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A HISTORY OF
MATRIMONIAL INSTITUTIONS
CHIEFLY IN ENGLAND AND THE UNITED STATES WITH AN INTRODUCTORY ANALYSIS OF THE LITERATURE AND THE THEORIES OF PRIMITIVE MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY
BY
GEORGE ELLIOTT HOWARD PH.D.
PROFESSORIAL LECTURER IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO AUTHOR OF "LOCAL CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES"
VOLUME TWO
CHICAGO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CALLAGHAN & COMPANY
LONDON T. FISHER UNWIN, PATERNOSTER SQUARE 1904
COPYRIGHT 1904 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
Entered at Stationers' Hall
MAY, 1904
TO
Alice Frost Howard
HER HUSBAND DEDICATES THIS BOOK IN GRATEFUL RECOGNITION OF HER AID IN MAKING IT
ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME ONE
Part I
ANALYSIS OF THE LITERATURE AND THE THEORIES OF PRIMITIVE MATRIMONIAL INSTITUTIONS
PAGES
I. THE PATRIARCHAL THEORY 3-32
I. Statement of the Theory 9-13
II. Criticism of the Theory by Spencer and McLennan 14-17
III. The Theory in the Light of Recent Research 18-32
II. THEORY OF THE HORDE AND MOTHER-RIGHT 33-89
I. Bachofen and His Disciples 39-65
II. Morgan's Constructive Theory 65-76
III. McLennan's Constructive Theory 77-89
III. THEORY OF THE ORIGINAL PAIRING OR MONOGAMOUS FAMILY 89-151
I. The Problem of Promiscuity 90-110
II. The Problem of Mother-Right 110-117
III. The Problem of Exogamy 117-132
IV. The Problem of the Successive Forms of the Family 132-151
IV. RISE OF THE MARRIAGE CONTRACT 152-223
I. Wife-Capture and the Symbol of Rape 156-179
II. Wife-Purchase and Its Survival in the Marriage Ceremony 179-201
III. The Antiquity of Self-Betrothal or Free Marriage 201-210
IV. Primitive Free Marriage Surviving with Purchase, and the Decay of the Purchase-Contract 210-223
V. EARLY HISTORY OF DIVORCE 224-250
I. The Right of Divorce 224-240
II. The Form of Divorce 240-241
III. The Legal Effects of Divorce 241-247
IV. Frequency of Divorce 247-250
VI. OLD ENGLISH WIFE-PURCHASE YIELDS TO FREE MARRIAGE 253-286
I. The Primitive Real Contract of Sale and Its Modifications 258-276
II. Rise of Free Marriage: Self-Beweddung and Self-Gifta 276-286
CHAPTER VII. RISE OF ECCLESIASTICAL MARRIAGE: THE CHURCH ACCEPTS THE LAY CONTRACT AND CEREMONIAL 287-320
I. The Primitive Christian Benediction, the Bride-Mass, and the Celebration ad Ostium Ecclesiae 291-308
II. The Priest Supersedes the Chosen Guardian, and Sponsalia per Verba de Praesenti Are Valid 308-320
CHAPTER VIII. RISE OF ECCLESIASTICAL MARRIAGE: THE CHURCH DEVELOPS AND ADMINISTERS MATRIMONIAL LAW 321-363
I. The Early Christian Doctrine and the Rise of the Canonical Theory 324-340
II. Clandestine Marriages the Fruit of the Canonical Theory 340-349
III. The Evils of the Spiritual Jurisdiction 351-359
IV. Publicity Sought through Banns and Registration 359-363
IX. THE PROTESTANT CONCEPTION OF MARRIAGE 364-403
I. As to the Form of Marriage 370-386
II. As to the Nature of Marriage 386-399
III. Child-Marriages in the Age of Elizabeth 399-403
X. RISE OF CIVIL MARRIAGE 404-473
I. Cromwell's Civil Marriage Act, 1653 408-435
II. Fleet Marriages and the Hardwicke Act, 1753 435-460
III. The Present English Law 460-473
VOLUME TWO
XI. HISTORY OF SEPARATION AND DIVORCE UNDER ENGLISH AND ECCLESIASTICAL LAW 3-117
I. The Early Christian Doctrine and the Theory of the Canon Law 11-60
a) Historical Elements of the Christian Teaching 11-23 b) Views of the Early Fathers 23-28 c) The Legislation of the Christian Emperors 28-33 d) The Compromise with German Custom 33-46 e) Final Settlement of the Christian Doctrine in the Canon Law 47-60
II. The Protestant Doctrine of Divorce 60-85
a) Opinions of Luther and the Continental Reformers 60-71 b) Opinions of the English Reformers 71-85
III. Law and Theory during Three Centuries 85-117
a) The Views of Milton 85-92 b) Void and Voidable Contracts 92-102 c) Parliamentary Divorce 102-109 d) The Present English Law 109-117
XII. OBLIGATORY CIVIL MARRIAGE IN THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES 121-226
I. The Magistrate Supersedes the Priest at the Nuptials 125-143
II. Banns, Consent, and Registration 143-151
III. Courtship, Proposals, and Government of Single Persons 152-169
IV. Pre-contracts, Bundling, and Sexual Immorality 169-200
V. Breach of Promise and Marriage Portions 200-209
VI. Self-Gifta, Clandestine Contracts, and Forbidden Degrees 209-215
VII. Slave-Marriages 215-226
XIII. ECCLESIASTICAL RITES AND THE RISE OF CIVIL MARRIAGE IN THE SOUTHERN COLONIES 227-263
I. The Religious Ceremony and Lay Administration in Virginia 228-239
II. Optional Civil Marriage and the Rise of Obligatory Religious Celebration in Maryland 239-247
III. The Struggle for Civil Marriage and Free Religious Celebration in North Carolina 247-259
IV. Episcopal Rites by Law and Free Civil or Religious Celebration by Custom in South Carolina and Georgia 260-263
XIV. OPTIONAL CIVIL OR ECCLESIASTICAL MARRIAGE IN THE MIDDLE COLONIES 264-327
I. New York 266-308
a) Law and Custom in New Netherland 267-284 b) Law and Custom under the Duke of York 284-296 c) Law and Custom in the Royal Province 296-308
II. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware 308-327
a) Law and Custom in New Jersey 308-315 b) Law and Custom in Pennsylvania and Delaware 315-327
XV. DIVORCE IN THE AMERICAN COLONIES 328-387
I. In New England 330-366
a) Massachusetts 330-348 b) New Hampshire, Plymouth, and New Haven 348-353 c) Connecticut 353-360 d) Rhode Island 360-366
II. English Divorce Laws in Abeyance in the Southern Colonies 366-376
Arbitration and Divorce in the Middle Colonies 376-387
XVI. A CENTURY AND A QUARTER OF MARRIAGE LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES, 1776-1903 388-497
I. The New England States 388-408
a) Solemnization 389-395 b) Forbidden Degrees: Void and Voidable Marriages 395-401 c) Certificate and Record 401-408
II. The Southern and Southwestern States 408-452
a) Solemnization 409-427 b) Forbidden Degrees: Void and Voidable Marriages 427-441 c) Certificate and Record 441-452
III. The Middle and the Western States 452-497
a) Solemnization 452-470 b) Forbidden Degrees: Void and Voidable Marriages 470-481 c) Certificate and Record 481-497
VOLUME THREE
XVII. A CENTURY AND A QUARTER OF DIVORCE LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES 3-160
I. The New England States 3-30
a) Jurisdiction: Causes and Kinds of Divorce 4-18 b) Remarriage, Residence, Notice, and Miscellaneous Provisions 18-28 c) Alimony, Property, and Custody of Children 28-30
II. The Southern and Southwestern States 31-95
a) Legislative Divorce 31-50 b) Judicial Divorce: Jurisdiction, Kinds, and Causes 50-79 c) Remarriage, Residence, Notice, and Miscellaneous Provisions 79-90 d) Alimony, Property, and Custody of Children 90-95
III. The Middle and the Western States 96-160
a) Legislative Divorce 96-101 b) Judicial Divorce: Jurisdiction, Kinds, and Causes 101-144 c) Remarriage, Residence, Notice, and Miscellaneous Provisions 145-160
XVIII. PROBLEMS OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 161-259
I. The Function of Legislation 167-223
a) The Statutes and the Common-Law Marriage 170-185 b) Resulting Character of Matrimonial Legislation 185-203 c) Resulting Character of Divorce Legislation 203-223
II. The Function of Education 223-259
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX 263-402
I. Early History of Matrimonial Institutions 264-291
II. Matrimonial Institutions in England and under Germanic and Canon Law 291-339
III. Matrimonial Institutions in the United States 339-355
a) Manuscripts 339-340 b) Books and Articles 340-355
IV. Problems of Marriage and the Family 355-396
V. Session Laws and Collected Statutes Used in Chapters XVI-XVIII 396-402
CASE INDEX 405-411
SUBJECT INDEX 413-449
II. MATRIMONIAL INSTITUTIONS IN ENGLAND
CONTINUED