XXXIV. MARBOD, BISHOP OF RENNES, 1035—1123 (part 1 of 2)

XXXIV. MARBOD, BISHOP OF RENNES, 1035—1123 (part 1 of 2)

Career of Marbod—Relation of his Liber lapidum to the prose Evax—Problem of Marbod’s sources—Influence of the Liber lapidum—Occult virtue of gems—Liber lapidum meant seriously—De fato et genesi.

“_Nec dubium cuiquam debet falsumque videri Quin sua sit gemmis divinitus insita virtus; Ingens est herbis virtus data, maxima gemmis._” —Marbod, Liber lapidum.

[Sidenote: Career of Marbod.]

Of medieval Latin Lapidaries the earliest and what also seems to have been the classic on the subject of the marvelous properties of stones is the Liber lapidum seu de gemmis by Marbod, bishop of Rennes,[3063] who lived from 1035 to 1123 and so had very likely completed this work before the close of the eleventh century. Indeed one manuscript of it seems to date from that century[3064] and there are numerous twelfth century manuscripts. These early manuscripts bear his name and the style is the same as in his other writings. Born in the county of Anjou, Marbod attended the church school there, became the schoolmaster himself from 1067 to 1081, during which time he probably composed the Liber lapidum, then served as archdeacon under three successive bishops, and finally himself became a bishop in 1096. He attended church councils in 1103 and 1104 and died in September, 1123, in an Angevin monastery, whose monks issued a eulogistic encyclical letter on that occasion, while two archdeacons celebrated his integrity, learning, and eloquence in admiring verse. Marbod’s own productions are also in poetical form. It is interesting to note that despite his early date he was eulogized not as a lone man of letters in an uncultured age but as “the king of orators, although at that time all Gaul resounded with varied studies.”

[Sidenote: Relation of the Liber lapidum to the prose Evax.]

The Liber lapidum is a Latin poem of 734 hexameters describing sixty stones. In the opening lines Marbod writes:

“Evax, king of the Arabs, is said to have written to Nero, Who after Augustus ruled next in the city.[3065] How many the species of stones, what names, and what colors, From what regions they came, and how great the power of each one.”

Making use of this worthy book, Marbod has decided to compose a briefer account for himself and a few friends only, believing that he who popularizes mysteries lessens their majesty. As a result of this opening line and the fact that in some manuscripts Marbod’s own name is not given, his poem is sometimes listed in the catalogues as the work of Evax.[3066] There is also, however, extant a work in Latin prose which opens, “Evax, king of Arabia, to the emperor Tiberius greeting.”[3067] But as this prose work is not much longer than Marbod’s poem, and seems to be known only from a single manuscript of the fourteenth century, it is doubtful if it is the work which he professed to abbreviate. This prose work is also ascribed to Amigeron or Damigeron,[3068] to whom we have already seen that the author of Lithica was supposed to be indebted and whose name was regarded as that of a famous magician. After alluding to the magnificent gifts which the emperor had sent to Evax by the centurion Lucinius Fronto and offering this book in return, the author of the prose version lists seven stones appropriate, not, strangely enough, to the seven planets, but to seven of the signs of the zodiac.[3069] Fifty chapters are then devoted to as many stones, beginning with Aetites, which is twenty-fifth in Marbod’s list, and ending with Sardo, while Sardius comes tenth in Marbod’s poem. Marbod’s own order, however, sometimes varies in the manuscripts.[3070]

[Sidenote: Problem of Marbod’s sources.]

King, and Rose after him, asserted[3071] that despite Marbod’s professed abridgement of a work which Evax was supposed to have presented to Tiberius, he drew largely from Isidore of Seville’s Etymologies. Rose thought that some of the descriptions of stones were from Solinus, the rest from Isidore, but that the account of their virtues was from Evax. King also noted occasional extracts from the Orphic work, Lithica, which is not surprising in view of the fact that both Evax and the Lithica seem based on Damigeron. This question of sources and ultimate origins is, however, as usual of relatively little moment to our investigation. My own impression would be that in antiquity and the middle age there exists a sort of common fund of information and stock of beliefs concerning gems which naturally is drawn upon and appears in every individual treatise upon them. But the number of gems discussed and the order in which they are considered or classified varies with each new author, and there is apt to be a similar variation in the number of statements made concerning any particular stone and the way in which these are arranged. In fine, all ancient and medieval accounts of the natures and virtues of stones bear a general resemblance to one another which is more impressive than is the similarity between any two given accounts, and testify to a consensus of opinion and to a common learned tradition concerning gems which is more significant than the possible borrowings of individual authors from one another.

[Sidenote: Influence of the Liber lapidum.]

However, there seems to be little doubt that the poem of Marbod is itself an outstanding work among medieval accounts of precious stones, first because of the early date of its authorship, and second because of its late persistence and popularity, which is indicated by the fourteen editions that appeared after the invention of printing.[3072] Its convenient form perhaps accounts to a considerable extent for its popularity. At any rate the manuscripts of it are numerous, and it was much used by subsequent writers of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, although citations of Lapidarius cannot always be assumed to refer to Marbod. But at least the notions concerning gems which we find in his poem are a fair sample of what we should find in any Latin treatment of the same subject for several centuries to come. It is found also in a medieval French version.

[Sidenote: Occult virtue of gems.]

It does not make much difference where we begin or what stones we select from Marbod’s list as examples, since the same sort of marvelous powers are ascribed to all of them. In his prologue Marbod describes the occult virtues of gems as those “whose hidden cause gives manifest effects.” No one should doubt them or think them false, “since the virtue in gems is divinely implanted. Enormous virtue is given to herbs, but the greatest to gems.”

Adamant, hard as it is, cracks when heated with goat’s blood. It counteracts the action of the magnet. It is used in the magic arts and makes its bearer indomitable. It drives off nocturnal specters and idle dreams. It routs black venom, heals quarrels and contentions, cures the insane, and repels fierce foes.

Allectory, found inside cocks, slakes thirst. Milo overcame other athletes, and kings have won battles by its aid. It restores promptly those who have been banished, enables orators to speak with a flow of language, makes one welcome on every occasion, and endears a wife to her husband. It is advised to carry it concealed in the mouth.

The sapphire nourishes the body and preserves the limbs whole. Its bearer, who should be most chaste, cannot be harmed by fraud or envy and is unmoved by any terror. It leads those in bonds from prison. It placates God and makes Him favorable to prayers. It is good for peace-making and reconciliation. It is preferred to other gems in hydromancy, since prophetic responses can be obtained by it. As for medicinal qualities, it cools internal heat, checks perspiration, powdered and applied with milk it heals ulcers, cleanses the eyes, stops headache, and cures diseases of the tongue.

Gagates, worn as an amulet, benefits dropsy; diluted with water, it prevents loose teeth from falling out; fumigation with it is good for epileptics and it is thought to be hostile to demons; it remedies indigestion and constipation and overcomes magical illusions (praestigia) and evil incantations. Also

Per suffumigium mulieri menstrua reddit

* * * * *

_Et solet, ut perhibent, deprehendere virginitatem. Praegnans potest aquam triduo qua mersus habetur Quo vexabatur partum cito libera fundit._

Gagates burns when washed with water; is extinguished by anointing it with olive oil.

The magnet is especially used in the illusions of magic. The great Deendor is said to have first used it, realizing that there was no more potent force in magic, and after him the famous witch Circe employed it. Among the Medes experience revealed still further virtues of the stone. It is used to test a wife’s chastity while she is sleeping; if she is unchaste, she will fall out of bed when the gem is applied to her head. A burglar can commit theft unmolested by sprinkling it over hot coals and so driving away all the occupants of the house.

In the case of Chelonitis Marbod’s account is very similar to that in Pliny’s Natural History,[3073] citing the Magi for the power of divination it bestows when carried under the tongue at certain times of the moon, according to whose phases its power varies. Of the gems hitherto described only in the case of adamant and gagates was there any resemblance between Marbod and Pliny and there only partial.

Pliny also briefly states that the stone diadochos resembles beryl, but does not have Marbod’s statements that it is employed in water divination to show varied images of demons, “nor is there other stone stronger to evoke shades.” But if by chance it comes in contact with a corpse, it loses its wonted force, since the stone is sacred and abhors dead bodies.[3074]

[Sidenote: Liber lapidum was meant to be taken seriously.]

The vast powers, not only medicinal and physical, but of divination and magic, over the mind and affections, miraculous and supernatural, even over God, as in the statement that the sapphire can be employed to secure a more favorable answer to prayer, which Marbod assigns to gems without a sign of scruple or scepticism or disapproval on his part, have so shocked some moderns that suggestions have been made, in order to explain away the acceptance of talismanic powers of gems to such a degree by a Christian clergyman who became a bishop, that Marbod must have composed his poem when quite young and lived to repent it, or that he regarded it merely as a poetical flight and exercise, not as an exposition of scientific fact. But wherefore then was it not only widely read in the literary twelfth century but also widely cited as an authority in the scientific and equally Christian thirteenth century? No; everyone else took it precisely as Marbod meant it, as a serious statement of the marvelous powers which had been divinely implanted in gems. And why should not God be more easily reached through the instrumentality of gems, since He had endowed them with their marvelous virtues? Marbod affirms his own faith in the great virtues of gems not only at the beginning but the close of his poem, stating that while some have doubted the marvelous properties attributed to them, this has been due to the fact that so many imitation gems are made of glass, which deceive the unwary but of course lack the occult virtues of the genuine stones. If the stones are genuine and duly consecrated, the marvelous effects will without a doubt follow.

[Sidenote: De fato et genesi.]

Marbod’s belief in the almost boundless talismanic virtues of gems is thrown into the higher relief by the fact that in another of his poems he makes an attack upon genethlialogy or the prediction of the entire life of the individual from the constellations at his birth. In De fato et genesi he writes against “the common notion” (opinio vulgi) that all things are ruled by fate, that the hour of nativity controls man’s entire life, and the contention of the mathematici that the seven planets control not only the external forces with which man comes in contact but also human character. He objects to such a doctrine as that, when Venus and Mars appear in certain relations to the sun, the babe born under that constellation will be destined to commit incest and adultery in later life. He objects that such beliefs destroy all the foundations of morality, law, and future reward or punishment; contends that there are certain races which never commit adultery or crime, yet have the same seven planets; and argues that since Jews are all circumcised on the eighth day, they should all have the same horoscope. These are familiar contentions, at least as old as Bardesanes. Marbod declares further that the astrological writer, Firmicus, employs “infirm arguments,” and that his own horoscope, taken according to Firmicus’ methods and interpreted likewise, turned out to be false, “as I proved when once I dabbled in that art.” This is interesting as showing that Gerard of York[3075] was not the only bishop of the eleventh century who was acquainted with the work of Julius Firmicus Maternus, and that even opponents of astrology are apt to have once been dabblers in it. Marbod concludes his poem with this neat turn:

“I thought I ought to write these lines briefly against genethlialogy. Nevertheless, that I may not seem to repel fate and horoscope utterly, I assert that my fate is the Word of the supreme Father, By Whom should all things be ruled and all men confess; And I say that the computation of my constellation is innate in me And the liberty by which I can tend whither I will. Therefore, if my will shall be in conjunction with reason In the sign of the Balances with Christ regarding me, All things will turn out prosperously for me here and everywhere:— This is the favorable horoscope of all Christ’s followers.”

GENERAL INDEX

Names of men of learning will be found for the most part in the bibliographical index.

Aaron, 357, 379, 464, 507

Abacus, 698, 704

Abbreviation, 135, 500, 624

Abdomen, diseases of, 577

Abimelech, 399

Abortion, 61, 94

Abraham the patriarch, astrology and science of 350, 353, 355, 411, 703; magic use of name of, 437, 449, 726

Abraxas, 371, 379

Abrotonum, an herb, 495

Abscess, 93

Abstinence from animal food, 295, 308, 314

Academy, the, 268, 270, 602

Accusation of magic against, Galen, 125, 165-7; alchemists, 194; Apuleius, 222, 232-40; Apollonius of Tyana, 246; the emperor Julian, 318; Jews, 337, 436-9; Christ and Christians, 337, 383, 395-6, 415, 424, 433, 436-9, 463, 465, 505; pagans, 415; philosophers, 416; heretics, 415, 424; Origen, 461; Priscillian, 380-1, 519-20; Libanius, 538; Bede, 635; Gerbert, 704-5; Constantinus Africanus, 744, 755; Dunstan, 773

Achilles, ghost of, 264; master of, 597

Aconite, 74, 171

Acorn, 740

Acoustics, 185

Acron, 56

Adalbert, bishop of Bremen, 773

Adam, first man, 681

Adamant, 81, 294, 636; swords of, 253, 258; breakable by goat’s blood, 56, 85, 511, 588, 779; by lead, 657

Adder, 279, 721

Adonai, 365, 367, 451, 583, 726

Adrianaion, 434

Adultery, discovery of, 364, 644

Advertising, 186

Aeetes, 329

Aegina, 86, 301

Aelian, a consul, 262

Aemilianus, 224

Aeon, 363-4, 378, 383, 411

Aerimancy or Aeromancy, 344, 629

Aesculapius, shrine of, 283, 329, 379; and see other index

Aetites, a gem, 257, 329, 330, 581, 777

Affroselinum, 765

Agate, 294, 721

Agathodaemon, 173, 292, 379, 587, 661; and see other index

Aglaides, 431

Aglaonice, 203

Agnus castus, an herb, 756

Agnus Dei, 737

Agricultural magic, 21, 70, 79-80, 93-4, 216, 219, 294, 604-5, 626

Ague, 536

Air, importance of pure, 142, 151; pressure of, 188; experiments with, 190-2; and continuity of universe, 206; star in, 478

Albicerius, 518

Alchemy, Egyptian, 12-3; Greek, 59, 131, 193-200, 320, 544-5, 764; Pliny, 81, 193; Arabic and Latin, chap. xxxiii, 368, 398, 649, 663-4, 669-70, 697, 757, 773

Alcmaeon, 324

Alcohol, 468, 765

Alcoholism, 253

Alexander the Great, chap. xxiv, 186, 496, 602; and see other index

Alexander of Abonutichus, 277-8

Alexander V, pope, 106

Alexandria, as a center of ancient learning, 27, 39, 48, 105, 109, 123, 145, 187, 224, 291, 318, 348, 449, 541, 552, 763; dissection at, 147; measures of, 144; relations with India, 245; in the pseudo-Clementine Homilies, 404, 408

Alexandrina, golden, 739

Alexandrinus Olympius, 300

Alive, taken from, 580, 591; burned, see Crab

Allectory, a gem, 779

Allegory and allegorical interpretation, in alchemy, 195-8; of the Bible, 350, 479, 484, 633; in zoology, 396, 500, 502; miscellaneous, 545, 626; and see Symbolism

Almanac, 318

Almond, 78

Aloaeus, see Eloeus

Alphabet in magic and divination, 197, 370, 380, 592, 664, 711; and see Vowel

Alphabetical order, 166, 176, 606, 610

Alpheus, river, 102

Altar, 80, 239, 295, 378

Alum, 765

Amazons, 114, 564, 603

Ambassador, see Embassy

Amber, 49, 213

American Indians, 16-17

Amiantus, a gem, 81, 213

Ammon, the god, 546, 553, 561-2

Ammon (or, Hammon), King of Egypt, 291

Ammonia, 571

Amnael, an angel, 195

Amor aquae, 764

Amulet, Egyptian, 10; in Pliny, 70, 77, 81, 85, 87, 89, 92; in Galen, 166, 172-3, 176; in Plutarch, 204, 294; Gnostic, 380; Aristotle represented as an adept in, 563; post-classical and early medieval medicine, 572, 580, 755; Arabic, 655-6; and see Ligatures and suspensions

Amusements, ancient, 137, 486

Anaesthetics, 142, 626

Anastasius, Pope, 461

Anatomy, of Galen, 145-51; Empirics hostile to, 157; of Rasis, 668

Andrew, St., legend of, 435

Andronicus, the prefect, 542

Anemone, 65

Angel, see Spirit

Angitia, 329

Anglo-Saxon, manuscripts, chap. xxix, 597, 612-3; medicine, chap. xxxi

Angobatae, 188

Animal, incapable of magic, 4; in early Greek religion, 23; habits, intelligence, jealousy, and remedies employed by, 26, 57, 73-5, 217-8, 254, chap. xii, 460, 490, 574, 626; use of parts of, 11, 20, 67-70, 75-6, 87, 133, 167, 229, 587, 606, 721, 740, 755, 766; living in fire, 240; sacred, 311; minute, 275; in art, 502; breeding and horoscopes of, 516; and see Abstinence from animal food, Gods, Language, Sculpture, Transformation, and the names of individual animals

Anise, 229

Annacus, king, 340

Annunciation, 263

Anonymity, 133, 728

Ant, 71-2, 75, 81, 98, 329, 331; Indian, 636

Anthemius of Tralles, 575

Anthropology, 300

Anthropos, Gnostic, 380

Antichrist, 417

Antidote, 130, 154, 253, 441, 494

Antimony, 735

Antioch, 254, 296, 404, 421, 428, 431, 472, 662, 747

Antipathy, 84, 173, 213, 217, 219, 239, 581, 605

Antiphon, an interpreter of omens, 562

Antipodes, 219, 480-1

Antiscia, 537

Anubion, 420

Ape, 148, 256; and see Cynocephalus

Apelles the painter, 55

Apollo, 23, 93, 212, 253, 294, 317, 326, 371, 429, 735

Apollobeches, 58

Apollonius of Tyana, chap. viii, 165, 244, 288, 295, 390, 435, 465

Apoplexy, 536

Apothecary, 84, 129

Apparatus, magical, 28, 190; and see Magic, materials

Apparition, 66, 68, 204, 208, 215, 437-8, 455, 496, 509-10, 779; and see Spirit

Appion, 419-20; and see Apion in other index

Appius, friend of Cicero, 270

Applied science, ancient, chap. v, 408; early medieval, chap. xxxiii

Aquila, disciple of Peter, chap. xvii

Aquileia, 124

Arab, Arabia, and Arabic, early poetry, 6; drugs and spices from, 84, 129, 765; Apollonius of Tyana in, 261, 295; magic of, 280; home of the Magi, 476; learning, 31, 159, 174, 189, 578, chaps. xxviii, xxx, xxxii; and see Middle Ages, Translations

Arcadia, 214, 249, 283

Archiater, 125, 161, 536

Architecture, 122, chap. v

Archon, see Spirit

Arcturus, 331, 636

Arena, 133, 147; and see Gladiator

Areobindus, a consul, 607

Arethusa, 102

Argemon, an herb, 79

Ariolus, 629

Aristochia, an herb, 615

Arithmetic, 126, 319, 619, 628, 704

Armenian, 351, 374, 497, 554

Arms and armor, 344

Aromatics, 311; and see Spice, Unguent

Arrow, extracted, 756; poisoned, 767

Art and the Arts, magic and, 6, 28; standards of, 187, 407; early medieval, chap. xxxiii; and see Artisan and the names of various arts

Artemis Tauropolos, 429

Artemisia, 89

Artery, 147

Artisan, 482, 486

Aruspex, see Haruspex

Asbestos, 213-4, 434

Ascension, of Romulus, 274; of Simon Magus, 422

Ascetic, see Monasticism

Asclepius, a god, 253, 277, 546, 735; and see other index

Ash, tree, 86

Ashes, reduced to, 68, 80, 91, 170, 571-4, 581, 586-8, 590, 721

Ashthroat, an herb, 722

Asp, 57, 85, 324, 494, 571, 580, 587, 626

Asparagus, 599

Asphalt, 132, 574

Asphodel, 88

Ass, 76, 88, 230, 275, 326, 367, 734, 740

Assurbanipal, 15, 27

Assyria, magic of, 11, 15-20, 58, 295, 629; bibliography, 33-5

Astanphaeus, 365, 367

Asthma, 76

Astral theology, 15, 17, 360-1; and see Astrology, Star

Astrolabe, 115, 501, 542, 559, chap. xxx, 728

Astrological medicine, 179, 575, 633, 738

Astrology, chaps, iii, ix, xi, xv, xxix, xxx; also, Egyptian, 13-4; Sumerian or Chaldean, 15-7, and see Chaldean; Greek, 22, 25-6; Pliny, 91, 94-7; popular Roman, 127, 285; Galen, 127, 166, 178; Greek philosophy and, 180-1; Vitruvius, 184-5, 187; Hero, 193; alchemy and, 197; Plutarch, 207, 209; Apuleius, 231, 239-40; Brahmans, 253; Lucian, 282-3; Nechepso, Petosiris, and Manetho, 292-3; Solinus, 330; Horapollo, 333; Hermes, 290-2; Enoch, 340-1; Philo Judaeus and Jewish, 353-6; Pseudo-Clement, 410-3; church fathers, 444, 455-8, 464, 466, 471-5, 492; Augustine, 513-21; Firmicus, 529-38; Pseudo-Quintilian, 540; Synesius, 543; Nectanebus, 560-3; Alexander of Tralles, 583; Herbarium of Apuleius, 598; Geoponica, 604-5; Boethius, 621-2; Isidore, 632-3; Arabic, 644-52, 661-6, 670; Salernitan, 738; Constantinus Africanus, 756; Marbod, 781-2; alchemy and, 763; magic and, 300, 432, 464, 538, 540; and see Christ, birth of; Image; Magi; Planet; Star

Astronomy, of Egypt, 13, 542, 545, 559; Tigris-Euphrates, 15-6, 34; India, 31; Greek, 31-2; benefits of, 47, 96; of Ptolemy, 105, 107; and architecture, 122, 185; history of, 366, 707; miscellaneous, 219, 395, 520, 536, 663, 704

Atavism, 141

Atheism, 234

Athens, 28, 95, 142, 217, 230, 249, 429; as center of learning, 135, 200, 222, 242, 269, 277, 538, 541, 602

Athlete, 186, 248, 486

Atlas, Mt., 54

Atom, Atomic theory, Atomism, 140, 169, 178, 205, 408

Attalus, king of Pergamum, 135, 171

Attalus III, 236

Augury, in Assyria, 17; Rome, 95; Seneca, 103; Galen, 171; denied by Atomists, 178; accepted by Stoics, 180; Neo-Platonists, 315; Jews and early Christians on, 352, 458-9, 466, 511, 513, 534, 630; miscellaneous, 560, 629, 673, 705

Auspices, 430, 629

Authority and Authorities, attitude to, citation by, Pliny, 46, 49, 75; Ptolemy, 107; Galen, 118, 152-8, 167; Vitruvius, 186-7; Zosimus, 198; bogus, 215; Cicero, 270; Solinus, 327-8; Hippolytus, 469; Firmicus, 537; Aëtius, 570; Marcellus, 585-6; medieval freedom with, 611; Macer, 614; Isidore, 624-5; Petrocellus, 734; miscellaneous, 32, 215, 778

Automaton, 188, 192, 230, 440

Axle-grease, 92

Baal, priest of, 386

Babel, 453

Babylon and Babylonia, 11, 14-21, 23-4, 31, 33-5, 95, 97, 227, 239, 247-8, 266, 283, 360-1, 376, 383-4, 414, 527, 537, 652, 661, 744

Bagdad, 661-2, 667, 744, 762

Balaam, prophet or magician? 267, 352-3, 385, 445-8, 459; and the Magi, 385, 444, 474, 479, 519

Balach or Balak, 447

Baldness, 536

Balis, an herb, 75

Balsam, 392, 738

Baptism, 368, 373, 405, 408, 432

Barbarians, 148, 376, 445, 449, 619, 638

Barbarossa, see Frederick I

Barber, 229

Barcelona, 699

Barefoot, 599

Barley, 88; water, 143

Baroptenus, a gem, 81

Barrocus, an herb, 615

Basilica at Fano, 187

Basilides, the heretic, 372

Basilisk, 67, 70, 75, 169, 494, 573, 603, 626, 636; and cock, 324, 771

Basilius the magician, 639

Basin, 560

Bat, 68-9, 159, 331, 587

Bath, 142-3, 281, 587, 676, 729; public, 140, 295, 434-5; sea, 231-2, 405

Battle predicted, 275

Bayeux Tapestry, 502, 675

Bean, 591

Bear, 75, 92, 219, 367, 490; licks cubs into shape, 168, 177, 331; constellation of the, 179

Beard, 416

Beast, name of the, 582

Beasts, wild, 216, 229, 564, 669; dealers in, 133

Beauty, 300, 486

Beaver, 502, 636; castration of, 231, 332, 574

Bed-bug, 68, 85, 89, 175

Bee, 76, 85, 219, 615, 636, 721; and see Honey

Beech tree, 213

Beetle, 81, 219, 581

Behbit el-Hagar, 559

Behemoth, 346-7, 367

Bektanis, 559

Bell, church, 722

Bellerophon, 282

Bell’s palsy, 738

Belt, see Girdle

Bemarchius, rival of Libanius, 538

Berenice, 463, 558

Beryl, 780

Bethlehem, star of, see Christ, birth of; Magi, who came to Christ child

Betony, 77, 86, 737

Bibliography, of Pliny, 46, 215; Isidore, 623; Peter the Deacon, 746

Bile, 171, 177

Bird, 73, 78, 80, 201, 218, 236, 325, 460, 544; rite of strangling, 301; mechanical, 192, 266; and see Augury and the names of individual birds

Birth-control, 94

Birth-mark, 713

Bishop, 542

Bishopwort, 722

Bitumen, 571, 574, 603

Bituminous trefoil, 175

Black, 68, 175, 582, 591

Bladder, 536, 599, 769

Bleeding, 75, 125, 141-2, 162, 177, 576, 676, 679, 681, 684-5, 688, 724, 728, 735, 737-8

Blind, 536, 590

Blood, miraculous, 231; human, use of, 61, 102, 175, 227, 581, 603, 629, 721; human, and the moon, 98, 146, 391; circulation of, 409, 430; of various animals used, 86-7, 89, 131, 159, 166, 175, 587, 590, 727, 729, 737, 766-7; and see Adamant, Bleeding, Hemorrhage

Blotch, 640

Boar, 69, 92, 580, 599

Boëthus, 134

Boil, 88

Bones, stuck in throat, 71, 583; number in body, 372; prehistoric, 407; use of, 573, 583, 656

Book, trade in Roman empire, 134-5; magic, 432, 435, 472, 505, 705; loss of, 752

Bordeaux, 568

Borellus, duke, 704

Botany, 20, 65, 129, 343, 463; and see Herb

Box, 229, 250

Boy, in divination and magic, 81, 239, 249, 416-9, 463; and peony, 173

Bracelet, 81, 89

Brahmans, 248-54, 258, 266, 376, 407, 410, 412, 450-1, 556, 564

Brain, center of nervous system, 145-6; cavities of, 659-60, 735; inflammation of, 536; of various animals used, see names of individual animals

Bread, 89, 424; blessing and breaking, 727

Breastplate of high priest, 495

Breath and breathing, 134, 146, 207, 658

Brindisi, 764

Britain and Briton, 59, 141, 206-7, 376, 489

Bronze, 764

Buddha, 251

Bugloss, viper’s, an herb, 722

Buglossa, an herb, 615

Bull, 79, 86, 168, 261, 367, 599, 765-6; tamed by fig-tree, 77, 213, 332, 626

Bulrush, 92

Buprestis, 77, 494

Burial, magic, 69-70, 80, 88, 662, 666; alive, 421

Burned to death, 433, 571, 639

Business, 97, 107, 128, 248, 666; early Christian attitude to, 494

Butter, 154, 721-2

Byzantine, 189, 194-5, 323, 398, 482, 555, 569, 607, 732, 745, 761-2

Cabbage, 86, 175

Cabbala, 7, 365

Caesarea, 404-6

Cairo, 8

Calchas, 271

Calculus, 536

Calendar, 13-4, 327, 345, 676, 686, 712

Calf, 150, 571

Caligula, emperor, 193, 349

Caliph, 607, 653, 670, 745

Camaleon, 600; and see Chameleon

Camel, 396, 636

Campus Martius, 424-5

Canal, Isthmian, 262

Candelabrum, 380

Candle, magic, 87, 380, 385, 469

Candlestick, seven-branched, 385, 676

Cannibal, 61-2, 573

Canute, king, 351

Carolingian, 616, 635

Carpenter, 393

Carpesium, a drug, 132

Carpocrates, a heretic, 371

Cart rut, 81, 88-91, 721

Carthage, 222, 269, 553, 744

Carton, 129

Carystus, 213

Cask, 767-8

Caspian Sea, 489

Castoria, 739

Cat, 68, 636

Cataract, in eye, 175, 729

Catarrh, 82, 88-9, 142, 176

Caterpillar, 80

Cathedral, 501-2, 761

Catochites, a gem, 330

Caul of an ox, 469

Cauldron, 468

Cauterization, 536, 723

Cecrops, 415

Cedar, 20

Celidonius, see Swallow-stone

Celt and Celtic, 245, 567-8, 722, 732

Cemetery, 434

Cenchrea, 136

Centaur, 603; and see Chiron in other index

Centipede, 76, 494, 587

Cerberus, 280

Ceremonial, Egypt, 10; Assyria, 18, 20; Pliny, 64, 69, 71, 77-82, 90; Apuleius, 230, 235; Orphic, 295; rite of strangling birds, 301; Gnostic, 378; Marcellus, 590-2; Arabic, 663; medieval medicine, 726; and see Herb, plucking of; Spirit, invocation of; etc.

Chalcite, 132

Chaldean (mostly mere mentions of), 16-7, 98, 102, 185, 201, 230, 239, 250, 253, 272-4, 279, 281, 287, 316, 323, 353, 375-6, 380, 399, 430, 444, 456, 469, 476, 479, 519, 560, 632, 703, 711, 744

Chalkydri, 347

Cham, see Ham

Chameleon, 62, 175, 581

Chance, experience, 36, 75, 156, 172, 754; and fate, 210

Chaplet, 295

Characters, magic use of, 229, 257, 314, 317, 512, 579, 592-3, 604, 630, 645, 654, 724-30

Charicles, 232

Chariot, 423

Charlatan, 668-9; and see Old-wives

Charlemagne, 214, 556, 672, 764

Charon, 277

Chastisements, 204

Chastity, 78, 81, 83, 204, 216, 295, 308, 326, 564, 581, 588, 590, 599, 799-80; and see Virgin

Cheese, 142, 325, 509

Chelidonia and Chelidonius, see Swallow-wort and Swallow-stone

Chelonitis, a gem, 780

Chemical and Chemistry, 132-40, 467-9; and see Alchemy

Chick, 76, 754, 771; Aristotle on embryology of, 30, 146

Chickpea, 88

Child-bearing and Child-birth, 76, 78, 84, 87, 92, 94, 102, 175, 177, 216, 253, 260, 295, 325, 496, 581, 685, 713, 726, 738, 740; formation of child in womb, 150, 545, 557, 757; child born after eight months dies, 181, 356, 757; monstrous birth, 627; and see Abortion, Birth-control

Chimaera, 367

China and Chinese, 6-7, 214; and see Seres

Chiromancy, 386

Chneph or Chnuphis, 379

Chrism, 738

Christ, 137-9, 243, 363, 379, 386, 404-5, 422, 510, 527, 529, 620, 674-5, 782; accused of magic, see Accusation; birth of, and astrology, 386, 438, 457, 464, 471-9, 703; birth, virgin, 460; child, chap. xvi, 390; power of name of, 434, 452, 466, 638-9, 725, 729-30

Christian and Christianity, Book II, passim; 137, 139, 207, 275-6, 285, 296, 298, 306, 312, 320, 327, 554, 568, 584, 602, chap. xxvii, 642, 715; and see Religion, Theology

Christmas, 678

Chronology, 135, 209, 624, 711; and see Calendar

Church fathers, Book II, passim, 180, 225, 241, 302, 618

Cicada, 169

Cinaedia, 590

Cinnabar, 626, 761, 764

Cinnamon, 129-30, 256

Circe, 21, 65, 324, 434, 509, 629

Circle, magic, 78, 86-7, 91, 197, 281, 366, 599; squaring the, 706; Cardan’s concentric, 769

Circumcision, 449, 475, 781

Circus, 295, 486

City, fortune of, predicted, 273, 283; ancient, 489, 504; ideal, 349-50, 460

Civilization, magic and origin of, 5-6; Pliny as source for history of, 43

Clairvoyance, 647; and see Divination, natural

Clarus, 224

Classical heritage, 555, 618, 636; and see Middle Ages

Classics, superstition in, 21-4

Claudia, 55

Clay, animals, 393, 769; and see Pottery

Climate, 184

Cloak, virtue of, 397, 435

Clock, see Time

Clothing, virtue in, 136, 295, 382, chap. xvi, 407, 441, 534, 598, 666; and see names of various articles of

Clyster, 142

Cock, 168, 175, 320, 324-5, 766, 771, 779; cock-crow, 280, 405

Cog-wheel, 192

Cold, quality, 140, 161, 219; drink, 141; disease, 589

Colic, 87, 169, 579, 582, 590

Cologne, three kings of, 446, 477

Colonus, 638

Colony, Greek, 318

Color, discussed, 140, 486; changing, 216; in magic, 90, 367, 369, 590, 721; and see the names of individual colors

Combustible compounds, see Candle

Comedy, Greek, 22-4

Comet, 96, 115, 457, 543, 633, 635, 673

Commodus, emperor, 125, 129

Compass, points of, 91, 114, 378, 586, 591, 724

Compotus or Computus, 536, 676-7, 728

Compound, magical or medicinal, 10, 83, 140, 152, 159-60, 172, 571, 586-7, 722, 734

Conception, 562, 656, 724, 740

Condrion, an herb, 74

Confederate, in magic fraud, 467

Conjunction, astrological, 104, 642, 648-9

Conjuration of an herb, 583; and see Incantation, Spirit, invocation of

Consecration, of a painted grape, 80; of gems, 295, 781; and see Holy

Constantine the Great, 525ff.

Constantine Monomachos, 745

Constantine Porphyrygennetos, 604

Constantius, emperor, 525ff.

Constans, emperor, 525ff.

Constantinople, 472, 477, 494, 533, 541; and see Byzantine

Constellation, 14, 114, 178, 304, 709

Constipation, 779

Consumption, 213, 373, 536, 588

Cook, 148

Copernican theory, 32

Copperas, 467

Coptic, 361, 377

Coral, 656

Cordova, 704, 762

Corinth, 123, 136, 230, 262, 280

Corn extracted, 71

Corpse, 147, 229, 309, 629, 780; and see Necromancy, Resurrection

Cosmetics, 152, 668

Cotton, 252

Couch, 561

Cough, 88, 176

Counter-irritant, 723

Cow, 77, 79, 81, 85, 325, 769

Crab, and snake, 99; river, use of eye of, 68-9; burned alive, 80, 178; use of ash of, 170, 572; stone in head of, 737

Crane, sentinel, 217; windpipe of, used in magic, 278, 467

Craw-fish, 217

Creation, 16, 346, 408, chap. xxi, 504-5, 627-8; position of stars at, 711, 713

Credulity and scepticism, chap. ix; in Pliny, 50-1, 61-4, 67, 70, 77, 80-1, 88, 98; Galen and the Empirics, 157-8, 168-9, 175; Seneca, 102-3; Plutarch, 204, 212-3; other cases, 225, 244, 255, 388, 440, 491-2, 539, 573-4, 626, 637, 655, 671, 780

Crete, 129, 135, 249, 260

Cricket, 67, 737

Crime and criminal, 147, 167, 171, 207, 225, 581; and see Magic, evil and criminal; Sin

Critical days, 158, 161, 164, 179-80, 356, 756

Crocodile, 74, 166, 218, 238, 280

Cropleek, 722

Cross, nail from, 280; in sky, 475; sign of, 432, 434, 466, 638-9, 722

Crow, 207, 314, 324, 409, 636, 655

Cruelty, 136, 225

Crystal, 294, 767

Cube, 184

Cuckoo, 81

Cummin seed, 93

Cuneiform, 15

Cup, Joseph’s divining, 386

Cupping glass, 192

Curlew, 217

Curse, 28, 93, 366, 434

Cynics, 277

Cynocephalia, an herb, 67

Cynocephalus, 70, 333

Cyprus, magic of, 59; oil of, 68; Galen’s visit to, 131-2

Cyrene, 541

Dacian, 597

Daedalus, 283

Daily life, magic in, 9-10, 20; experience from, 54

Danish, 612

Dardanus, a magician, 58-9, 463, 558

Darius, 256, 260

“Dark Ages,” 618

Date, the fruit, 20

Date, discussed of, Ptolemy, 105; Hero, 188; Greek alchemists, 193-4; works of Apuleius, 222-5; Solinus, 326-7; Horapollo, 331; Enoch literature, 341-2; apocryphal Gospels, 388-9; Pseudo-Clementines, 404-6; Physiologus, 497-9; Augustine, 504; Mathesis of Firmicus, 526-7; Synesius, 541; Pseudo-Callisthenes and Julius Valerius, 552-5; Aëtius, 570; Marcellus, 584-5; early medieval pseudo-literature, 594-6; Macer, 612-3; Thebit, 661; introduction of Arabic alchemy, 773; and see Calendar,

Chronology, Compotus, Creation, Easter

Day, observance of, lucky and unlucky, 14, 21, 106, 383, 513, 582, 588, 590, 592, 661, chap. xxix, 721, 725, 727, 754; and see Critical; Egyptian; Moon, day of; Planetary week

Dead Sea, 138

Deaf, 536

Decans, 178, 291, 315, 376, 453

Deendor, a magician, 780

Deer, 68, 70, 74, 84, 94, 207, 294, 324, 586, 734

Degree, academic, 619; medical, 751-2

Delirium, 536

Delphic oracle, 201, 266, 283, 326, 538, 582

Demeter, 429

Demigod, 546

Demiurge, 212, 383

Demon, see Spirit

Dentistry, 12; and see Tooth

Depilatories, see Hair

Deroldus, bishop, 733

Desert, herbs in, 54

Desiderius, abbot, 747

Design, argument from, 139, 148, 408, 490

Desire, as a factor in magic, 644

Deucalion, 341

Devotio, see Curse

Dew, 102

Diacastoria, 739

Diadochos, a gem, 780

Diagram, 366-7, 674

Dialectic, 420, 439, 536

Diana, 130

Dice, 136, 486

Dick, Mr., 64

Dictamnon, see Dittany

Dictation, ancient, 45, 134

Dictionary, 599, 624

Dictynna, 249

Die, 582; and see Dice

Diet, 98, 137, 142, 159, 282, 414, 429, 577, 587, 668, 684, 735

Digestion, 137, 205, 585

Dinocrates, 186

Diocletian, emperor, 194

Diomedes, 330

Dionysius, an Egyptian, 440

Dionysus, the god, 251, 546

Dioptrics, 108

Dipsas, a snake, 172, 284, 494

Direction, observance of, in magic, 90-1, 666; and see Compass, Right, Left

Disease, 25, 98, 150, 208, 219, 310, 430, 434, 536; magic transfer of, 19, 61, 71, 79, 213, 588-9; and see Spirit, Woman, and the names of individual diseases

Dissection, 88, 134, 146-8, 164, 581, 746

Dittany, 218, 495

Dives and Lazarus, 448

Divinatio, a disease, 755; and see 150-1

Divination, chaps. ix, xxix, 86, 127, 143, 165, 180, 253, 285, 533, 539-40, 713; varieties listed, 560; in China, 6-7; Egypt, 13; Tigris-Euphrates, 17; India, 251; relation to magic, 5, 14, 17, 60, 226, 233, 295, 432, 512, 543, 629; by divine revelation, 205, 249, 314, 364, 533, and see Prophecy; by demons, 442-3, 510, 546; natural, 103, 205, 239, 305, 314, 318-9, 419, 518, 542-3; by animals, 315, 325-6, 490, and see Augury; by eating parts of animals, 70, 257, 314; by boys, 249, 418-9, 463; by enthusiasm, 180; by herbs, 66, 77, 614; by drinking or inhaling, 313; by Kalends, 677, 684; by lots, numbers, names, 112, 679, 682, 711, 713, and see Lot-casting; by polished surfaces, 774; by sounds, 313, 430; by stones, 70; by symbols, 166; by winds, 676, 678; and see Aerimancy, Cup, Dream, Geomancy, Haruspex, Hydromancy, Knot, Liver, Moon, Omen, Pyromancy, Sacrifice, Sieve, Selenomancy, Thunder

Dog, kennel, 69; jealous, 75; puppyhood, 150; omens from, 231; prescience of, 325; as symbol, 367; demons as, 435; and mandragora, 607; torn to pieces by, 277, 425; to stop bark or attack of, 77, 216, 249, 424, 605; disease transferred to, 88, 590-1; use of parts of, 68, 70, 89, 90, 159, 168-9, 573-4, 737, 755; mad, and bite of, 68, 82, 86, 131, 169, 178, 259, 263-4, 284, 373, 391, 572, 656, 713, 754

Dog-days, 572, 728, 756, 765

Dogmatism, 154, 159, 735

Dog-star, 66, 98, 178, 604

Dolphin, 55, 218, 260

Domitian, emperor, 249-50, 259-65

Door, used in magic, 71, 591; affected by magic, 226-7, 314, 449; trap, 469

Dorians, 219

Dositheus, 365, 417

Dove, 142, 168, 324, 332, 636, 740

Draconites, a gem, 75

Dragon, 75, 231, 257, 326, 367, 392, 429, 561, 603, 766; use of parts of, 68, 70; combat with elephant, 74, 257, 626; flying, 347

Dragontes, an herb, 614

Drama, and magic, 22-3, 324; liturgical, 476-7

Dream and divination from, in Egypt, 13-4; in cuneiform texts, 17; Pliny, 56, 81; Galen, 123, 154, 156, 166, 170, 177-80; Plutarch, 204, 205; Apuleius, 231; Apollonius, 260; Lucian, 283; Neo-Platonists, 314, 545; Philo, 354, 358; Pilate’s wife, 395; Origen, 459; Nectanebus, 560-2; Alkindi, 646; miscellaneous, 197, 329, 412, 434, 437, 459, 463, 487, 509, 534, 627, 671, 680-1, 720, 754, 763, 779

“Dream-senders,” 368

Dropsy, 69, 213, 536, 779

Drugs, 55, 61, 84, 89, 128, 132, 370, 467, 561, 668

Druid, 46, 59, 67, 79, 640

Drum, 204, 313

Dualism, 361, 409

Duck, 87-8

Dung, 68, 69, 86, 166, 168, 588, 656, 734, 740, 769

Dye, 324, 467, chap. xxxiii

Ea, a god, 18

Eagle, 87, 90, 176, 217, 257, 325-6, 332, 441, 496, 574, 636

Ear, 536

Earache, 169, 579, 755

Ear-wax, 721, 769

Earth, appeased, conjured, personified, and deified, 66, 79, 86, 251, 295, 583, 598; virtue of, 81, 88, 592, and see Cart rut, Terra sigillata; things not allowed to touch the ground, 70, 79, 81, 173, 582, 588; sphericity of, 480; miscellaneous, 211, 373; and see Burial, Land and Water, Underground

Earthquake, 97, 101, 250, 254, 264, 271, 430, 469, 562

Earthworm, 68-9, 89, 176, 573-4, 587, 720

Easter, 521, 677; mystery of, 677

Ebionites, 405

Ebony, 560

Echeneis, 212, 491, 626

Eclipse, 96, 98, 203-4, 209, 262, 333, 386, 564, 673

Editions, especially early printed, Pliny, 53; Ptolemy, 106, 110; Galen, 119; Solinus, 326; Firmicus, 525; Pseudo-Callisthenes and Julius Valerius, 551-2; Letter of Alexander, 555; post-classical medicine, 566-7, 577; Herbarium of Apuleius, 597; Ethicus, 601; Geoponica, 604; Dioscorides, 606-10; Macer, 612; Isidore, 623; Latin translations from Arabic, 642, 649ff., 653, 657, 665, 668, 716; Regimen Salernitanum, 736; Constantinus Africanus, chap. xxxii; treatises on arts, 760; Marbod, 775, 778

Education, as experienced or discussed by, Galen, 118-28; Vitruvius, 187; Plutarch, 200-1; Apuleius, 222-4; Lucian, 277; Christ child, 394; Cyprian, 429-31; Firmicus, 525; Synesius, 540-1; Bede, 634-5; Rasis, 667; Gerbert, 704; Constantinus, 744; Dunstan, 773; Marbod, 775

Eel, 491

Egg, shell, 54; test of freshness, 55; made by hiss of snakes, 67; addled by certain men, 83; so-called, of alchemy, 198; goose, 277; filled with dye, 467; portents from, 562, 773; raw, 729

Egypt, 7-14, 27-8, 30-1, 193-5, 198, 206, 228-30, 239, 248, 250, 287, 289, 300, 325, 331-4, 360, 376, 379, 391, 414-6, 430, 437-8, 446, 450, 452, 459, 503, 527, 537, 543, 558-60, 598, 744; and see Plagues of

Egyptian Days, 14, chap. xxix, 728

Elchasaites, 373

Elections, astrological, 372-3, 386, 517

Electrum, 590

Elements, various theories of, 25, 139, 157, 218, 254, 382, 408, 410, 478, 485, 488, 528-9, 622, 645, 720; not found in a pure state, 140, 489

Elephant, intelligence of, 73, 75, 169, 218, 256, 636; habits, 213, 322, 324, 332, 460; dissection of, 148; compared with fly, 408; white, 763; and see Dragon for combat with

Elephantiasis, 57, 170, 572

Eleusinian mysteries, 101, 148

Elijah, 386, 555

Elixir, 670

Eloeus, 365, 367

Eloi, 583

Elymas the sorcerer, 461

Elysian fields, 207

Embalming, magic in, 8

Embassy, of Philo, 349; Synesius, 541; Leo, 557

Embryology, see Chick, Child-birth

Emerald, 434, 656, 772

Emperor, Roman, 47, 50, 124, 129-30, 135, 176, 186, 194, 529; and see names of individual emperors

Empiric, Empirica, Empiricism, 56-7, 155-7, 172, 735, 754

Empousa, 310

Empyrean, see Heaven

Enceladus, 254

Encyclopedia, ancient, 43; Arabic, 663; medieval, 52, 569

Endor, witch of, 385, 448, 464, 469-71, 506, 509-10, 629, 635

Entrails, see Intestines, Liver divination

Ephesus, 259-62

Ephod, 448

Epic, 16, 18

Epicurean, 138, 150, 283, 408, 441

Epidaurus, 329

Epilepsy, 69, 87, 90, 173, 235, 238, 536, 578-81, 614, 723, 726, 730, 735-6, 754-6, 779

Epitome, 495, 554-5, 568-9, 594, 603ff.

Er, vision of, 212

Erataoth, a spirit, 367

Eretrians, 260

Eridu, 15

Erigeron, an herb, 89

Erystion, an herb, 598

Essenes, 405

Ether, 254, 373; and see Heaven

Ethics, 602

Ethiopia and Ethiopic, 141, 245, 256, 283, 327, 341, 345, 398, 435, 498, 554, 558-60, 654, 658, 744

Etruscan, 467, 630

Etymology, 625

Eucharist, 369

Eucrates, 280-1

Eugenianus, 133

Eugenics, 414

Eumeces, a gem, 81

Euphrates, a philosopher, 246, 253, 263; and see Tigris-

Eustachian tube, 576

Evangelists, four, 502, 674, 721

Eve, 350, 511, 681

Evil, problem of, 305, 309, 349; eye, see Fascination

Evolution, doctrine of, 149, 493

Ewe hop plant, 722

Excommunication, 542

Excrement, human, 74, 143, 573; and see Dung

Exercise, physical, 587

Exorcism, 18, 24, 280, 299, 368, 386, 435, 533-4, 682, 722

Experience, Experiment, Experimental method, and magic, 57, 431-2, 447, 469, 540; in Pliny, 53-7, 83, 88; Ptolemy, 106-7; Galen, 118, 121, 144-63, 169, 173, 175, 179; Vitruvius, 187; Hero, 190; Greek alchemists, 198; Plutarch, 213; Apuleius, 237; Simon Magus, 420-2; Firmicus, 532; post-classical medicine, 569, 573, 578-80, 583-7; Dioscorides, 606; Macer, 615; Arabic, 644-6, 657, 669; early medieval medicine, 734-5, 738, 753-4; arts and alchemy, 762, 765-70; and see Empiric, Observation

Eye complaints and cures, 56, 82, 87, 98, 166, 175, 289, 325, 490, 496, 536, 586, 589-90, 640, 670, 720, 755, 779; evil, see Fascination

Eyebrow, 151, 159, 175

Eyelash, 92, 151

Facies, astrological, 710, 716

Faith, requisite in magic, 644

Falernian wine, 132, 586

Familiar spirit, see Spirit

Family, 300

Famine, 603

Fascination, 71, 83, 217, 294, 324

Fasting, 78, 82, 93, 174, 593, 705

Fat, 67, 91, 130, 168, 755

Fate, 181, 240, 306, 310, 315-6, 353, 375, 620

Fates, three, 210, 565

Faust, Faustus, or Faustinianus, 404, 406, 413, 417

Feather, 70, 236

Fee, physician’s, 670, 684, 688, 740

Fennel, 722; tasted by snake, 74, 490, 626

Fern, 80, 769

Festival, 22, 107

Fever, 18, 49, 65-6, 71, 89, 91, 141, 536, 569, 575, 668, 720, 727, 759; and see Quartan, Tertian

Fibula, 301

Fifty, 356, 383

Fig-tree, see Bull, tamed by

Figure, 709-10; human, 723; and see Image, Mannikin, Statue

Fili, Irish, 640

Finger, middle, 589, 592; use of two, 583

Fire, the element, 88, 229, 310, 417; marvelous, 252, 256, 368; at Rome in 192 A. D., 125, 134; universal, 104; not burned by, 416

Fire engine, 192

Firmament, see Heaven; Waters above the

First-born, 581

Fish, 30, 49, 74, 77, 218, 236-7, 260, 325-6, 469, 589, 636, 657, 756

Five, 92, 169, 357, 383, 590

Flea, 605

Float, 192

Flood, 16, 340, 475, 493

Florilegia, 618

Fluxion, 583

Fly, insect, 76, 175, 408

Flying, 397; of Simon Magus, 416-7, 422-7

Foam, of snake, 67; horse, 70, 86, 589

Folk-lore, 300, 567, 587, 722-3, 732

Foot, 580; and see Barefoot

Form, 487, 542

Fossil shells, 493

Fotis, 229

Fountain, marvelous, 102, 318, 347, 546, 769

Four, 91, 356, 674-5, 728, 767

Fox, 80, 89, 90, 168, 490

Franklin, Benjamin, 414

Frederick I, Barbarossa, emperor, 477

Free-Masonry, 183

Free will, see Will

Frenzy, 755

Frog, 68, 80, 90, 92, 159, 168, 231, 491, 508, 588, 591, 656

Fruit, 85, 142, 599, 724

Fumigation, 69, 282, 512, 740, 779

Funeral, 214

Furnace, 81, 393, 434, 657, 764

Future life, 8, 25, 47; and see Soul, immortality of

Gabriel, angel, 343, 367, 447, 452, 454

Gagates, a gem, 154, 495, 724, 779

Gaia Seia, 599

Galactis, 294

Galactites, 329

Gall, 68, 71, 587, 726, 764-6

Gall nut, 467

Games, Greek national, 186, 201

Ganges, 258

Garamantica, a gem, 97

Garlic, 213, 722

Gas, 55, 142

Gate, city, 591, 600

Gaudentius, 404

Gaul, 46, 76, 92, 568, 597, 672, 776; and see Druid

Gazelle, 68, 70, 87

Gehenna, 367

Gem, Assyrian, 20; Pliny, 68, 70-1, 80-1; Apollonius, 254-8; Orphic, 293-6; Gnostic, 27, 378-80; Pseudo-Plutarch, 216; Solinus,328-9; St. John and, 398; Origen, 460; Epiphanius, 495-6; Augustine, 511; in medicine, 590; Pseudo-Dioscorides, 611, 654; Geoponica, 605; Isidore, 626-7; found in animals, 75, 294, 603, 737, 740, 755, 772, 779; Marbod, chap, xxxiv; and see Consecration; Image, engraved on; and names of individual gems

Genealogical table, 624

Generation, spontaneous, 86, 219, 238, 324, 509, 511; of various animals, 408-9, 460; in fire, 102, 324; human, 211; and corruption, 210; ruled by stars, 97; organs of, used in magic, 11, 68-9, 356; and see Child-birth, Conception, Eugenics, Private parts

Genethlialogy, 115, 273, 353, 412, 456, 513, 517, 560, 622, 629, 703, 708, 781

Genius, see Spirit, orders of

Gentiles, 479, 674, 771

Geocentric theory, 32, 105, 488

Geography, discussed by Pliny, 43-4; Ptolemy, 105-7; Philostratus, 244; Solinus, 327; other ancient, 488; Ethicus, 600-4; other medieval, 707

Geology, 493

Geomancy, 314, 343, 629, 648, 685

Geometry, 122-3, 126, 185, 318, 536, 542, 619, 663, 70

Gerard, archbishop of York, 689, 782

Germ of disease, 219

German, invaders, 148, 351; language, 498, 728; scholarship, 15-6, 30-1, 350, 684

Germany, 45, 557

Ghost, 233, 263, 280, 455, 540, 705; and see Necromancy; Endor, witch of

Giant, 254, 407, 430

Girdle or ungirded, 69, 87, 284, 512, 599

Girl, magic power of, 216; and see Virgin

Githrife, an herb, 722

Gladiator, 124, 149, 581, 673

Glass, Egyptian, 12; Roman, 590, 762; medieval, 729, 764-7; gems of, 781; and see Stained

Glaucon, 143, 161

Glossopetra, a gem, 98

Glue, 765

Gnostic and Gnosticism, chap. xv, 197, 211, 290, 298, 305, 360, 397, 405, 411, 472, 547, 584, 661, 720

Goat, 69, 87, 130, 168, 213, 218, 256, 325, 367, 467, 490, 581-2, 729, 755, 759, 765-9; and see Adamant and blood of

Goblet, 258

God and gods, antiquity of belief in, 5-6, 203; animal, 14, 283, 503; celestial, 14, 17, 25-6, 289, 309, 530; and nature, 409; and man, 206, 208, 254, 274, 416; and Roman emperors, 130, 529; and art, 486; and magic, 8, 230, 235-6, 249, 312, 320, 543; Pliny concerning, 47, 97; Seneca, 103; Galen, 139, 151, 167, 180; Plutarch, 210; Gnostic, 362, 375; Christian attitude to pagan, 317; Firmicus, 527-30; Boethius, 621; name of, 599; winged, 301; and see Apollo and other individual names of gods, Christ, First cause, Trinity, etc.

Goetia, 22, 247, 250, 505

Gold, 69, 78-81, 215, 257, 301, 325, 386, 590, 599, 739, 755; chap. xxxiii; and see Alchemy

Gonorrhoea, 536

Goose, 168, 301

Gorgon, 301

Gothic art, 501-2, 761

Gout, 81, 142, 277, 284, 571, 575, 579-81, 755

Grafting, 55

Grain, 325

Grammar, 535, 596, 612, 625

Grasshopper, 491

Gravitation, 481

Greece and Greek, magic, 20-8, 58; science, 28-32, 46-7, 51, 62, 64; culture, 274, 283; animals, 73; language, ancient, 154, 186, 222-3, 377, 420; language, medieval, 331-2, 625

Greek church, 397, 735

Greek fire, 256-7

Griffin, 257, 325

Grimoald, abbot, 613

Groin, 71, 590

Ground, see Earth, Underground

Gruel, 142

Guadalquivir, 254

Gull, 159

Gum, 468

Gyges, 257

Gymnosophists, 247, 251, 260, 564

Gynecology, see Women, diseases of

Hades, see Underworld

Hadrian, emperor, 136, 200, 244, 318

Hail, see Weather

Hair, 69-70, 81, 151, 159, 176, 581; net, 175, 213; tonic, 738

Halcyon days, 255, 491

Halicacabum, 77

Hallucination, 509

Ham, son of Noah, first magician, 414

Hand, laying on of, 386; and see Left, Right

Handkerchief, 213, 386

Hangman’s noose, 71

Hare, 159, 169, 253, 580

Harewort, 722

Harp, magic, 773

Harran, 661-2

Haruspex, 95, 104, 511, 513, 534, 629

Hathor goddesses, 14

Hatto, bishop of Vich, 704

Hawk, 74, 314, 332, 561

Hawkweed, 74, 332

Hazel rod, 725-6, 730

Head, habit of inclining, 659; magical speaking, 662, 705

Headache, 18, 71, 92, 175, 591

Hearsay, 585

Heart, physiology of, 30, 146-9, 153, 737; used in medicine and magic, 70, 89, 727

Heat and Hot, 140, 142, 161, 175-6, 191; and see Qualities

Heathen, see Pagan

Heatherberry, 722

Heaven and Heavens, one or many? 16, 345, 363, 365, 372, 382, 459, 487-8, 709; empyrean, 484; and see Music of spheres, Star, Universe, Waters above the firmament

Hebdomad, sacred, 16, 365, 380

Hebrew, 554, 577-8, 709, 711, 749; and see Jew

Hecate, 215, 280

Hedge, 91

Hedge-hog, 325, 502, 734

Hedgerife, 722

Helen, Simon’s, 363-5

Helena, empress, 477

Helenus, seer, 294

Heliocentric theory, 32, 97

Heliotrope, an herb, 65, 87, 636

Hell, see Underworld

Hellebore, 74, 490, 636

Hellene and Hellenism, 20-1, 245, 541

Hellenistic, 16, 22, 30-2, 39, 51, 183, 189, 288, 294

Hemlock, the poison, 490

Hemorrhage, 536, 576

Hen, omen from, 231

Henbane, 722

Hera, goddess, 429

Heracles, 251, 546, 582

Heracleidae, 541

Herb, Egyptian, 10; Assyrian, 19-20; Greek, 23; Cretan, 129; sacred, 76, 178; Anglo-Saxon, 722; Pliny, 54-7, 65-7, 76-9; Galen, 154, 167; Plutarch, 215-6; Apuleius, 229; Orphic, 295-6, 429-30; Gnostic, 371; Nectanebus, 561, post-classical medicine, 583, 591; Herbarium of Apuleius, 597-9; Pseudo-Dioscorides, 606; Macer, 614-5; used by animals, 324-5, and see Animals, remedies employed by; conjuration of, 583; plucking of, 57, 65, 93, 160, 173, 252, 291, 583, 614, 626, 721, 724, 727, 729

Herbal, 596-9

Herbalist, 79, 128

Hercules, see Heracles

Heredity, 75, 253; and see Atavism

Herefridus, 635

Heresy, chap. xv, 488, 494, 507-8

Hermesias, a compound, 84

Hermogenes the magician, 435

Hero, a kind of spirit, 180-1, 309-10, 469, 546

Herod the king, 473, 479

Heron, 218, 324

Hind, 279, 721

Hippomanes, 324

Hippopotamus, 75, 169

History and Historians, relation to this investigation, 201; Roman, 14, 94, 96, 201, 602; omens and portents in, 14, 675; attitude to, of Empirics, 156; Vitruvius, 185; Lucian, 285-6; Cicero, 274; Horapollo, 333-4; of medicine, 153, 156, 735; of philosophy, 180; of astronomy, 537, 707; of alchemy, 195; ages of, 383, 648, 675, 709; astrological interpretation of, see Conjunctions, Planets, Magnus Annus; quantitative method and source-analysis in, 533ff.; medieval attitude to, 617; harlequins of, 359

Holy Ghost or Spirit, 363-4, 372, 397, 447

Holy salt, 722, 727

Holy wafer, 729

Holy water, 434, 721, 724, 727, 735

Honey, 66, 68, 70, 76, 129, 142, 229, 295, 599; Attic and Hymettus, 132

Honoratus, 638

Hoopoe, 324

Horaeus, 367

Horn, 496, 586, 599, 722; magic drinking, 191, 255

Horoscope, 14, 115, 209, 315, 516, 532, 560, 630

Horse, 55, 70, 86, 168, 589, 722, 730, 767; and see Mare

Horus, 195

Hour, observance of, 712, 714, 726

House, astrological, 114, 397

Household magic, 9, 69; and see Door, Threshold, Wall, etc.

Human body, symmetry of, 184, 519; eight parts of, 452, 720; use of parts of, 61, 81, 167, 229, 573; and see Blood; Sacrifice, human; Saliva, Sweat, etc.

Humanism, 20, 338

Humors, 536, 738

Hyacinth, a gem, 496, 656

Hydromancy, 233, 505, 629, 779-80

Hydromel, 79

Hydrophobia, 56, 169, 171, 496, 574; and see Dog, mad

Hydroscope, 542

Hydrostatic balance, 761

Hyena, 67, 69-70, 332, 396, 587, 605, 728

Hymn, 18, 23, 317-8, 374, 433, 441, 640

Hypatia, 541

Hyperborean, 280, 413

Hyphasis, river, 256

Hyrcanian Sea, 488

Ialdabaoth, 367, 383

Iao, Iaoth, etc., 367, 379-80, 583

Iarchas the Brahman, 251ff.

Ichneumon, 74, 218, 575

Idolatry, 421, 433, 452, 475, 603; and see Image

Ikhnaton, 9

Illuminated manuscripts, 498, 502, 547, 597, 676, 746

Image, engraved and astrological, 173, 267, 292, 316, 443, 579, 582, 645-6, 664-6; Apuleius’ wooden, 233; Egyptian mannikins, 8; sacrificial, 261; mystic seal, 367, 378, 382; of wax, 10, 19, 25, 560-3; other magic, 10, 19, 236, 280, 314, 344, 441, 769

Imagination, power of, 644, 660

Iman, doctrine of the hidden, 356

Immortality, see Soul

Impotence, 391

Incantation, antiquity of, 6; Egyptian, 8, 12-4; Assyrian, 17-9; in Pliny, 69-72, 79, 88, 92-4; Galen, 166, 173-4; Apuleius, 230, 233, 239; other classical authors, 25, 253, 257, 279-81, 314; Gnostic, 299, chap. xv; Jewish and early Christian, 352, 398, 418-9, 437, 442-3, 449-50, 463, 492, 510, 512; pseudo-literature and post-classical medicine, 537, 560-1, 568, 573, 579-83, 588-93, 598-9, 605; Arabic, 654-5; early medieval, 596, 626-9, 675, 696; in medicine, chap. xxxi, 754, 759; alchemy, 769-70; old Irish, 640; and see Words, power of

Incense, 722

Incest, 475, 754

Incubus, 574

India, chap. viii; science of, 31; drugs from, 84, 132; home of Magi, 476-7; marvels of, 325-6, 496, 564, 756; occult science of, 652-6, 710, 763; miscellaneous, 503, 744

Indigestion, 779

Industry, and magic, 12, chap. xxxiii

Infant, exposure of, 147; ailments, 69, 169, 615

Ink, invisible, 467

Innocent III, pope, 759

Insanity, 216, 536, 585, 755, 779; and see Frenzy, Lunacy, etc.

Insomnia, 90

Instruments, scientific, 107, 751; and see Musical

Intent, as a factor in magic, 644-6

Interrogations, astrological, 713-4

Intestines, 87-8, 175, 409, 414, 592

Inventions, 44, 149, 187-9, 426, 604

Invisible, to become, 71, 251, 416, 562, 638, 640; writing, 265

Invocation, see Necromancy and Spirit

Iris, 132

Iron, magic use of, 66, 69-71, 81, 89, 213, 765, 769; taboo of, 78, 81, 92, 614; oxide of, 130; quenching hot, 713, 756

Isaac the patriarch, 437

Ishmaelite, 711

Isis, goddess, 195, 223, 280, 300, 546, 559

Island, floating, 102

Ismuc, 183

Israel, twelve tribes of, 495

Istria, 601-2

Itacius, bishop, 381

Italian Renaissance, see Renaissance

Italians and Italy, 184, 557

Iunx, 265-7

Ivory, 301, 599

Ivy, 767-8

Jacob the patriarch, 354, 358, 444; and Esau, 369, 479, 514

Jambres, Jamnes, or Jannes, the magician, 59, 431, 461

James, brother of Jesus, 392, 401, 403, 405

James the Great, St., 434-6

Jannes the magician, see Jambres

Jared, and magic, 415

Jasper, 294, 572

Jaundice, 49, 217, 536

Jealousy, see Animal, and Professions, learned

Jeremiah, legend of, 399

Jerusalem, 393, 399, 415, 423, 477

Jesus, see Christ

Jew and Jewish, 219, 434, 436, 465, 474-5, 583, 746, 762, 773, 781; magic, 59, 437-9, 449; religion, 137; tradition, 473

Jewelry, 301; and see Gem

John the Baptist, 364, 737

John, duke of Campania, 557

Jonathan, 471

Joseph the patriarch, his coat of many colors, 352, 358; divining cup, 386; dream, 354, 358, 385

Joseph, father of Jesus, 393

Joseph, mentioned by Epiphanius, 434

Judea, see Palestine

Judas Iscariot, 391

Juggler, 230, 312-3, 352, 437

Juliana Anicia, 606

Juno, goddess, 546

Jupiter, planet, 97, 184

Justina, 431-3

Karnak, 559

Khîrgeh, 559

Kid, 393

Kidney, 294

King, prediction for, 17, 66; to gain favor of, 19, 67, 71, 89, 294; magic power of, 83, 476, 479; and alchemy, 13, 195

Kiss, 88, 391, 589

Knife, 545, 722, 727; surgical, 149

Knot, in divination, 7; other magic, 19, 25, 66, 69, 71, 592, 661

Kruno, a star, 346

Labartu, 18

Laboratory, 228

Lacedaemon, 429, 602

Ladder, 368

Laelius, 274

Lamb, 561, 769

Lamia, 263

Lamp, 129, 380; experiment with, 55; inextinguishable, marvelous, etc., 192, 214, 231, 239; and see Candle

Land and water on earth’s surface, 54, 105, 254, 488

Language of birds and beasts, learning, 257, 261, 294-5, 430

Laodicea, unguent of, 133

Lar, 80, 546

Laser, a simple, 83

Laurel, 229, 324, 332, 424, 571, 588

Lavinian grove, 326

Law, and magic, 2, 6, 95; Roman, 167-8, 224, 233-4, 277, 527, 568; of nature, 272, 350, 530-1; Mosaic, 395, 459; national, 376; early German, 593; a medieval lawsuit, 688

Lead, 657, 757, 764; application of, 574, 590; glazing, 762; tablets, 28, 366, 724

Leaves, falling, effect on dreams, 206

Lebadea, 249

Lectionary, 476

Lecture-notes, 134

Leech, 724

Left, hand etc. used or preferred, 65-6, 78, 82, 88, 90, 92, 173, 216, 231, 325, 332, 580, 583, 591-2, 722, 726

Legends of saints, chaps. xvi, xviii, 637; and see names of individuals

Legislation, 2, 25, 59, 95, 126, 194, 293, 415, 505; and see Law

Lentils, 369

Lemnos, 130-2, 154, 242, 264

Lent, 678

Leopard, 256

Leprosy, 171, 219, 390, 392, 536

Letter, see Alphabet, Vowel

Lettuce, 639

Lever, 192

Leviathan, 346-7, 367

Levitation, 251-2, 394, 427

Libanotis, an herb, 495

Libation, 431

Libraries, ancient, 15, 27, 125, 134-5; medieval, 617-8, 743

Ligatures and suspensions, 65, 68, 70-2, 80, 89-90, 94, 173, 175, 204, 279, 294, 572, 579, 591, 598, 611, 614, 654-6, 726, 729-30, 740, 755-6, 759; condemned, 512, 630

Light, 191, 488, 720; and see Radiation

Lightning, 71, 95, 102, 738

Ligusticum, 613

Like cures like, 68, 86, 94

Lily, 68

Linen, use of, 88, 90, 230, 249, 260, 378, 560, 581, 598

Liniment, 586

Lion, habits and traits, 74, 256, 319, 326, 332, 367, 394, 636; roar of, 491; use of parts of, 67, 70, 168, 279, 726, 755; whelps of, 255, 491; amours of lioness, 74; figure of, 582; made by magic, 215; lion-faced, 364

Liparaios, a gem, 295

Litany, 721

Liturgy, 398, 476

Liver, disease, 536, 591; divination, 17, 25, 249, 272, 313, 318, 430, 458, 466

Lizard, 68, 92, 238, 324, 494, 574, 581, 589-91

Logic, 154-5, 157-9; magic, 10-1, 72, 214

Logos, doctrine of, 350

Loigaire, king, 640

Lollianus Avitus, 223

Lollianus Mavortius, 525ff., 537

Longevity, 141, 170, 176, 207, 537

Looking around, 591

Loosing bonds, etc., 265, 416, 449, 779

Lord’s Prayer, 598, 721, 724-6, 729-30, 736

Lot-casting, 77, 112, 539, 727; and see Geomancy and Sortes sanctorum (other index)

Lotapes, a magician, 59

Lot’s wife, 583

Love charms and potions, 22, 76, 94, 201, 215, 217, 236, 258, 295, 368, 370

Lucifer, 636

Lucius, hero of Golden Ass, chap. vii

Lucius Verus, emperor, 124

Lucullus, 94, 201

Lumbago, 90, 175

Luna, goddess, 236, 417; and see Helen, Simon’s

Lunacy, 536, 727, 754; and see Insanity

Lung, 148, 536, 727

Lupin, 722

Lutheran, 447

Lychnis and Lychnites, a gem, 257, 295

Lycia, 154, 325, 765

Lycurgus, 283

Lynx, 81, 325, 620

Lyre, 356

Macedon, 278, 560

Machine, 182, 187; and see Mechanical

Maerotis, lake, 349

Magi, in Pliny, 64-72, 80, 84; of Persia and the east, 228, 235-6, 247, 250, 266, 295, 352, 416, 450, 763; who came to the Christ child, 372, 396, 443-4, 471-9, 506, 518-9, 730

Magic (only leading passages where magic in general is discussed under that name are here included), preliminary definition, 4-6; primitive, 5-6; Egyptian, 7-12; Babylonian and Assyrian, 15-9, 33; Greek and Roman, 20-8; Pliny, 44, 58-64; Plutarch, 203; Apuleius, 234-7; Philostratus, 247-50; Neo-Platonists, 299-300; Enoch, 343; Philo, 352; heretics and Gnostics, 361; church fathers, 414-20, chap. xix, 466-9, chap. xxii; Nectanebus, 560; Isidore, 628-30; Alkindi, 643-6; as an art or discipline, 312, 420, 443; relation to science and medicine, 60-64, 236, 312, 330, 432, 511, 534-5, 644; use of materials, 65-70, 441, 508; procedure, 68-71, 506; false and illusive, 61, 418, 423-4, 431-2, 440, 464-8, 509; evil and criminal, 61-2, 313, 344, 377, 431-2, 439, 505, 539, 543; good or natural, 235, 352; marvelous results, 66-7, 70-1, 506; reality of, 506; history of, 58-9, 414-5, 628-9; immunity from, 440, 448-9

Magnet, 81, 85, 213, 469, 511, 581, 636, 644, 657, 668, 765, 780

Magnus annus, 26, 180, 210, 333, 372, 384, 456, 543

Majoram, 490

Maleficium, 234-5, 381, 506, 603, 629

Mambres, a magician, 461

Mana, 6

Mandaeans, 383-4, 450

Mandragora, 22, 231, 258, 597, 607, 626, 740

Manes, a kind of spirits, 546

Manes or Mani, founder of Manicheism, and Manicheism, 381-2, 398, 409, 513

Mansions of moon or sun, 693, 713, 715

Mantike, 259; and see Divination

Manuscripts, of Pliny, 51-2; Ptolemy, 106, 108-10; Galen, 134-5; Gentile da Foligno, 164; Greek alchemy, 194-6; Apuleius, 241; Aelian, 322; Solinus, 326-8; Hermes and Enoch, 291, 340; Manichean, 383; Apocrypha, 387-9; Recognitions, 401ff.; Basil and Ambrose, 484; Physiologus, 498ff.; Firmicus, 532; and Book III passim

Maps, 107, 114, 707

Marble, 729

Marcus Aurelius, emperor, 124-5, 130, 148

Marcus the heretic, 369-70

Marcus of Memphis, 381

Mare, 87, 324, 332, 511

Marinus, duke of Campania, 557

Market-place, magic of, 437, 440

Marriage, 685, 688

Mars, planet, 78, 97, 184

Marsi, 172, 511

Martin of Tours, St., 381

Martyr and Martyrdom, 428, 433, 512, 555

Mary Magdalene, 364

Mary, Virgin, 390, 724

Mass, sacrament of, 13, 722

Mathematical method, 107

Mathematics, 154, 535-6

Mathematicus, 464, 513, 532, 534, 632, 717, 781

Mathesis, 411, 632, 704

Matter, 111, 199, 305, 309, 349, 487, 542, 643, 763

Mavortius, see Lollianus

Maximilian II, emperor, 607

Maximus, emperor, 381

Meal, 314; evening, 482

Measles, 668

Measurement, 144; and see Instruments, Time

Meat offered to idols, 452

Mecca, 337

Mechanical devices and toys, 167, 426; Applied Science; see Bird, mechanical; Machine

Mede and Medea, 21, 65, 215, 295, 324, 329, 780

Medicine, chaps. iv, v, xxxi, xxxii, 289, 535-6, 542; Egypt, 10-2; Babylonian and Assyrian, 18; and magic, 25, 70, and see Magic; Pliny, 72; Greek, 318; Apuleius, 221, 237; Brahmans, 252-3; Lucian, 279, 284; Solinus, 329; church fathers and theologians, 460-3, 593, 617; and see Animal, remedies employed by; Astrological; Compound; Disease; History; Pharmacy; Poison; Simple; etc.

Medicine man, 5, 227

Medinet Habu, 559

Medium, 297, 467

Medulla, 660

Mela, see Taxo

Melancholy, 137, 536, 756

Melanteria, 132

Melothesia, 712

Memory, 303, 660

Memphis, 198, 430

Menander the heretic, 368, 421

Menippus, 263

Menstrual fluid, 82, 369, 573

Merchant, 214, 245, 710

Mercury, god, 233, 236, 630, and see Hermes; metal, 764, and see Quicksilver; planet, 318, 383

Meroë, a witch, 226

Merovingian, 616, 672

Mesraim, first magician, 414

Messiah, 355, 383

Messina, 445, 710

Metal and Metallurgy, 44, 102, 198, 346, 463, 767; and see Alchemy; Planets and; and the names of individual metals

Metamorphosis, see Transformation

Meteor, 103

Meteorology, 44, 636

Methodism, in medicine, 155, 735

Michael, an angel, 367, 447, 452

Michael, bishop of Tarazona, 652

Microcosm, 382, 411, 530, 633, 709, 712

Midday, see Noon

Middle Ages, influence in, of Pliny, 51-3, 56, 73, 85, 595, 628, 635; Seneca, 100; Ptolemy, 109; Galen, 161, 180, 572-4; Hero, 188; De placitis philosophorum, 180; Apollonius, 267; Solinus, 326; early Christian literature, 338; Enoch, 340-2; Philo, 351; Apocrypha, 389-90; Simon Magus, 427; legends of saints, 435; Basil, 484; Physiologus, 497ff.; Augustine, 504; Alexander legend, chap. xxiv; post-classical medicine, 571, 576-8, 584; Ethicus, 601-4; Dioscorides, 606-12; Boethius, 618-20; Isidore, 623, 630-1; Arabic learning, 646, 663, chap. xxx, 732; Constantinus Africanus, 743, 754; Greek learning, 734; and see Classical heritage; Greek, medieval; Textual history; Translation

Midnight, 248

Milan, 477

Mildew, 80

Milesian tales, 225

Milk, cow’s, 229, 295; woman’s, 82, 175, 587, 729, 759, 763; other, 721, 767

Milk-stone, 294

Milo, 779

Milt, see Spleen

Mind, 210, 531, 654

Mine and Mining, 132, 142, 344

Mineralogy, 606

Minerva, 79

Minotaur, 603, 636

Mint, wild, 57

Miracle, 8, 327, 541, 637, 686; distinguished from magic, 242, 265, 387-8, 417, 437-9, 465, 505; by heretics, 507-8

Mirror, 180, 236, 417, 468, 644; and see Divination by polished surfaces, Optics

Missal, 759

Misy, 132

Mistletoe, 23, 79

Mithra, 368, 429

Mithrobarzanes, a magician, 281

“Modern,” 717

Mohammed and Mohammedan, 139, 337, 356, 445, Chap. xxviii, 688

Mole, 63, 67, 70, 80-1, 88, 409, 494, 587

Monastery, Monasticism, and Monk, 505, 637-9, 679

Monkey, 148

Monreale, 427

Monster, 627

Mont, temple of, 559

Montaster, an herb, 598

Monte Cassino, 597, 610, 743ff.

Month, specified, 585, 588, 590, 676, 685-9, 728, 737, 774; and see Moon, observance of

Montpellier, 109, 741

Monument, 565

Moon, addressed, 727; affected by magic, 203, 225, 280, 308, 468, 492; controls generation and corruption, 210, 219, 354, 633, 708; day of the, 79, 572, chap. xxix; duration of, 180, 702; and Easter, 521; observance of, 69-71, 78, 80, 90-1, 98, 178, 216, 283, 322, 324, 333, 364, 539, 580, 582, 590-2, 598-9, chap. xxix, 720, 724, 729, 756, 780; relation to other planets and to the signs, 179, 211; spots on, 354; size of, 488; and see Bleeding, Luna, Selene, Tide

Moon-earth, 765

Moon-god, 382

Moon-stone, 250

Moon-tree, 564

Moralizing, 101, 490, 638

Mortar, pounded in a, 82, 765

Mortuary magic, 8-9

Mosaic, 367, 427, 764

Mosaic law, see Law

Moses, see other index

Mother, goddess or Great, 216, 360

Mouse, 23, 80, 166, 175, 213, 325, 491, 587, 737; field-, 98, 279; shrew-, 76, 86, 88

Mountain, marvelous, 346-7; magnetic, 756; affected by magic, 226, 416

Mule, 88, 183, 390, 589, 736

Mullein, 490

Muscle, 145, 150, 580

Muses, 371

Mushroom, 219

Music, 319, 325, 534, 619, 744; and magic, 6; and medicine, 124; and architecture, 185; of the spheres, 26, 184, 193, 371, 487, 544, 622

Mutton-fat, 722

Mycenaean art, 301

Myriogenesis, 537

Myrmecia, a gem, 166

Myrrh, 586, 765

Mysia, 216

Mysteries, 139, 216, 221, 223, 243, 245, 248, 317, 360-1, 368, 377, 428-9; and see Eleusis, Mithra

Mysticism, 211, 254-5, 677, 763

Mythology, and magic, 8, 21; and astrology, 16, 282-3; miscellaneous, 211, 215, 282, 294, 327, 407, 415-6, 545-6, 620

Nail, metal, 78, 81, 87, 90, 280, 581, 722

Nail parings, toe and finger, 71, 581

Names, see of Christ and God, and Words, power of

Nannacus, see Annacus

Nard, 169

Nativities, 25, 95, 104, 115, 185, 471, 559-60, 632, 679, 712

Nature, Pliny on, 42, 46-7; Seneca, 101; Galen, 150-1; as a teacher, 155; Plutarch, 210; in contrast to fate, 375

Neck, stiff, 737

Necromancy, 21, 197, 228, 233, 264, 270, 280, 300, 419, 466, 539, 629, 705; as proof of immortality, 416; relation to science, 744

Nectabis, 463

Nectanebo or Nectanebus, chap. xxiv, 391, 463, 516, 704

Needle, copper, 590; eye of, 396

Nektanebes, Nekht-Har-ehbet, Nekhte-nebof, 558-9; and see Nectanebus

Neo-Latin, 732, 757

Neo-Platonism, chap. xi, 116, 208, 296-7, 349, 540, 544-5, 661

Nero, emperor, 61, 171, 201, 260, 262, 423-5, 553, 585

Nerva, emperor, 244

Nerve and nervous system, 145-6

Nestorian, 554

Nettle, 636, 768

Neuri, 330

Nias Island, 170

Niceta, a character in the Recognitions, chap. xvii

Nicias, 22, 204

Niello, 769

Night-shade, an herb, 581

Night time and magic, 68, 78, 129, 224-6, 234

Nigromancy, see Necromancy

Nikon, father of Galen, 122

Nile, 102, 179-80, 198, 254, 559; horses, 169

Nimrod and magic, 413

Nine, 88, 371, 590, 592, 598, 721, 727

Nineveh, 243

Nitrate, 772

Nitro-muriatic acid, 772

Noah’s ark, 20; and see Flood

Noon, 248, 755

Norman and Normandy, 427, 745

Nose, 576, 589

Notebook, 45-6; and see Lecture notes

Notory art, 267

Nude and Nudity, 83, 93, 295, 565, 588

Numa, king, 274, 505

Number, observance of, and theory of perfect, 26, 69, 91, 178, 212, 258, 273, 317, 355-7, 370, 373, 383, 430, 441, 521, 544-5, 621, 627, 675; and see Five, Four, Nine, Seven, Ten, Three

Numitor, king, 602

Nymph, 546

Oak, 493

Oath, 430

Obelisk, 558

Obscenity in magic and medicine, 61-2, 167-8, 204, 207, 236

Observation, Pliny, 48, 53-4; magicians, 64-5; Ptolemy, 105, 107, 110, 112; Galen, 156; reputed Chaldean, 95, 316; Dioscorides, 606; and see Experimental method

Obstetrics, see Child-birth

Occult virtue, discussions of and references to of a general character, in Egypt, 10; Pliny, 64-5, 75-6, 81, 89; Galen, 169-70; Vitruvius, 183; Plutarch, 212-3; Neo-Platonists, 304, 307, 311, 320, 542-3; Brahmans, 257-8; Marbod, 778-81; miscellaneous, 441, 454, 468-9

Ocean, 489

Ocimum, an herb, 93

Oculist, 284, 670

Odor, foul, 536

Odysseus, 264, 281, 509, 629

Oea, 222ff.

Oil, 68, 90, 92, 130, 142, 154, 168-9, 171, 175, 213, 256, 373, 572, 606, 724, 779

Ointment, see Unguent

Old-wives, 166, 204, 234, 250, 272, 586; and see Witch

Olybrius, emperor, 606

Olympias, mother of Alexander, 560ff.

Olympic games, 22, 102

Olympus, Mt., 198, 296, 429

Omens and portents, 14, 92, 178, 201, 231, 251, 254, 260, 318, 430, 471, 543, 560, 562, 675

One, Once, for the first time, 82, 92, 210, 582

Onesiphorus, 396

Onion, 20

Onoel, a spirit, 367

Ophites, a marble, 87

Ophites, a sect, 365, 383

Opium, 724

Opobalsam, 128

Optics, 108, 218, 237, 276, 669

Oracle, 21, 95, 203, 206-7, 253, 278, 295, 318, 432, 442, 466, 534, 627

Oratory, 535, 776

Ordeal, 386, 468, 759

Oreites, a gem, 295

Orestes, 324

Oreus, 365

Organ, musical, 187-8, 192

Oriental attitude, exaggerated estimate of, 20-1, 388

Originality, 569, 575, 616

Origanum, an herb, 218

Origenists, 461, 519

Oromazes, a magician, 236

Orphic rites, 296, 429

Osiris, 13, 196, 223, 233, 546

Ossifrage, 87

Ostrich, 636

Ouroboros, the encircling serpent, 197, 763

Owl, 63, 68, 70, 253

Ox, 468, 722, 755

Oxford, 642

Oxygen, 143

Oyster, 218

Padua, 164

Paeanites, a gem, 329

Paganism, 203, 294, 317, 327, 512, chap. xxiv, 661-2

Painting, 177, 187, 764

Palatine hill, 125, 134

Palermo, 427

Palestine, 132, 280, 438

Palimpsest, 553

Palm, 62, 230, 333, 636

Pamphile, a witch, 229ff.

Pamphylia, 132

Pan, the god, 251, 546

Panacea, 172

Pancrates, a magician, 280-1

Pantarbe, 252

Panther, 74, 256

Papacy, 705; see Sixtus IV for patronage of learning by

Papyri, 12, 14, 22, 27-8, 193, 196, 365, 467, 686

Paradise, 367, 470, 488

Paralysis, 739; of the face, 738; tongue, 755

Parchment, 589, 729, 764

Pard, 74, 168

Paris, 642

Parrot, 575

Parthians, 373, 376

Partridge, 168, 324, 574

Pastoral magic, 70

Paternoster, see Lord’s Prayer

Pathology, 576

Paul the apostle, 405, 413, 424, 449, 505; potion of, 739

Peacock, 574, 636

Pebble, 591

Pelican, 324

Pella, 278

Penalty, 293, 313, 433

Penance, 513

Pendant, 301

Peony, 78, 173, 614, 740, 756

Pepper, 169, 176, 256, 586, 637

Pergamum, 122, 124, 130, 136, 149, 171, 236

Peristereos, an herb, 77

Persecution, fear of, 194

Persia and Persian, 58, 66, 376, 451, 475, 479, 503, 553, 558, 744, 762

Personification, 198, 343

Perspective, see Optics

Peru, 7, 17

Peter the apostle, 231, chap xvii, 505

Petroselinon, 132

Phaethon, 283

Phalangium, an insect, 86

Phallic ritual, 308

Phantasm and Phantom, see Apparition, Ghost

Phanuel, an angel, 342

Pharaoh’s dream, 358; magicians, 379, 385, 417, 438, 446, 464, 470, 506-8, 629

Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 10, 20, 83, 122, 133, 343, 413, 434, 610, 734-5

Phidias, 24, 407

Philae, 559

Philip of Macedon, 331, 560ff.

Philoctetes, 294

Philology, 535, 545

Philosopher’s stone, 52, 197, 398, 763; and see Alchemy

Philosophy, Greek, 21; and alchemy, 13, 199; and magic, 24, 61, 234, 246, 310, 440, 535; and astrology, 674; and business, 97; Seneca, 103; Galen and pseudo-Galen, 123-4, 127, 133, 139, 146, 149-50, 176, 180; Vitruvius, 185-6; other mentions of, 220, 223, 279, 360, 416, 466, 471, 481, 485, 493, 536, 620, 707; and see names of individuals (largely in other index) and schools.

Phlebotomy, see Bleeding

Phoebus, 620; and see Apollo

Phoenicia, 438

Phoenix, 207, 257, 332-3, 347, 460

Phraotes, 258

Phrygia and Phrygian, 206, 430, 597, 630

Phylactery, 513

Physica, 512, 579-80

Physics, 644

Physiognomy, 26, 176, 179, 460, 668

Physiology, 145, 395, 657-60

Pig, 76, 85, 168, 219, 393, 587, 727, 729, 764, 766; and see Swine

Pill, 739

Pillow, beneath one’s, 90

Pine-tree, 490, 493

Piper, 217

Pirronius, a magician, 604

Piston, 192

Place, observed in magic, 645

Plagiarism, 186, 483, 649, 742, 746-7

Plague, Galen and, 124, 142, 171; of 1348 A. D., 164; Apollonius and, 259, 391; of 542 A. D., 575; of Egypt, 325, 357, 491, 522, 685, 687, 696; miscellaneous, 410, 432, 538-9, 600

Planetary week, 16, 513, 633

Planets, when distinguished, 13-4, 16; properties of, 97, 113-4, 346, 383, 526, 529, 662, 711; in Gnosticism, 361; in art, 379; and the metals, 347, 368, 709, 763, 767; and herbs, 291; position at creation, 711, 713; and formation of foetus, see Child-birth

Plate, metal, 229, 386, 572, 582

Platonism, 221, 243, 456; for Plato see other index

Pleiades, 179, 355, 636

Pleurisy, 738

Plough, 80

Pneumatics, 188

Poetry, 6, 95, 511, 535

Poison and Poisoning, relation to magic, 25, 61, 441; to medicine, 56; venomous human beings, 324; safeguards against, 67, 70-1, 386, 614, and see Antidote; miscellaneous, 81, 86-7, 231-2, 397, 417, 460, 535, 565, 572, 574, 668, 721, 733

Polar star, 384

Polion, an herb, 77

Politics, 358, 666

Pompholyx, 132

Pontianus, 223-4

Pontiff, 124, 149

Pontus, drugs from, 87, 132

Poplar, 90

Poppy, bearing stones, 216

Population, 136

Pork, 142

Pot-herbs, 606

Potter and Pottery, 384, 433, 588-9

Praestigium, 630, 665

Praetor, 538

Prayer, 12, 79, 104, 219, 233, 382, 398, 412, 423, 426, 443, 457, 530-1, 589, 645, 671, 705, 728; procuring answer to, 70, 294, 593, 779; by others than man, 457; to others than God, 260, 264, 303, 526, 598-9, 661; of St. John, 721; and see Lord’s Prayer, Incantation

Predestination, 514

Prefect, 526

Pregnant stone, 740

Presbyter, 437

Prescription, medical, 152, 159, 172

Presentation, literary and scientific, 570, 595, 625

Prester, John, 477

Priest, 9, 13, 15, 21, 79, 85, 131, 195, 197, 300, 386, 533, 754, 763, 766

Priscillianists, 478, 519

Private parts, 343, 536

Procharus, 397

Proconsul, 235, 527

Professions, learned, 5, 125-6, 186-7, 744

Prognostication, medical, 164

Prophecy and Prophet, 25, 77, 205, 230, 352, 370, 439, 447, 459, 465, 476, 479, 534

Proteus, 263

Psychology, 75, 144-5, 657-60

Ptah-Seker-Ausar, 233

Ptolemais, 541

Ptolemy, king of Egypt, 135

Pulse, 144-5, 430, 658

Pump, 187, 192

Punic, 597

Puppy, see Dog

Purging, 667; the lungs, 143

Purification, 62, 204, 232, 441, 531, 598

Purple, 173, 197-8, 590-1, 604

Push-ball, 487

Pylades, 144-5

Pyrethrum, an herb, 614

Pyrigoni, 324

Pyrites, 571, 768

Pyromancy, 260, 629

Pyrrhus, 83

Pytho, 629

Pythagorean, 26, 32, 50, 58, 61, 63, 65-6, 179, 184, 243, 258, 260, 280, 370, 456, 544

Quail, 490

Quadrivium, 632

Qualities, the four, 114, 139-40, 154, 157, 218, 485, 751, 755; and see Cold, Heat

Quartan fever, 269, 579-81, 736

Quaternities, divine, 674

Quick-lime, 434, 571

Quinsy, 77, 89

Quintus Cicero, 269ff.

Rabbi, 355, 445. 470

Rabbit, 588, 729

Race, 184, 781; for strange races see Hyperboreans, Seres, etc.

Radiation of force or light, 643-6

Radish, 721

Rainbow, 409

Rain-making, 23-4, 103, 386, 430

Rain-water, 81-2

Ram, 213, 332, 424, 467

Raphael, the angel, 342, 367, 447, 452, 454

Rat, 76

Ravenna, 367, 763

Raymond, archbishop of Toledo, 657

Reading, medieval, 604, 617-8

Reason, 218, 660; free from magic, 300; and experience, 157

Red, used, 65, 581, 508, 740

Red Sea, 84, 208

Redeemer, 361, 363, 438

Reed, 75-6, 80, 90, 215, 591, 726

Reformed churches, 447

Reggio, 445, 745

Relics of saints, 444, 446, 593, 675

Religion, and magic, 5-6, 8-9, 15, 18, 20, 22-3, 33-4, 60, 232, 256, 505, 533; and astrology, 15-7, 524, 529-31; and science, 407-8, 479, chap. xxi; other than Christian, 94, 361, 725, and see Mohammedanism, Paganism, etc.; medieval religious attitude, 746, 752; and see Christianity, God, Theology, Trinity, etc.

Renaissance, 20, 122, 570, 618

Reseda, an herb, 93

Respiration, see Breathing

Resurrection of the body, 47, 415, 541

Resuscitation of corpses, 280, 391, 394, 397, 424, 426, 638, 763

Revelation, 56, 253, 407; and see Divination by

Revolutions, astrological, 26, 377, 650

Rhetoric, 124, 221, 269, 483, 518, 533, 535, 555, 596, 603, 700

Rhodes, 269, 301

Rhododendron, 175

Rhubarb, first mention of, 576

Riddles, 636

Right hand, etc., used or preferred, 70, 78, 81, 83, 88, 90, 92, 324-5, 332, 574, 580-1, 591-2, 767

Ring, 69, 78, 173, 219, 251, 253, 280, 292, 379, 564, 582, 590, 592, 599, 656, 662, 705, 755

Ring-worm, 93

Rip van Winkle, 399

Ritual, 12, 23; and see Ceremonial

Roads, Roman, 135-6

Robber, 117

Robert, king of France, 672, 704, 736

Robert Guiscard, 745

Romance, Greek, 22, 221, 232, 553; Medieval, 557

Romanesque, 502

Romans, traits of, 184

Rome, as center of learning, 124, 128-31, 135, 162, 201, 222, 242, 269, 277, 537, 586, 741; other mentions, 209, 230, 366, 372, 403, 408, 421, 423-4, 464, 553

Romulus, 209, 274, 330, 602

Root, see Herb

Rose, 230, 751; wild, 56

Royal Society, 214

Rubbing, 142

Ruddy complexion, 768-71

Rue, 737; eaten by weasel, 74, 324, 626

Ruin, excavated, 762

Russet, 89

Rust, 766

Rustic, experience, 578, 585

Sabaoth, 365, 367, 379, 451, 583, 599

Sabbath, 204, 513

Sabians, 661-3

Sacerdos, 235

Sacra Via, 125, 133, 424

Sacrifice, 68, 79, 104, 131, 166, 215, 248, 250-1, 261, 294-5, 308-9, 317, 363, 414, 431, 645, 661-3, 705; human, 62, 207, 249, 418, 539, 687

Sacrum amarum, 739

Saffron, 656, 765

Sagmina, sacred herbs, 76

St. Gall, 640, 677

St. Sophia, 575, 770

Sakkara, 9

Salamander, 54, 68, 85, 214, 324, 511, 636; “wool,” 214

Salerno, chaps. xxxi, xxxii

Salisatores, 630

Saliva, 20, 82, 88-9, 92-3, 174, 281, 373, 392, 573, 588, 592, 656, 769

Salmon, 424

Salt, 213, 373, 467, 583, 670; and see Holy, Sodom

Saltus Gilberti, 705

Salve, 87, 606, 722

Salvia, 739

Samaria, 363-4, 368, 421

Samothracian orgies, 149

Samuel, ghost of, see Endor, witch of

Sandal-Makers, street of, 134

Sandals, 230

Sandastros, a gem, 97

Sapphire, 496, 779

Saracen, 138, 718

Sarcophagus, 476

Sard, 777

Sardinia, 329

Sardis, 255

Sardonia, an herb, 329

Sardonic laugh, 329

Satire, 285

Saturn, god, 207; planet, 97, 184, 580, 633, 768

Saturninus, a heretic, 372

Satyr, 263-4, 546

Saul, 448, 469

Scarab, 10, 68, 333

Scarification, 721

Scepticism, see Credulity and

Sciatica, 69

Scientific spirit, curiosity, etc., 144, 234, 308, 378-9, 437, 485-6, 494, 502-4, 528, 535, 559, 669, 752; and see Experiment, Observation

Scipio Orfitus, 223

Scorpion, 74, 81, 85-8, 171, 174, 494, 573, 583, 656, 666

Scotland, 654

Scrofula, 82, 89, 91, 587

Sculpture, 277, 501

Scylla, the monster, 263, 636; an herb, 526

Scythian, 59, 77, 245, 407, 496, 654

Sea, 225, 738; and see Bath

Sea-calf, 580; faring, 245; foam, 468; gull, 159; hare, 171, 236, 238, 587; holly, 213; serpent, 325, 574; star, 89; urchin, 68, 490-1

Seal of Diana, 130

Sealing, 69, 278, 468

Seasons, four, 114

Secrecy, 194, 227, 233, 239, 254, 287, 295, 372, 405, 420, 579, 765, 776

Seed, 605; seedless herbs, 489

Seia, 599

Selene, 215

Selenomancy, 98

Semen, 369

Semitic, 15

Semo Sancus, 421

Senecion, an herb, 614

Sense and Senses, 150, 158, 180, 355

Sepia, 87

Septimius Severus, emperor, 243, 253, 293; and see Severi

Septizonium, 253

Serapis, 379, 442, 763

Seres, 376, 402, 412-4

Serf and Servant, 739; and see Colonus; Slavery

Sermon, 426, 482ff.

Serpent, lifted up in the wilderness, 379; and see Snake, Dragon, Sea-serpent

Sesame, 655

Sethians, 365

Sethos, 14

Seven, 14, 16, 49, 67, 69, 169, 179, 198, 212, 232, 253, 258, 279, 282, 318, 333, 346, 355-6, 365, 371, 373, 376, 378, 383, 385, 411, 429, 435, 491, 522, 537, 545, 581, 590, 592, 599, 633, 676, 724, 771, 777

Seven sleepers, 725, 759

Severi, dynasty of, 125, 130; and see Septimius

Sèvres, 762

Sex, observed in magic, 69, 78, 80-2, 94, 729, 759; of hyena, 397; of herbs and stones, 81, 764; of numbers, 179, 371; of planets and signs, 282, 662, 709-12; predicted, 175-6, 516; intercourse, 141, 639, 767

Shadow, 605

Shadow-footed, 256

Shark, 494

Shaving the head, 142, 560, 724

Sheba, 479

Sheep, 68, 102, 168, 173, 219, 467, 490, 582, 656; the lost, 363; and see Lamb, Ram, Shepherd, Pastoral

Shellfish, 98, 517

Shepherd, 478

Ship, 604; wreck, 748

Shirt, 581

Shoe, 638

Short-hand, 134, 232

Showbread, 385

Sibyl, 546; for Sibylline books see other index

Sicily, 85, 427, 525

Sideritis, a stone, 295

Sieve, 91, 250, 325

Signatures, 310

Sign, see Abbreviation, Divination, Prognostication, Sex predicted, Star, Zodiac

Silence observed, 722

Silas, 449

Silk, 608

Silvanus, 546

Silver, 590, 599

Similarity, argument from, 238, 614; and see Like cures like

Simon the Canaanite, 392

Simon Magus, chap. xvii, 362-5, 397, 439

Simon, St., 435

Simples, medicinal, in Pliny, 46, 83; Galen, 128, 153, 160, 168, 571

Sin, 344, 372-5, 430, 457, 520; effect on nature, 254, 345, 350, 409-10, 490

Sinew, 68, 148

Siphon, 189, 191

Siren, 263

Sisebut, king, 623

Sisinnios, 398

Six, 184, 356, 521

Sixtus IV, pope, 349, 596

Skeleton, 233

Skin, 141, 769; changing one’s, 170, 238, 324; disease, 102, 537; see Animals, parts of; and the names of particular animals for the use of their skins

Skull, 80, 580

Sky, see Heaven

Slav, 658

Slavery, 136, 170, 350, 515, 668, 683

Slavonic, 342, 345, 398

Sleep, magic, 399

Sleight-of-hand, 370

Slot-machine, 197

Smallpox, 668

Smilax, 92

Smoke, 89, 615

Smyrna, 123

Snail, 89, 92, 586

Snake, remedies against, 84-9, 99, 175, 258, 295, 365, 386, 392, 495, 599, 614; animals antipathetic to, 84-5, 99, 231; virtue in, 23, 168, 197; of India, 214, 564; Satan and demons as, 365, 391, 430; charming, 83, 278-80, 325, 511, 561-2, 638-9; sting and venom of, 56, 81-2, 102; foam of, 67; sloughing of, 170; not found in Ismuc, 183; at Delphi, 283; on a pendant, 301; medical knowledge of, 441; and see Fennel, tasted by

Sneeze, divination from, 95, 205, 207

Social aspect of magic, 59; life in antiquity, 137, 185

Socrates, 137, 139, 204, 234, 240, 270, 288, 532

Soda, washing, 571

Sodom, salts of, 138

Soldier, 56-7

Solemnity, required in magic, 644-6

Solon, 326, 355

Son of God, 372, 438

Soot, 236

Sopater, 313

Sophist and Sophistry, 540-1

Soporific, 758

Sorcery, 10, 25, 61, 96, 166, 270, 279, 324, 344, 352, 386, 390, 393, 437-8, 441, 655, 690, 733; counter-magic against, 17-20, 70, 81, 94, 301, 391, 600; and see Goetia, Witchcraft

Sortilegi, 630

Sory, 132

Soul, human, Plato on, 25-6; Pliny, 47, 96; Galen, 150, 178, 180; Plutarch, 206-7, 213, 217; Neo-Platonists, 309-10, 318; Gnostics, 364; location of, 735; apart from body, 399, 418, 455, 510, 546; immortality of, 416, 419, 469, 531, 541; other than human, 198, 213; and see World-soul

Sound, 143, 201, 430, 542

Sousnyos, St., 398

Spain, 380, 433, 489, 580, 597, 607

Spanish era, 773

Sparrow, 271

Sparta and Spartan, 21-2, 216, 301

Species, 304, 493, 751

Speech, impediment of, 536

Sphaera barbarica, 537

Sphere, see Earth, Universe, and other index

Spice, 250, 257, 295, 606

Spider, 90, 94, 168-9, 171, 175, 587

Spinal cord, 146

Spirit, good or evil (including angel and demon, but see also Apparition, Ghost, Necromancy, Soul), in early Arabic poetry, 6; in the ancient orient, 11, 15, 18-9, 24; classical Greece, 24, 26, 180-1; on nature of, Plutarch, 203-4, 206-8; Apuleius, 240; Philostratus, 263-4; Iamblichus, 309-10; Enoch, 343; Origen and Celsus, 441-3, 452-3; Augustine, 508; Martianus Capella, 545-6; Dionysius the Areopagite, 546-7; Christian ascription of other religions to demons, 370, 414, 429ff., 442, 453; disease and, 11, 18-9, 299, 343, 452, 722; expulsion of, and power over, 253, 262, 386, 405, 414, 417-8, 441, 443, 754, 779, and see Exorcism; fall of, 343, 374-5; familiar and guardian, 207, 210, 368, 370; in the air, 206, 240, 424, 463, 508, 635; in heavens and stars, chap. xv, 343, 397, 431, 458, 487-8, 519; in the moon, 207; in nature, 181, 296, 308, 310, 347, 382, 414, 430, 443, 452-4, 543; invocation of, 301, 308, 310, 320, 361, 367-8, 371-2, 384, 419, 437, 442, 447, 449-52, 543, 655, 674, and see Necromancy, Notory art; magic, astrology, arts and sciences ascribed to, 195, 240, 313, 343, 368, 370, 412, 414, 417-8, 422, 429-32, 441-3, 447-8, 453, 458-9, 463, 465-6, 506-7, 509, 513, 518, 629, 675, 705; mediums between God or gods and men, 206, 208, 240, 349, 452-4, 459, 621, 675; orders of, 308-9, 320, 363, 408, 455, 507, 545-7, 727; possessed by, 308, 392, 413-4, 434, 510, 640, 723-4, 754-5; safeguards against, 18, 216, 293, 391, 398, 449, 615, 726, 728

Spiritus, 147, 658-60

Spit, see Saliva

Spleen, 57, 68-9, 85, 536, 577, 579, 584, 587-8, 591

Spodium or Spodos, 132

Sponge, 227

Spoon, 721

Spring, water 229; caused to flow, 769; and see Fountain, Seasons

Staff, 252, 435, 679

Stag, 84, 207, 294, 324; and see Deer

Stained glass, 427, 435, 770

Stans, the, 415

Star, nature of, god or animal, etc., 25-6, 103, 206, 210, 212, 240, 303, 315, 343-4, 353, 436, 456, 519-21, 530, 620-1, 632, 662, 670; as sign, 302, 410, 458, 544; not cause of evil, 305, 354, 475, 514; cause of evil, 411; affected by magic, 225-6; shooting, 71, 589; fixed, 114; and see Astrology; Christ, birth of; Magi

Star-fish, 56

Starling, 490

Statue, 91, 279, 280, 764; healing, 284; animated, 188, 416-7, 424, 435; and see Image, Sculpture

Steam, 192

Stele of Metternich, 559

Stepmother, 215

Stoic, 50, 141, 178-81, 210, 269-70, 283, 350, 397, 456

Stomach, 92, 173, 536, 592, 656, 757

Stone, the disease, 87, 588, 729; and see Gem

Stoning to death, 262, 399

Storax, a gum, 495

Stork, 257, 324-5, 331, 460, 580

Storm-averting magic, 71, 80, 92, 102, 252, 313

Stream, 91, 225-6, 546; and see Fountain

Stupa, 251, 413

Style, literary, 222-3, 525, 570, 620

Styx, river, 326

Suanir, 435

Suffumigation, see Fumigation

Suggestion, force of, 265

Sulla, 532

Sulphur, 279, 764

Sumerian, 15, 17

Summun bonum, 752

Sun, god and worship, 97, 251, 261, 294-5, 317-8, 382, 492, 524; personified, 347, 410, 457, 529; and magic, 141, 225-7, 308, 386; astrological influence of, 99, 179, 211; rising and dawn, 215, 230-1, 256, 261; before sunrise, 69, 71, 78, 91, 94, 131, 173, 281, 583, 599, 768; before sunset, 583; experiment with, 55; dial, 185, 187; distance and size of, 219, 488; tropical, 214; tree of, 564

Superstition, Plutarch on, 203-4; in medicine, chaps. xxv, xxxi

Surgery, 148-9, 536, 569, 668, 723, 735

Suriel, a spirit, 367

Swaddling cloth, 392, 396

Swallow, habits of, 75, 324, 615, 636; use of, 68, 70, 168, 175, 581, 721

Swallow-stone, 755, 766

Swallow-wort, 75, 615, 626

Swan, 636; song, 255, 332

Sweat, 167, 392, 767, 779

Swine, 70, 77, 79, 99, 217; and see Pig

Sword, 78, 295; magic 258

Sylvia, 404

Symbol and Symbolism, 166, 251, 310, 361, 367, 502, 506, 546, 676-7, 679, 721; in alchemy, 766-7, 771-2

Sympathetic magic, 68, 84-7, 92, 238, 271, 296, 299, 304, 312, 314, 320, 354, 542-3, 614

Symposium, 137, 201-2

Symptoms, 735

Syncretism, 525

Synod at Rome, 389, 402

Syracuse, 476

Syria, Syriac, and Syrian, 280, 374, 387, 395, 403-4, 422, 437, 497, 499, 503, 554, 559-61, 577, 597, 601, 661, 663, 747, 762

Syrian goddess, 231

Syringe, 192

Syrup, 560

Tablecloth, 214

Tables, astronomical, 14; of contents, 50, 153.

Tablet, astrological, 560, 563; and see Cuneiform, Lead

Taboo, 21; and see Iron

Tagus, 630

Tamarisk, 85, 587

Tape-worm, first mentioned, 576

Tarpeian rock, 426

Tarquin the Proud, 602

Tarrutius, an astrologer, 209, 330

Tarsus, 259, 479

Taste, sense of, 505

Taxo, 600, 636

Teiresias, 281

Telines, 21

Temperaments, four, 668

Temple, 533; of Peace, 125; devices, 192-3; in alchemy, 197-8, 763; Egyptian, 261, 301, 559; Jewish, 395; Greek, 407; of the Sun, 435; of Liber, 496; Christian, 533

Terebinth-tree, 571

Terra sigillata, 130-2, 154, 756

Tetter, 93

Textbook, 635

Text and Textual criticism and history, magic, 9; cuneiform, 15, 17-8; classics, 21, 27; Aristotle, 24, 27; Pliny, 52; Ptolemy, 106, 108; Galen, 119-21; Hero, 189; alchemy, 193; Plutarch, 202; Aelian, 322; Philo, 348-9; patristic, 374, 377, 389, 401-6, 477, 495; Physiologus, 497-9; Alexander legend, chap. xxiv; Medicine of Pliny, 596; Dioscorides, 594, 606-13; medicine, 567, 731; Isidore, 623; medieval alterations, 3, 338, 683, 720

Thaphtabaoth, a spirit, 369

Thaumaturgy, 190

Thautabaoth, a spirit, 367

Theater, 184, 422, 425, 486, 506, 512

Thebes and Theban, 179, 491, 553, 765

Theft, discovery of, and recovery of object, 644, 666, 681, 718, 725; aids, 780

Theodamas, 294

Theodoric the East Goth, 569, 617, 619

Theodosius I, emperor, 584

Theodosius II, emperor, 327

Theology, astral, 15, 17, 360-1, 543, 621; and magic, 18, 234; Galen, 149; Egyptian, 370; attitude shown, 619-20

Therapeutae, 349, 356

Therapeutics, 10, 122, 141, 735

Theriac, 130, 733, 756

Thersites, 269

Thessaly, home of witches, 58, 203, 226

Theurgy, chap. xi, 505, 535

Thomas the apostle, in India, 475, 477

Thoth, 288

Thotmes IV, king of Egypt, 13

Thought, history of, 3-4; explained physiologically, 659

Thread, 89, 590, 656

Three, Thrice, etc., 69, 79, 82, 88-9, 91, 93, 169, 174, 295, 476, 479, 582, 588-9, 592, 614, 656, 721, 730, 736, 767

Threshold, 69, 89

Throat, disease of, 82

Thunder, divination from, 57, 96, 262, 546, 562, 629, 635-6, 674, 679; other observance of, 78; thought to produce mushrooms, 219; stage, 468

Thyme, 571

Tiberius, emperor, 59, 776

Tick, 67

Tide, 254, 274, 351, 517, 530, 703

Tigellinus, 259, 263, 265

Tiger, 256, 502

Tigris-Euphrates, 13-6, 281-2

Ti’i, 18

Time, devices for telling, 115, 144, 187, 276, 333, 395; observed in magic, 645

Titus, emperor, 42, 45

Toad, 771

Tobias nights, 688

Toledo, 657

Tomb, Egyptian, 9, 14

Tongue, 98, 150; use of, 175, 726, 779; gift of, 208, 386

Tooth, 68, 82, 84, 159, 279, 599, 600, 656, 769; extracting, filling, etc., 175, 573, 779

Toothache, cures for, 56, 68, 88-90, 169, 175, 577, 588-9, 592, 599, 614, 724, 727, 755

Toothpowder, 236

Topaz, 495

Top, spinning, 487

Torpedo, 159

Tortoise, 68, 74, 76, 88, 91, 325, 626, 764

Torture, 381, 538

Touch, 324

Tower, of Babylon, 16

Trade, 486, 494; and see Merchant, Business

Tradition, see Authority, Legend, Textual history

Trajan, emperor, 135, 373

Transfer, magic, see Disease

Transformation, magic, 21, 23, 226, 250, 280, 390, 393, 399, 415-7, 424, 446, 470, 509, 561-2, 630, 773; and see Werwolf

Translation, Latin, of Ptolemy, 106, 109-10; Galen, 121, 176; Hero, 189; church fathers, 445, 484; post-classical and early medieval, 570, 576, 619, chap. xxiv; from the Arabic, 611, 690-1, chaps. xxviii, xxx, xxxii; pretended, 292; Anglo-Saxon, 638; other vernacular, 498, 612, 677, 778; Greek, 331, 342, 637; magic, 430; Arabic, 106, 189, 292, 498, 554, 607, 652-3

Travel, 575, 668, 743

Tree, 255; of knowledge, 367, 474; of life, 350; sun and moon, 474

Trial, for heresy or magic, Apuleius, 222, 232-40; Apollonius, 249; Priscillian, 381; Basilius, 639

Triangle, 206, 356

Trigona, Trigones, or Triplicitates, 114, 184

Trigonometry, 107

Trinity, 479, 541, 619-20

Triptolemus, 546

Trivia, 236

Trojan war, 260, 271, 294, 363

Trophonius, cave of, 204, 206, 248, 282

Truth, devotion to, 400; Galen, 118-9, 123, 127; Plotinus, 300; Plain of, 211; Simon’s Helen and, 364-5

Tube, hidden, 469

Tübingen theory, 423

Tumor, 71, 82, 93, 571, 587, 590, 599

Tunis, 744

Tunny fish, 218

Turpentine, 132

Tuscan, 598

Tutia, 132

Twelve, 14, 383, 385, 411, 495

Twins, 81; argument from, against astrology, 273, 275, 514

Typhon, 463, 558

Tyriac, see Theriac

Ulcer, 580, 779

Underground, magic learned, 280; and see Burial

Underwear, 386, 581

Underworld, 16, 251, 282, 383, 470

Unguent, 55, 128-30, 133, 142, 169, 229, 367, 420, 739, 755

Unicorn, 255, 636

Universals and particulars, 622

Universe, theories of, 180-1, 193, 210, 254, 312, 361-4, 371, 397; duration of, 374-6, 541; sphericity of, 408

Urine, use of, 81-3, 325, 573, 581, 640, 684, 737, 746, 763, 766-9; emission of, 69, 739, 756

Ursa Major, 355

Utensils, 624

Vacuum, 189, 669

Valentinus the Gnostic, 364, 374, 411, 488

Valve, 192; in brain, 659

Vampire, see Empousa, Lamia

Vapor, 141

Vaporization, 724

Vascular system, 30

Vases, Greek, 266, 770

Vein, 147, 576, 728

Venesection, see Bleeding

Ventriloquism, 352, 448, 470, 560; and see Endor, witch of

Venus, goddess, 236; planet, 96-7

Verbena, an herb, 66, 76, 614, 725

Vernacular literature, 3; and see Translation

Verus, L., emperor, 124

Vervain, see Verbena

Vespasian, emperor, 253

Vesuvius, Mt., 45

Veterinary, 593, 722, 724, 730

Vinegar, 57, 71, 169, 175, 768

Vineyard, 604

Violet, 751

Viper, use of, 91, 142, 159, 170, 173, 218, 294, 331, 572, and see Theriac; remedy against, 213, 490, 721; mode of generation, 172, 238, 255, 277, 323, 409, 491

Virgin and Virginity, 55, 83, 90, 93, 216, 279, 326, 431, 491, 639, 763; and see Chastity, and Mary, Virgin

Virtue, see Occult

Virtues, three, 479; four, 675

Vision, theory of, 659, 669

Vitriol, 764

Vivisection, 147

Voice, 134, 146, 180, 184

Volcano, 254

Vowels, 92, 356, 371, 379

Vulture, 89, 333, 580, 724, 726, 729

Wall, of house, 69

Wand, magic, 20, 252, 508, 560

War and Warfare, 187, 358; decried, 6, 46-7, 122

Warts, to get rid of, 71, 88, 166, 589, 737

Washing, ceremonial, 295, 730

Wasp, 332

Water, and Waters, 142, 373, 408, 490; above the firmament, 181, 346, 458, 487, 632; drinking, 685; dissolves magic, 227, 722; in which feet washed, 175; marvelous, medical, and chemical, 102, 183, 197, 329, 763; -jar and -works, 187, 191-2; clock, see Time; underground, 55; and see Fountain, Holy, Stream, Sea, etc.

Wave theory, see Sound

Wax, 71, 229, 467-8, 571, 738; and see Image

Weasel, 80, 231, 331, 396, 409, 460, 636; and see Rue, tasted by

Weather, observed, 178; predicted, 97, 115, 181, 185, 231, 325, 463, 605, 642, 647; and see Rain-making, Storm-averting magic

Well, 55, 251, 271

Werwolf, 23, 51, 339

Whale, 49

Wheat, 373, 598

Wheel, 192, 382; magic or solar, 266; of fortune, 683

Whetstone, 71

White, 78-9, 215, 295, 755

Widow, 71

Will, free, relation to fate and the stars, 210, 275-6, 306, 315, 374-5, 412, 456, 475, 513, 518, 531, 620-2

William Rufus, king of England, 673

Wind, 16, 78, 373, 676, 678, 728

Wine, 55, 68-9, 132, 137, 142, 231, 263, 295, 572, 581, 605-6, 721, 739, 765; and see Falernian

Witch, Witchcraft, and Wizard, 2, 18-9, 164, 172, 203, 225-31, 251, 344, 373, 407, 535, 599, 722; and see Goetia, Old-wives, Sorcery

Wolf, 80, 93, 172, 219, 332, 587-8, 656, 726; and see Werwolf

Woman, 396, 588, 710, 740-1; diseases of, 82, 142, 289, 536, 746

Wood, 233

Woodpecker, 23, 78

Wool, 89, 173, 590, 656

Words, power of, 10, 24, 152, 207, 231, 239, 279, 299, 311, 370, 378, 384, 414, 422-31, 438, 445, 449-52, 476, 507, 561-2, 605, 627, 644, 666; and see Incantation

World-soul, 96, 150, 210, 254, 299, 303, 349, 358, 410, 544, 622

Worm, 89, 94, 582, 729, 754, 768; and see Earthworm, Tape-worm

Wormwood, 722

Writing, a sin, 344; invisible, 265

Wryneck, 265-7

Yahweh, 446

Year 1000 A. D., 675

Yew, 81

York, 689

Youth, renewed or perpetual, see Elixir, Fountain, Longevity

Zeus, 23, 193, 284, 380

Zodiac, 14, 16, 96, 98, 114, 179, 184, 283, 354, 378, 492, 520, 679, 711, 728; and parts of human body, 662, 673-4, 777

Zoology, 237, 503; and see Animal

Zone, 376

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

Names of authors, editors, translators, publishers, etc., in Roman type. Titles and periodicals in italics. Leading passages in italics. Bibliographical abbreviations, such as EB, HL, PG, PL, are as a rule not indexed. In the abbreviated titles such opening words as De and Liber are omitted to facilitate alphabetical arrangement. In proper names De and Von are usually designated by d. and v., and are treated as initials.

Abammon, 307

Abano, Peter of, 162, 179, 409, 600, 610, 651, 665, 710, 714

Abdallah, 693

Abdias, 425-6

Abel, A., 434

Abel, E., 291, 293, 463

Abelard, Peter, 475, 544

Abgarus, 395

Abhandlungen d. bayr. Akad., 567-8

Abhandlungen d. Berlin Akad., 121, 468, 732

Abhandlungen z. Gesch. d. Math. Wiss., 642

Abraham the patriarch, reputed book of, 445

Abraham, cited by Firmicus, 537

Abraham of Tortosa, 611

Abt, Apologie d. Apuleius, 22, 239

Abu Jafar Ahmed Ibn-al-Jezzar, 745

Abu Sa’id Schâdsan, 651

Accad. dei Lincei, Rendiconti dell’, 499

Accad. di Monaco, Atti dell’, 551

Acta Sanctorum, 296

Acts of the Apostles, 136, 510

Acts (Apocryphal) of Archelaus, 398 of Barnabas, 397 of John, 397 of Nereus and Achilles, 425 of Paul, 396 of Paul and Thecla, 395 of Peter, 405 of Peter and Andrew, 396 of Peter and Paul, 397, 424 of Philip, 397 of Pilate, 390, 395 of Thomas, 374, 397

Adalmus, 673

Adam, Moon-Book, 682

Adam of Bremen, 773

Adam of St. Victor, 398

Adams, F., 568

Ad-Damîrî, 393, 688

Adelard of Bath, 100, 468, 652, 664, 706, 773

Adelbold, 706-7

Ademarus Cabannensis, 704

Adhelmus, see Aldhelm

Aelfric, 484, 677

Aelian, 238, 300, 322-6, 331

Aemilius Macer, 612

Aeschrion, 178

Aeschylus, 325

Aesculapius, 537, 597-8, 600, 735

Aesop, 553

Aethicus, see Ethicus

Aetius of Amida, 163, 170, 292, chap. xxv

Agathodaemon, 195

Agathias, 575

Aggregator, 611

Agricola, De re metal., 132, 329

Agrippa, H. C., Occult Philosophy, 454, 653

Ahrens, K., 497, 499, 503

Ajasson, 42

Alandraeus, see Alchandrus

Albaihaqi, 670

Albandinus, 716

Alberic the Deacon, 752

Albertus Magnus, 158, 163, 326, 600, 658, 725, 772 Animal., 503, 563, 746 Causis et propriet., 563 Mineral., 501, 653 Somno et vigilia, 359 Speculum astronomiae, 647, 650, 664 Veget. et plantis, 653

Albucasis, 742

Albumasar, 524, 647, 649-52, 691 Conjunctions, 649-51 Experiments, 649 Flores, 649-50 Greater Introduction, 649 Lesser Introduction, 652 Mysteries, 651 Rains, 651-2 Revolutions, 651 Sadan, 651 Searching of the Heart, 649

Alchadrinus or Alchandrinus, see Alchandrus

Alchandrus, 710-19 Breviary, 714ff. Mathematica, 710ff.

Alchamia, 774

Alchimus, 601

Alcibiades, see Helxai, Book of

Alcuin, 556, 617, 658

Aldhelm, 636

Aldus, see Medici antiqui

Alexander the Great, 331, 578 astrological treatises, 712ff. Mirabilibus Indiae, 555-6, 564 Responsio ad Dindimum, 556

Alexander of Aphrodisias, 578

Alexander Polyhistor, 341

Alexander of Tralles, chap. xxv, 137-8, 174, 596, 721, 747

Alexandre, Oracula Sibyllina, 287

Alexis, Mandragorizomene, 22

Alfanus, 752-3

Al-Farabi, 744

Alfraganus, 737

Alfred the Great, king, 637

Algazel, 744

Alhabib, Book of, 763

Alhandreus, see Alchandrus

Ali ibn Abbas, Khitaab el Maleki, 747

Alkindi, chap xxviii Deceits of Alchemists, 649 Empire of Arabs, 648 Judgments, 648 Geomancy, 648 Pluviis, 647-8 Properties of Swords, 649 Somno et visione, 646 Spectaculis, 642 Stellar Rays, 643-6

Allard, P., 298

Alma, J. d’, 349

Alphita, 600

Alte Orient, 7, 33-5

Amatus of Salerno, 752

Ambrose, 426, 447, 494, 499, 505, 686 Hexaemeron, 482-3, 485 Moribus Brachmannorum, 557

Amélineau, 360, 377

American Historical Association Papers, 632

American Journal of Archaeology, 17

American Mathematical Monthly, 31

American Society of Church History Papers, 406

Amigeron, see Damigeron

Ammianus Marcellinus, 285, 288, 318-9, 527

Amplonius, Catalogue of MSS, 267

Anastasius Antiochenus, 469

Anaxagoras, 456

Anaxandrides, 22

Anaxilas, 22

Anaxilaus, 88, 214

Anaximenes, 181

Andreas, 154

Andrian, F. v., 16

Andromachus, 171

Angelus, J., 106, 525

Annales de la Faculté des Lettres de Bordeaux, 704

Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Egypte, 14

Année Sociologique, 6

Ansileubus, 503

Ante-Nicene Fathers, 387, and Book II passim

Anthropologie, L’, 6

Antipater, 185

Antisthenes, 553

Antonius Eparchus, 745

Antonius Musus, 600

Anz, Gnostizismus, 360, 383

Aomar, 647

Aphaxad, 435

Apion, 405

Apocrypha, chap. xvi, 342, 406

Apollonius, to whom works of magic are ascribed, 267

Apollonius of Perga, 663

Apollonius of Tyana, Epistles and Will, 244; and see other index

Apollonius and Galen, 723

Apostles, see Acts, Constitutiones, Didascalia

Apuleius of Madaura, chap. vii, 165, 242, 290, 309, 390, 465, 508 Apology, 222-5, 232-41, 463 Dogma of Plato, 222, 241, 596 Florida, 222, 233 God of Socrates, 222, 240-1 Golden Ass or Metamorphoses, 222-32, 241, 332, 406, 509 Natural Questions, 237 Universe, 222 dubious or spurious Asclepius, see Hermes Trismegistus grammatical and rhetorical, 596 Herbarium, chap. xxvi, 696 Sphere, chap. xxix, 197, 596

Aquinas, Thomas, 519, 544, 658

Aratus, 709

Arcandam, 716

Archaeologia, chap. xxxiii

Archandrinus, see Alchandrus

Archigenes, 137, 152, 168, 176

Archimatthaeus, 738

Archimedes, 29, 663 Catoptrica, 237

Archinapolus, 185

Archiv f. Gesch. d. Medizin, 188, 737

Archiv f. Kunde österreich. Geschichtsquellen, 498

Archiv f. Studium d. Neuer. Sprachen, 673

Arendzen, J. P., 360, 371

Aretaeus, 570

Aretinus Quilichinus, 558

Arevalus, 402, 623

Arfarfan or Argafalan or Argafalaus, 711

Aristarchus, 31, 219

Aristodemus, 574

Aristophanes, 24 Birds, 324 Goetes, 22

Aristotle, 3, 26, 32, 103, 139, 146, 153, 180, 205, 210, 237-8, 317, 408, 451, 553, 563, 565, 619-20, 632, 642, 657, 663-5, 764 Animals, History of, 24-30, 50, 129, 240, 255, 331, 486, 491, 503 Categoriis, 677 Generatione, 30 Interpretatione, 677 Metaphysics, 621 Meteorology, 486 Partibus, 30 Physics, 622 Politics, 97 dubious or spurious Images, 666 Lapidary, 654, 656, 671, 756 Secret of Secrets, 555

Arnald of Villanova, 162, 653, 688, 736-7, 741

Arnheim, 316

Arnobius, 423, 505

Arnold of Saxony, 611

Arrian, 553

Artemidorus, 201

Artephius or Artesius, 774

Asakki marsûti, 18

Ascalu the Ishmaelite, 711

Ascension of Isaiah, 399

Asclepiades, 141, 168

Asclepius, see Hermes Trismegistus

Ashmole, E., Theatrum chemicum Britannicum, 773

Astrolabe, anonymous treatises on, chap. xxx

Athenaeus, 120, 196, 202

Athenagoras, 288

Aubert u. Wimmer, 73

Audollent, 28

Aufidius Bassus, 45

Augustine, chap. xxii, 241-2, 288, 303, 447, 476, 485, 617, 626, 628, 658, 660, 686, 692 Anima, 147 Cataclysmo, 507 City of God (Civitate Dei), 320, 326, chap. xxii, 535, 552-4 Confessions, 459, 504-5, 509, 511 Consensu Evangelistarum, 505 Contra Academicos, 518 Contra Faustum, 518 Contra Priscillianistas, 519 Diversis quaestionibus, 508, 510, 514 Divinatione daemonum, 508 Doctrina Christiana, 508, 521 Enchiridion, 519 Epistolae, 241, 514 Genesi ad litteram, 483, 504-5, 509, 511, 514, 518-9, 521-2, 660-1 Haer., 369 Octo Dulcitii quaest., 510 Quaestiones ex Novo Test., 518 Sermones, 426, 507, 514, 518 Sermones supposititi, 522 Trinitate, 506-9

Aulus Gellius, 50, 59, 202, 269, 354

Auracher, T. M., and Stadler, H., 610

Ausfeld, A., 551

Ausfeld and Kroll, 551

Avezac, d’, 601

Avicenna, 658, 660 Anima, 766 Divis. philos., 744

Axt and Riegler, 293

Babelon, E., 341

Babut, E. C., 381

Bacon, Roger, 108, 163, 341, 409, 601, 603, 646, 661, 665, 766

Baethgen, 73

Bald and Cild, 720-2, 733

Barach, S., 658

Bardaisan or Bardesanes, 373-7, 381, 412, 457, 471, 475, 782

Barlama, 138

Barnabas, 404, 408 Epistle, 396, 409; and see Acts (Apocryphal)

Barnes, C. L., 773

Bartholomew of England, De proprietatibus rerum, 170, 484, 501, 503, 578, 611, 660, 686

Baruch, Book of, 399

Basil, Hexaemeron, chap. xxi, 322, 458, 476, 504, 552-4

Basil and Gregory, Philocalia, 405-6

Basset, R., 398-9

Bate, Henri, 650

Bateson, M., 689-90

Bath Occult Reprint Series, 291

Battle, W. C., 28

Baudry de Balzac, 736

Baur, L., 744

Beazley, R., 326, 480, 601

Becker, H., 551

Beckh, H., 604

Beckmann, Marbod, 775

Bede, 476, 617, 634-6, 658, 675, 683, 688, 694, 702 Hexaemeron, 485 Natura rerum, 634-5, 676, 695 Samuel, 635 Temporibus, 634-5 Tonitruis, 635-6, 679

Belenus, 267

Bellarminus, 469

Belon, P., 131

Bennett, W. H., 446

Bentwich, N., 349

Berengarius, 701-2

Bernadakes, G. N., 202

Bernard of Clairvaux, St. 502, 658

Bernard Gordon, see Gordon

Bernard of Provence, 740

Bernard Silvester, 717

Bernays, 73

Berosus, 95, 104, 185

Berthelot, P. E. M., 540 Archéologie (1906), 12 Chimie (1893), 670, 697, 761 Introduction (1889), 12, 199, 544 Origines (1885), 12-3, 59, 193, 292, 369, 544, 559 Voyages (1895), 131

Berthelot et Ruelle (1887-8), 193, 320, 683

Bestiary, 498

Bevan, A. A., 374

Bezogar, 682

Bezold, 16

Bezold, C., 34

Bible, 16, 138, 246, 342, 350, 352, 361-2, 385-6, 405, 439, chap. xxi, 511, 546, 583, 681, 729; and see names of individual books of

Bibliotheca Mathematica, 188, 193

Bibliotheca Patrum, 426

Bibl. d. l’École des Hautes Études, 381, 765

Bikélas, 73

Billerbeck, 73

Bisse, E., 557

Bivilaqua, 525

Björnbo and Vogl, 642, 663

Bl. f. bayr. Gymn., 73

Boethius, 109, 527, 618-22, 658, 677

Boissier, A., 34

Boll, F., 14, 16, 105, 111, 291, 316, 524-5, 683

Bollettino della Società geografica italiana, 480

Bolus de Mendes, 50

Boncompagni, B., Gherardo Cremonese, 163

Bonnet, Acta apostolorum apocrypha, 397

Book of Changes, 6

Book of the Dead, 9, 362

Book of the Saviour, 369, 377

Book of Secrets, 670

Book of Seventy, 670 for Book of, see also Alhabib, Baruch, Crates, Enoch, Helxai, Jeû

Borgnet, A., 664

Bostock, J., and Riley, H. T., chap. ii, 175, 214, 329

Bouché-Leclercq, A., 50, 59, 112, 292-3, 297, 308, 316, 476, 683, 687

Bouchier, E. S., 313, 380, 434

Bousset, W., 349, 361

Box, E. B., 619

Box, G. H., 351

Brandt, W., 383

Braulio, 623-4, 628

Breasted, J. H., 12 History of Egypt, 8-12 Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, 7-10

Brehaut, E., 623, 625

Bréhier, E., 348-9

Breslau, Philol. Abhandl., 297

Briau, R. M., 125

Bridges, R. H., 603, 661

British Museum Catalogue of Vases, 266

Brock, A. J., 119, 122

Brougniart, A., 761

Brown, J. Wood, 670

Browne, C. A., 194

Browne, E. G., 660, 674

Browne, Thomas, 354

Bubnov, 501, chap. xxx

Budge, E. A. W. Alexander, 551, 562-3 Egyptian Magic, 7-14, 233, 686

Bulletin Hispanique, 704

Bulletin et Mém. d. l. Société Archéol. d. dept. d’Ille-et-Vilaine, 775

Bulletin d. l. Société d. Géographie, 565

Bunbury, History of Ancient Geography, 601

Burchard of Worms, 630

Burckhardt, J., 690

Burkett, F. C., 374

Burnam, J. M., 704

Burr, G. L., 2, 630

Burton, W., 762

Bury, J. B., 266-7, 388

Busson, G., 7

Butler, H. E., and Owen, A. S., Apulei Apologia, 22, 224ff.

Buttmann, P., 340

Byzant. Zeitschrift, 497

Caecilius, 94

Caelius Aurelianus, 625

Caesar, J., see Weber, C. F., and

Cahier, Nouveaux Mélanges, 498

Cahier et Martin, Mélanges, 498

Cajori, 188

Calderon, 432

Callisthenes (on roots), 495

Callisthenes Pseudo-, chap. xxiv, 7, 331

Calvin, 447

Cambridge Medieval History, 524

Cambridge University Texts and Studies, 342

Camerarius, J., 556

Campbell, C., 8

Capart, Primitive Art in Egypt, 6

Capella, see Martianus

Caraccio, 349

Cardan, 769

Carra de Vaux, 188, 653, 661

Carrarioli, D., 551

Casaubon, 213

Cassianus Bassus, 604

Cassiodorus, 545, 617, 619, 625 Institutes, 483, 608 Letters, 639

Cassius Felix, 607

Catalogus codicum Graecorum astrologorum, 28, 116, 291, 651

Cato, De re rustica, 93

Cecco d’Ascoli, 267, 665

Celsus, 282 Against magicians, 278 True Discourse, chap. xix

Celsus the medical writer, 727

Censorinus, 354, 371, 690

Chaeremon, 315, 457

Chalcidius, 476

Chapman, 405

Charles, R. H., chap. xiii, 488-9 Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, 287, chap. xiii Ascension of Isaiah, 399 Book of Enoch, chap. xiii

Charles and Forbes, chap. xiii

Charles and Morfill, chap. xiii

Charterius, R., 119

Chavannes, E., et Pelliot, P., 383

Chiron the centaur, 434, 597-8

Choulant, L., 578, 612-3

Christ, Gesch. d. Griech. Litt., 105, 201, 215, 540

Christliches Kunstblatt, 497

Chrysippus, 50, 146

Chrysostom, John, 472-6, 480, 494, 499 Naturis bestiarum, 499 Sixth Homily on Matthew, 472-4 Spurious Homily on Matthew, 472-5

Chwolson, D. A., 661-3

Cicero, 50, 232, 597 Divinatione, 97, 268-73 Dream of Scipio, 273, 544 Republic, 274

Cild, see Bald and

Cillié, G. G., 555

Clark and Geikie, 101

Classical Philology, 530

Classical Review, 21, 525

Clement Pseudo, 363-4, chap. xvii Circuits, 404 Homilies, 364-5, chap. xvii Itinerarium, 402 Recognitions, 231, 364-5, chap. xvii

Clement of Alexandria, Stromata, 288, 476, 499

Cleopatra, 152, 196, 655

Clerval, Hermann le Dalmate, 701-2

Clinton, Fasti, 124, 135

Clitomachus, 268

Cockayne, O., Leechdoms, 596, 679, 720ff., 734, 776 Narratiunculae, 556

Cohn, L., 348, 351

Collenucius, P., 53

Colombo, De re anatomica, 147

Columbia University Studies in History, etc., 622

Columella, 50, 59

Colville, G., 619

Combarieu, J., 6, 568

Compositiones ad tingenda, chap. xxxiii

Compotus or Computus, 676-7

Comte, 107

Confucian Canon, 6

Congrès scientifique international des catholiques, 7, 297, 701

Congress, International, of Medicine, 131, 145, 640, 667, 673

Congress, International, of Orientalists, 380

Constantinus Africanus, chap. xxxii, 577, 610, 653, 657, 731 Antidotarium, 747 Aureus, 757-9 Chirurgia, 747-8 Coitu, 742, 753 Compendium megategni, 749 Experimentis, 753 Febrium, 742, 750 Graduum, 613, 748, 750-1, 755-6 Humana natura, 659-60, 757 Melancholia, 658-9, 742, 751-2, 755 Oblivione, 742 Pantegni, 658-9, 746ff. Simplicis medicinae, 748 Stomacho, 742, 752-3 Tegni, Megategni, Microtegni, 749 Urinis, 750 Viaticum, 742, 745, 749ff., 753, 756

Constitutiones apostolorum, 422

Conybeare, F. C., 247, 348-9

Cook, A. B., Zeus, 23, 296, 379, 429

Cook, A. S., 499

Cordier, H., see Yule, Marco Polo

Cordo, see Simon of Genoa

Cornarius, I., 566ff.

Cornford, F. M., 23

Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, 119

Cory, Ancient Fragments, 297

Cory, A. T., Horapollo, 331

Cosmas Indicopleustes, 480

Costa ben Luca, 652-9 Differentia Spiritus et animae, 657-9 Hero’s Mechanics, 189, 652 Physical Ligatures, 652-7

Cousin, V., Procli Opera, 319

Coxe, H. O., 52, 121, 478, 701, 715

Craig, J. A., 33-4

Crates, Book of, 763

Crateuas, 606

Crawford, W. S., 540

Creuzer, F., 299

Crinas of Marseilles, 98

Crito, 152

Critodemus, 95

Croiset, 282

Crophill, John, 684-5

Cruice, Abbé, 466

Cumont, F. Babylon u. d. Griech. Astrologie, 34 Oriental Religions, 21, 296, 533

Cunningham, W., 495

Cunningham Memoirs of Royal Irish Academy, 293

Curtiss, S. I., 33

Curtze, 706

Cushman, H. E., 26

Cyprian, of Antioch Confessio, 296, chap. xviii Martyrium, 428

Cyprian of Carthage, 463, 465

Cyril, 398, 476

Cyril of Alexandria, 570

Cyril of Jerusalem, 423

Dalechamps, 329

Dalton, O. M., 237, 498, 607

Damigeron, 293, 558, 605, 777

Damis of Nineveh, chap. viii, 407

Damocrates, 135

Daniel the prophet, 385, 679-80

Daniel of Morley, 744

Dante, Convivio, 619 Divine Comedy, 340, 361

Daremberg, C. V., 600, 731, 736 Galien comme philosophe, 124 Galien sur l’anatomie, 122, 141, 145 Hist. d. Sciences Médicales, 570-1, 577, 743ff. Notices et Extraits, 598, 742ff.

Daremberg et Saglio, 22, 27, 164, 265

Daressy, G., 14

d’Avezac, see Avezac

De aluminibus et salibus, 670

De anima, 766

De la Ville de Mirmont, 673

De Morgan, 108

De Renzi, see Renzi

De spiritu et anima, 658

De vetula, 691

Delambre, J. B. J., 108, 663

Delisle, L., 698

Democritus, 50, 58-9, 61-6, 80, 84, 91, 97, 140, 196-8, 205, 329, 582, 605, 629, 682-3, 733

Denkschr. d. Akad. Wien, 73

Detlefsen, D., 42, 52

Deuteronomy, 453, 456

Deventer, 316

Dhorme, P., 33

Dicaearchus, 180, 213

Dict. Chris. Biog., 362-3

Dict. National Biog., 291, etc.

Dicuil, 326

Didascalia Apostolorum, 422

Didot, 106, 180

Didymus of Alexandria, 463, 604

Diels, H., 119, 121, 468

Dierich, 381

Dieterich, A., 288

Dieterici, F., 642

Digest, see Justinian

Dillmann, 399

Dindimus, 341, 556

Dindorf, 282, 415, etc.

Dio Cassius, 201, 259

Dio Chrysostom, 425

Diocles Carystius, 178

Diodorus of Tarsus, 476

Diogenes Laertius, 22, 97, 196

Diogenes the Stoic, 273

Dionysius the Areopagite, 546-7

Dionysius Exiguus, 484

Dioscorides, 131, 154, 199, 495, 571, 597, 605-11, 613, 625, 755, 761, 764

Dioscorides-Pseudo, 239 Herbis femininis, 609 Lapidibus, 611, 654

Dittmeyer, 27

Döllinger, I. I., 705

Domitius Piso, 44

Donatus, St., 684

Dorotheus, 648

Doutté, E., 5

Druon, H., 540

Dryoff, A., 73

Dübner, Fr., 552

Duhem, P., Système du Monde, 106, 456-9, 481, 504

Duncker, 466

Dunstan, 773

Duruy, 135

Ebers, G., 10

Ebrubat Zafar filie Elbazar, 745

Ecclesiasticus, 510

Edling, 381

Egidius de Tebaldis, 110

Egyptian Days, chap. xxix, app. ii

Elizinus, 267

Elkman, V. W., 491

Elliot Smith, 12

Empedocles, 23, 58, 61, 153, 204, 234, 247

Encyclopedia Britannica, 301, etc.

Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, 22, 383, etc.

Endres, J. A., 753

Engelbert of Liège, 673

Engelbrecht, 116, 538

Enoch Book of, chap. xiii, 208, 350, 399, 410, 454, 457-8, 463 Fifteen Stars, Herbs, and Stones, 664 Secrets of, chap. xiii

Ephemeris f. semit. Epig., 389

Ephodia, 745, 749

Ephraem Syrus, 374, 381

Epicharmus, 86

Epicurus, 140-1, 151, 169, 180, 270, 451

Epigenes, 95

Epimenides, 234

Epiphanius, 405-6, 476, 488, 499, 503 Contra haereses, 369, 458 Duodecim gemmis, 495-6 Epist. ad Joan. Jerosolymit., 458-9 Panarion, 363-4, 369, 415, 434, 494-5 Ponderibus et mensuris, 627

Epping, J., and Strassmeier, J. N., 34

Eratosthenes, 709

Erhard, Fauna d. Cykladen, 73

Erkenhard, 677

Erlanger Beiträge z. engl. Philol., 733

Erman, A., 7

Ernault, L. V. E., 775

Errors condemned at Oxford and Paris, 642-3

Esdras, Supputatio, 677, 682

Ethé, 551

Ethelwold, 705

Ethicus, Cosmographia, 600-604

Étienne, R., see Stephanus

Euclid, 29, 139, 663 Geometry, 705-6 Optics, 669

Eudemus, 237

Eudoxus, 61

Eugene of Palermo, 108

Eugenius Toletanus, 696

Eunapius, 297

Euripides, 22

Eusebius, 261, 374, 395, 405, 466 Against Apollonius, 246 Praep. Evang., 297, 317, 320, 341, 354, 457

Eustache of Kent, 564

Eustathius Afer, 484-5

Eustathius of Antioch, 470

Evans, A. J., 301

Evans, E. P., 497

Evax, 463, chap. xxxiv

Everard, John, 291

Ewald, 341

Exodus, 386

Eyssenhardt, F., 545

Fabricius, J. A. Bibl. Graec., 599, 743 Cod. apocr., 387, 425-6 Sextus Empiricus, 269

Farnell, Greece and Babylon, 15, 17-8, 23-4

Fasti Philocaliani, 686

Favorinus, 269, 274-5

Favre, G., 551

Fell, John, 428

Ferrarius, 747

Ferry, C., 775

Fialon, 484

Ficinus, Marsilius, 319

Finlayson, J., 119, 138-9, 143

Firmicus Maternus, Julius, 116, 125, 525-38, 689, 698, 705, 710, 782 Errore, 525-9 Mathesis, 525-38

Fischer, A., 673

Flaccus Africanus, 267

Florentinus, 425

Florilegia, 618

Flügel, G., 640

Fogginius, 495

Folcz, John, 612

Folk-lore, 24

Forbes, see Charles and

Förster, M., 673

Fossey, 15, 17-20, 33

Fossi, F., 53

Fowler, H. W., and F. G., 277

Fowler, W. W., 73

Französiche Studien, 499

Frazer, J. G., 5 Folk-lore in Old Testament, 16, 170, 231, 341, 359, 386, 448, 493, 688 Golden Bough, 5, 568 Magic Art, 1, 386 Popular Superstitions, 24

Frederick II, emperor, 106, 737

Free, John, 52

Freeman, History of Sicily, 22

Freind, see Friend

Freud, 178

Friend, John, 569, 576

Frommberger, G., 401

Fronto, 537

Frothingham, 17

Fuchs, 380

Funk, F. X., 422

Gaisford, 341

Galen, chap. iv, 32, 56, 284, 288, 292, 569-74, 597, 605, 613-4, 626, 653-4, 656, 663, 666-7, 739, 747, 754-6 Ad Pisonem de theriaca, 130, 170, 177 Alimentorum facultatibus, 137, 159 Anatom. administ., 121, 123, 152 Antidot., 154, 171 Cognoscendis curandisque animi morbis, 123 Compound medicines, 125, 152, 160, 172 Critical days, 157, 179 Diagnosis from Dreams, 177 Differentiis pulsorum, 137 Dinamidis, 727-8, 742 Euporista, see Remediis parabilibus Foetuum formatione, 150 Healing art, 176 Hippocratic commentaries, 119-21, 177, 749 Libriis propriis, 124, 133 Malitia complexionis diversae, 125 Medicinal simples, 121, 132, 158, 166-71, 572, 611 Methodo medendi, 123, 127, 133, 155, 178 Naturalibus facultatibus, 123 Ordine librorum, 133 Platonic commentaries, 124, 138 Prognos. ad Epigenem, 124 Remediis parabilibus, 127, 161, 175 Substantia facultatum naturalium, 170 Temperamentis, 119 Theriaca ad Pamphilianum, 170 Throat and lungs, 134 Usu partium, 119, 138, 150-1 Venae sectione, 125 Victu, 119 dubious or spurious Experiments, 162, 720 Liber medicinalis, 600 Medical Treatment in Homer, 582 Placitis philosophorum, 180-1 Prognostication by astrology, 178 Secrets, 752 and see Apollonius and

Gamaliel, Jewish patriarch, 584-5

Ganschinietz, 467

Garcilasso, 17

Gargilius Martialis, 608

Gariopontus, 577, 733

Garrison, F. H., 164

Garrod, H. W., 95

Garver, M., 499

Geber, 670, 763

Geikie, see Clark and

Gelasius, pope, 389, 404, 406

Genealogus, 326

Gentile da Foligno, 164

Genesis, 181, 193, 341, 386, 445, chap. xxi, 521

Geoponica, 59, 463, 604-5

Gerard Bituricensis, see Gerard de Solo

Gerard of Cremona, 109-10, 646, 648, 750

Gerard de Solo, 747, 749

Gerbert, chap. xxx

Gerson, 106

Gesner, 322

Giacosa, P., 731, 739

Gibbon, E., 285

Gibson, M. D., 428

Gilbert of England, 162, 577, 688

Gilbert Maminot, 673

Giles de Corbeil, 737

Giles, J., 636 and see Egidius de Tebaldis

Gillert, K., 684

Ginzel, F. K., 34

Giovannino di Graziano, 682

Giovene, G. M., 686

Giry, A., 764

Glaber, see Raoul

Glover, T. R., 544 Golden Legend, see Jacobus de Voragine

Goldstaub, M., 497, 503

Goldstaub and Wendriner, 499

Gollancz, H., 380

Goodwin, W. W., 202-3

Gordon, Bernard, 688, 740

Gospels, 674, 725, 754; and see individual names

Gospel of the Infancy, chap. xvi

Goujet, 672

Goupyl, J., 567

Govi, G., 107

Graetz, 349

Gratian, Decretum, 630-1

Gray, C. D., 33

Gray, L. A., 296

Greenwood, J. G., 188

Gregory I, the Great, pope, Dialogues, 405, 593, 637-9

Gregory Bar-Hebraeus, 662

Gregory of Nyssa, 447, 505 Against Fate, 471 Hexaemeron, 459, 481 Ventriloquist, 470

Grenfell, B. P., 28, 293, 361

Grenfell and Hunt, 361

Griffith, F. L., 7; and see Thompson and

Grimm, Jacob, 567-8, 584

Groff, Egyptian Sorcery, 7

Grosseteste, Robert, 106, 189

Grützmacher, G., 540

Guido of Arezzo, 698

Guinther of Andernach, 567, 576-7

Guldenschoff, J., 477

Gundissalinus, 744

Guthrie, K., 298, 303-4, 349

Guyot, H., 349

Gwatkin, H. M., 524

Haase, Seneca, 101

Haase, F., 373

Hagins the Jew, 650

Hain, 498

Halliwell, J. O., 706

Hamilton, G. L., 631

Hamilton, Mary, 688

Hamilton, N. E. S. A., 690

Haly Heben Rodan, Dispositione aeris, 647 Pluviis, 647 Ptolemy’s Quadripartitum, 110

Hammer-Jensen, 107

Hannubius, 537

Hansen, J., 2, 631

Hardouin, 42

Harleian MSS, Catalogue of, 684-5

Harnack, A., 405 Gesch. d. altchr. Lit., 400 Medicinisches aus d. ältest. Kirchengesch., 138-9

Harpestreng the Dane, 612

Harrington, School of Salerno, 731

Harris, Rendel, 23

Harrison, J. E., 22, 251, 301

Hartel, W., 369

Hartfelder, K., 268

Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 108-9

Harvey, John, 291

Haskins, C. H., 702 Adelard of Bath, 652, 664 Further Notes, 109 Reception of Arabic Science, 693, 773

Haskins and Lockwood, 108-9

Havell, E. B., 12, 251

Heath, T. L., 29, 32, 188

Heeg, Pseudodemocrit. Studien, 733

Hegel, Philosophy of Religion, 1

Hegesippus, 425-6

Hehn, Siebenzahl u. Sabbat, 16, 34

Heiberg, J. L., 105, 109, 188-9

Heider, G., 498-9

Heigl, G. A., 299

Heim, R., 568, 605

Heinsch, P., 349

Heintze, W., 399, 403, 406

Heliodorus, 232

Heller, A., 108, 188

Helmreich, G., 119, chap. xxv

Helpericus, 696

Helxai, Book of, 372

Hendrie, R., chap. xxxiii

Hengstenberg, Gesch. Bileams, 353, 447

Henschel, 578, 731, 758

Hephaestion of Thebes, 115-6, 538

Heraclides of Pontus, 32

Heraclides of Tarentum, 153, 495

Heraclitus, 181

Heraclius, chap. xxxiii

Heraeus, 552

Heras, 153

Herbarium, 597; and see Apuleius

Hercher, R., 215, 322

Hermanni de ymbribus et pluviis, 647

Hermannus Contractus, chap. xxx, 701, 728

Hermann of Dalmatia, 649, 701

Hermes, 105, 109, 121, 188, 298, 526, 576, 595, 606, 609-10, 612

Hermes Trismegistus, 178, chap. x, 537, 653, 661, 710, 763 Asclepius, 221, 290, 596 Fifteen Stars, Herbs, Stones, 340, 664 Images and Incantations, books of, 664 Poimandres, 290-1, 379 Virgin of the World, 291

Hermippus, 524

Hermogenes, 342, 435

Hero of Alexandria, 108-9, 188-93, 266, 652 works listed at, 188

Herodotus, 21-2, 129, 156

Herophilus, 32, 77, 145-6, 180

Herrandus, 702

Herrick, F. H., 267

Hesiod, 21, 77, 207

Hieg, 119

Hierocles, 246

Hieronymus, see Jerome

Higden, see Ranulf

Hildebert, 498

Hildegard of Bingen, 342, 432, 660

Hilgenfeld, A., 399-401, 405

Hincmar of Reims, 630

Hipparchus, 32, 96, 537

Hippocrates (and Hippocratic writings), 27, 29, 49, 58, 139, 142, 144, 150, 178-9, 356, 571, 625, 663, 723, 735, 747, 757 Aphorisms, 176 Astrology, 178-9 Letter to Antigonus or Maecenas, 600, 724

Hippolytus, chaps. xv, xx, 107, 278, 387, 399, 421, 482, 765

Hirn, Y., 6

Hirschberg, J., 566

Histoire Littéraire de la France, 163, 672, etc.

Historisch. Jahrbuch, 541

History of Three Kings of Cologne, 444, 446, 477

Holmes and Kitterman, 10

Homer, 49, 169, 245, 260, 273, 582 Fourteenth Epigram, 434 and see Iliad and Odyssey

Homily on Magi, 478-9

Hommel, Aethiop. Physiologus, 498, 503

Hommel, F., Gestirndienst, 355

Hone, 387, 395

Honein ben Ishak, 653, 660, 752

Honorius of Autun, 502

Hooten, 12

Hoover, H. C. and H. L., 132, 329

Hopf, L., 73

Hopfner, Papyri, 28

Hopfner, T., 73

Horapollo, Hieroglyphics, 331-4

Hosthanes, see Ostanes

Howitt, A. W., 227

Hubert, H., 22, 27, 265

Huet, G., 241

Huet, P. D., 354, 457-8, 461, 469

Hugh of St. Victor, 631, 658 Bestiis, 498, 501 Didascalicon, 389, 402

Hugh of Santalla, 652

Hugutius, 129

Humboldt, A. v., 107

Hunain ibn Ishak, see Honein ben Ishak

Hunt, see Grenfell and

Husik, I., 747

Huvelin, P., 6

Hystaspes, 296

Iamblichus, chap. xi, 296 Fato, 316 Mysteriis, 288, 307ff.

Ibn Abi Usaibi’a, 667

Ibn Khallikan, 667

Ignatius, 396

Ilg, A., 760

Iliad, 21, 58

Imhoof-Blumer, F. und Keller, O., 73

Inchofer, 476

Infancy, Gospels of, chap. xvi

Inge, W. R., 299

International Congresses, see Congress

Ioachos, 138

Ioannes, see John

Iolaos the Bithynian, 495

Irenaeus, chap. xv, 411, 421, 488

Isaac Israeli, 658, 746ff.

Isaiah, 460, 485; Ascension of, 399

Isidore of Seville, 326, 601, 623-33, 658, 675, 709 Differentiis verborum, 630, 632 Etymologiae, 609, 623-33, 777 Natura rerum, 401, 623, 632-3 Origines, 459, 493 Viris illus., 380

Israelson, L., 141

Itinerarium Alexandri, 553

Ivo of Chartres, 630

Jackson, A. V. W., 296

Jacobitz, 282

Jacobus Angelus, 106

Jacobus de Partibus, 567

Jacobus Psychrestus, 575

Jacobus de Voragine, Golden Legend, 427, 435, 475

Jacques de Bergame, 702

Jahn’s Neue Jahrb., 52

Jahrbuch (Austrian), 607

Jahrb. d. k. deutsch. archäol. Instit., 28

Jahrb. f. Class. Philologie, 349, 605

Jahrb. f. Philol. u. Pädagogik, 105

James, Protevangelium of, chap. xvi

James, M. R. Apocrypha anecdota, 342 Biblical Antiquities, 351 Cambridge MSS, 564, 597, 602, 723 Canterbury and Dover, 753 Eton MSS, 52

Janus, 578

Janus, L., 42

Jastrow, M., 17, 19, 34

Jayakar, S. G., 393, 688

Jean Clopinel, 613

Jennings, H., 291

Jensen, P., 34

Jeremias, 15, 34

Jergis, 648

Jerome, 369, 398, 447, 459, 461, 466, 476, 483, 600-2, 625, 628, 692

Jeû, Book of, 378

Jevons, F. B., 22

Jewish Quarterly Review, 348

Job, Book of, 510, 520

Johannitius, see Honein ben Ishak

John, Gospel of, 386, 759

John Afflacius, 748, 757

John Agarenus, 748

John Angelus, 106, 525

John of Antioch, 194

John Crophill, see Crophill

John of Damascus, 608

John of Hildesheim, 446, 477

John of London, 643, 714

John Lydus, see Lydus

John of St. Amand, 162-3, 725

John of Salisbury, Polycraticus, 241, 302-3, 631, 683-4

John the Scot, 500, 547, 637

John of Spain, chap. xxviii

Joret, C., 11, 76

Josephus, 354, 366, 425, 446, 703

Joshua, Book of, 352

Jourdain, C., 672, 690

Journal Asiatique, 653

Journal des Savants, 131

Journal f. praktische Chemie, 763

Journal of Hellenic Studies, 266, 301

Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 337

Jowett, 26

Juba, king of Numidia, 49, 218, 256

Jude, Epistle of, 342, 435

Julian the Chaldean, 296, 317

Julian, emperor, 317, 568

Julian Honorius, 601

Julius Firmicus Maternus, see Firmicus

Julius Valerius, Res gestae, chap. xxiv

Justinian, 575 Digest, 356, 568

Justin, Book of Baruch, 399

Justin Martyr, 363, 416, 421, 469, 476

Juvenal, 126, 437

Kaestner, H., 609

Karpinski, L. C., 31

Katrarios, J., 524

Kehrer, H., 476

Keil, 49-50

Keller, O., 73

Kennedy, H. A. A., 349

Kenyon, F. G., 365

Kepler, 457, 473

Kessler, K., 383

Kidd, J., 147

King, C. W., 49, 174, 293, 329, 379, 568, 775, 777

King, L. W., 17, 33

King James’ Version, 471

Kings, First Book of, 386

Kirchoff, A., 299

Kitterman and Holmes, 10

Klatsche, E. H., 24

Kleffner, A. J., 541

Knyghton, 690

Knudtzon, J. A., 34

Köbert, H., 596

Koch, H., 541

Koch, K., 121

Koechly, 293

Koeler, G. D., 101

Koetschau, P., 436

Kopp, U. F., 545-6

Koran, 345

Kostomoiros, G. A., 566

Krabinger, J. G., 540

Kraus, F. X., 540

Kritzinger, 473

Krohn, F., 183

Kroll, W. Analecta, 318-9 Hermes, 290 Oraculis Chaldaicis, 297, 308 Vettius Valens, 116

Kroll and Ausfeld, 551

Kroll et Skutsch, chap. xxiii, 302, 690

Krüper, 73

Kübler, B., 551

Küchler, F., 20

Kugler, F. X., 16, 34

Kühn, C. G., chap. iv, 572, 605

Küster, E., 73

Lactantius, 220, 241, 243, 246, 465, 479

La Grande Encyclopédie, 292

Lagarde, P. D., 400

Lagrange, M. J., 34

Lamm, O. V., 428

Lancet, 119-22, 146-7

Lancet-Clinic, 10

Land, Otia Syriaca, 497-8

Langdon, S., 34

Lapidarius, 495, 778

Laplace, 108

Lascaris, C., 424

Lauchert, F., 497-501

Laurence, 399

Laurent, A., 32

Laws of Henry I, 690

Lea, H. C., 2

Lebour, 73

Leclerc, 50

Le Coq, A. v., 383

Leech-Book of Bald and Cild, 720-3

Leemans, 682

Lehmann, P., 683

Lemaire, 42, 329

Leminne, J., 139

Lenormant, 5, 17-20, 32

Leo I, the Great, pope, 520, 575

Leo Allatius, 469

Leo, archpriest, 557

Leo of Ostia, 743

Leonicenus, N., 53

Letronne, 480

Leucippus, 193

Levi, 551

Leviticus, 439, 459

Lewes, G. H., 29-30, 50

Lewysohn, 73

Libanius, 472, 538-40, 584

Library of Harvard University, Bibliographical Contributions, 166

Liddell and Scott, 120, 265

Lidzbarski, M., 383

Liebermann, F., 690

Liechtenstein, P., 642

Lilius Tifernates, 347

Lindermayer, A., 73

Linnaeus, 175

Linus, pope, 426

Lippmann, E. O. v., 12, 16, 194, 649, 670, chap. xxxiii

Lipsius et Bonnet, 397

Lithica, see Orpheus

Lobeck, G. A., 288

Locard, 73

Lockwood, see Haskins and

Locy, W. A., 29-30

Lods, A., 341-2

Lones, T. E., 26, 29

Lorenz, 73

Loth, O., 641, 649

Löweneck, M., 733

Loxus, 460

Lucan, 629

Lucian, 276-86 Alexander, 247, 277, 379, 440, 467-9, 561 Apologia, 277 Astrologia, 282-3 Dialogues of the Gods, 283 Dipsadibus, 284 Dream, 283 How to write history, 284-6 Lucius, 276 Menippus, 281, 416 Nigrinus, 284 Peregrinus, 277 Philopseudes, 279 Tragopodagra, 284

Lucius, 349

Lucretius, 760

Lumby, 690

Lupitus of Barcelona, chap. xxx

Lüring, H. L., 10

Luther, Martin, 651

Lycon, 237

Lydus, John, 635

Lydus, Laurentius, 240

Macdonald, D. B., 232, 356, 699

Macer Floridus, De viribus herbarum, 612-5

Macer, Theophilus, 761

Mackinnon, 639

Macray, 642, 705

Macrobius, 355, 544-5 Dream of Scipio, 302, 500, 544, 709 Saturnalia, 302, 545

Mahaffy, J. P., 135

Mai, Classici auctores, 498

Maimonides, Moses Aphorisms, 138, 151, 164, 176-7 More Nevochim, 358

Maklu, 18

Mâle, E., 390, 397, 427, 435, 475-6, 502

Manetho, 289, 292-3

Mangey, 348

Manilius, 95, 690-1

Manitius, Max, 619, 623, 631

Mann, M. F., 497-9

Mansi, 499

Mantuani, J., 607

Mappe clavicula, 468, chap. xxxiii

Marbod, 463, 761, chap. xxxiv Fato et genesi, 781-2 Lapidum, 775-81

Marcellus, disciple of Peter, 425

Marcellus Empiricus, chap. xxv, 595, 600, 608, 724, 767

Marcianus, see Martianus

Marco Polo, 132, 214, 479, 564

Marett, R. R., 6, 22

Margoliouth, 746

Marianus Scotus, 686, 692

Marinelli, 480

Marinus, 107

Marinus, Life of Proclus, 686

Mark, Gospel of, 386

Mark, K. F. H., 146

Marquardt, I., 119

Martianus Capella, 326, 545-6, 677, 709

Martin, Héron, 188

Martin, J., Philon, 347

Martin, see Cahier and

Martyrium of Cyprian and Justina, 428

Marx, A., 73

Marx, F., 423

Mary the Jewess, 196-7

Masselieau, L., 349

Matthew, Gospel of, 397, 455, 471ff., 730; Pseudo-, 390

Maximus, 426

Maximus of Aegae, 244

Maximus Taurinensis, 425

McKenzie, K., 499

Mead, G. R. S., 290, 299, 369, 374, 377-8, 401, 425

Mechitarists, 95, 366

Medicae artis principes, 566ff.

Medici antiqui, 567, 612

Mela, see Pomponius

Mémoires couronnés par l’Académie de Belgique, 139

Menander, 22, 49

Menecrates, 135

Menelbus, 574

Mentz, F., 76

Mercurius Cilenius (or Tillemus), 652; and see Hermes

Merrifield, Mrs., chap. xxxiii

Merx, A., 121, 373

Mesue (Yuhanna ibn Masawaih), 162, 164

Metrodorus, Letter to Celsus, 441

Metrodorus, Byzantine grammarian, 575

Meusel, 551

Mewaldt, 119, 176

Meyer, E. v., 772

Meyer, M. P. H., 551

Meyer-Steineg, T., 121

Micah, 352

Michael Scot, 664, 704, 710

Migne, Dict. d. Apocryphes, 397

Mills, L. H., 349

Milne, J. S., 145

Milward, E., 137, chap. xxv

Minucius Felix, 465

Miskati, 18

Mithridates, 87, 171, 495

Mitteilungen d. anthrop. Gesell. in Wien, 16

Mitteilungen d. Vorderasiat. Gesell., 473

Modern Language Publications, 499

Moeragenes (or Moiragenes), 244, 246, 253, 448

Molbech, C., 612

Mommsen, T., 73, 326-31, 526, 601, 695

Monaci, E., 499

Monist, The, 630

Montgomery, J. A., 384

Moon-Books, chap. xxix

Morellus Federicus, 538

Moret, A., 7

Morf, H., 552

Morfill and Charles, chap. xiii

Morgan, M. H., 183-8

Morgenländische Forschungen, 642

Morienus Romanus, 697, 761

Moser, G. H., 299

Moses the law-giver, 59, 137-8, 151, 195, 350, 357, 437, 507

Moses ben Maimon, or, of Cordova, see Maimonides

Moses ibn Tibbon, 749

Moyen Âge, Le, 241

Mucianus, 81

Mueller, I., 119

Muhammad b. Muh. b. Tarchân b. Uzlag, Abû Nasr, see Al-Farabi

Muhammad ibn Zakariya, see Rasis

Mühle, H. v. d., 73, 132

Muir, W., 337, 642

Müller, 667

Müller, C., 106, 215, 466, 552

Müller, F. W. K., 479

Müller, H. F., 299

Münter, Stern der Weisen, 354-5, 443, 473.

Muratori, Antiquitates, 764

Murray, M. A., 2

Musa ibn Maimon, see Maimonides

Musaeus, 77

Musée Guimet, 7, 360

Nagy, A., 641, 646

Nallino, C. A., 106

Nansen’s North Polar Expedition, Reports of, 491

Nau, F., 374

Naudé, G., 234

Navigius, 537

Naville, E., 7

Nechepso, 173

Nechepso and Petosiris, 95, 293, 537, 682-3, 714

Neckam, Alexander, 342, 658, 772

Negri, 671

Nehemiah, 352

Nemesius, 752

Nepos, Chabrias, 558

Neue Jahrbuch, 14, 34, 292

Neues Archiv d. Gesell. f. ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde, 684

Newton, Dict. of Birds, 267

Nicander, 172, 236-7, 495

Nicephorus, 457

Nicholson, R. A., 6

Nicodemus, Gospel of, 390, 395

Nielsen, D., 355

Nigidius Figulus, 515

Nisard, 544

Nix, 653

Noeldeke, 552

Nonus, 569

Notker, Labeo, 677, 728

Numbers, 444

Numenius, 443

Numisianus, 123

Nussey, D., see Mâle, E.

Odo of Meung, 613

Odo of Morimont, 613

Odo of Tournai, 673

Odo of Verona, 613

Odyssey, 58

Oefele, v., 473

Oesterley, W. O. E., 351, 399

Olleris, 706

Olympiodorus, 195-6, 292

Onesicritus, 553

Oppert, J., 34

Oribasius, 163, 568ff., 607, 613, 746

Origen, chap. xix, 466, 469, 482-3, 499, 506 Biblical Commentaries, 444-5, 454, 457, 461 Principiis, 456, 520-1 Reply to Celsus, chap. xix, 246, 277, 282, 342, 365-6

Orosius, 519, 556, 601

Orpheus, 58, 65, 195, 206, 234, 282, 291, 293 Argonautica, 293 Lithica, 293-6, 463, 777

Orr, M. A., 16, 116, 192, 340, 619

Osann, 596

Ostanes or Osthanes, 22, 58-9, 61, 196-8, 234, 296, 463, 465, 558, 582, 763

Otho of Cremona, 612

Ovid, 612 Halieuticon, 74 Vetula (spurious), 691

Owen, A. S., see Butler and

Padmuthiun Acheksandri Maketonazwui, 552

Pagel, J. L., 163

Palaemo, Q. Remnius Fannius, 761

Palladius, 556, 569

Pamphilus, 154, 166-7, 178, 288, 291, 495

Panaetius, 268

Panckoucke, 52, 101

Pandulf of Capua, 753

Pannier, L., 775

Panodorus, 194

Pappus, 109

Paret, 381

Parthenius, 215

Parthey, G., 307, 365

Patrick, St., 640

Paul, the apostle, 405, 556

Paul of Aegina, 568ff., 721, 746

Paul of Alexandria, 116

Pauly and Wissowa, 124, 213, 241, 290

Pausanias, 214

Payne, J. F. English Medicine, 569, 721, 733 Relation of Harvey to Galen, 119-22, 145-7

Peiper, R., 619ff.

Pelliot, see Chavannes and

Pelops, 123, 170

Pentateuch, 350

Pertz, 702

Petavius, 363, 540, etc.

Petavius, D., 575

Peter, the apostle, chap. xvii Acts of, 405 Second Epistle of, 446 Teachings of, 405

Peter of Abano, see Abano

Peter the Archiater, 569

Peter the Deacon, chap. xxxii

Peter of Spain, 163

Petermann, see Schwartze and

Peters, E., 497

Petosiris, 682-3; and see Nechepso and

Petrie, F., 12

Petrocellus, 659, 733-6

Petrograd Acad. Scient. Imper. Mémoires, 428

Pez, Thesaurus Anecdot. Noviss., 698, 701, 706

Pfister, F., 552, 556-7, 565

Pherecydes, 270-1, 574

Philagrius, 567, 577

Philastrius, 423

Philip, disciple of Bardesanes, 374

Philip, translator of Horapollo, 331

Philip of Thaon, 498

Phillipps, T., 760

Philo, cited on plants, 495

Philo Judaeus, chap. xiv, 302, 447, 457, 492 Alexander, 351 Allegories, 357 Biblical Antiquities (spurious), 351 Contemplative Life, 349-50, 356 Creation, 348 Dreams, 351-3, 357-8 Excircumcisione, 349 Gigantibus, 353 Law concerning murderers, 352 Migratione Abrahami, 353-4 Monarchia, 353-4 Mundi opificio, 350, 353-7 Providentia, 351 Quod omnis probus liber sit, 352 Vita Mosis, 351, 353, 357 Virtutibus, 351

Philolaus, 181, 296

Philologus, 292, 429, 497, 540, 683

Philostratus, Apollonius of Tyana, chap. viii, 205, 329, 392, 406, 410 Sophists, 322

Philumenus, 567, 577

Photius, 276, 338

Physiologus, 490, 497-503

Picatrix, 665

Pico della Mirandola, 603

Pietschmann, R., 288

Pighinuccius, T., 596

Pilate, Acts of, 390

Pindar, 266

Piper, 677

Piso, 574

Piso, Domitius, 44

Pistis-Sophia, 364, 377-9

Pitra, J. B. Analecta Sacra, 291, 297 Spicilegium, 463, 497ff., 636, 777

Platearius, Matthaeus the Elder, 738

Plato, 22, 24-6, 58, 61, 137, 139, 151-2, 180-1, 235, 240, 247, 290, 303, 349-50, 353, 355, 460, 519, 532, 622, 632, 713 Laws, 25 Republic, 26, 138, 212 Symposium, 25 Timaeus, 24-6, 237, 297, 408, 476, 620

Plato of Tivoli, 110

Pliny the Elder, Natural History, chap. ii, 3, 100, 132, 154, 187-8, 193, 199, 213-4, 238, 248, 255, 257, 268, 273, 292-3, 296, 322, 325, 327-9, 331, 351, 503, 510, 558, 571-2, 589-91, 612, 614, 624, 626, 628, 737, 761, 764, 766, 780 Other works listed, 45 Medicina Plinii, 52, 577, 595-6

Pliny the Younger, 45, 48, 50

Plotinus, chap. xi, 361-2, 542

Plutarch, chap. vi, 180, 269, 355, 481, 669 Agesilaus, 558 Alexander, 552 Banquet of Seven Sages, 218 Bruta ratione uti, 217 Defectu oraculorum, 203, 205, 212-3, 219, 278 Ei apud Delphos, 205, 212 Facie in orbe lunae, 206, 211, 219 Genio Socratis, 205, 207, 240 Isis and Osiris, 219 Lives, 201, 244 Principle of Cold, 218 Procreation of Soul, 212 Pythiae oraculis, 205 Quaestiones naturales, 217, 219 Romulus, 209, 330 Sera numinis vindicta, 213 Solertia animalium, 218 Superstitione, 203-4 Symposiacs, 205, 211-3, 217, 219 Whether an old man should engage in politics, 201 dubious or spurious Fato, 202, 210 Institutione principis, 200 Placitis philosophorum, 202 Rivers and Mountains, 202, 215

Pognon, H., 384

Poirée, see Ruelle et

Polemon, 460

Politian, 53

Polybius, 245

Pomponius Mela, 328-9

Ponce de Leon, 499

Poole, R. L., Medieval Thought, 617, 634

Porphyry, chap. xi, 535 Abstinentia, 314, 317 Introduction to Tetrabiblos, 116, 316 Letter to Anebo, 307-20 Philosophia ex oraculis, 297 Vita Plotini, 296, 300-2

Posidonius, 111

Prächter, K., 541

Preisendanz, K., 28

Preller, L., 296, 429

Premerstein, A. v., 607

Prenostica Pitagorice, 684

Preuschen, E., 366

Priaulx, Indian Travels, 244

Prince, J. D., 15

Priscian, 326, 761

Priscillian, 380-1, 461

Proceedings, Biblical Archaeology, 33

Proceedings, Royal Society of Medicine, 284

Procharus, 397

Proclus, 116, 307, 316 Sacrificio et magia, 319-20

Protevangelium of James, chap. xvi

Pruckner, M., 525

Prudentius, 500

Psalms and Psalter, 442, 521, 759

Psellus, Michael, 290, 569, 772

Ptolemy, chap. iii, 32, 118, 135, 272, 307, 341, 537, 661, 664, 666, 703, 709-10, 737 Almagest, 105-9 Centiloquium, 111 Exortatio ad artem, 693 Geography, 105-7 Music, 107 Optics, 107-8 Planisphere, 699 Quadripartitum, see Tetrabiblos Speculis, 189 Tetrabiblos, 110-16, 303, 517, 690-1

Puccinotti, Storia delle Medicine, chap. xxxii

Puschmann, T. Alexander v. Tralles, 567ff., 577ff. Hist. of Medical Education, 120-1, 129, 143, 569, 731

Pythagoras, 50, 58, 61-3, 65-6, 80, 91-2, 176, 180-1, 204, 232-4, 247, 263, 269, 274, 288, 317, 349-50, 355, 373, 532 Precepta, 696 Prenostica, 684 Sphere of, chap. xxix, 370

Quadripartitus, 690

Quid pro quo, 608

Quiggin, E. C., 640

Quilichinus, Aretinus, 558

Quintillian, Pseudo-, 540

Rabanus Maurus, 402, 484, 617, 630, 634, 673

Radloff, W., 382

Raidel, G. M., 106

Ramsay, W. M., 106

Rand, E. K., 619

Ranking, G. S. A., 667-71

Ranulf Higden, 690

Raoul Glaber, 674

Rasche, C., 307

Rashdall, H., 731, 757

Rasis, 164, 653, 667-71, 748 works listed, 668

Ratdolt, E., 649

Read, C., 5

Realencyklopädie f. protest. Theol., 381, 399

Regimen Salernitanum, 736ff.

Reginald or Retinaldus, 52

Regulae ... de compositione astrolapsus, 699

Reinach, S., 6

Reisner, G. A., 34

Reitzenstein, R., 290, 379, 553

Renzi, S. D., Collectio Salernitana, 578, 600, 660, chap. xxxi

Reuss, F. A., 613

Reuvens, 369

Revelation, Book of, 386

Réville, J., 350

Revue des Études anciennes, 672

Revue des Études juives, 551

Revue d. l’hist. d. religs., 341, 349

Revue Phil., 291

Revue des Questions Historiques, 113, 690

Rhazes, see Rasis

Rhein. Mus., 52

Richardson, E. C., 400, 403, 406

Richer, 704, 733

Riegler, see Axt and

Riess, E., 24, 292-3, 683

Riley, H. T., see Bostock and

Robert, 498

Robert of Chester, 648, 697, 761, 773

Robertson Smith, W., 34

Roger Bacon, see Bacon

Rohde, Psyche, 293

Rolleston, J. D., 284

Rom. Forsch., 610

Romanic Review, 499, 631

Roscher, Lexicon, 34

Rose, V., 120, 463, 567, 576, 601 Analecta, 121 Anecdota, 596, 610 Aristoteles De lapidibus, 775, 777 HSS Verzeichnisse, 702, 720, 748, 774 Medicina Plinii, 595, 600, 609, 612 Ptolemaeus, 612 Soranus, 571

Roussat, R., 116

Roux de Rochelle, 564

Rück, Plinius im Mittelalter, 51

Ruelle, 195, 291; and see Berthelot and

Ruelle et Poirée, 371

Ruellius, 600

Ruffer, M. A., 11

Rufinus, chap. xvii, 445

Rufus, Melancholia, 756

Ruska, J., 611

Sackur, Sibyl. Texte, 285

Sadan, 651

St. George Stock, 362

Salmon, G., 362

Salomon the archiater, 161

Samuel, First Book of, 448

Satyrus, 123

Sayce, A. H., 35

Schanz, 596

Schenkel, C., 483

Schepss, G., 381, 519

Schiaparelli, 16, 32, 35

Schiche, T., 268

Schlurick, H., 400

Schmertosch, R., 202

Schmid, W., 105, 108

Schmidt, 188

Schmidt, C., 299, 361, 377-8

Schneider, J. G., 237

Schneider, O., 237

Schneidewin, 466

Schultze, V., 497

Schwab, M., 33

Schwartze und Petermann, 369, 377

Scientific Monthly, 194

Scribonius Largus, 600

Scylax, 256

Seeck, O., 540

Seleucus, 289

Seneca Natural Questions, chap. in, 196, 542, 553 Apocryphal correspondence with the apostle Paul, 556

Septuagint, 453, 459

Serapion, 610

Serenus Sammonicus, 608

Seth, 365, 474

Sethe, 9

Sextus Empiricus, 116, 269, 275-6, 469

Sextus Papirius Placidus, 599

Shakespeare, 772

Shelley, 432

Sibylline Books, 272, 285

Sigebertus Gemblacensis, 613

Sijthoff, A. W., 607

Sikes, E. E., 21

Silvester II, pope, see Gerbert

Simon Cephas, Teaching of, 424

Simon Cordo of Genoa, 567, 610

Simon Papiensis, 525

Simon, the heretic, Great Declaration, 362; and see Simon Magus in other index

Simonides, 574

Singer, Charles, 345, 597, 607, 609, 660, 674

Sitzungsberichte (Bavaria), 51

Sitzungsberichte (Berlin), 121

Sitzungsberichte (Erlangen), 763, 775

Sitzungsberichte (Heidelberg), 34, 524

Skutsch, see Kroll et

Smith, Dict. Greek and Roman Biography, 108

Smithsonian Report, 773

Smyly, J. G., 293

Societas Regia Scientiarum, 468

Solinus, 326-31, 510, 601, 625-7, 777

Solomon, 195, 451

Sophocles, 49

Sortes sanctorum, 630-1, 727

Spencer, Herbert, 5

Sphera cum commentis, 109

Sphere of Life and Death, 197, chap. xxix

Spiegel, Alexandersage, 552

Spon, J., 379

Sprengel, K., 606

Stadler, H., 613

Steele, R., Roger Bacon, 342, 602

Steinschneider, M., 669 Apollonius v. Thyana, 267 Constantinus Africanus, 657, 742-3, 745, 749, 756 Europäisch. Übersetz., 288, chap. xxviii, 711 Pseudepig. Lit., 578

Stephanus, alchemist, 196, 292

Stephanus, Medicae artis principes, 566ff.

Stephen of Alexandria, 569

Stephen of Athens, 607

Stephen of Pisa, 747-9

Stobaeus, 290

Stowe Missal, 640

Strabo, 213; and see Walafrid

Strassmeier, J. N., see Epping and

Strzygowski, J., 497

Stubbs, W., 773

Stücken, 15, 35

Studi Romanzi, 499

Stumfall, B., 241

Sudhoff, K., 188, 683, 737

Suetonius, 244, 425, 601

Sulla, Memoirs, 201

Sulpicius Severus, 381, 423, 469

Sundevall, 73

Symeon Seth, 164

Symon, see Simon

Syncellus, 194, 196, 341

Synesius of Cyrene, 196, 320, 533, 540-4, 555

Tabit ben Corra, see Thebit ben Corat

Tacitus, 201, 241

Tallquist, K. L., 33

Talmud, 355

Taylor, H. O., 533

Taylor, T., 299, 307

Tennulius, 316

Tertullian, 447, 469, 476, 628 Anima, 463, 469 Apology, 463, 465 Cultu feminarum, 463 Idolatria, 421 Pallio, 493 Praescript., 369

Testaments of Twelve Patriarchs, 345

Texte und Untersuchungen, 299, Book II passim

Thabit ben Corra, see Thebit ben Corat

Thales, 97, 563

Thatcher, G. W., 383

Theatrum chemicum Britannicum, see Ashmole, E.

Thebit ben Corat, 661-6 Almagest, 109 Imaginibus, 664-6 Iudiciis, 664 Motu octave spere, 663 Ponderibus, 663

Theobald, 498, 500

Theocritus, 22, 266

Theodoret, 369, 423, 447

Theodorus Priscianus, 608

Theodosian Code, 536, 584

Theol. Quartalschrift, 540

Theon of Alexandria, 109

Theophilus, medical writer, 569

Theophilus of Alexandria, 461

Theophilus, To Autolycus, 483, 492

Theophilus, Schedula diversarum artium, chap. xxxiii

Theophilus Macer, see Macer

Theophrastus, 27, 29, 75, 81, 186, 236-8

Thessalus, 127

Thilo, J. C., 387, 476

Thomas, apostle, Acts of, 374, 396 Gospel of, chap. xvi

Thomas of Cantimpré, 503, 578, 600, 636, 658

Thomas, W. I., 5, 17

Thompson, D’Arcy W. Aristotle as Biologist, 29-30, 73, 146 Glossary of Greek Birds, 73, 130, 255, 265, 324 History of Animals, 26, 30, 73, 491

Thompson, C. J. S., 131

Thompson, H., 7, 27-8

Thompson, R. C., 15, 18, 33

Thorndike, L., 21, 26, 525

Thrasyllus, 99

Thucydides, 244

Tischendorf, chap. xvi

Tittel, K., 193

Tobit, Book of, 688

Todd, T. W., 10, 723

Torinus, A., 567, 577

Tozer, 131

Transactions of American Philological Association, 24, 28, 293

Transactions of Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, 147

Transactions of Society of Biblical Archaeology, 35

Treitel, L., 349

Tribonian, 568

Trithemius, 658, 702

Trotula, 740

Turner, S., 633

Twelve Tables, 234

Twysden, 690

Tycho Brahe, 457

Tychsen, O. G., 497

Tyrwhitt, 293

Unger, F., 76

University of Nebraska Studies, 24

Usener, 619

Valentinelli, J., 164

Valerius Soranus, 50; and see Julius Valerius

Valois, N., 402

Valpy, 42

Varro, 50, 209, 239, 330, 625

Vedas, 251

Vergil, 97, 544, 601, 612, 691

Vettius Valens, 116

Vincent of Beauvais, 342, 389, 402-3, 503, 600, 658, 660, 669-70, 687, 744, 757

Vindanius Anatolius, 604

Virchow’s Archiv, 668, chap. xxxii

Virolleaud, C., 35

Vitruvius, 143, 183-8, 199, 601

Vogelstein, 552

Vogl, S., see Björnbo and

Voigt, H. G., 473

Volkmann, R., 299, 540

Vossius, I., 256

Vulgate, 688

Waitz, H., 400, 405, 663

Walafrid Strabo, 612-3, 615

Walker, A., 387

Waztalkora, 699

Webb, C. C. I., 303, 631, 684

Weber, C. F. and Caesar, J., 426

Weber, O., 33

Webster, H., 16, 686

Weissenberger, B., 202

Wellmann, M., 121, 138, 606, 608, 610

Wendland, P., 348, 350

Wescher, C., 188

Wessely, C., 365, 607

Westenberger, 119

Westermann, A., 552

Westermarck, E., 73

Wickersheimer, E., 673-4, 683, 692, 698, 709

Wiedemann, A., 7-8, 14

Wiedemann, E., 649, 763

Wilcken, 12

William of Auvergne, 402, 725

William le Clerc, 497-9

William of Malmesbury, 690, 704-6, 710, 714

William of Moerbeke, 179

William de Saliceto, 601

Wimmer, see Aubert and

Winckler, 15, 35

Windelband, W., 26

Windisch, H., 349

Windischmann, 296

Winsor, J., 106

Withington, E., 520, 667-8

Wolf, C., 607

Wolf, H., 316

Wolff, G., 297

Woltmann and Woermann, 607

Woolston, T., 388

Wright, T., 556

Wünsch, R., 28, 366

Wuttke, M. H., 601

Wynkyn de Worde, 478

Wyttenbach, 299

Xanthus, 75

Xenocrates Aphrodisiensis, 167

Xenophanes, 180, 270

Xenophon, 22

Ya’kûb ibn Ishâk ibn Sabbâh, see Alkindi

Yonge, C. D., 349

Yuhanna ibn Masawaih, see Mesue

Yule, H., Marco Polo, 132, 214, 479

Zacher, J., chap. xxiv

Zeitschrift f. ægypt. Sprache, 10, 35

Zeitschrift f. deutsch. Morgendl. Gesell., 121, 267

Zeitschrift f. klass. Philol., 752

Zeitschrift f. Math., 661

Zeitschrift f. neutest. Wiss., 401

Zeitschrift f. wiss. Theol., 400

Zeller, E., 24, 316

Zervòs, S., 566

Ziegler, K., chap. xxiii

Zimmern, 19, 32, 34

Zopyrus, 460

Zoroaster, 58-9, 206, 235, 281, 295, 396, 415, 435, 605, 629

Zosimus, 131, 195, 198, 290, 292

INDEX OF MANUSCRIPTS

Additional 8928, p. 609

Additional 11035, p. 500

Additional 15236, pp. 694, 716

Additional 17808, chap. xxx

Additional 22398, p. 695

Additional 22719, p. 654

Additional 34111, p. 578

Alençon 10, p. 484

Amiens 222, p. 634

Amiens 481, p. 478

Amiens fonds Lescalopier 2, p. 676

Amiens fonds Lescalopier 30, p. 484

Amplon. Folio 41, p. 611

Amplon. Octavo 62, p. 747

Amplon. Octavo 62a, p. 612

Amplon. Octavo 62b, p. 612

Amplon. Quarto 12, p. 558

Amplon. Quarto 151, p. 643

Amplon. Quarto 174, p. 665

Amplon. Quarto 204, p. 578

Amplon. Quarto 312, p. 664

Amplon. Quarto 349, p. 643

Amplon. Quarto 352, p. 651

Amplon. Quarto 365, p. 650

Amplon. Quarto 380, p. 694

Amplon. Quarto 381, p. 340

Amplon. Math. 48, 643

Amplon. Math. 53, p. 340

Amplon. Math. 54, p. 267

Arsenal 880, p. 650

Arsenal 981, p. 106

Arsenal 1036, p. 650

Arundel 242, p. 556

Arundel 295, p. 615

Arundel 319, p. 683

Ashburnham (Florence) 130, p. 682

Ashmole 179, p. 648

Ashmole 189, p. 681

Ashmole 209, p. 648

Ashmole 346, p. 665

Ashmole 361, pp. 681, 688

Ashmole 369, pp. 648, 714

Ashmole 369-V, p. 650

Ashmole 393, p. 650

Ashmole 434, p. 648

Ashmole 1431, pp. 597, 599, 609

Ashmole 1462, p. 597

Avranches 235, p. 664

Balliol 124, p. 52

Balliol 146A, p. 52

Balliol 231, p. 121

Bamberg L-III-9, pp. 610, 747

Barberini (Rome) IX, 29, p. 609

Berlin 128, p. 634

Berlin 130, p. 634

Berlin 131, p. 695

Berlin 165, p. 720

Berlin 799, p. 477

Berlin 800, p. 477

Berlin 898, p. 748

Berlin 902, p. 163

Berlin 903, p. 163

Berlin 956, pp. 702, 774

Berlin 963, pp. 340, 665

Berlin 964, p. 665

Bernard 2325, p. 478

BN Greek 930, p. 401

BN Greek 2179, p. 607

BN Greek 2316, p. 578

BN nouv. acq. 229, pp. 677, 702, 725, 728ff.

BN nouv. acq. 490, p. 484

BN nouv. acq. 616, p. 643

BN nouv. acq. 1612, p. 634

BN nouv. acq. 1615, p. 634

BN nouv. acq. 1616, chap. xxix

BN nouv. acq. 1619, p. 571

BN nouv. acq. 1632, p. 634

BN 1701 and 1702, p. 484

BN 1718 to 1727, p. 484

BN 1787A, p. 484

BN 2200, p. 484

BN 2387, p. 484

BN 2598, p. 710

BN 2621, p. 776

BN 2633, p. 484

BN 2637, p. 484

BN 2638, p. 484

BN 2695A, p. 556

BN 2780, p. 500

BN 2874, p. 556

BN 3660A, pp. 681-2

BN 3836, p. 484

BN 4126, p. 556

BN 4161, p. 714

BN 4801 to 4804, p. 106

BN 4838, p. 106

BN 4877, p. 556

BN 4880, p. 556

BN 5062, p. 556

BN 5239, p. 692

BN 5543, p. 634

BN 6121, p. 556

BN 6186, p. 556

BN 6296, p. 657

BN 6319, p. 657

BN 6322, p. 657

BN 6323A, p. 657

BN 6325, p. 657

BN 6365, p. 556

BN 6385, p. 556

BN 6503, p. 556

BN 6514, pp. 664, 670

BN 6567A, p. 657

BN 6569, p. 657

BN 6811, p. 556

BN 6831, p. 556

BN 6880, pp. 567, 584

BN 6881, p. 577

BN 6882, p. 577

BN 6954, p. 600

BN 6957, p. 600

BN 6978, p. 648

BN 7028, pp. 674, 728

BN 7156, p. 670

BN 7195, p. 663

BN 7282, p. 665

BN 7299A, pp. 676, 679, 686, 696

BN 7316, pp. 647, 652

BN 7328, p. 647

BN 7329, p. 652

BN 7332, p. 647

BN 7337, pp. 664, 687

BN 7349, p. 716

BN 7351, P. 716

BN 7377B, p. 663

BN 7412, p. 699

BN 7418, pp. 463, 777

BN 7424, p. 663

BN 7440, p. 647

BN 7482, p. 647

BN 7486, pp. 693, 716

BN 7561, p. 556

BN 8247, p. 657

BN 8501A, p. 556

BN 8518, p. 556

BN 8521A, p. 556

BN 8607, p. 556

BN 9332, pp. 571, 576, 610

BN 10233, p. 571

BN 10260, p. 663

BN 10271, p. 715

BN 11624, p. 484

BN 12134, p. 484

BN 12135, p. 484

BN 12136, p. 484

BN 12995, p. 609

BN 13014, p. 340

BN 13336, p. 484

BN 13350, p. 445

BN 13951, p. 267

BN 14700, p. 744

BN 14847, p. 484

BN 15685, p. 634

BN 16082, p. 657

BN 16083, p. 657

BN 16088, p. 657

BN 16142, p. 657

BN 16204, p. 650

BN 16216, p. 696

BN 16490, p. 657

BN 16819, pp. 476, 478

BN 17868, p. 683, chap. xxx

Bodleian 26, p. 694

Bodleian 177, p. 694

Bodleian 266, pp. 664, 705, 710

Bodleian 463, pp. 652, 665

Bodleian 2060, p. 758

Bologna 952, p. 52

Bologna University Library 378, p. 610

Bruce Papyrus, p. 378

Brussels (Library of Dukes of Burgundy) 1782, p. 484

Brussels 2784, p. 657

Brussels 8890, p. 776

Brussels 10074, p. 498

Brussels 15489, p. 758

Cambrai 195, p. 696

Cambrai 229, p. 696

Cambrai 829, p. 696

Cambrai 861, p. 696

Cambrai 907, p. 758

Cambrai 914, p. 758

Cambrai 925, p. 633

Canon. Misc. 370, p. 643

Canon. Misc. 517, p. 682

Casin. 97, p. 577

Chalons-sur-Marne 7, p. 695

Chartres 63, p. 484

Chartres 113, p. 692

Chartres 342, p. 577

CLM 27, p. 665

CLM 51, p. 650

CLM 59, p. 665

CLM 161, pp. 749-50

CLM 168, p. 750

CLM 187, p. 750

CLM 215, p. 560

CLM 270, p. 750

CLM 337, p. 610

CLM 344, p. 377

CLM 392, p. 648

CLM 489, p. 648

CLM 527, p. 716

CLM 560, pp. 559, 698, 710

CLM 588, p. 664

CLM 621, p. 241

CLM 826, p. 651

CLM 1487, p. 650

CLM 1503, p. 650

CLM 2549, p. 484

CLM 3728, p. 484

CLM 6258, p. 484

CLM 6382, pp. 678, 680

CLM 9921, p. 678

CLM 11319, p. 556

CLM 13034, p. 749

CLM 13079, p. 484

CLM 14399, p. 484

CLM 14583, p. 106

CLM 14836, p. 701

CLM 18158, p. 634

CLM 18621, p. 477

CLM 18629, pp. 674, 693, 696

CLM 18764, p. 674

CLM 19417, p. 500

CLM 19544, p. 477

CLM 19648, p. 498

CLM 21557, p. 634

CLM 21627, p. 477

CLM 22307, p. 692

CLM 23390, p. 696

CLM 23479, p. 775

CLM 23535, p. 571

CLM 23787, p. 498

CLM 23839, p. 477

CLM 24571, p. 477

CLM 25073, p. 477

CLM 26688, p. 477

Corpus Christi 82, p. 555

Corpus Christi 114, p. 657

Corpus Christi 134, p. 476

Corpus Christi 154, p. 657

Corpus Christi 189, p. 578

Corpus Christi 233, p. 652

Corpus Christi 254, p. 648

Cortona 110, p. 164

Cotton Appendix VI, pp. 643, 646

Cotton Caligula A, XV, pp. 680, 695

Cotton Galba E, VIII, p. 477

Cotton Nero D, VIII, p. 556

Cotton Tiberius A, III, chap. xxix

Cotton Tiberius C, VI, p. 692

Cotton Titus D, XXVI, chap. xxix

Cotton Titus D, XXVII, p. 681

Cotton Vespasian B, X, p. 601

Cotton Vitellius A, XII, p. 695

Cotton Vitellius C, III, pp. 597, 612

Cotton Vitellius C, VIII, p. 695

CUL 213, p. 602

CUL 768, p. 775

CUL 1338, p. 678

CUL 1429, p. 558

CUL 1687, p. 679

CUL 1767, pp. 110, 663

CUL Ii-i-13, p. 652

CU Clare 15, p. 647

CU Corpus 193, p. 484

CU Jesus 44, p. 610

CU Trinity 884, p. 498

CU Trinity 906, p. 748

CU Trinity 936, p. 643

CU Trinity 945, p. 695

CU Trinity 987, p. 680

CU Trinity 1041, pp. 401, 557

CU Trinity 1044, p. 724

CU Trinity 1064, p. 749

CU Trinity 1109, pp. 678, 693

CU Trinity 1152, pp. 597, 599

CU Trinity 1365, p. 753

CU Trinity 1369, pp. 686, 692, 695

CU Trinity 1446, p. 564

Digby 30, p. 428

Digby 40, p. 646

Digby 43, p. 600

Digby 51, p. 110

Digby 58, p. 693

Digby 63, pp. 686, 695

Digby 67, pp. 340, 647

Digby 68, pp. 647, 652

Digby 79, p. 578

Digby 83, pp. 705-7

Digby 86, p. 678

Digby 88, p. 681

Digby 91, pp. 643, 646, 648

Digby 92, p. 647

Digby 93, p. 647

Digby 147, p. 647

Digby 174, pp. 701-2

Digby 176, p. 647

Digby 183, pp. 643, 646

Digby 194, pp. 652, 665

Dijon 448, p. 695

Dijon 1045, p. 650

Edwin Smith Papyrus, p. 12

Egerton 821, pp. 677-81, 684, 726-9

Egerton 823, p. 699

Escorial Q-I-4, pp. 52-3

Escorial R-I-5, pp. 52-3

Escorial &-II-9, p. 745

Eton 133, Bl.4.6, p. 556

Eton 134, Bl.4.7, p. 52

Exon. 23, p. 658

Florence II, iii, 214, pp. 653, 665

Gonville and Caius 109, p. 658

Gonville and Caius 345, p. 599

Gonville and Caius 400, p. 577

Gonville and Caius 411, p. 742

Grenoble 208, p. 506

Grenoble 258, p. 484

Gubbio 25, p. 499

Harleian 1, p. 650

Harleian 13, pp. 643, 663

Harleian 80, pp. 340, 665

Harleian 527, p. 557

Harleian 1585, pp. 597, 609, 696

Harleian 1612, p. 340

Harleian 1735, p. 684

Harleian 2258, p. 677

Harleian 3017, pp. 677, 680, 695

Harleian 3099, p. 623

Harleian 3271, p. 695

Harleian 3647, pp. 663, 665

Harleian 3859, p. 601

Harleian 3969, p. 241

Harleian 4346, p. 612

Harleian 4986, pp. 597, 608

Harleian 5294, p. 609

Harleian 5311, p. 694

Hatton 76, p. 776

Hunterian 44, p. 667

Ivrea 3, p. 634

Ivrea 6, p. 634

Ivrea 19, p. 692

Laon 407, p. 692

Laud. Misc. 247, pp. 498, 556

Laud. Misc. 567, pp. 749, 751

Laud. Misc. 594, pp. 650-1

Laud. Misc. 658, pp. 444, 477

Laurentianus xxxviii, 24, p. 683

Laurentianus Plut. 68, 2, p. 241

Lincoln College 34, p. 351

Lucca I, L, p. 764

Lucca 236, pp. 597, 695

Lyons 328, p. 664

Madrid 10016, p. 693

Magliabech. IV, 63, p. 499

Magliabech. XI, 117, p. 663

Magliabech. XX, 20, p. 665

Le Mans 15, p. 484

Le Mans 263, p. 52

Merton 219, p. 125

Monte Cassino 97, p. 577

Montpellier 277, pp. 600, 611, 776

Munich, Latin MSS., see CLM

New College MS., unnumbered, p. 52

Novara 40, p. 484

Orléans 35, p. 484

Orléans 192, p. 484

Orléans 276, p. 692

Ottobon. 443, p. 401

Palat. Lat. 487, p. 673

Pembroke 278, p. 676

Perugia 736, p. 598

Rawlinson C-117, p. 643

Rawlinson C-328, pp. 597, 600, 746

Riccard. 119, p. 670

Riccard. 1228, p. 776

Royal 2-C-XII, p. 498

Royal 4-A-XIII, p. 65

Royal 12-B-XVI, p. 577

Royal 12-C-IV, pp. 554, 556

Royal 12-C-XVIII, pp. 267, 340, 664

Royal 12-E-XX, p. 577

Royal 12-F-X, p. 65

Royal 13-A-I, pp. 554-5, 564-5

Royal 15-B-II, p. 601

Royal 15-B-IX, p. 701

Royal 15-C-IV, p. 601

Royal 15-C-VI, pp. 554, 556

Royal 17-A-I, p. 705

St. Augustine’s Canterbury 1166, p. 643

St. Augustine’s Canterbury 1172, p. 714

St. Gall 751, p. 596

Ste. Geneviève 2240, p. 643

St. John’s 17, p. 680

St. John’s 85, p. 747

St. John’s 128, p. 349

S. Marco 179, p. 658

S. Marco XI, 102, p. 665

S. Marco XI, 111, p. 694

S. Marco XIV, 7, p. 164

S. Marco XIV, 26, p. 164

Savile 15, p. 652

Schlestadt MS., pp. 765, 769

Selden 3467, p. 643

Selden supra 76, p. 643

Semur 10, p. 484

Sloane 475, chap. xxix, pp. 723-6

Sloane 1305, p. 665

Sloane 1571, p. 599

Sloane 1619, p. 556

Sloane 1734, p. 291

Sloane 1975, pp. 597, 609, 696

Sloane 2030, p. 652

Sloane 2454, p. 657

Sloane, 2461, pp. 681, 696

Sloane 2472, p. 716

Sloane 2839, pp. 723-4

Sloane 3554, p. 716

Sloane 3821, p. 340

Sloane 3826, p. 267

Sloane 3846, p. 665

Sloane 3847, pp. 340, 665

Sloane 3848, pp. 267, 611

Sloane 3857, p. 716

Sloane 3883, p. 665

Soissons 121, p. 484

Tanner 192, p. 663

Turin K-IV-3, p. 609

University College 33, p. 477

University College 89, p. 750

Vatican 180 to 185, p. 349

Vatican 269 to 273, p. 484

Vatican 642, p. 693

Vatican 644, pp. 693, 695

Vatican 645, p. 674

Vatican Palat. Lat. 176, p. 692

Vatican Palat. Lat. 235, chap. xxix

Vatican Palat. Lat. 485, chap. xxix

Vatican Palat. Lat. 859, p. 477

Vatican Urb. Lat. 290, p. 693

Vendôme 109, pp. 577-8

Vendôme 122, p. 484

Vendôme 129, p. 484

Vendôme 172, p. 577

Vendôme 175, p. 577

Vienna 303, p. 499

Vienna 2245, p. 679

Vienna 2272, p. 604

Vienna 2378, p. 665

Vienna 2385, p. 647

Vienna 2436, pp. 647, 650

Vienna 2511, p. 499

Vienna 2532, pp. 615, 681, 693

Vienna 3124, p. 267

Vienna 3207, p. 613

Vienna 3255, p. 332

Vienna 5203, p. 663

Vienna 5216, p. 340

Vienna 5371, p. 609

Vienna 10583, p. 651

Vind. Med. 29, p. 499

Westcar Papyrus, p. 8

Wolfenbüttel 2725, p. 340

Wolfenbüttel 2885, p. 668

Wolfenbüttel 3266, p. 477

Wolfenbüttel 4435, p. 498

Wolfenbüttel palimpsest, p. 121

FOOTNOTES:

[1] H. Cotton, Five Books of Maccabees, 1832, pp. ix-x.

[2] But Professor Haskins’ recent article in Isis on “Michael Scot and Frederick II” and my chapter on Michael Scot were written quite independently.

[3] Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion; quoted by Sir James Frazer, The Magic Art (1911), I, 426.

[4] That field has already been treated by Joseph Hansen, Zauberwahn, Inquisition und Hexenprozess im Mittelalter, 1900, and will be further illuminated by A History of Witchcraft in Europe, soon to be edited by Professor George L. Burr from H. C. Lea’s materials. See also a work just published by Miss M. A. Murray, The Witch-Cult in Western Europe, Oxford, 1921.

[5] Some of my scientific friends have urged me to begin with Aristotle, as being a much abler scientist than Pliny, but this would take us rather too far back in time and I have not felt equal to a treatment of the science of the genuine Aristotle per se, although in the course of this book I shall say something of his medieval influence and more especially of the Pseudo-Aristotle.

[6] Frazer has, of course, repeatedly made the point that modern science is an outgrowth from primitive magic. Carveth Read, The Origin of Man, 1920, in his chapter on “Magic and Science” contends that “in no case ... is Science derived from Magic” (p. 337), but this is mainly a logical and ideal distinction, since he admits that “for ages” science “is in the hands of wizards.”

[7] I am glad to see that other writers on magic are taking this view; for instance, E. Doutté, Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord, Alger, 1909, p. 351.

[8] Golden Bough, 1894, I, 420. W. I. Thomas, “The Relation of the Medicine-Man to the Origin of the Professional Occupations” (reprinted in his Source Book for Social Origins, 4th edition, pp. 281-303), in which he disputes Herbert Spencer’s “thesis that the medicine-man is the source and origin of the learned and artistic occupations,” does not really conflict with Frazer’s statement, since for Thomas the medicine-man is a priest rather than a magician. Thomas remarks later in the same book (p. 437), “Furthermore, the whole attempt of the savage to control the outside world, so far as it contained a theory or a doctrine, was based on magic.”

[9] Chaldean Magic and Sorcery, 1878, p. 70.

[10] Jules Combarieu, La musique et la magie, Paris, 1909, p. v.

[11] Ibid., pp. 13-14.

[12] Among the early Arabs “poetry is magical utterance” (Macdonald (1909) p. 16), and the poet “a wizard in league with spirits” (Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs, 1914, p. 72).

[13] See S. Reinach, “L’Art et la Magie,” in L’Anthropologie, XIV (1903), and Y. Hirn, Origins of Art, London, 1900, Chapter xx, “Art and Magic.” J. Capart, Primitive Art in Egypt.

[14] P. Huvelin, Magie et droit individuel, Paris, 1907, in Année Sociologique, X, 1-471; see too his Les tablettes magiques et le droit romain, Mâcon, 1901.

[15] R. R. Marett, Psychology and Folk-Lore, 1920, Chapter iii on “Primitive Values.”

[16] E. A. Wallis Budge, Egyptian Magic, 1899, p. vii. Some other works on magic in Egypt are: Groff, Études sur la sorcellerie, mémoires présentés à l’institut égyptien, Cairo, 1897; G. Busson, Extrait d’un mémoire sur l’origine égyptienne de la Kabbale, in Compte Rendu du Congrès Scientifique International des Catholiques, Sciences Religieuses, Paris, 1891, pp. 29-51. Adolf Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt, English translation, 1894, “describes vividly the magical conceptions and practices.” F. L. Griffith, Stories of the High Priests of Memphis, Oxford, 1900, contains some amusing demotic tales of magicians. Erman, Zaubersprüche für Mutter und Kind, 1901. F. L. Griffith and H. Thompson, The Demotic Magical Papyrus of London and Leiden, 1904. See also J. H. Breasted, Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, New York, 1912.

The following later but briefer treatments add little to Budge: Alfred Wiedemann, Magie und Zauberei im Alten Ægypten, Leipzig, 1905, and Die Amulette der alten Ægypter, Leipzig, 1910, both in Der Alte Orient; Alexandre Moret, La magie dans l’Egypte ancienne, Paris, 1906, in Musée Guimet, Annales, Bibliothèque de vulgarisation. XX. 241-81.

[17] Budge (1899), p. 19. At pp. 7-10 Budge dates the Westcar Papyrus about 1550 B. C. and Cheops, of whom the tale is told, in 3800 B. C. It is now customary to date the Fourth Dynasty, to which Cheops belonged, about 2900-2750 B. C. Breasted, History of Egypt, pp. 122-3, speaks of a folk tale preserved in the Papyrus Westcar some nine (?) centuries after the fall of the Fourth Dynasty.

[18] Budge, p. ix.

[19] Budge, pp. xiii-xiv.

[20] For magical myths see E. Naville, The Old Egyptian Faith, English translation by C. Campbell, 1909, p. 233 et seq.

[21] Budge, pp. 3-4; Lenormant, Chaldean Magic, p. 100; Wiedemann (1905), pp. 12, 14, 31.

[22] So labelled in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo.

[23] Budge, p. 185.

[24] Breasted (1912), pp. 84-5, 93-5. “Systematic study” of the Pyramid Texts has been possible “only since the appearance of Sethe’s great edition,”—Die Altægyptischen Pyramidentexte, Leipzig, 1908-1910, 2 vols.

[25] Budge, pp. 104-7.

[26] Many of them are to enable the dead man to leave his tomb at will; hence the Egyptian title, “The Chapters of Going Forth by Day,” Breasted, History of Egypt, p. 175.

[27] Budge, p. 28.

[28] History of Egypt, p. 175; pp. 249-50 for the further increase in mortuary magic after the Middle Kingdom, and pp. 369-70, 390, etc., for Ikhnaton’s vain effort to suppress this mortuary magic. See also Breasted (1912), pp. 95-6, 281, 292-6, etc.

[29] Breasted (1912), pp. 290-1.

[30] Budge, pp. xi, 170-1.

[31] Budge, p. 4.

[32] Budge, pp. 67-70, 73, 77.

[33] Budge, pp. 27-28, 41, 60.

[34] From the abstract of a paper on The History of Egyptian Medicine, read by T. Wingate Todd at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association, 1919. See also B. Holmes and P. G. Kitterman, Medicine in Ancient Egypt; the Hieratic Material, Cincinnati, 1914, 34 pp., reprinted from The Lancet-Clinic.

[35] See H. L. Lüring, Die über die medicinischen Kenntnisse der alten Ægypter berichtenden Papyri verglichen mit den medic. Schriften griech. u. römischer Autoren, Leipzig, 1888. Also Joret, I (1897) 310-11, and the article there cited by G. Ebers, Ein Kyphirecept aus dem Papyrus Ebers, in Zeitschrift f. ægypt. Sprache, XII (1874), p. 106. M. A. Ruffer, Palaeopathology of Egypt, 1921.

[36] History of Egypt, p. 101.

[37] Ibid, p. 102.

[38] Budge, p. 206.

[39] History of Egypt, p. 101.

[40] Archéologie et Histoire des Sciences, Paris, 1906, pp. 232-3.

[41] Professor Breasted, however, feels that the contents of the new Edwin Smith Papyrus will raise our estimate of the worth of Egyptian medicine and surgery: letter to me of Jan. 20, 1922.

[42] Petrie, “Egypt,” in EB, p. 73.

[43] Berthelot (1885), p. 235. See E. B. Havell, A Handbook of Indian Art, 1920, p. 11, for a combination of “exact science,” ritual, and “magic power” in the work of the ancient Aryan craftsmen.

[44] Berthelot (1889), pp. vi-vii.

[45] Berthelot (1885), pp. 247-78; E. O. v. Lippmann (1919), pp. 118-43.

[46] Budge, pp. 19-20.

[47] Berthelot (1885), p. 10.

[48] Lippmann (1919), pp. 181-2, and the authorities there cited.

[49] Budge, pp. 214-5.

[50] Budge, pp. 225-8; Wiedemann (1905), p. 9.

[51] Wiedemann (1905), pp. 7, 8, 11. See also G. Daressy, Une ancienne liste des décans égyptiens, in Annales du service des antiquités de l’Egypte, I (1900), 79-90.

[52] F. Boll in Neue Jahrb. (1908), p. 108.

[53] Budge, pp. 222-3.

[54] Budge, p. 229.

[55] Some works on the subject of magic and religion, astronomy and astrology in Babylonia and Assyria will be found in Appendix I at the close of this chapter.

[56] Thompson, Semitic Magic, pp. xxxvi-xxxvii; Fossey, pp. 17-20.

[57] Farnell, Greece and Babylon, p. 102.

[58] Prince, “Sumer and Sumerians,” in EB.

[59] Webster, Rest Days, pp. 215-22, with further bibliography. See Orr (1913), 28-38, for an interesting discussion in English of the problem of the origin of solar and lunar zodiac.

[60] Lippmann (1919), pp. 168-9.

[61] Although Schiaparelli, Astronomy in the Old Testament, 1905, pp. v, 5, 49-51, 135, denies that “the frequent use of the number seven in the Old Testament is in any way connected with the planets.” I have not seen F. von Andrian, Die Siebenzahl im Geistesleben der Völker, in Mitteil, d. anthrop. Gesellsch. in Wien, XXI (1901), 225-74; see also Hehn, Siebenzahl und Sabbat bei den Babyloniern und im alten Testament, 1907. J. G. Frazer (1918), I, 140, has an interesting passage on the prominence of the number seven “alike in the Jehovistic and in the Babylonian narrative” of the flood.

[62] Webster, Rest Days, pp. 211-2. Professor Webster, who kindly read this chapter in manuscript, stated in a letter to me of 2 July 1921 that he remained convinced that “the mystic properties ascribed to the number seven” can only in part be accounted for by the seven planets; “Our American Indians, for example, hold seven in great respect, yet have no knowledge of seven planets.” But it may be noted that the poet-philosophers of ancient Peru composed verses on the subject of astrology, according to Garcilasso (cited by W. I. Thomas, Source Book for Social Origins, 1909, p. 293).

[63] L. W. King, History of Babylon, 1915, p. 299.

[64] Fossey (1902), pp. 2-3.

[65] Farnell, Greece and Babylon, pp. 301-2. On liver divination see Frothingham, “Ancient Orientalism Unveiled,” American Journal of Archaeology, XXI (1917) 55, 187, 313, 420.

[66] Fossey, p. 66.

[67] Fossey, p. 16.

[68] Lenormant, pp. 35, 147, 158.

[69] Thompson, Semitic Magic, pp. xxxviii-xxxix.

[70] Greece and Babylon, p. 296.

[71] Lenormant, pp. 146-7.

[72] Ibid., p. 158.

[73] Jastrow, Religion of Babylon and Assyria, pp. 283-4.

[74] Zimmern, Beiträge, p. 173.

[75] Ibid., p. 161.

[76] Fossey, p. 399.

[77] Fossey, p. 83.

[78] Ibid., pp. 89-91. F. Küchler, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Assyr.-Babyl. Medizin; Texte mit Umschrift, Uebersetzung und Kommentar, Leipzig, 1904, treats of twenty facsimile pages of cuneiform.

[79] Lenormant, p. 190.

[80] Ibid., p. 159.

[81] So enlightened in fact that they spoke with some scorn of the “levity” and “lies” of the Greeks.

[82] Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism, Chicago, 1911, p. 189.

[83] Thorndike (1905), p. 63.

[84] E. E. Sikes, Folk-lore in the Works and Days of Hesiod, in The Classical Review, VII (1893). 390.

[85] Freeman, History of Sicily, I, 101-3, citing Herodotus VII, 153.

[86] Butler and Owen, Apulei Apologia, note on 30, 30.

[87] For details concerning operative or vulgar magic among the ancient Greeks see Hubert, Magia, in Daremberg-Saglio; Abt, Die Apologie des Apuleius von Madaura und die antike Zauberei, Giessen, 1908; and F. B. Jevons, “Græco-Italian Magic,” p. 93-, in Anthropology and the Classics, ed. R. Marett; and the article “Magic” in ERE.

[88] I think that this sentence is an approximate quotation from some ancient author, possibly Diogenes Laertius, but I have not been able to find it.

[89] J. E. Harrison, Themis, Cambridge, 1912. The chapter headings briefly suggest the argument: “1. Hymn of the Kouretes; 2. Dithyramb, Δρώμενον, and Drama; 3. Kouretes, Thunder-Rites and Mana; 4. a. Magic and Tabu, b. Medicine-bird and Medicine-king; 5. Totemism, Sacrament, and Sacrifice; 6. Dithyramb, Spring Festival, and Hagia Triada Sarcophagus; 7. Origin of the Olympic Games (about a year-daimon); 8. Daimon and Hero, with Excursus on Ritual Forms preserved in Greek tragedy; 9. Daimon to Olympian; 10. The Olympians; 11. Themis.”

[90] F. M. Cornford, Origin of Attic Comedy, 1914, see especially pp. 10, 13, 55, 157, 202, 233.

[91] A. B. Cook, Zeus, Cambridge, 1914, pp. 134-5, 12-14, 66-76.

[92] Rendel Harris, Picus who is also Zeus, 1916; The Ascent of Olympus, 1917.

[93] Farnell, Greece and Babylon, pp. 292, 178-9.

[94] See Ernest Riess, Superstitions and Popular Beliefs in Greek Tragedy, in Transactions of the American Philological Association, vol. 27 (1896), pp. 5-34; and On Ancient superstition, ibid. 26 (1895), 40-55. Also J. G. Frazer, Some Popular Superstitions of the Ancients, in Folk-lore, 1890, and E. H. Klatsche, The Supernatural in the Tragedies of Euripides, in University of Nebraska Studies, 1919.

[95] See Zeller, Pre-Socratic Philosophy, II (1881), 119-20, for further boasts by Empedocles himself and other marvels attributed to him by later authors.

[96] Laws, XI, 933 (Steph.).

[97] Timaeus, p. 71 (Steph.).

[98] Symposium, p. 188 (Steph.); in Jowett’s translation, I, 558.

[99] Timaeus, p. 40 (Steph.); Jowett, III, 459.

[100] Ibid., pp. 41-42 (Steph.).

[101] Timaeus, p. 39 (Steph.); Jowett, III, 458.

[102] W. Windelband, History of Philosophy, English translation by J. H. Tufts, 1898, p. 147.

[103] Windelband, History of Ancient Philosophy, English translation by H. E. Cushman, 1899.

[104] For a number of examples, which might be considerably multiplied if books VII-X are not rejected as spurious, see Thorndike (1905), pp. 62-3. T. E. Lones, Aristotle’s Researches in Natural Science, London, 1912, 274 pp., discusses “Aristotle’s method of investigating the natural sciences,” and a large number of Aristotle’s specific statements showing whether they were correct or incorrect. The best translation of the History of Animals is by D’Arcy W. Thompson, Oxford 1910, with valuable notes.

[105] See the edition of the History of Animals by Dittmeyer (1907), p. vii, where various monographs will be found mentioned.

[106] Perhaps pure literature was over-emphasized in the Museum at Alexandria, and magic texts in the library of Assurbanipal.

[107] A list of magic papyri and of publications up to about 1900 dealing with the same is given in Hubert’s article on Magia in Daremberg-Saglio, pp. 1503-4. See also Sir Herbert Thompson and F. L. Griffith, The Magical Demotic Papyrus of London and Leiden, 3 vols., 1909-1921; Catalogue of Demotic Papyri in the John Rylands Library, Manchester, with facsimiles and complete translations, 1909, 3 vols. Grenfell (1921), p. 159, says, “A corpus of the magical papyri was projected in Germany by K. Preisendanz before the war, and a Czech scholar, Dr. Hopfner, is engaged upon the difficult task of elucidating them.”

[108] W. C. Battle, Magical Curses Written on Lead Tablets, in Transactions of the American Philological Association, XXVI (1895), pp. liv-lviii, a synopsis of a Harvard dissertation. Audollent, Defixionum tabulae, etc., Paris, 1904, 568 pp. R. Wünsch, Defixionum Tabellae Atticae, 1897, and Sethianische Verfluchungstafeln aus Rom (390-420 A. D.), Leipzig, 1898.

[109] Since 1898 various volumes and parts have appeared under the editorship of Cumont, Kroll, Boll, Olivieri, Bassi, and others. Much of the material noted is of course post-classical and Byzantine, and of Christian authorship or Arabic origin.

[110] For example, see R. Wünsch, Antikes Zaubergerät aus Pergamon, in Jahrb. d. kaiserl. deutsch. archæol. Instit., suppl. VI (1905), p. 19.

[111] T. L. Heath, The Works of Archimedes, Cambridge, 1897, pp. xxxix-xl.

[112] On “Aristotle as a Biologist” see the Herbert Spencer lecture by D’Arcy W. Thompson, Oxford, 1913, 31 pp. Also T. E. Lones, Aristotle’s Researches in Natural Science, London, 1912. Professor W. A. Locy, author of Biology and Its Makers, writes me (May 9, 1921) that in his opinion G. H. Lewes, Aristotle; a Chapter from the History of Science, London, 1864, “dwells too much on Aristotle’s errors and imperfections, and in several instances omits the quotation of important positive observations, occurring in the chapters from which he makes his quotations of errors.” Professor Locy also disagrees with Lewes’ estimate of De generatione as Aristotle’s masterpiece and thinks that “naturalists will get more satisfaction out of reading the Historia animalium” than either the De generatione or De partibus. Thompson (1913), p. 14, calls Aristotle “a very great naturalist.”

[113] This quotation is from Professor Locy’s letter of May 9, 1921.

[114] The quotations are from a note by Professor D’Arcy W. Thompson on his translation of the Historia animalium, III, 3. The note gives so good a glimpse of both the merits and defects of the Aristotelian text as it has reached us that I will quote it here more fully:

“The Aristotelian account of the vascular system is remarkable for its wealth of details, for its great accuracy in many particulars, and for its extreme obscurity in others. It is so far true to nature that it is clear evidence of minute inquiry, but here and there so remote from fact as to suggest that things once seen have been half forgotten, or that superstition was in conflict with the result of observation. The account of the vessels connecting the left arm with the liver and the right with the spleen ... is a surviving example of mystical or superstitious belief. It is possible that the ascription of three chambers to the heart was also influenced by tradition or mysticism, much in the same way as Plato’s notion of the three corporeal faculties.”

[115] Professor Locy called my attention to it in a letter of May 17, 1921. See also Thompson (1913), p. 14.

[116] Thompson (1913), p. 19.

[117] L. C. Karpinski, “Hindu Science,” in The American Mathematical Monthly, XXVI (1919), 298-300.

[118] Sir Thomas Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, the Ancient Copernicus: a history of Greek astronomy to Aristarchus together with Aristarchus’s treatise, “On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon,” a new Greek text with translation and notes, Oxford, 1913, admits that “our treatise does not contain any suggestion of any but the geocentric view of the universe, whereas Archimedes tells us that Aristarchus wrote a book of hypotheses, one of which was that the sun and the fixed stars remain unmoved and that the earth revolves round the sun in the circumference of a circle.” Such evidence seems scarcely to warrant applying the title of “The Ancient Copernicus” to Aristarchus. And Heath thinks that Schiaparelli (I precursori di Copernico nell’antichità, and other papers) went too far in ascribing the Copernican hypothesis to Heraclides of Pontus. On Aristotle’s answer to Pythagoreans who denied the geocentric theory see Orr (1913), pp. 100-2.

[119] “Farewell, Nature, parent of all things, and in thy manifold multiplicity bless me who, alone of the Romans, has sung thy praise.”

[120] For the Latin text of the Naturalis Historia I have used the editions of D. Detlefsen, Berlin, 1866-1882, and L. Janus, Leipzig, 1870, 6 vols. in 3; 5 vols. in 3. There is, however, a good English translation of the Natural History, with an introductory essay, by J. Bostock and H. T. Riley, London, 1855, 6 vols. (Bohn Library), which is superior to both the German editions in its explanatory notes and subject index, and which also apparently antedates them in some readings suggested for doubtful passages in the text. Three modes of dividing the Natural History into chapters are indicated in the editions of Janus and Detlefsen. I shall employ that found in the earlier editions of Hardouin, Valpy, Lemaire, and Ajasson, and preferred in the English translation of Bostock and Riley.

[121] Bostock and Riley (1855), I, xvi.

[122] NH, Preface.

[123] NH, Preface.

[124] NH, XXII, 7.

[125] NH, II, 6.

[126] NH, II, 46.

[127] NH, II, 5. “Deus est mortali iuvare mortalem....”

[128] NH, VII, 56.

[129] Letter to Macer, Ep. III, 5, ed. Keil. Leipzig, 1896.

[130] NH, VII, 1; XXIII, 60; XXV, 1; XXVII, 1.

[131] XXVI, 76.

[132] XXXVII, 11.

[133] XXI, 88.

[134] XXXII, 24.

[135] Yet C. W. King, Natural History of Precious Stones, p. 2, deplores the loss of Juba’s treatise, which he says, “considering his position and opportunities for exact information, is perhaps the greatest we have to deplore in this sad catalogue of desiderata.”

[136] NH, XXXII, 4.

[137] XXX, 30.

[138] Bouché-Leclercq (1899), p. 519, notes, however, that Aulus Gellius (X, 12) protested against Pliny’s credulity in accepting such works as genuine and that “Columelle (VII, 5) cite un certain Bolus de Mendes comme l’auteur des ὑπομνήματα attribués à Démocrite.” Bouché-Leclercq adds, however, “Rien n’y fit: Démocrite devint le grand docteur de la magie.”

[139] NH, VII, 21.

[140] G. H. Lewes, Aristotle; a Chapter from the History of Science, London. 1864.

[141] Letters of Pliny the Younger, III, 5, ed. Keil, Leipzig, 1896.

[142] NH, VIII, 34.

[143] XXVIII, 1.

[144] Rück, Die Naturalis Historia des Plinius im Mittelalter, in Sitzb. Bayer. Akad. Philos-Philol. Classe (1908) pp. 203-318. For citations of Pliny by writers of the late Roman empire and early middle ages, see Panckoucke, Bibliothèque Latine-Française, vol. CVI.

[145] Concerning the MSS see Detlefsen’s prefaces in each of his first five volumes and his fuller dissertations in Jahn’s Neue Jahrb., 77, 653ff, Rhein. Mus., XV, 265ff; XVIII, 227ff, 327.

Detlefsen seems to have made no use of English MSS, but a folio of the close of the 12th century at New College, Oxford, contains the first nineteen books of the Natural History and is described by Coxe as “very well written and preserved.”

Nor does Detlefsen mention Le Mans 263, 12th century, containing all 37 books except that the last book is incomplete, and with a full page miniature (fol. 10v) showing Pliny in the act of presenting his work to Vespasian. Escorial Q-I-4 and R-I-5 are two other practically complete texts of the fourteenth century which Detlefsen failed to use.

[146] See M. R. James, Eton Manuscripts, p. 63, MS 134, Bl. 4. 7., Roberti Crikeladensis Prioris Oxoniensis excerpta ex Plinii Historia Naturali, 12-13th century, in a large English hand, giving extracts extending from Book II to Book IX.

Of Balliol 124, fols. 1-138, Cosmographia mundi, by John Free, born at Bristol or London, fellow at Balliol College, Oxford, later professor of medicine at Padua and a doctor at Rome, also well instructed in civil law and Greek, Coxe writes, “This work is nothing but a series of excerpts from Pliny’s Natural History, beginning with the second and leaving off with the twentieth.” I wonder if John Free may not have used the very MS of the first nineteen books mentioned in the foregoing note, since the second book of the Natural History is often reckoned as the first.

In Balliol 146A, 15th century, fol. 3-, the Natural History appears in epitome, with a prologue opening, “I, Reginald (Retinaldus), servant of Christ, perusing the books of Pliny....”

[147] Bologna, 952, 15th century, fols. 157-60, “Tractatus optimus in quo exposuit et aperte declaravit plinius philosophus quid sit lapis philosophicus et ex qua materia debet fieri et quomodo.”

[148] Fossi, Catalogus codicum saeculo XV impressorum qui in publica Bibliotheca Magliabechiana Florentiae adservantur, 1793-1795, II, 374-81.

[149] De erroribus Plinii et aliorum in medicina, Ferrara, 1492.

[150] Pliniana defensio, 1494.

[151] Escorial Q-I-4, and R-I-5, both of the 14th century.

[152] NH, V, 1, 12.

[153] XXVI, 6, “usu efficacissimo rerum omnium magistro”; XVII, 2, 12, “quare experimentis optime creditur.”

[154] II, 66.

[155] XXIX, 23.

[156] XXIX, 11.

[157] XXV, 54, “coramque nobis”; XXV, 106, “nos eam Romanis experimentis per usus digeremus.”

[158] Sometimes another term, as usus in note 2 above, is employed.

[159] See II, 41, 1-2; II, 108; VII, 41; VII, 56; VIII, 7; XIV, 8; XVI, 1; XVI, 64; XVII, 2; XVII, 35; XXII, 1; XXII, 43; XXII, 49; XXII, 51; XXV, 7; XXXIV, 39 and 51. Experience is also the idea in the two following passages, although the word experimentum could not smoothly be rendered as “experience” in a literal translation: VII, 50, “Accedunt experimenta et exempla recentissimi census ...”; XXVIII, 45, “Nec uros aut bisontes habuerunt Graeci in experimentis.”

[160] XVI, 24; XXII, 57; XXVI, 60.

[161] X, 75.

[162] XXXV, 30.

[163] VII, 35

[164] XIII, 3.

[165] XIV, 25.

[166] XVII, 4; XX, 3 and 76; XXII, 23; XXIX, 12; XXXIII, 19 and 43 and 44 and 57; XXXIV, 26 and 48; XXXVI, 38 and 55; XXXVII, 22 and 76; such phrases as sinceri experimentum and veri experimentum are used for “test of genuineness.”

[167] XXIII, 31; XXXI, 28.

[168] XXXI, 27.

[169] XVII, 26.

[170] II, 75.

[171] IX, 7.

[172] XXVIII, 6.

[173] XXVIII, 14.

[174] XXIX, 8. “Discunt periculis nostris et experimenta per mortes agunt.” Bostock and Riley translate the last clause, “And they experimentalize by putting us to death.” Another possible translation is, “And their experiments cost lives.“

[175] XXV, 17. ” ... adeo nullo omnia experiendi fine ut cogerentur etiam venena prodesse.“

[176] XXIX, 4 ” ... ab experimentis se cognominans empiricen.“

[177] IX, 86.

[178] XXXVII, 15.

[179] According to Galen, as we shall hear later, the Empirics relied a good deal upon chance experience and dreams.

[180] XXV, 6.

[181] XX, 52.

[182] XXV, 20.

[183] XXIII, 27.

[184] Among other virtues of vinegar, besides its supposed property of breaking rocks, Pliny mentions that if one holds some in the mouth, it will prevent one from feeling the heat in the baths.

[185] XXV, 6 and 21 and 50; XXVII, 2.

[186] XVI, 24; XXVI, 60.

[187] XXIII, 59.

[188] XXVIII, 7.

[189] In the opening chapters of Book XXX, unless otherwise indicated by specific citation.

[190] Aulus Gellius, X, 12, and Columella, VII, 5, dispute this (Bouché-Leclercq, L’Astrologie grecque, p. 519). Berthelot (Origines de l’alchimie, p. 145) believes in a Democritan school at the beginning of the Christian era which wrote the works of alchemy attributed to Democritus as well as the books of medical and magical recipes which are quoted in the Geoponica and the Natural History.

[191] XVI, 95.

[192] XXX, 2. ” ... quamquam animadverto summam litterarum claritatem gloriamque ex ea scientia antiquitus et paene semper petitam.”

[193] Examples are: XXV, 59, “Sed magi utique circa hanc insaniunt”; XXIX, 20, “magorum mendacia”; XXXVII, 60, “magorum inpudentiae vel manifestissimum ... exemplum”; XXXVII, 73, “dira mendacia magorum.”

[194] See XXII, 9; XXVI, 9; XXVII, 65; XXVIII, 23 and 27; XXIX, 26; XXX, 7; XXXVII, 14.

[195] XXXVII, 40.

[196] XXX, 5-6.

[197] XXX, 6. “Proinde ita persuasum sit, intestabilem, inritam, inanem esse, habentem tamen quasdam veritatis umbras, sed in his veneficas artis pollere, non magicas.”

[198] XXV, 7.

[199] XXVIII, 23.

[200] XXVIII, 2.

[201] XXX, 4.

[202] XXVIII, 19; XXX, 6.

[203] XXVIII, 29.

[204] XXX, 7.

[205] XXIX, 26.

[206] For instance, XXX, 27, he mentions the magi, but not in XXX, 28. Nor are they mentioned in XXX, 29, but in XXX, 30 “plura eorum remedia ponemus” seems to refer to them, although we must look back three chapters for the antecedent of eorum.

[207] XXXVII, 14, he says that he is going to confute “the unspeakable nonsense of the magicians” concerning gems, but makes no specific citation from them until the thirty-seventh chapter on jasper.

[208] XXX, 47.

[209] XXXVII, 11.

[210] XX, 30; XXI, 38, 94, 104; XXII, 24, 29.

[211] XXI, 36; XXIV, 99.

[212] XXV, 5.

[213] XXIV, 99-102.

[214] See XX, 30; XXI, 36, 38, 94, 104; XXII, 9, 24, 29; XXIV, 99, 102; XXV, 59, 65, 80-81; XXVI, 9.

[215] XXI, 38.

[216] XXI, 104; XXII, 24.

[217] XXI, 94.

[218] XXII, 29.

[219] XX, 30.

[220] XXI, 38.

[221] XXIV, 99 and 102.

[222] XXV, 5.

[223] XXV, 59.

[224] XXVI, 9.

[225] XXX, 6.

[226] XXX, 7.

[227] XXVIII, 27.

[228] XXVIII, 25.

[229] XXX, 24.

[230] XXIX, 39.

[231] XXIX, 12.

[232] XXX, 6.

[233] XXVIII, 57; XXX, 17.

[234] Use of goat, XXVIII, 56, 63, 78-79; cat, XXVIII, 66; puppy, XXIX, 38; dog, XXX, 24.

[235] XXVIII, 60, 66, 77; XXIX, 26.

[236] XXVIII, 66; XXIX, 15; XXX, 7; XXX, 27; XXXII, 38.

[237] XXX, 8 and 36; see also XXVIII, 60; XXXII, 19 and 24.

[238] XXIX, 23; XXX, 18, 20, 30, 49; XXXII, 14, 18, 24.

[239] XXX, 27.

[240] XXX, 24.

[241] XXX, 24.

[242] XXVIII, 27.

[243] XXVIII, 66; and see XXIX, 12.

[244] XXVIII, 60.

[245] XXVIII, 68.

[246] XXVIII, 78.

[247] XXX, 17.

[248] XXX, 18.

[249] XXXII, 38.

[250] XXIX, 26.

[251] XXVIII, 63.

[252] XXVIII, 56; XXIX, 15.

[253] XXIX, 19.

[254] XXIX, 20.

[255] XXIX, 26; XXX, 7.

[256] Pliny ascribes statements concerning stones to the magi in the following chapters: XXXVI, 34; XXXVII, 37, 40, 49, 51, 54, 56, 60, 70, 73.

[257] XXXVII, 54 and 40.

[258] XXXVII, 40, 60, 56, 73.

[259] XXVIII, 12, “Magorum haec commenta sunt....“

[260] XXVIII, 23.

[261] Some works upon animals in antiquity and Greece are:

Aubert und Wimmer, Aristoteles Thierkunde, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1868.

Baethgen, De vi et significatione galli in religione et artibus Graecorum et Romanorum, Diss. Inaug., Göttingen, 1887.

Bernays, Theophrasts Schrift über Frömmigkeit.

Bikélas, O., La nomenclature de la Faune grecque, Paris, 1879.

Billerbeck, De locis nonnullis Arist. Hist. Animal. difficilioribus, Hildesheim, 1806.

Dryoff, A., Die Tierpsychologie des Plutarchs, Progr. Würzburg, 1897. Über die stoische Tierpsychologie, in Bl. f. bayr. Gymn., 33 (1897) 399ff.; 34 (1898) 416.

Erhard, Fauna der Cykladen, Leipzig, 1858.

Fowler, W. W., A Year with the Birds, 1895.

Hopf, L., Thierorakel und Orakelthiere in alter und neuer Zeit, Stuttgart, 1888.

Hopfner, T., Der Tierkult der alten Ægypter nach den griechisch-römischen Berichten und den wichtigen Denkmälern, in Denkschr. d. Akad. Wien, 1913, ii Abh.

Imhoof-Blumer, F., und Keller, O., Tier-und Pflanzenbilder auf Münzen und Gemmen des klassischen Altertums. illustrated, 1889.

Keller, O., Thiere des class. Altertums.

Krüper, Zeiten des Gehens und Kommens und des Brütens der Vögel in Griechenland und Ionien, in Mommsen’s Griech. Jahreszeiten, 1875.

Küster, E., Die Schlange in der griechischen Kunst und Religion, Giessen, 1913.

Lebour, Zoologist, 1866.

Lewysohn, Zoologie des Talmuds.

Lindermayer, A., Die Vögel Griechenlands, Passau, 1860.

Locard, Histoire des mollusques dans l’antiquité, Lyon, 1884.

Lorenz, Die Taube im Alterthume, 1886.

Marx, A., Griech. Märchen von dankbaren Tieren, Stuttgart, 1889.

Mühle, H. v. d., Beiträge zur Ornithologie Griechenlands, Leipzig, 1844.

Sundevall, Thierarten des Aristoteles, Stockholm, 1863.

Thompson, D’Arcy W., A Glossary of Greek Birds, 1895. Aristotle as a Biologist, 1913. Also the notes to his translation of the Historia animalium.

Westermarck, E., The Origin and Development of Moral Ideas, I (1906) 251-60, gives further bibliography on the subjects of animals as witnesses and the punishment of animal culprits.

[262] VIII, 1-12.

[263] VIII, 17-21.

[264] XXXII, 5.

[265] VIII, 37.

[266] VIII, 11-12.

[267] XXVII, 2; XVIII, 1.

[268] XXVII, 2; VIII, 41.

[269] XX, 51 and 61; XXII, 37 and 45.

[270] XX, 26.

[271] VIII, 41; XX, 95.

[272] XXIX, 39.

[273] XXV, 50.

[274] XXV, 5.

[275] VIII, 40; XXVIII, 31.

[276] For further remedies used by animals see VIII, 41; XXIX, 14, 38; XXV, 52-53; XXVIII, 81.

[277] XXVII, 2. “ ... quod certe casu repertum quis dubitet et quotiens fiat etiam nunc ut novom nasci quoniam feris ratio et usus inter se tradi non possit?” Perhaps Pliny would have denied the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

[278] XXV, 51.

[279] XXXVII, 57.

[280] VIII, 4.

[281] VIII, 33.

[282] XXIX, 34; XXX, 10, 19; XXVIII, 46; XXIX, 11; XXX, 16.

[283] XXX, 46.

[284] XXXII, 14.

[285] XXVIII, 37.

[286] A recent work on the general theme is Joret, Les plantes dans l’antiquité, Paris, 1904; see also F. Mentz, De plantis quas ad rem magicam facere crediderunt veteres, Leipzig, 1705, 28 pp.; F. Unger, Die Pflanze als Zaubermittel, Vienna, 1859.

[287] XXII, 3; XXV, 59; XXVII, 28.

[288] XXI, 105. “Halicacabi radicem bibunt qui vaticinari gallantesque vere ad confirmandas superstitiones aspici se volunt.”

[289] XXV, 43-44.

[290] XXI, 21, 84.

[291] XXV, 5.

[292] XXIII, 64.

[293] XXV, 35.

[294] XXII, 36.

[295] XXIV, 94.

[296] XXV, 46.

[297] XXV, 54.

[298] XXV, 78.

[299] XXIII, 75.

[300] XXIV, 56-57.

[301] XXV, 18; XXVII, 100.

[302] XX, 14; XXIV, 82; XXV, 92.

[303] XXV, 10; XXVII, 60.

[304] XXIV, 6, 93.

[305] XXV, 6.

[306] XX, 49; XXI, 83; XXIII, 54; XXIV, 63; XXV, 59; XXVI, 12.

[307] XXIII, 59.

[308] XXIV, 62.

[309] XXV, 21, 94.

[310] XXIV, 63 and 118.

[311] XXI, 19.

[312] XXIV, 62; XXIII, 59.

[313] XXIII, 81; XXIV, 6, 62, 116.

[314] XXVI, 12.

[315] XXI, 19; XXV, 21, 94.

[316] XXIII, 71, 81; XXIV, 6; XXVII, 62.

[317] XXI, 83; XXV, 109; XXVI, 12.

[318] XXII, 16; XXIII, 54; XXIV, 82; XXVII, 113.

[319] XXIV, 116.

[320] XXV, 92.

[321] XXI, 19; XXV, 11.

[322] XXIV, 62; XXV, 21.

[323] XXIV, 62-63.

[324] XVI, 95.

[325] See XXIV, 6, for other methods of plucking the mistletoe.

[326] XVIII, 45.

[327] See also XXV, 6.

[328] XIX, 58.

[329] XVIII, 70.

[330] XVIII, 73.

[331] XXVIII, 81.

[332] XVIII, 8.

[333] XXXVII, 14, 73.

[334] XXXVII, 55-56.

[335] XXXVII, 13.

[336] For instance, XXXVII, 12 amber, 37 jasper, 39 aetites, 55 “baroptenus.”

[337] XXXVI, 31.

[338] XXXVII, 15, 58, 67.

[339] XXXVI, 25, 39.

[340] XVI, 20.

[341] XXXIII, 25.

[342] XXX, 12, 25.

[343] XX, 3; XXVIII, 6, 9; etc.

[344] II, 63; XXIX, 23.

[345] XXXIII, 34

[346] XX, 51; XXVIII, 21.

[347] VII, 13; XXVIII, 23.

[348] XX, 33; XXII, 30; XXVIII, 18-19.

[349] XXVIII, 8.

[350] XXVIII, 9.

[351] XXVIII, 9-11.

[352] XXVIII, 7.

[353] VII, 2.

[354] XXVIII, 6.

[355] XXII, 49.

[356] XXIV, 102.

[357] In this paragraph I have combined views expressed by Pliny in three different passages: XXII, 49 and 56; XXIV, 1.

[358] IX, 88; XXIV, 1; XXVIII, 23; XXXII, 12; XXXVII, 15; etc.

[359] XXIV, 1; XXIX, 17.

[360] VIII, 50; XXVIII, 42.

[361] XXIX, 17 and 23.

[362] XXVIII, 43.

[363] XX, 1. “Odia amicitiaque rerum surdarum ac sensu carentium ... quod Graeci sympathiam appellavere.” XXIV, 1. “Surdis etiam rerum sua cuique sunt venena ac minimis quoque ... Concordia valent.”

[364] XXVIII, 41; XXXVII, 15. Yet a note in Bostock and Riley’s translation, IV, 207, asserts, “Pliny is the only author who makes mention of this singularly absurd notion.”

[365] “Nunc quod totis voluminibus his docere conati summus de discordia rerum concordiaque quam antipathiam Graeci vocavere ac sympathiam non aliter clarius intelligi potest.”

[366] XXIV, 41.

[367] XXI, 47.

[368] XX, 36.

[369] XVI, 24.

[370] XXV, 55.

[371] XXXVII, 54.

[372] XXIII, 62; XXIV, 1.

[373] XXVIII, 41.

[374] XXIX, 32.

[375] XXVIII, 61.

[376] XXIX, 27.

[377] XXVII, 74.

[378] XXXVI, 11.

[379] XXV, 3.

[380] XXII, 29.

[381] XXVIII, 9.

[382] XXVIII, 17.

[383] XXVIII, 47.

[384] XXIX, 38.

[385] XXX, 20.

[386] XXVIII, 49.

[387] XXXII, 52.

[388] XXIX, 27.

[389] XXX, 7.

[390] XXXII, 14.

[391] XXX, 20 and 14.

[392] XXXII, 29; XXX, 11.

[393] XXVIII, 42.

[394] XXII, 65.

[395] XXII, 72.

[396] XXII, 32.

[397] XXX, 12.

[398] XXV, 106.

[399] XX, 81.

[400] XXVIII, 47.

[401] XXX, 12, 15.

[402] XXVII, 62.

[403] XXIX, 17.

[404] XXIX, 24.

[405] XXVI, 89.

[406] XXXII, 16; also XX, 39.

[407] XXII, 30.

[408] XXIV, 32, 38.

[409] XX, 72, 82.

[410] XXVI, 69.

[411] XXIX, 36.

[412] XXX, 8.

[413] XXVIII, 10.

[414] XXXII, 24.

[415] XXX, 18.

[416] See also XXX, 8.

[417] XXIV, 106 and 109.

[418] XXIV, 107 and 110.

[419] Some examples are: XVIII, 75, 79; XXII, 72; XXIII, 71; XXVIII, 47; XXIX, 36; XXXII, 14, 25, 38, 46.

[420] XXXII, 14.

[421] XXX, 12.

[422] XXIV, 112.

[423] VIII, 50.

[424] XXVIII, 6.

[425] XXIV, 17.

[426] XXX, 15.

[427] XXIX, 34.

[428] XXXII, 24.

[429] XXXII, 38.

[430] XVII, 47.

[431] XIX, 36.

[432] XVIII, 35.

[433] XXVI, 60.

[434] XXVIII, 7.

[435] XXVII, 75.

[436] XXVII, 106.

[437] XXVIII, 3-4.

[438] XXVII, 35. “Catanancen Thessalam herbam qualis sit describi a nobis supervacuum est, cum sit usus eius ad amatoria tantum.” XXVII, 99. “Phyteuma quale sit describere supervacuum habeo cum sit usus eius tantum ad amatoria.”

[439] XXV, 7. “Ego nec abortiva dico ac ne amatoria quidem, memor Lucullum imperatorem clarissimum amatorio perisse....”

[440] A few examples are: XX, 15, 84, 92; XXIV, 11, 42; XXVI, 64; XXVII, 42, 99; XXVIII, 77, 80; XXX, 49; XXXII, 50.

[441] XXII, 9.

[442] XXV, 7.

[443] XXIX, 27.

[444] XXX, 1. On the general attitude to astrology of the preceding Augustan Age and its poets see H. W. Garrod, Manili Astronomicon Liber II, Oxford, 1911, pp. lxv-lxxiii, but I think he overestimates the probable effect of the edict of 16 A. D. upon the poem of Manilius.

[445] II, 5. “Astroque suo eventus adsignat nascendi legibus semelque in omnes futuros umquam deo decretum in reliquom vero otium datur.”

[446] VII, 37.

[447] VII, 50.

[448] VII, 57.

[449] II, 24.

[450] II, 6, “Non tanta caelo societas nobiscum est ut nostro fato mortalis sit ibi quoque siderum fulgor.”

[451] II, 9.

[452] II, 18.

[453] II, 23.

[454] II, 30.

[455] XXV, 5.

[456] II, 1.

[457] II, 4.

[458] II, 16.

[459] II, 13.

[460] II, 6; and see II, 39.

[461] II, 6. “Potentia autem ad terram magnopere eorum pertinens.”

[462] II, 6.

[463] XVIII, 5, 57, 69.

[464] XVIII, 68. Other authorities tell the story of Thales; see Cicero, De divinatione, II, 201; Aristotle, Polit. I, 7; and Diogenes Laertius.

[465] XVIII, 78.

[466] II, 81.

[467] XXXVII, 28.

[468] XXXVII, 59.

[469] XXIX, 5.

[470] XXX, 29.

[471] II, 40.

[472] II, 102.

[473] II, 41.

[474] XXXII, 19.

[475] L. Annaei Senecae Naturalium Quaestionum Libri Septem, VI, 4, “Aliquando de motu terrarum volumen iuvenis ediderim.” The edition by G. D. Koeler, Göttingen, 1819, devotes several hundred pages to a Disquisitio and Animadversiones upon Seneca’s work. I have also used the more recent Teubner edition, ed. Haase, 1881, and the English translation in Clark and Geikie, Physical Science in the Time of Nero, 1910. In Panckoucke’s Library, vol. 147, a French translation accompanies the text.

[476] VII, 25.

[477] VII, 31.

[478] III, 26.

[479] V, 6, for animals generated in flames; II, 31, for snakes struck by lightning; III, passim for marvelous fountains.

[480] III, 25.

[481] IV, 7.

[482] II, 32.

[483] II, 46.

[484] I, 1.

[485] VII, 30.

[486] II, 10.

[487] VII, 28.

[488] That is to say, five in addition to the sun and the moon.

[489] II, 32.

[490] III, 29.

[491] II, 31-50.

[492] II, 32.

[493] A complete edition of Ptolemy’s works has been in process of publication since 1898 in the Teubner library by J. L. Heiberg and Franz Boll. They are also the authors of the most important recent researches concerning Ptolemy. See Heiberg’s discussion of the MSS in the volumes of the above edition which have thus far appeared; his articles on the Latin translations of Ptolemy in Hermes XLV (1910) 57ff, and XLVI (1911) 206ff; but especially Boll, Studien über Claudius Ptolemäus. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der griechischen Philosophie und Astrologie, 1894, in Jahrb. f. Philol. u. Pädagogik, Neue Folge, Suppl. Bd. 21. A recent summary of investigation and bibliography concerning Ptolemy is W. Schmid, Die Nachklassische Periode der Griechischen Litteratur, 1913, pp. 717-24, in the fifth edition of Christ, Gesch. d. Griech. Litt.

[494] Some strictures upon Ptolemy as a geographer are made by Sir W. M. Ramsay, The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, 1890, pp. 69-73.

[495] Schmid would appear to be mistaken in saying that the Geography was already known in Latin and Arabic translation in the time of Frederick II (p. 718, “Seine in erster Linie die Astronomie, dann auch die Geographie und Harmonik betreffenden Schriften haben sich nicht bloss im Originaltext erhalten; sie wurden auch frühzeitig von den Arabern übersetzt und sind dann, ähnlich wie die Werke des Aristoteles, schon zur Zeit des Kaisers Friedrich II, noch ehe man sie im Urtext kennen lernte, durch lateinische, nach dem Arabischen gemachte Übersetzungen ins Abendland gelangt”), for in his own bibliography (p. 723) we read, “Geographie ... Frühste latein. Übersetzung des Jacobus Angelus gedruckt Bologna, 1462.” Apparently Schmid did not know the date of Angelus’ translation.

However, Duhem, III (1915) 417, also speaks as if the Geography were known in the thirteenth century: “les considérations empruntées à la Géographie de Ptolémée fournissent à Robert de Lincoln une objection contre le mouvement de précession des équinoxes tel qu’il est définé dans l’Almageste.” See also C. A. Nallino, Al-Huwarizmi e il suo rifacimento della geografia di Tolomeo, 1894, cited by Suter (1914) viii-ix, for a geography in Arabic preserved at Strasburg which is based on Ptolemy’s Geography.

[496] In this Latin translation it is often entitled Cosmographia. Some MSS are: CLM 14583, 15th century, fols. 81-215, Cosmographia Ptolomei a Jacobo Angelo translata. Also BN 4801, 4802, 4803, 4804, 4838. Arsenal 981, in an Italian hand, is presumably incorrectly dated as of the 14th century.

This Jacobus Angelus was chancellor of the faculty of Montpellier in 1433 and is censured by Gerson in a letter for his superstitious observance of days.

[497] The several editions printed before 1500 seem to have consisted simply of this Latin translation, such as that of Bologna, 1462, and Vincentiae, 1475, and the Greek text to have been first published in 1507. See Justin Winsor, A Bibliography of Ptolemy’s Geography, 1884, in Library of Harvard University, Bibliographical Contributions, No. 18:—a bibliography which deals only with printed editions and not with the MSS. According to Schmid, however, the editio princeps of the Greek text was that of Basel, 1533. C. Müller’s modern edition (Didot, 1883 and 1901) gives an unsatisfactory bare list of 38 MSS. See also G. M. Raidel, Commentatio critico-literaria de Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia eiusque codicibus, 1737.

[498] L’ottica di Claudio Tolomeo da Eugenio ammiraglio di Sicilia ridotta in latino, ed. Gilberto Govi, Turin, 1885.

[499] Schmid (1913) still cites it without qualification. Hammer-Jensen has an article, Ptolemaios und Heron, in Hermes, XLVIII (1913) 224, et seq.

[500] Haskins and Lockwood, The Sicilian Translators of the Twelfth Century, in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, XXI (1910), 89.

[501] Ibid., 89-94.

[502] A. Heller, Geschichte der Physik von Aristoteles bis auf die neueste Zeit, 2 vols., Stuttgart, 1882-1884. The statement sounds a trifle improbable in view of the number of MSS still in existence.

[503] Opus Maius, II, 7.

[504] The Dioptra of Hero is really geodetical.

[505] Govi (1885), p. 151.

[506] Ptolemy in Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography.

[507] It was also so printed in Sphera cum commentis, 1518: “Explicit secundus et ultimus liber Ptolomei de Speculis. Completa fuit eius translatio ultimo Decembris anno Christi 1269.”

[508] C. H. Haskins and D. P. Lockwood, The Sicilian Translators of the Twelfth Century and the First Latin Version of Ptolemy’s Almagest, in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, XXI (1910) 75-102.

C. H. Haskins, Further Notes on Sicilian Translations of the Twelfth Century, Ibid., XXIII, 155-66.

J. L. Heiberg, Eine mittelalterliche Uebersetzung der Syntaxis des Ptolemaios, in Hermes XLV (1910) 57-66; and Noch einmal die mittelalterliche Ptolemaios-Uebersetzung, Ibid., XLVI, 207-16.

[509] Digby 51, 13th Century, fols. 79-114, “Liber iiii tractatuum Batolomei Alfalisobi in sciencia judiciorum astrorum.... Et perfectus est eius translatio de Arabico in Latinum a Tiburtino Platone cui Deus parcat die Veneris hora tertia XXa die mensis Octobris anno Domini MCXXVIII (sic) XV die mensis Saphar anno Arabum DXXXIII (sic) in civitate Barchinona....” The date of translation is given as October 2, 1138, in CUL 1767, 1276 A. D., fols. 240-76, “Liber 4 Partium Ptholomei Auburtino Palatone.”

[510] It is found in an edition printed at Venice in 1493, “per Bonetum locatellum impensis nobilis viri Octaviani scoti civis Modoetiensis.”

[511] In the British Museum are editions of Venice, 1484, 1493, 1519; Paris, 1519; Basel, 1533; Louvain, 1548; it was also printed in 1551, 1555, 1578.

[512] In the British Museum are but three editions of the Greek text, all with an accompanying Latin translation: Nürnberg, 1535; Basel, 1553; and 1583.

[513] Studien über Claudius Ptolemäus, 1894.

[514] “C’était la capitulation de la science.” Bouché-Leclercq in Rev. Hist., LXV, 257, note 3.

[515] In the medieval Latin translation the Slavs replace the Scythians of Ptolemy’s text.

[516] Indeed, Hephaestion’s first two books are nothing but Ptolemy repeated. About contemporary with Ptolemy seems to have been Vettius Valens whose astrological work is extant: Vettius Valens, Anthologiarum libri primum edidit Guilelmus Kroll, Berlin, 1908. See also CCAG passim concerning both Hephaestion and Vettius Valens, and Engelbrecht, Hephästion von Theben und sein astrologisches Compendium, Vienna, 1887.

[517] James Finlayson, Galen: Two Bibliographical Demonstrations in the Library of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, 1895. Since then I believe that the only work of Galen to be translated into English is On the Natural Faculties, ed. A. J. Brock, 1916 (Loeb Library).

[518] J. F. Payne, The Relation of Harvey to his Predecessors and especially to Galen: Harveian Oration of 1896, in The Lancet, Oct. 24, 1896, p. 1136.

[519] In the Teubner texts: Scriptora minora, 1-3, ed. I. Marquardt, I. Mueller, G. Helmreich, 1884-1893; De victu, ed. Helmreich, 1898; De temperamentis, ed. Helmreich, 1904; De usu partium, ed. Helmreich, 1907, 1909.

In Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, V, 9, 1-2, 1914-1915, The Hippocratic Commentaries, ed. Mewaldt, Helmreich, Westenberger, Diels, Hieg.

[520] Carolus Gottlob Kühn, Claudii Galeni Opera Omnia, Leipzig, 1821-1833, 21 vols. My citations will be to this edition, unless otherwise specified. An older edition which is often cited is that of Renatus Charterius, Paris, 1679, 13 vols.

[521] The article on Galen in PW regards some of the treatises as printed in Kühn as almost unreadable.

[522] Although Kühn’s Index fills a volume, it is far from dependable.

[523] Liddell and Scott often fail to allude to germane passages in Galen’s works, even when they include, with citation of some other author, the word he uses.

[524] Perhaps at this point a similarly candid confession by the present writer is in order. I have tried to do a little more than Dr. Payne in his modesty seems ready to admit of himself, and to look over carefully enough not to miss anything of importance those works which seemed at all likely to bear upon my particular interest, the history of science and magic. In consequence I have examined long stretches of text from which I have got nothing. For the most part, I thought it better not to take time to read the Hippocratic commentaries. At first I was inclined to depend upon others for Galen’s treatises on anatomy and physiology, but finally I read most of them in order to learn at first hand of his argument from design and his attitude towards dissection. Further than this the reader can probably judge for himself from my citations as to the extent and depth of my reading. My first draft was completed before I discovered that Puschmann had made considerable use of Galen for medical conditions in the Roman Empire in his History of Medical Education, English translation, London, 1891, pp. 93-113. For the sake of a complete and well-rounded survey I have thought it best to retain those passages where I cover about the same ground. I have been unable to procure T. Meyer-Steineg, Ein Tag im Leben des Galen, Jena, 1913. 63 pp.

[525] For an account of the MSS see H. Diels, Berl. Akad. Abh. (1905), 58ff. Some fragments of Galen’s work on medicinal simples exist in a fifth century MS of Dioscorides at Constantinople and have been reproduced by M. Wellmann in Hermes, XXXVIII (1903), 292ff. The first two books of his περὶ τῶν ἐν ταῖς τροφαῖς δυνάμεων were discovered in a Wolfenbüttel palimpsest of the fifth or sixth century by K. Koch; see Berl. Akad. Sitzb. (1907), 103ff.

[526] Lancet (1896), p. 1135.

[527] For these see V. Rose, Analecta Graeca et Latina, Berlin, 1864. As a specimen of these medieval Latin translations may be mentioned a collection of some twenty-six treatises in one huge volume which I have seen in the library of Balliol College, Oxford: Balliol 231, a large folio, early 14th century (a note of ownership was added in 1334 at Canterbury) fols. 437, double columned pages. For the titles and incipits of the individual treatises see Coxe (1852).

[528] A. Merx, “Proben der syrischen Uebersetzung von Galenus’ Schrift über die einfachen Heilmittel,” Zeitsch. d. Deutsch. Morgendl. Gesell. XXXIX (1885), 237-305.

[529] Payne, Lancet (1896), p. 1136.

[530] Ch. V. Daremberg, Exposition des connaissances de Galien sur l’anatomie, la physiologie, et la pathologie du système nerveux, Paris, 1841.

[531] Lancet (1896), p. 1140.

[532] Brock (1916), p. xvi, says in 131 A. D. Clinton, Fasti Romani, placed it in 130.

[533] These details are from the De cognoscendis curandisque animi morbis, cap. 8, Kühn, V, 40-44.

[534] De naturalibus facultatibus, III, 10, Kühn, II, 179.

[535] Kühn, X, 609 (De methodo medendi); also XVI, 223; and XIX, 59.

[536] De anatom. administ., Kühn, II, 217, 224-25, 660. See also XV, 136; XIX, 57.

[537] His recorded astronomical observations extend from 127 to 151 A. D.

[538] Kühn, X, 16.

[539] Fragments du commentaire de Galien sur le Timée de Platon, were published for the first time, both in Greek and a French translation, together with an Essai sur Galien considéré comme philosophe, by Ch. Daremberg, Paris, 1848.

[540] Kühn, XIII, 599-600.

[541] Clinton, Fasti Romani, I, 151 and 155, speaks of a first visit of Galen to Rome in 162 and a second in 164, but he has misinterpreted Galen’s statements. When Galen speaks of his second visit to Rome, he means his return after the plague.

[542] Kühn, XIX, 15.

[543] Kühn, XIV, 622, 625, 648; see also I, 54-57. and XII, 263.

[544] Kühn, XIV, 649-50.

[545] R. M. Briau, L’Archiatrie Romaine, Paris, 1877, however, held that Galen never received the official title, archiater; see p. 24, “il est difficile de comprendre pourquoi le médecin de Pergame qui donnait des soins à l’empereur Marc Aurèle, ne fut jamais honoré de ce titre.” But he is given the title in at least one medieval MS—Merton 219, early 14th century, fol. 36_v_—“Incipit liber Galieni archistratos medicorum de malitia complexionis diversae.”

[546] De venae sectione, Kühn, XIX, 524.

[547] Kühn, XIII, 362-63; for another allusion to this fire see XIV, 66. Also II, 216; XIX, 19 and 41.

[548] For the statements of this paragraph see Kühn, XIV, 603-5, 620-23.

[549] Kühn, X, 114.

[550] Kühn, XIV, 599-600.

[551] Kühn, X, 1, 76.

[552] Kühn, X, 609.