua, III. 97. phalænoides, III. 43. socialis, III. 90. whitneyi, III. 86, 87. wilsoni, III. 43. Attagen rupestris, III. 462. Atthis, II. 438, 439, 464. anna, II. 454. heloisæ, II. 445. Aulanax, II. 339. fuscus, II. 343. nigricans, II. 340. sayus, II. 347. Auriparus, I. 86, 111. flaviceps, I. 112.

Balbusardus, III. 182. Basileuterus belli, I. 313. culicivorus, I. 312. Bathmidurus major, II. 306. Bidens aurantius, III. 129. dominicensis, III. 166. sparverius, III. 166. Blacicus pallidus, II. 351. Blagrus, III. 320. Bæolophus, I. 86, 87. bicolor, I. 87. Bombycilla americana, I. 401. carolinensis, I. 401. cedrorum, I. 401. phœnicopterum, I. 396. Bonasa, III. 414, 446. cupido, III. 440. sabini, III. 447, 454. sylvestris, III. 446. umbelloides, III. 447, 453. umbellus, III. 446, 448. Brachyotus, III. 5, 17, 18. americanus, III. 23. cassini (plate.), III. 23, 102. galopagoensis, III. 23. palustris, III. 22. Bubo, III. 6, 60. albifrons, III. 43. arcticus, III. 60, 64. asio, III. 49. clamator, III. 61. crassirostris, III. 61. ludovicianus, III. 62. magellanicus, III. 61, 64. maximus, III. 60. mexicanus, III. 60, 61. otus, III. 17. pacificus, III. 61, 65. pinicola, III. 62. subarcticus, III. 64. virginianus (plate), III. 60, 62, 64, 65, 98, 99, 100, 101. virginianus arcticus, III. 64. virginianus atlanticus, III. 62. virginianus pacificus, III. 64, 65. Budytes, I. 164, 167. flava, I. 167, 168. Butaëtes, III. 297. lagopus, III. 299. sancti-johannis, III. 304. Butaquila, III. 297. strophiata, III. 297. Buteo, III. 105, 254. albicaudatus, III. 266. albonotatus, III. 272. americanus, III. 282. ater, III. 304. bairdi, III. 263. borealis, III. 257, 281, 282. calurus, III. 258, 292. cenchris, III. 203. cinereus, III. 263. cooperi, III. 258, 275, 295. costaricensis, III. 285. elegans, III. 257, 277. ferrugineocaudus, III. 282. fuliginosus, III. 266. fulvus, III. 282. fuscus, III. 275. gallinivorus, III. 282. galapagoensis, III. 254. gutturalis, III. 263. hamatus, III. 209. harlani, III. 258, 292. harrisi, III. 250. hyemalis, III. 275. insignatus, III. 263. krideri, III. 258, 284. lagopus, III. 299, 304. leverianus, III. 282. lineatus, III. 257, 275. lucasanus, III. 285. montanus, III. 263. niger, III. 304. oxypterus, III. 256, 266. pennsylvanicus, III. 256, 259. sancti-johannis, III. 304. spadiceus, III. 304. swainsoni, III. 256, 263. unicinctus, III. 249, 250. vulgaris, III. 263. zonocercus, III. 257, 272.

Cacicus alaudarius, II. 174. Cæreba cyanea, I. 425. Cærebidæ, I. 163, 425, 431. Calamospiza, II. 59, 60. bicolor, II. 61. Calandritinæ, II. 135. Callichelidon, I. 327, 338. cyaneoviridis, I. 338. Callipepla, III. 466, 487. californica, III. 479. gambeli, III. 482. picta, III. 475. squamata, III. 487. strenua, III. 487. venusta, III. 482. Calliphlox anna, II. 454. Calocitta, II. 264. Calothorax calliope, II. 445. cyanopogon, II. 445. Calypte, II. 438, 439, 453. anna, II. 453, 454. costæ, II. 453, 457. floresi, II. 453. helenæ, II. 453. Campephilus, II. 493, 494. bairdi, II. 496. imperialis, II. 496. principalis, II. 494, 496. Campylorhynchus, I. 130, 131. affinis, I. 131, 133. brunneicapillus, I. 131, 132; III. 508. scolopaceus, I. 131. Canace, III. 415. canadensis, III. 416. franklini, III. 419. fuliginosus, III. 421, 425. obscurus, III. 421, 422. richardsoni, III. 422, 427. Caprimulgidæ, II. 398. Caprimulginæ, II. 398. Caprimulgus albicollis, II. 399. acutipennis, II. 400. acutus, II. 400. americanus, II. 401. brachypterus, II. 410. carolinensis, II. 408, 410. clamator, II. 413. exilis, II. 400. macromystax, II. 409. nuttalli, II. 417. popetue, II. 401. pruinosus, II. 400. rufus, II. 410. semitorquatus, II. 400. texensis, II. 406. virginianus, II. 400, 401, 413. vociferans, II. 413. vociferus, II. 413. Caracara, III. 176. vulgaris, III. 177. Cardellina, I. 179, 312. rubra, I. 312. Cardellineæ, I. 179. Cardinalis, II. 60, 99. carneus, II. 99. coccineus, II. 99. igneus, II. 99, 103; III. 518. phœniceus, II. 99. sinuatus, II. 95. virginianus, I. 295; II. 99–101. Carduelis lawrenci, I. 478. luxuosus, II. 86. mexicanus, I. 478. spinoides, I. 470. psaltria, I. 474. tristis, I. 471. Carpodacus, I. 447, 459. californicus, I. 460, 465. cassini, I. 459, 460. familiaris, I. 466, 468. frontalis, I. 460, 465, 466. hæmorrhous, I. 460. obscurus, I. 466. purpureus, I. 459, 462. rhodocolpus, I. 460, 468. Catharista, III. 337, 350. atrata, III. 355, 356. californianus, III. 338. Cathartes, III. 337, 339, 343, 350. atratus, III. 351. aura, III. 344. burrovianus, III. 344. californianus, III. 338. falklandicus, III. 345. fœtens, III. 351. iota, III. 345, 351. ruficollis, III. 345. urubu, III. 351. vulturinus, III. 338. Cathartidæ, III. 1, 335. Cathartinæ, III. 335. Catharus melpomene, I. 3. occidentalis, I. 3. Catherpes, I. 130, 137. conspersus, I. 139; III. 508. mexicanus, I. 137–139. Centrocercus, III. 414, 428. phasianellus, III. 436. urophasianus, III. 429. Centrophanes, I. 510. calcaratus, I. 515. lapponicus, I. 515. ornatus, I. 520. Centronyx, I. 529, 530. bairdi, I. 531, 540; III. 514. Centureæ, II. 492, 553. Centurus, II. 553. aurifrons, II. 554, 557. carolinus, II. 553, 554. carolinensis, II. 587. elegans, II. 557. flaviventris, II. 557. hoffmanni, II. 554. hypopolius, II. 558. santacruzi, II. 557. subelegans, II. 554. sulfureiventer, II. 558. tricolor, II. 554. uropygialis, II. 554, 558; III. 523. Ceophloeus pileatus, II. 550. Cerchneis sparverius, III. 169. Certhia, I. 124. americana, I. 125, 128. caroliniana, I. 142. costæ, I. 124, 125. familiaris, I. 124, 125. flaveola, I. 425, 428. fusca, I. 125. maculata, I. 180. mexicana, I. 125, 128. palustris, I. 158, 161. pinus, I. 195. Certhiadæ, I. 124. Certhiidæ, I. 431. Certhiola, I. 425. bahamensis, I. 427, 428. bairdi, I. 428. bananivora, I. 427. barbadensis, I. 428; III. 512. bartholemica, I. 428. caboti, I. 427; III. 512. chloropyga, I. 428. dominicana, I. 428. flaveola, I. 427, 428. frontalis, I. 428; III. 512. luteola, I. 427. major, I. 427. maritima, I. 212. martinicana, I. 428. mexicana, I. 428. minor, I. 427. newtoni, I. 427; III. 512. peruviana, I. 428. portoricensis, I. 427. Ceryle, II. 391. alcyon, II. 392. americana, II. 396. cabanisi, II. 396. Chætura, II. 422, 427, 431. cinereiventris, II. 431. pelagica, II. 431, 432. pelasgia, II. 432. poliura, II. 431. sclateri, II. 431. spinicauda, II. 432. vauxi, II. 431, 435; III. 523. Chæturinæ, II. 422, 427. Chalcophanes macrurus, II. 225. major, II. 222. quiscalus, II. 215. virescens, II. 203. Chamæa, I. 83. fasciata, I. 83, 84; III. 507. Chamæadæ, I. 83. Chamæpelia, III. 375, 389. albivitta, III. 389. granatina, III. 389. pallescens, III. 389. passerina, III. 389. Chamæpelieæ, III. 375. Chamæpetes, III. 397. Chelidon thalassina, I. 347. Chloris, I. 207. Chloroceryle, II. 391. Chlorœnas fasciata, III. 360. flavirostris, III. 366. monilis, III. 360. Chondestes, I. 529, 562. grammaca, I. 562. strigatus, I. 562. Chordeiles, II. 399, 400. acutipennis, II. 400, 406. brasilianus, II. 406. henryi, II. 400, 404. labeculatus, II. 400. minor, II. 400; III. 523. peruvianus, II. 400. popetue, II. 400, 401. saptii, II. 406. texensis, II. 400, 406; III. 523. virginianus, II. 401. Chrysomitris, I. 447, 470. arizonæ, I. 471, 476; III. 513. columbiana, I. 471. lawrenci, I. 471, 478. macroptera, I. 480. mexicana, I. 471, 476, 478. notata, I. 471. pinus, I. 471, 480. psaltria, 470, 474; III. 513. tristis, I. 470, 471. Ciccaba, III. 28. Cichlopsis nitens, I. 405. Cinclidæ, I. 1, 2, 55. Cinclus, I. 55. americanus, I. 56. aquaticus, I. 58. ardesiacus, I. 56. mexicanus, I. 55, 56. mortoni, I. 56. pallasi, I. 56. townsendi, I. 56. unicolor, I. 56. Circus, III. 104, 212. axillaris, III. 197. campestris, III. 214. cinereus, III. 214. cyaneus, III. 213. cyaneus hudsonius, III. 214. frenatus, III. 214. histrionicus, III. 214. hudsonius, III. 214. hyemalis, III. 275. jardini, III. 212. macropterus, III. 212. pygargus, III. 213. uliginosus, III. 214. Cistothorus, I. 131, 158. elegans, I. 159. paludicola, I. 161. palustris, I. 160, 161. stellaris, I. 159, 162; III. 509. Cladoscopus, II. 535. nuchalis, II. 542. ruber, II. 544. varius, II. 539. Cleptes, II. 264. hudsonicus, II. 266. nuttalli, II. 270. Coccoborus, II. 76. cæruleus, II. 77. ludovicianus, II. 70. melanocephalus, II. 73. Coccothraustes abeillii, I. 449. canadensis, I. 453. cardinalis, II. 100. ludoviciana, II. 70. melanocephala, II. 73. rubricollis, II. 70. vespertina, I. 449. virginiana, II. 100. vulgaris, I. 448. Coccothraustinæ, I. 446. Coccyginæ, II. 470. Coccygus, II. 470, 475. americanus, II. 476, 477. bairdi, II. 477. dominicus, II. 472, 477, 484. erythrophthalmus, II. 477, 484. julieni, II. 477. melanocoryphus, II. 476. minor, II. 476, 482. pyrrhopterus, II. 477. seniculus, II. 482. Colaptes, II. 492, 573. auratus, II. 575. ayresii, II. 582. chrysocaulosus, II. 575. chrysoides, II. 575, 583. collaris, II. 578. hybridus, II. 582. mexicanoides, II. 574. mexicanus, II. 574, 578, 582. rubricatus, II. 574, 578. Collocallia, II. 422. Collurio, I. 412. borealis, I. 413–415. elegans, I. 414, 420. excubitor, I. 412, 414. excubitoroides, I. 413, 415, 421. ludovicianus, I. 413, 414, 418. robustus, I. 413, 420; III. 512. Columba, III. 357, 358. albilinea, III. 359. americana, III. 368. araucana, III. 359. canadensis, III. 368. caribœa, III. 359. carolinensis, III. 381, 383. corensis, III. 360. cyanocephala, III. 394, 395. denisea, III. 359. fasciata, III. 358, 360. flavirostris, III. 360, 366. griseola, III. 389. hoilotl, III. 376. inornata, III. 360, 366. leucocephala, III. 359, 364. leucoptera, III. 376. livia, III. 358. marginata, III. 383. martinica, III. 392. meridionalis, III. 359. migratoria, III. 367, 368. monilis, III. 360. montana, III. 393. mystacea, III. 393. passerina, III. 389. rufina, III. 359, 360. solitaria, III. 366. squamosa, III. 387. trudeaui, III. 376. zenaida, III. 378. Columbidæ, III. 357. Columbigallina montana, III. 393. Columbinæ, III. 357. Compsothlypis, I. 207. americanus, I. 208. gutturalis, I. 208. Conirostrum ornatum, I. 112. superciliosum, I. 208. Contopus, II. 308, 350. bahamensis, II. 352. bogotensis, II. 360. borealis, II. 350, 353, 356. brachytarsus, II. 351. caribæus, II. 351. cooperi, II. 353. hispaniolensis, II. 351. lugubris, II. 351. mesoleucus, II. 353. ochraceus, II. 352. pallidus, II. 351. pertinax, II. 351, 356. plebeius, II. 360. punensis, II. 352. richardsoni, II. 352, 360. schotti, II. 351. sordidulus, II. 360. virens, I. 249; II. 352, 356, 357. Conurus, II. 585, 586. carolinensis, II. 587. ludovicianus, II. 587. Cooperastur, III. 220, 222. Coracias, II. 264. mexicanus, II. 299. Coræognathæ, I. 431. Coragypys, III. 350. Corthylio, I. 72. calendula, I. 75. Corveæ, II. 231. Corvidæ, I. 431; II. 231. Corvinæ, II. 231. Corvus, II. 231, 232. americanus, II. 243–247. cacalotl, II. 234. canadensis, II. 297, 299. carnivorus, II. 233, 234. caurinus, II. 233, 248. columbianus, II. 254, 255. corax, II. 232. corone, II. 243. cristatus, II. 271, 273. cryptoleucus, II. 233, 242; III. 520. floridanus, II. 233, 247, 285. hudsonicus, II. 266. jamaicensis, II. 234. leucognaphalus, II. 234. littoralis, II. 234. lugubris, II. 234. megonyx, II. 255. mexicanus, II. 233. minutus, II. 234. nasicus, II. 234. ossifragus, II. 233, 251. palliatus, II. 288. peruvianus, II. 294. pica, II. 264–266. stelleri, II. 277. ultramarinus, II. 288. Corydalina, II. 60. bicolor, II. 61. Corythus, I. 452. canadensis, I. 453. enucleator, I. 453. Coturniculus, I. 529, 548. bairdi, I. 531. dorsalis, I. 549. henslowi, I. 549, 550. lecontei, I. 549, 552. manimbe, I. 549. mexicanus, II. 38. passerinus, I. 195, 549, 553. perpallidus, I. 549, 556; III. 515. tixicrus, I. 553. Cotyle, I. 327, 353. riparia, I. 347, 353. Cracidæ, III. 397. Cracinæ, III. 397. Craxirex, III. 248, 254. unicinctus, III. 250. Crotophaga, II. 470, 486. ani, II. 486–488. lævirostra, II. 488. major, II. 487. minor, II. 488. rugirostra, II. 488. sulcirostris, II. 487. Crucirostra leucoptera, I. 488. Cuculidæ, II. 469, 470. Cuculus americanus, II. 475, 477. auratus, II. 573, 575. carolinensis, II. 477. cinerosus, II. 477. dominicensis, II. 477. dominicus, II. 477. erythrophthalmus, II. 484. minor, II. 482. seniculus, II. 482. Culicivora atricapilla, I. 81. cœrulea, I. 78. mexicana, I. 78, 81. townsendi, I. 409. Cuncuma, III. 320. Cupidonia, III. 414, 439. americana, III. 440. cupido, III. 440. pallidicinctus, III. 440, 446. Cureus americanus, II. 477. Curvirostra, I. 448. americana, I. 484. leucoptera, I. 488. Cyanocephalus, II. 259. Cyanocitta, II. 264, 271, 282. arizonæ, II. 284, 292. californica, II. 283, 288; III. 521. couchi, II. 284, 293. cristata, II. 273. floridana, II. 283, 285. macrolopha, II. 281. sordida, II. 284, 292. stelleri, II. 277. sumichrasti, II. 283. superciliosa, II. 288. ultramarina, II. 284. unicolor, II. 284. woodhousei, II. 283, 291. Cyanocorax californicus, II. 288. cassini, II. 260. cristatus, II. 273. cyanicapillus, II. 295. floridanus, II. 285. luxuosus, II. 295. stelleri, II. 277. unicolor, II. 284. yncas, II. 295. Cyanogarrulus cristatus, II. 273. stelleri, II. 277. ultramarinus, II. 293. Cyanoloxia cærulea, II. 77. Cyanospiza, II. 59, 81. amœna, II. 81, 84. ciris, II. 81, 87. cyanea, II. 81, 82. leclancheri, II. 82. versicolor, II. 81, 86. Cyanura, II. 264, 271; III. 521. coronata, II. 272. cristata, II. 271, 273. diademata, II. 272. frontalis, II. 272, 279. galeata, II. 272. macrolopha, II. 272, 281. stelleri, II. 272, 277. Cyanurus cristatus, II. 273. floridanus, II. 285. stelleri, II. 277. Cymindis cinerea, III. 245. leucopygus, III. 208. Cypselidæ, I. 326; II. 421. Cypselinæ, II. 422, 423. Cypseloides, II. 422. Cypselus, II. 422. borealis, II. 429. melanoleucus, II. 424. niger, II. 429. pelasgius, II. 432. poliurus, II. 431. spinicauda, II. 431. spinicaudus, II. 432. vauxi, II. 435. Cyrtonyx, III. 466, 491. massena, III. 492. ocellatus, III. 492.

Dædalion, III. 220, 236. nitidum, III. 245. Dædalium, III. 220, 236. Dendragapus, III. 421. obscurus, III. 422. richardsoni, III. 427. Dendrochelidon, II. 422. Dendrocopus principalis, II. 496. pubescens, II. 509. varius, II. 539. villosus, II. 503. Dendrofalco, III. 142. Dendroica, I. 178, 215. adelaidæ, I. 220, 241. æstiva, I. 70, 200, 215, 216, 222, 234, 237, 246, 277, 318, 324, 325. albilora, I. 220, 241; III. 510. atricapilla, I. 248. auduboni, I. 215, 219, 229, 260, 272; III. 509. aureola, I. 217. blackburniæ, I. 220, 237; III. 510. bryanti, I. 218, 223; III. 509. cœrulea, I. 219, 235; III. 510. cærulescens, I. 218, 254, 267. canadensis, I. 254. capitalis, I. 217. carbonata, I. 214. castanea, I. 215, 219, 248, 251, 271, 313; III. 510. chrysopareia, I. 221, 260, 262, 266, 268. coronata, I. 215, 219, 227, 230, 231, 254, 260, 272. decora, I. 220, 244; III. 510. discolor, I. 222, 276. dominica, I. 215, 220, 240, 241; III. 510. eoa, I. 218. graciæ, I. 220, 241, 243, 244, 260. gundlachi, I. 216. kirtlandi, I. 215, 221, 272. maculosa, I. 219, 232, 257. montana, I. 222, 271. nigrescens, I. 221, 258; III. 511. niveiventris, I. 266. occidentalis, I. 221, 261, 262, 266, 268; III. 511. olivacea, I. 218, 258. palmarum, I. 215, 222, 269, 273. pennsylvanica, I. 215, 219, 245. petechia, I. 216, 217. pharetra, I. 220. pinus, I. 222, 268, 271, 274. pityophila, I. 221. ruficapilla, I. 217. ruficeps, I. 217. rufigula, I. 217. striata, I. 215, 219, 248. superciliosa, I. 240. tigrina, I. 212. townsendi, I. 221, 261, 262, 265; III. 511. vieilloti, I. 217. virens, I. 221, 239, 261, 262. Despotes tyrannus, II. 309. Diplopterus viaticus, II. 472. Dolichonyx, II. 148. agripennis, II. 149. bicolor, II. 61. oryzivorus, II. 149; III. 519. Dryobates, II. 500, 502. harrisi, II. 507. homorus, II. 512. leucomelas, II. 503. pubescens, II. 509. turati, II. 512. villosus, II. 503. Dryocopus pileatus, II. 550. principalis, II. 496. Dryopicus, II. 548. pileatus, II. 550. Dryotomus, II. 548. pileatus, II. 550. principalis, II. 496. Dyctiopicus, II. 501, 514. scalaris, II. 515. Dyctiopipo, II. 514. scalaris, II. 515. Dysornithia, II. 297. canadensis, II. 299.

Ectopistes, III. 357, 367. carolinensis, III. 383. marginata, III. 383. marginellus, III. 383. migratoria, III. 368. Elanoides, III. 190. cæsius, III. 197. furcatus, III. 192. yetapa, III. 192. Elanus, III. 104, 196. axillaris, III. 197. cæsius, III. 197. cœruleus, III. 197. dispar, III. 198. furcatus, III. 192. leucurus, III. 197, 198. minor, III. 197. notatus, III. 197. scriptus, III. 197. Emberiza americana, II. 65. amœna, II. 84. arctica, I. 538. atricapilla, I. 573. bairdi, I. 530, 531. belli, I. 593. bilineata, I. 590. cærulea, II. 82. canadensis, II. 3. chrysops, I. 538. cinerea, II. 30. ciris, II. 87. coronata, I. 573. cyanea, II. 82. cyanella, II. 82. erythrophthalma, II. 109. glacialis, I. 512. grammaca, I. 562. henslowi, I. 550. hyemalis, I. 578, 580. lapponica, I. 510, 515. lateralis, II. 106. lecontei, I. 552. leucophrys, I. 565, 566. mexicana, II. 65. montana, I. 512. mustelina, I. 512. nigro-rufa, I. 589. nivalis, I. 510, 512. olivacea, II. 93. ornata, I. 520. oryzivora, II. 148, 149. pallida, II. 11, 13. passerina, I. 553. pecoris, II. 154. picta, I. 518. pratensis, II. 50. pusilla, II. 5. rostrata, I. 542. rufina, II. 29, 53. sandwichensis, I. 538. savanna, I. 534. shattucki, II. 11. townsendi, II. 68. unalaschkensis, II. 53. Embernagra, I. 530; II. 46. blandingiana, II. 131. chlorura, II. 131. rufivirgata, II. 47. Empidias fuscus, II. 344. Empidonax, II. 308, 362. albigularis, II. 365. acadicus, II. 365, 374. axillaris, II. 363, 365. bahamensis, II. 352. bairdi, II. 363. brachytarsus, II. 351. brunneus, II. 363; III. 521. difficilis, II. 364, 378, 380. flavescens, II. 363. flavipectus, II. 364. flaviventris, II. 363, 378. fulvifrons, II. 385. griseigularis, II. 365. griseipectus, II. 365. hammondi, II. 364, 383. hypoxanthus, II. 378. magnirostris, II. 365. minimus, II. 364, 372; III. 521. obscurus, II. 364, 381; III. 521. pectoralis, II. 364. pusillus, II. 365, 366. rubicundus, II. 385. trailli, II. 365, 366, 369. wrighti, II. 381. Ephialitis, III. 47. Ephialtes asio, III. 49. choliba, III. 52. Eremophila, II. 135, 139. alpestris, II. 140, 141. chrysolæma, II. 140, 144. cornuta, II. 143. occidentalis, II. 140. peregrina, II. 142, 144. Ergaticus, I. 179, 312. Erythraca arctica, I. 67. wilsoni, I. 63. Erythrophrys, II. 475. americanus, II. 477. erythrophthalmus, II. 484. seniculus, II. 482. Erythrospiza, I. 459; III. 220, 222. frontalis, I. 466. purpurea, I. 462. tephrocotis, I. 504. Euhierax, III. 127. Euspina, II. 65. americana, II. 65; III. 518. Euspiza, II. 59, 65. americana, II. 65. townsendi, II. 65, 69. Eustrinx, II. 10. Euthlypis, I. 312. canadensis, I. 320. Eutolmaëtus, III. 312.

Falco, III. 103, 106, 107, 127. æruginosus, III. 212. æsalon, III. 142, 148. albicaudus, III. 324. albicilla, III. 320. albicilla borealis, III. 324. albigularis, III. 130. americanus, III. 184. anatum, III. 128, 132. aquilinus, III. 282. arundinaceus, III. 183. atricapillus, III. 237. auduboni, III. 144. aurantius, III. 129. axillaris, III. 197. bonelli, III. 312. borealis, III. 254, 282. brasiliensis, III. 176, 177. buffoni, III. 214. buteo, III. 254, 263. buteo, β, III. 111. buteoides, III. 275. cæsius, III. 143. canadensis, III. 314. candicans, III. 108, 111, 112. candicans islandicus, III. 113. candidus, III. 327. carolinensis, III. 184. cassini, III. 132. cayennensis, III. 184. cenchris, III. 159. chrysætos, III. 312. chrysaëtus, III. 313. cineraceus, III. 212. cinereus, III. 115. cinnamominus, III. 168. clamosus, III. 197. cœruleus, III. 197. columbarius, III. 143, 144, 225. communis, III. 127, 128, 132. communis, ζ, η, III. 132. cooperi, III. 230. cucullatus, III. 130. cyanescens, III. 155. cyaneus, III. 212, 214. deiroleucus, III. 129. dispar, III. 198. dominicensis, III. 167. dubius, III. 225. emerillus, III. 143. feldeggii, III. 109. femoralis, III. 154, 155. ferrugineus, III. 300. forficatus, III. 190, 192. frontalis, III. 127. fulvus, III. 314. furcatus, III. 190, 192. fuscocœrulescens, III. 155. fuscus, III. 224. gabar, III. 220, 222. gracilis, III. 166. grœnlandicus, III. 111. gyrfalco, III. 107, 108, 113. gyrfalco norvegicus, III. 108. haliætus, III. 182, 183. hamatus, III. 207, 209. harlani, III. 292. harrisi, III. 248, 250. hinularius, III. 324. hæmorrhoidalis, III. 130. hudsonius, III. 214. hyemalis, III. 275. icthyaëtus, III. 320. imperator, III. 322. intermixtus, III. 142, 144. isabellinus, III. 171. islandicus, III. 108, 111, 113, 114. jugger, III. 107, 109. labradora, III. 108, 117. lagopus, III. 111, 297, 299, 304. lanarius, III. 108, 109, 113. latissimus, III. 259. leucocephalus, III. 326. leucogaster, III. 327. leucophrys, III. 161. leucopterus, III. 322. leverianus, III. 282. lineatus, III. 275. lithofalco, III. 142. lugger, III. 109. macei, III. 320. macropus, III. 129. melanaëtus, III. 314. melanogenys, III. 129. melanopterus, III. 196–198. melanotus, III. 324. mexicanus, III. 109, 123. mississippiensis, III. 202, 203. nævius, III. 132. niger, III. 137, 304, 314. nigriceps, III. 132. nisus, III. 220, 222. nitidus, III. 244, 245. novæhollandiæ, III. 220, 236. obscurus, III. 144. obsoletus, III. 263. orientalis, III. 128, 132. ossifragus, III. 324, 327. palumbarius, III. 220, 236, 237. pealei, III. 129, 137. pelagicus, III. 320, 322. pennatus, III. 312. pennsylvanicus, III. 225, 259. peregrinus, III. 127, 128, 132. plancus, III. 177. plumbea, III. 202. plumbeus, III. 203. polyagrus, III. 109, 110, 123, 137. pterocles, III. 254. pygargus, III. 213, 324, 327. regulus, III. 142. richardsoni, III. 148. rostrhamus, III. 208. rufigularis, III. 129, 130. rusticolus, III. 111. sacer, III. 108, 110, 115. sancti-johannis, III. 304. sibiricus, III. 143. spadicens, III. 214. spadiceus, III. 304. sparverius, III. 159, 166, 169. subæsalon, III. 143. subbuteo, III. 142. sublanarius, III. 109. suckleyi, III. 143, 147. temerarius, III. 144. tharus, III. 177. thermophilus, III. 109. thoracicus, III. 130, 155. tinnunculus, III. 159. tinus, III. 220, 222. uliginosus, III. 214. unicinctus, III. 249. velox, III. 225. vulturinus, III. 312. wilsoni, III. 259. Falconidæ, III. 1, 103. Falconinæ, III. 103, 106. Ficedula canadensis cinerea, I. 227. dominica cinerea, I. 240. jamaicensis, I. 283. ludoviciana, I. 208. Fringilla æstiva, II. 39. æstivalis, II. 37, 39. albicollis, I. 574. ambigua, II. 154. americana, II. 65. amœna, II. 84. arborea, II. 3. arctica, II. 116. atrata, I. 585. atricapilla, I. 573. aurocapilla, I. 573. bachmani, II. 39. bicolor, II. 60, 61, 93. blandingiana, II. 131. borealis, I. 498. brunneinucha, I. 504. cærulea, II. 77. calcarata, I. 515. canadensis, II. 1, 3. cardinalis, II. 100. catatol, I. 478. caudacuta, I. 553, 557. chlorura, II. 131. cinerea, I. 578; II. 27, 30. comata, I. 577. crissalis, II. 122. cyanea, II. 82. domestica, I. 525. erythrophthalma, II. 104, 109. fasciata, II. 19. ferruginea, II. 50. flavicollis, II. 65. frontalis, I. 465, 466. gambeli, I. 569. georgiana, II. 34. graminea, I. 544, 545. grammaca, I. 562. griseinucha, I. 508. henslowi, I. 550. hudsonia, I. 580, 585. hyemalis, I. 534, 580; II. 19. hypoleuca, II. 90. iliaca, II. 49, 50. juncorum, II. 5, 580. lapponica, I. 515. leucophrys, I. 566. linaria, I. 493, 501. lincolni, II. 31. littoralis, I. 557. ludoviciana, II. 70. macgillivrayi, I. 560. mariposa, II. 87. maritima, I. 560. melanocephala, II. 73. melanoxantha, I. 478. melodia, II. 16, 19. meruloides, II. 53. monticola, II. 3. nivalis, I. 580. oregona, I. 584. palustris, II. 34. passerina, I. 548, 553. pecoris, II. 153, 154. pennsylvanica, I. 574. pinus, I. 480. psaltria, I. 474. purpurea, I. 459, 462. pusilla, II. 5. querula, I. 577. rufa, II. 50. rufescens, I. 501. rufidorsis, I. 580. savanna, I. 532, 534. savanarum, I. 553. socialis, II. 1, 7. spinus, I. 470. tephrocotis, I. 504. texensis, I. 478. tristis, I. 470, 471. townsendi, II. 53. xantomaschalis, II. 73. vespertina, I. 448, 449. zena, II. 93. Fringillidæ, I. 431, 446; II. 1.

Galeoscoptes, I. 3, 51. carolinensis, I. 52. Gallopavo sylvestris, III. 404. Garrulinæ, II. 231, 263. Garrulus cærulescens, II. 285. californicus, II. 282, 288. canadensis, II. 299. cristatus, II. 273. cyaneus, II. 285. floridanus, II. 285. fuscus, II. 299. luxuosus, II. 295. sordidus, II. 284. stelleri, II. 277, 281. trachyrrhynchus, II. 299. ultramarinus, II. 288, 293. Gennaia, III. 107. lanarius, III. 109. Geococcyx, II. 470. affinis, II. 471. californianus, II. 471, 472; III. 523. mexicanus, II. 472. variegata, II. 472. velox, II. 471. viaticus, II. 472. Geophilus cyanocephalus, III. 395. Geopicus, II. 573. campestris, II. 573. chrysoides, II. 583. rubricatus, II. 574. Geothlypeæ, I. 179, 295. Geothlypinæ, I. 178, 279. Geothlypis, I. 179, 295; III. 511. æquinoctialis, I. 296. caninucha, I. 296. macgillivrayi, I. 297, 303; III. 512. melanops, I. 296, 298. philadelphia, I. 296, 297, 301, 303. poliocephala, I. 296. rostratus, I. 296. semiflavus, I. 296. speciosa, I. 296. trichas, I. 296–298; III. 512. velatus, I. 296. Geotrygon, III. 375. martinica, III. 393. Glabirostres, II. 399. Glaucidium, III. 6, 79. californicum, III. 81, 83. ferrugineum (plate), III. 81, 85, 98–101. gnoma, III. 81. infuscatum, III. 81. passerinum, III. 80. siju, III. 79. Glaucopteryx, III. 212. Goniaphea, II. 69. cærulea, II. 77. ludoviciana, II. 70. melanocephala, II. 73. Gracula barita, II. 215, 222. ferruginea, II. 203. purpurea, II. 215. quiscala, II. 212, 215, 222. Granatellus, I. 179. venustus, I. 306. Gryphinæ, III. 335. Guiraca, II. 59, 76. abeillii, I. 449. cærulea, II. 77; III. 518. ludoviciana, II. 70. melanocephala, II. 73. tricolor, II. 73. Gymnokitta, II. 232, 259. cyanocephala, II. 259, 260. Gymnorhinus, II. 259. cyanocephalus, II. 260. Gypagus, III. 337. Gyparchus, III. 337. Gypogeranidæ, III. 2.

Hadrostomus affinis, II. 306. aglaiæ, II. 306. Hæmorrhous, I. 459. purpurea, I. 462. Haliaëtus, III. 105, 320. albicilla, III. 320, 323, 324. icthyaëtus, III. 320. leucocephalus, III. 323, 326. leucogaster, III. 320. nisus, III. 324. pelagicus, II. 323. vocifer, III. 320. washingtoni, III. 327. Harpes redivivus, I. 35, 45. Harporhynchus, I. 3, 35. cinereus, I. 35, 36, 40. crissalis, I. 35, 37, 40, 47; III. 505. curvirostris, I. 35, 36, 41; III. 505. lecontei, I. 44, 47. longirostris, I. 39, 41, 144. ocellatus, I. 35, 36; III. 504. palmeri, I. 43; III. 505. redivivus, I. 35, 37, 40, 45, 48; III. 505. rufus, I. 33–37, 40, 46, 58; III. 505. Hedymeles, II. 59, 69. capitalis, II. 70. ludovicianus, II. 70. melanocephalus, II. 70, 73. Heleothreptus, II. 399. Heliaptex arcticus, III. 64. Helinaia, I. 178, 186. bachmani, I. 194. carbonata, I. 211, 214. celata, I. 202. chrysoptera, I. 192. peregrina, I. 205. protonotaria, I. 184. rubricapilla, I. 196. solitaria, I. 195. swainsoni, I. 190. vermivora, I. 187. Heliopædica, II. 438, 440, 466. castaneocauda, II. 467. melanotis, II. 466. xantusi, II. 466, 467. Helminthophaga, I. 178, 191. bachmanni, I. 191, 194. celata, I. 192, 200, 202, 204, 205, 317. chrysoptera, I. 191, 192. citrea, I. 184. gutturalis, I. 191. luciæ, I. 192, 200; III. 509. lutescens, I. 192, 204; III. 509. obscura, I. 192. ocularis, I. 191. peregrina, I. 191, 192, 205. pinus, I. 191, 195. rubricapilla, I. 191, 196, 199, 201, 203, 206, 310. solitaria, I. 195. virginiæ, I. 192, 199; III. 509. Helmitherus, I. 178, 186. bachmani, I. 194. chrysopterus, I. 192. migratorius, I. 187. peregrinus, I. 205. protonotarius, I. 184. rubricapilla, I. 196. solitarius, I. 195. swainsoni, I. 186, 187, 190; III. 509. vermivorus, I. 186, 187; III. 509. Hemiaëtus, III. 297. Hemiprocne, II. 427. pelasgia, II. 432. Henicocichla, I. 279. aurocapilla, I. 280. ludoviciana, I. 287. major, I. 287. motacilla, I. 287. noveboracensis, I. 283. Herpetotheres sociabilis, III. 208. Hesperiphona, I. 447, 448. abeillii, I. 449. montana, I. 449; III. 513. vespertina, I. 449. Hesperocichla, I. 3, 4, 28. Hieracospiza, III. 220, 222. Hieraëtus, III. 312. Hieraspiza, III. 220, 222. Hieroaëtus, III. 312. Hierofalco, III. 107. candicans, III. 111. gyrfalco, III. 108. grœnlandicus, III. 111. islandicus, III. 113. Hirundinidæ, I. 326, 431. Hirundo, I. 327, 338. americana, I. 339. dominicensis, II. 429. bicolor, I. 185, 331, 344. cærulea canadensis, I. 329. cayanensis, II. 423. cinerea, I. 353. cyaneoviridis, I. 327. fulva, I. 334. horreorum, I. 339. leucogaster, I. 344. ludoviciana, I. 329. lunifrons, I. 66, 334. melanogaster, I. 334. nigra, II. 428, 429. opifex, I. 334. pelagica, II. 432. pelasgia, II. 432. purpurea, I. 327, 329, 332. respublicana, I. 334. riparia, I. 353. riparia americana, I. 353. rufa, I. 339. rustica, I. 339. serripennis, I. 350. subis, I. 329. thalassina, I. 344, 347. versicolor, I. 329. violacea, I. 329. viridis, I. 344. Holoquiscalus, II. 213. Hybris, III. 10. Hydrobata, I. 55. mexicana, I. 56. Hydropsalis, II. 399. Hylemathrous ædon, I. 149. Hylocichla, I. 4, 22, 28. Hylotomus, II. 494, 548. pileatus, II. 550. Hypacanthus, I. 470. Hyphantes abeillei, II. 184. baltimore, II. 195. bullocki, II. 199. solitaria, II. 190. Hypomorphnus unicinctus, III. 249. Hypotriorchis, III. 142. æsalon, III. 142. aurantius, III. 129. columbarius, III. 144. femoralis, III. 155.

Icteria, I. 179, 306. auricollis, I. 309. dumecola, I. 307. longicauda, I. 307, 309, 310. velasquezi, I. 307. virens, I. 307. viridis, I. 307. Icterianæ, I. 178, 179, 306. Icteridæ, I. 431; II. 147. Icterieæ, I. 179, 306. Icterinæ, II. 147, 179. Icterus, II. 179. abeillei, II. 184. agripennis, II. 149. auduboni, II. 182, 186. auricapillus, II. 183. baltimore, II. 183, 195; III. 520. bullocki, II. 183, 199; III. 520. cucullatus, II. 183, 193; III. 519. dominicensis, II. 182. emberizoides, II. 154. frenatus, II. 167. graduacauda, II. 186. gubernator, II. 163. hypomelas, II. 182. icterocephalus, II. 167. melanocephalus, II. 182. melanochrysura, II. 188. parisorum, II. 183, 188. pecoris, II. 154. perspicillatus, II. 167. phœniceus, II. 159. portoricensis, II. 182. prosthemelas, II. 182. scotti, II. 188. spurius, II. 183, 190. tricolor, II. 165. vulgaris, II. 181, 184. wagleri, II. 182, 188. xanthocephalus, II. 167. Icthierax, III. 127. Icthyætus, III. 320. Ictinia, III. 104, 202. mississippiensis, III. 203. plumbea, III. 203. Idiotes, I. 312. Ispida, II. 391. ludoviciana, II. 392.

Jerafalco, III. 107. Jeraspiza, III. 220, 222. Jerax, III. 220, 222. Junco, I. 530, 578; III. 516. aikeni, I. 579, 584; III. 516. alticola, I. 580, 584. caniceps, I. 579, 587. cinereus, I. 580, 584. hyemalis, I. 137, 274, 282, 579, 580. oregonus, I. 579, 584; III. 516. phænotus, I. 580.

Kieneria aberti, II. 128. fusca, II. 121, 122. rufipilea, II. 131.

Lagopus, II. 690; III. 414, 456. albus, III. 456, 457. americanus, III. 462. brachydactylus, III. 457. ferrugineus, III. 300. grœnlandicus, III. 462. islandorum, III. 462. leucurus, III. 456, 464. mutus, III. 456, 462. reinhardti, III. 462. rupestris, III. 456, 462. subalpinus, III. 457. Lampornis, II. 438, 440. aurulentus, II. 440. mango, II. 440. porphyrurus, II. 440. virginalis, II. 440. Laniidæ, I. 356, 412, 431. Lanius agilis, I. 359. ardosiaceus, I. 418. borealis, I. 415. carolinensis, I. 418. cristatus, I. 412. elegans, I. 420. excubitor, I. 412, 415. excubitoroides, I. 421. garrulus, I. 395, 396. lahtora, I. 420. ludovicianus, I. 418, 421. olivaceus, I. 363. septentrionalis, I. 415. tyrannus, II. 316, 319. Lanivireo, I. 358, 372. cassini, I. 373, 376. flavifrons, I. 358, 373, 379. plumbea, I. 358; III. 512. plumbeus, I. 373, 377. propinquus, I. 373. solitaria, I. 358. solitarius, I. 373; III. 512. Laphyctes, II. 315. verticalis, II. 324. vociferans, II. 327. Leptostoma, II. 470. longicauda, II. 472. Lepturus galeatus, I. 405. Leuconerpes albolarvatus, II. 526. Leucospiza, III. 220, 236. Leucosticte, I. 448, 502. brunneinucha, I. 504. campestris, I. 504, 507. griseigenys, I. 508. griseinucha, I. 504, 507, 508. littoralis, I. 504, 507. tephrocotis, I. 504; III. 513. Ligonirostres, II. 492. Linaria americana, I. 493. borealis, I. 498. canescens, I. 498. flavirostris, I. 501. holbölli, I. 493. hornemanni, I. 498. lincolni, II. 31. minor, I. 493. savanna, I. 534. tephrocotis, I. 504. Linota canescens, I. 498. montium, I. 501. Lithofalco columbarius, III. 144. Lophophanes, I. 86. atricristatus, I. 87, 90. bicolor, I. 87, 92. cristatus, I. 93. galeatus, I. 93. inornatus, I. 87, 88, 91; III. 507. missouriensis, I. 87. wollweberi, I. 87, 93. Lophortyx, III. 466, 478. californica, III. 479. gambeli, III. 479, 482. plumifera, III. 475. Loxia, I. 483. americana, I. 483, 484. bifasciata, I. 483; III. 513. cærulea, II. 76, 77. canora, II. 92, 93. cardinalis, II. 99, 100. curvirostra, I. 483. enucleator, I. 453. erythrina, I. 459. fusca, I. 484. himalayana, I. 484. leucoptera, I. 483, 488. ludoviciana, II. 69, 70. mexicana, I. 483, 488. obscura, II. 70. pusilla, I. 484. pityopsittacus, I. 484. rosea, II. 70. violacea, I. 462. virginica, I. 441. Lurocalis, II. 399.

Macrocercus pachyrhynchus, II. 586. Megaceryle alcyon, II. 392. Megapicus, II. 494. Megaquiscalus, II. 214. Megascops, III. 47. Melampicus, II. 559. Melanerpes, II. 553, 559. albolarvatus, II. 526. angustifrons, II. 561, 575. erythrocephalus, II. 560, 564. flavigula, II. 561. formicivorus, II. 560, 566. ruber, II. 544. rubrigularis, II. 545. striatipectus, II. 561. thyroideus, II. 547. torquatus, II. 560, 561. williamsoni, II. 545. Meleagridæ, III. 402. Meleagris, III. 403. americana, III. 404. fera, III. 404. gallopavo, III. 403, 404. mexicana, III. 410. mexicanus, III. 403. ocellatus, III. 404. sylvestris, III. 404. Melittarchus dominicensis, II. 319. Mellisuga heloisa, II. 465. Melopelia, III. 375, 376. leucoptera, III. 376. Melospiza, I. 530; II. 16. cinerea, II. 29. fallax, II. 18, 22. gouldi, II. 26. guttata, II. 19, 27, 29. heermanni, II. 18, 24. insignis, II. 19, 30. lincolni, II. 19, 31; III. 516. melodia, I. 146, 158; II. 18, 19. mexicana, II. 18. palustris, II. 19, 34; III. 517. pectoralis, II. 18. rufina, I. 158; II. 19, 27, 29. samuelis, II. 18, 26. unalashkensis, I. 158. Melospizeæ, I. 530. Merula, I. 4. Methriopterus, I. 35. Micrathene, III. 6, 86. whitneyi, III. 87. Microglaux, III. 79. Micronisus, III. 220, 222. Microptynx, III. 79. passerina, III. 80. Milans, III. 196. Milvulus, II. 307, 308. forficatus, II. 309, 311. savanus, II. 309. tyrannus, II. 309. violentus, II. 309. Milvus cenchris, III. 203. dispar, III. 198. furcatus, III. 192. leucurus, III. 198. mississippiensis, III. 203. Mimimæ, I. 2, 31, 34. Mimus, I. 3, 48. carolinensis, I. 52. curvirostris, I. 41. longirostris, I. 39. montanus, I. 32. orpheus, I. 49. polyglottus, I. 33, 46, 49, 52; III. 506. Mitrephorus, II. 308, 385. fulvifrons, II. 385. pallescens, II. 385, 386. phæocercus, II. 385. Mniotilta, I. 178, 180. borealis, I. 180. longirostris, I. 180. noveboracensis, I. 283. rubricapilla, I. 196. striata, I. 248. varia, I. 180, 181, 216, 243, 249. virens, I. 261. Mniotilteæ, I. 178, 179. Mniotiltidæ, I. 298, 431. Molothrus, I. 182, 310; II. 148, 153. obscurus, II. 154. pecoris, II. 154. Monedula purpurea, II. 215. Montifringilla brunneinucha, I. 504. griseinucha, I. 508. Morphnus unicinctus, III. 249. Motacilla, I. 164, 165. æquinoctialis, I. 296. æstiva, I. 222. alba, I. 165. americana, I. 208. aurocapilla, I. 279, 280. auricollis, I. 184. bananivora, I. 427. blackburniæ, I. 237. cærulea, I. 77, 78. cærulescens, I. 254. calendula, I. 72, 75. calidris, I. 359. cana, I. 78. canadensis, I. 227, 254. chrysocephala, I. 237. chrysoptera, I. 192. cincta, I. 227. citrea, I. 183, 184. coronata, I. 227. dominica, I. 240. eques, I. 208. flava, I. 167. flavicauda, I. 322. flavicollis, I. 240. flavifrons, I. 192. fuscescens, I. 283. hudsonica, I. 171. incana, I. 237. juncorum, II. 5. ludoviciana, I. 208. maculosa, I. 232. mitrata, I. 313, 314. noveboracensis, I. 283. œnanthe, I. 60. palmarum, I. 273. pennsylvanica, I. 245. pensilis, I. 240. pileolata, I. 319. pinguis, I. 227. protonotaria, I. 184. regulus, I. 72. rubiginosa, I. 222. ruticilla, I. 322. sialis, I. 62. striata, I. 248. superciliosa, I. 240. tigrina, I. 211, 212. umbria, I. 227. varia, I. 180. vermivora, I. 186, 187. virens, I. 261. yarrelli, I. 165. Motacillidæ, I. 163, 164, 431. Motacillinæ, I. 164, 165. Muscicapa, I. 4. acadica, II. 374. animosa, II. 316. atra, II. 343. belli, I. 313. bonapartei, I. 320. brasieri, I. 312. canadensis, I. 320. cantatrix, I. 385. carolinensis, I. 51, 52; II. 344. cooperi, II. 353. crinita, II. 334. cucullata, I. 314. derhami, I. 322. dominicensis, II. 319. forficata, II. 311. fulvifrons, II. 385. fusca, II. 343. gilva, I. 368. guttata, I. 18, 20. inornata, II. 353. ludoviciana, II. 334. melodia, I. 368. minuta, I. 316. nigricans, II. 340. noveboracensis, I. 357, 382, 385. nunciola, II. 343. olivacea, I. 358, 363. phœbe, II. 343, 360. pusilla, I. 317; II. 366. querula, II. 357, 374. rapax, II. 357. rex, II. 316. richardsoni, II. 360. rubra, I. 441. ruticilla, I. 322. savana, II. 309. saya, II. 347. selbyi, I. 314. semiatra, II. 340. solitaria, I. 373. striata, I. 248. sylvicola, I. 379. trailli, II. 369. tyrannus, II. 309, 316. verticalis, II. 324. virens, II. 350, 357. virginiana cristata, II. 334. viridis, I. 306, 307. wilsoni, I. 317. Muscicapidæ, I. 326. Myiadesteæ, I. 408. Myiadestes, I. 3, 408. genibarbis, I. 408. obscurus, I. 409. townsendi, I. 22, 409. unicolor, I. 409. Myiarchus, II. 307, 329; III. 521. antillarum, II. 332. cinerascens, II. 332, 337. cooperi, II. 331. crinitus, II. 331, 334. erythrocercus, II. 331. irritabilis, II. 331. lawrencei, II. 333. mexicanus, II. 331, 337. nigricans, II. 340. nigricapillus, II. 333. nigriceps, II. 333. pertinax, II. 337. phæocephalus, II. 330. phœbe, II. 332. stolidus, II. 331, 332. tristis, II. 332, 333. tyrannulus, II. 330. validus, II. 331. yucatanensis, II. 331. Myiobius borealis, II. 353. crinitus, II. 334. nunciola, II. 343. pallidus, II. 351. sayus, II. 347. stolidus, II. 332. virens, II. 357. Myioborus, I. 179, 312. Myioctonus, I. 313. mitratus, I. 314. pusillus, I. 317. Myiodiocteæ, I. 179. Myiodioctes, I. 179, 312, 313. canadensis, I. 313, 320. formosus, I. 293. minutus, I. 313, 316. mitratus, I. 313, 314. pardalina, I. 320. pileolata, I. 313, 319; III. 512. pusillus, I. 313, 314, 317, 319. wilsoni, I. 317. Myionax crinitus, II. 334. Myiothlypis, I. 312.

Nauclerus, III. 104, 190. forficatus, III. 191, 192. furcatus, III. 191, 192. Neocorys, I. 164, 170, 174. spraguei, I. 175. Neophron iota, III. 351. Nephœcetes, II. 427, 428. niger, II. 429; III. 523. Nertus, III. 202. mississippiensis, III. 203. plumbeus, III. 203. Niphæa hyemalis, I. 580. oregona, I. 584. Nisastur, III. 220, 222. Nisus cooperi, III. 224, 230. fuscus, III. 224, 225. hyemalis, III. 275. mexicanus, III. 224, 231. pacificus, III. 225. pennsylvanicus, III. 225. unicinctus, III. 249. Noctua aurita minor, III. 49. brodiei, III. 79. ferruginea, III. 85. passerina, III. 80. Notiocorys, I. 164, 170. Nucifraga columbiana, II. 255. Nucifrageæ, II. 232. Nudinares, II. 492. Nyctale, III. 6, 39. abietum, III. 39. acadica, III. 40, 43. albifrons, III. 43. funerea, III. 39. harrisi, III. 40. kirtlandi, III. 39, 43. pinetorum, III. 39. planiceps, III. 39. richardsoni (plate), III. 39–41, 97–101. tengmalmi, III. 39. Nyctalops stygius, III. 17. Nyctea, III. 6, 60, 61. arctica, III. 61, 70. candida, III. 70. nivea (plate), III. 61, 70, 98–102. scandiaca, III. 61. Nyctibius, II. 398. Nyctidromus, II. 399, 400. affinis, II. 399. albicollis, II. 399. americanus, II. 399. derbyanus, II. 399. grallarius, II. 399. guianensis, II. 399.

Ochthæca sayi, II. 347. Odontophorus maleagris, III. 492. Onychotes gruberi, III. 252–254. Oporornis, I. 178, 279, 290. agilis, I. 290, 291, 301. formosus, I. 290, 293. Oreopeleia, III. 392. martinica, III. 393. montana, III. 393. Oreophasinæ, III. 397. Oreophasis derbianus, III. 397. Oreortyx, III. 466, 475. pictus, III. 475. Oreoscoptes, I. 2, 31. montanus, I. 32, 33, 40, 41. Oriolus baltimore, II. 195. castaneus, II. 190. caudacutus, I. 556, 557. costototl, II. 184. dominicensis, II. 182. ferrugineus, II. 202, 203. fuscus, II. 154. icterus, II. 184. ludovicianus, II. 215. mutatus, II. 190. niger, II. 203, 215. phœniceus, II. 158, 159. spurius, II. 190. varius, II. 190. Oriturus wrangeli, II. 122. Ornismya anna, II. 454. arsenni, II. 466. costæ, II. 453, 457. heloisa, II. 464, 465. montana, II. 462. tricolor, II. 462. viridissima, II. 468. Orpheus carolinensis, I. 52. curvirostris, I. 41. leucopterus, I. 49. longirostris, I. 39. meruloides, I. 29. montanus, I. 31, 32. Ortalida, III. 397, 398. maccalli, III. 398. poliocephala, III. 398. Ortyginæ, III. 466. Ortyx, III. 466, 467. californica, III. 479. castaneus, III. 468. cubanensis, III. 468. floridanus, III. 469. massena, III. 491, 492. montezumæ, III. 492. picta, III. 475. plumifera, III. 475. squamata, III. 487. texanus, III. 468, 474. virginianus, III. 467, 468. Oscines, I. 1, 163, 326. Otocoris, II. 139. rufa, II. 144. Otocorys alpestris, II. 143. chrysolæma, II. 144. cornuta, II. 143. occidentalis, II. 143. peregrina, II. 142, 144. Otus, III. 5, 17. albicollis, III. 17. americanus, III. 18. arboreus, III. 17. asio, III. 17, 52. aurita, III. 17. brachyotus, III. 18, 22, 24. communis, III. 17, 18. crassirostris, III. 61. europæus, III. 17. galopagœnsis, III. 23. gracilis, III. 17. italicus, III. 17. macrorhynchus, III. 61. mexicanus, III. 61. nævius, III. 49. palustris, III. 22. siguapa, III. 18. stygius, III. 17, 18. sylvestris, III. 17. virginianus, III. 62. vulgaris, III. 17. wilsonianus (plate), III. 17, 18, 98–101.

Pachyramphus aglaiæ, II. 306. major, II. 306. Pandion, III. 104, 182. alticeps, III. 183. americanus, III. 184. carolinensis, III. 183, 184. fasciatus, III. 184. fluvialis, III. 183. haliætus, III. 182, 183. indicus, III. 183. leucocephalus, III. 183. planiceps, III. 183. Panyptila, II. 422, 423. cayanensis, II. 424. melanoleuca, II. 424; III. 523. sancti-hieronymi, II. 424. Paridæ, I. 69, 86, 431. Parinæ, I. 86. Paroides flaviceps, I. 112. Parula, I. 178, 207. americana, I. 207–209, 259; III. 509. inornata, I. 208. insularis, I. 207. pitiayumi, I. 207. superciliosa, I. 208. Parus, I. 86, 93. albescens, I. 99. americanus, I. 207, 208. annexus, I. 93. atricapillus, I. 91–96, 100, 102, 103, 105, 128, 157. atricapillus canadensis, I. 96. atricristatus, I. 90. bicolor, I. 86, 87. carolinensis, I. 88, 94, 97, 102, 185. cristatus, I. 86, 87. erythrocephalus, I. 107. fasciatus, I. 83, 84. hudsonicus, I. 94, 97, 105. inornatus, I. 91. leucotis, I. 312. littoralis, I. 105. major, I. 93. meridionalis, I. 94, 102. minimus, I. 109. montanus, I. 92–95, 118. occidentalis, I. 94, 100, 101, 104. palustris, I. 96, 103. rufescens, I. 94, 104; III. 507. septentrionalis, I. 94, 97, 99, 101, 107. sibiricus, I. 95, 105. virginianus, I. 227. Passer, I. 525. arctous, I. 508. bicolor bahamensis, II. 93. canadensis, II. 3. domesticus, I. 525. pennsylvanicus, I. 574. Passerculeæ, I. 529. Passerculus, I. 529, 532. alaudinus, I. 533, 537; III. 515. anthinus, I. 533, 537, 539. cassini, II. 42. guttatus, I. 533, 544. lincolni, II. 31. princeps, I. 533, 540; III. 515. rostratus, I. 533, 542. sandwichensis, I. 533, 538. savanna, I. 533, 534. zonarius, II. 31. Passerella, II. 49; III. 518. cinerea, II. 27. iliaca, II. 50. megarhynchus, II. 49, 57; III. 518. obscura, II. 50. rufina, II. 29. schistacea, II. 49, 56. townsendi, II. 29, 49, 53. unalashkensis, II. 53. Passerellinæ, I. 446; II. 48. Passerina, II. 81. caudacuta, I. 557. ciris, II. 87. cyanea, II. 82. nigricollis, II. 65. oryzivora, II. 149. pecoris, II. 154. pratensis, I. 553. Patagiænas, III. 357. leucocephalus, III. 363. Pediocætes, III. 414, 433. columbianus, III. 434, 436, 446. kennikotti, III. 434. phasianellus, III. 434. Pediocorys, I. 164. Pendulinus, II. 179. affinis, II. 190. ater, II. 203. cucullatus, II. 193. dominicensis, II. 188. flavigaster, II. 182. hypomelas, II. 182. lessoni, II. 182. nigricollis, II. 190. portoricensis, II. 182. spurius, II. 190. viridis, II. 182. Penelope, III. 397. Penelopina, III. 397. Penelopinæ, III. 397. Percnopterus aura, III. 345. urubu, III. 351. Perdicidæ, III. 466. Perdix borealis, III. 468. californica, III. 479. marilandica, III. 468. plumifera, III. 475. virginiana, III. 468. Perisoreus, II. 264, 297. canadensis, II. 298, 299. capitalis, II. 298, 302. infaustus, II. 298. obscurus, II. 298, 302. Perissoglossa, I. 178, 211. carbonata, I. 212, 214. tigrina, I. 211, 212. Perissura, III. 381. carolinensis, III. 383. Petrochelidon, I. 327, 334. bicolor, I. 344. lunifrons, I. 334. swainsoni, I. 334. thalassina, I. 347. Peucæa, I. 530; II. 37. æstivalis, II. 34, 38, 39. arizonæ, II. 38, 41; III. 517. bachmani, II. 39. botterii, II. 38. boucardi, II. 38. carpalis, III. 517. cassini, II. 41, 42. lincolni, II. 31. notosticta, II. 38. ruficeps, II. 38, 45. Phabotypus, III. 220. Phænicosoma æstiva, I. 441. hepatica, I. 437. rubra, I. 435. Phænisoma, I. 432. æstiva, I. 441. rubra, I. 435. Phænopepla, I. 405. nitens, I. 405. Phæthornithinæ, II. 438. Phasianus columbianus, III. 436. motmot, III. 398. Phileremos, II. 139. Phlœotomus, II. 548. Pholeoptynx, III. 88. Phonipara, II. 60, 92. bicolor, II. 93. canora, II. 93. marchi, II. 93. olivacea, II. 93. omissa, II. 93. pusilla, II. 93. zena, II. 93. Phrenopicus, II. 501, 523. Phrenopipo, II. 523. borealis, II. 524. Phyllobasileus, I. 72. Phyllomanes, I. 358. barbatula, I. 360. flavoviridis, I. 366. olivacea, I. 363. Phyllopneuste, I. 69, 70. borealis, I. 70, 71. kennicotti, I. 70, 71. sylvicultrix, I. 71. trochilus, I. 71, 72. Pica, II. 264. albiventris, II. 265. cærulescens, II. 285. caudata, II. 265. chloronota, II. 295. cristata, II. 273. europea, II. 265. hudsonica, II. 265, 266. melanoleuca, II. 265, 266. morio, II. 303, 304. nuttalli, II. 265, 270. rusticorum, II. 265. stelleri, II. 277. Piceæ, II. 492, 493. Picicorvus, II. 232, 254. columbianus, II. 255. Picidæ, II. 469, 491. Picinæ, II. 491, 492. Pico cruzado, I. 488. Picoides, II. 494, 529. americanus, II. 529, 532. arcticus, II. 528, 530. crissoleucus, II. 529. dorsalis, II. 529, 532. europæus, II. 529. hirsutus, II. 532. tridactylus, II. 529. Picolaptes brunneicapillus, I. 132, 134. Picumninæ, II. 491. Picus, II. 493, 500. albolarvatus, II. 502, 526. americanus, II. 532. arcticus, II. 530. atrothorax, II. 539. auduboni, II. 503. auratus, II. 575. aurifrons, II. 557. bairdi, II. 515, 517. bogotus, II. 515. borealis, II. 501, 523, 524. cafer, II. 578. canadensis, II. 503. carolinus, II. 554. chrysoides, II. 583. dorsalis, II. 532. erythrauchen, II. 554. erythrocephalus, II. 559, 564. gairdneri, II. 501, 512; III. 523. gracilis, II. 515. graysoni, II. 501, 515, 517. griseus, II. 554. harrisi, II. 501, 507. hirsutus, II. 532. hudsonica, II. 266. hybridus aurato-mexicanus, II. 582. hylocopus, II. 507. inornatus, II. 507. jardini, II. 507. lathami, II. 578. leconti, II. 509. leucomelanus, II. 503. leucomelas, II. 503. leucotis, II. 524. lewisii, II. 561. lucasanus, II. 501, 517, 519, 520. martinæ, II. 503. martius, II. 500. medianus, II. 509. melanopogon, II. 566. meridionalis, II. 509, 512. mexicanus, II. 578. montanus, II. 561. nataliæ, II. 547. nuttalli, II. 501, 517, 520, 521. obscurus, II. 564. orizabæ, II. 515. ornatus, II. 557. parvus, II. 515. phillipsi, II. 503. pileatus, II. 550. principalis, II. 496. pubescens, I. 103, 185; II. 501, 502, 509. querulus, II. 524. ruber, II. 544. rubricapillus, II. 503. rubicatus, II. 578. scalaris, II. 501, 514, 515, 520. septentrionalis, II. 503. submexicanus, II. 574. thyroideus, II. 535, 547. torquatus, II. 559, 561. tridactylus, II. 528, 530. turati, II. 512. undatus, II. 532. undosus, II. 532. undulatus, II. 532. varius, II. 535, 539. vieilloti, II. 524. villosus, II. 500, 503, 520. williamsoni, II. 545. wilsoni, II. 521. zebra, II. 554. Pilumnus, II. 535. ruber, II. 544. thyroideus, II. 547. varius, II. 539. Pinicola, I. 447, 452. americana, I. 453. canadensis, I. 453. enucleator, I. 453; III. 513. Pipile, III. 397. Pipilo, I. 34; II. 60, 104. aberti, II. 106, 126, 128; III. 519. albicollis, II. 121, 122. albigula, II. 121, 122, 127. alleni, II. 108, 112. arcticus, II. 109, 116, 119. ater, II. 109. carmani, II. 109. chlorosoma, II. 105. chlorurus, II. 106, 131; III. 519. crissalis, II. 121, 122. erythrophthalmus, II. 105, 106, 108, 109; III. 518. fuscus, II. 106, 121. lateralis, II. 106. macronyx, II. 105. maculatus, II. 105, 108. megalonyx, II. 108, 113. mesoleucus, II. 121, 122, 125; III. 518. oregonus, II. 108, 116. personata, I. 589. superciliosa, II. 106. virescens, II. 105. Pipra polyglotta, I. 307. Pitylus cardinalis, II. 100. guttatus, II. 73. Planesticus, I. 4, 22, 24, 28. Platypsaris affinis, II. 306. Platyrhynchus pusillus, II. 366. virescens, I. 374. Plectrophanes, I. 448, 510. lapponicus, I. 511, 515. maccowni, I. 511, 523. melanomus, I. 511, 521. nivalis, I. 511, 512. ornatus, I. 511, 520. pictus, I. 511, 518. smithi, I. 518. Ploceidæ, I. 431. Plyctolophinæ, II. 585. Podager, II. 399. Podagrinæ, II. 398. Pœcile atricapilla, I. 96. carolinensis, I. 102. melanotis, I. 108. minima, I. 109. rufescens, I. 104. Pœcilopternis, III. 254. borealis, III. 282. lineatus, III. 275. wilsoni, III. 259. Pœcilornis, III. 159. cinnamominus, III. 168. sparverius, III. 169. Pœcilopteryx, III. 202. plumbeus, III. 203. Polioaëtus, III. 320. Polioptila, I. 77, 201. cærulea, I. 78; III. 506. lembeyi, I. 78. melanura, I. 78, 79, 81; III. 507. mexicana, I. 78. plumbea, I. 78, 80. Polioptilinæ, I. 69, 77. Polyborus, III. 103, 176. auduboni, III. 178. brasiliensis, III. 177, 178. cheriway, III. 177. tæniurus, III. 249. tharus, III. 176–178. vulgaris, III. 177, 178. Pomatorhinus turdinus, I. 41. Pontoaëtus, III. 320. Poocætes, I. 529, 544. gramineus, I. 545. Poospiza, I. 530, 589. belli, I. 33, 590, 593; III. 516. bilineata, I. 589, 590. lateralis, II. 106. mystacalis, II. 589. nevadensis, I. 590, 594. Psittacidæ, II. 469. Progne, I. 326, 327. concolor, I. 328. cryptoleuca, I. 328, 329, 332. domestica, I. 328. dominicensis, I. 328, 329. elegans, I. 328, 330. furcata, I. 328. leucogaster, I. 329, 333. modesta, I. 328. purpurea, I. 328, 332. subis, I. 328, 329, 332. Protonotaria, I. 178, 183. citrea, I. 183, 184, 289. Psaltria, I. 107. flaviceps, I. 112. melanotis, I. 108. plumbea, I. 110. Psaltriparus, I. 86, 107. melanotis, I. 107, 108. minimus, I. 108, 109, 120. personatus, I. 108. plumbeus, I. 108, 110. Psarocolius auricollis, II. 199. baltimore, II. 195. caudacutus, II. 149. cyanocephalus, II. 206. gubernator, II. 163. melanocephalus, II. 186. pecoris, II. 154. perspicillatus, II. 167. phœniceus, II. 159. Pseudaëtus, II. 312. Pseudogryphus, III. 337, 338. californianus (plate), III. 338, 355, 356. Pseudoprocne, II. 423. Psilorhinus, II. 264, 303. cyanocephalus, II. 260. mexicanus, II. 304. morio, II. 304. Psittaca carolinensis, II. 587. Psittacidæ, II. 585. Psittacinæ, II. 585. Psittacus caroliniensis, II. 587. ludovicianus, II. 587. militaris, II. 586. pascha, II. 586. strenuus, II. 586. thalassinus, II. 587. Pteroaëtus, III. 312. Pterocircus, III. 212. Ptilogonateæ, I. 404. Ptilogonatinæ, I. 395, 404. Ptilogonus cinereus, I. 405. Ptilogonys, I. 405. nitens, I. 405. townsendi, I. 409. Pipilo rufipileus, II. 131. Pulsatrix, III. 28. Pygargus, III. 212. Pyranga, I. 432. æstiva, I. 434, 441. ardens, I. 433. azaræ, I. 434, 440. bidentata, I. 433. cooperi, I. 434, 444. erythrocephala, I. 433. erythromelæna, I. 433, 435. erythropis, I. 437. hepatica, I. 433, 440; III. 512. ludoviciana, I. 433, 435, 437. mississippiensis, I. 441. roseigularis, I. 434. rubra, I. 34, 432, 435. rubriceps, I. 433. saira, I. 434. testacea, I. 434. Pyrgita, I. 525. arctica, II. 119. domestica, I. 525. Pyrgitænas passerinus, III. 389. Pyrgitinæ, I. 446, 524. Pyrocephalus, II. 308, 386. mexicanus, II. 387; III. 522. nanus, II. 387. obscurus, II. 387. rubineus, II. 387. Pyrrhula, I. 447, 456. cassini, I. 457; III. 513. coccinea, I. 457. cruentata, I. 468. enucleator, I. 453. falcirostris, II. 90. frontalis, I. 466. ludoviciana, II. 70. Pyrrhuloxia, II. 60, 95. sinuata, II. 95.

Quiscalinæ, II. 147, 202. Quiscalus, II. 202, 212. æneus, II. 213, 218. ænius, II. 218. aglæus, II. 213, 221. assimilis, II. 214. baritus, II. 213, 221. brachypterus, II. 213. breweri, II. 206. ferrugineus, II. 203. gundlachi, II. 213. inflexirostris, II. 214. macrurus, II. 214, 225. major, II. 214, 222. mexicanus, II. 214. niger, II. 213. nitens, II. 215. palustris, II. 214. peruvianus, II. 214. purpuratus, II. 215. purpureus, II. 213–215. tenuirostris, II. 214. versicolor, II. 215, 218.

Raptores, III. 1. Regulinæ, I. 69, 72. Reguloides proregulus, I. 72. Regulus, I. 72. Regula calendula, I. 34, 75; III. 506. cuvieri, I. 75. mystaceus, I. 297. rubineus, I. 75. satrapa, I. 75, 104. Rhimamphus, I. 215. æstivus, I. 222. blackburniæ, I. 237. canadensis, I. 254. castaneus, I. 251. chryseolus, I. 222. coronatus, I. 227. discolor, I. 276. maculosus, I. 232. maritimus, I. 212. olivaceus, I. 258. pensilis, I. 240. pinus, I. 268. rufus, I. 273. striatus, I. 248. tigrina, I. 273. virens, I. 261. Rhinogryphus, III. 337, 343. aura (plate), III. 344, 355, 356. burrovianus, III. 344. Rhinoptynx, III. 60. Rhinostrix, III. 60. Rhynchodon, III. 127. Rhynchofalco, III. 107, 154. Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha, II. 586. Rostrhamus, III. 104, 207. hamatus, III. 209. niger, III. 208. plumbeus, III. 208, 209. sociabilis, III. 208. tæniurus, III. 209.