A History of England, Period III. Constitutional Monarchy (part 4 of 4)

A History of England, Period III. Constitutional Monarchy (part 4 of 4)

Under Lord Grey's leadership the Government was enabled to continue its course, because it was recognized at the time as the only possible Government; the Conservative feeling in England was far too strong to allow the success of a Radical Government with Durham at its head. On the other hand, on the great questions of the day it was impossible to go back. Sir Robert Peel clearly understood this position of affairs. He saw that a Tory Government would have no hope of permanence if it rested only on the support of the extreme members of the party. If the party was ever to be reconstituted it must loyally accept the changes which had been made, admit within its limits the more conservative-minded of the reformers, and take its stand on the great Conservative instincts of the nation--the love of the State Church, and the dread of any attack upon property. For the formation of a Liberal Conservative Government the time had not yet arrived, and the present Government of compromise was therefore allowed to continue. But the difficulties of the Premier, from the divergence of his opinions from those of his colleagues, soon became overwhelming. It was necessary to determine whether the Coercion Bill should be renewed or not. But it was possible to renew it in a softened form, and to omit the most objectionable parts--the suppression of the right of petition and the establishment of military courts. Such a course seemed advisable to Mr. Littleton, the Chief Secretary, and recommended itself also to the more liberal members of the Government, Lord Brougham and Lord Althorp. The mischievous activity of Lord Brougham led him to suggest to the Lord Lieutenant, Lord Wellesley, who had succeeded Anglesey, the advisability of officially informing the Government that he could do without these stringent clauses. Wellesley had already expressed himself privately to the contrary effect, but was overpersuaded, and followed the advice of Littleton and Brougham in his official despatches. These contradictory opinions from the chief of the Government were naturally very embarrassing to Lord Grey. To make matters worse, Littleton had attempted a personal reconciliation with O'Connell. Lord Althorp had known and approved of this step, but had warned Littleton against making any pledges. The Secretary unluckily allowed himself to be drawn into an admission that neither himself nor the Lord Lieutenant nor Lord Althorp approved of the renewal of the obnoxious clauses. To complete his blunder, he did not inform Lord Althorp what he had done, and trusted to a promise of secresy on the part of O'Connell, the most untrustworthy of men. So strong was Lord Althorp's opinion on the subject, backed as he believed it to be by that of Wellesley and of Littleton, that after being outvoted in the Cabinet, he in fact tendered his resignation, but was overruled by Lord Grey.

[Sidenote: Resignation of Grey's ministry. July 1834.]

On the 1st of July the Premier introduced the Bill in its full form, asserting, as from Wellesley's private letters to him he had a right to assert, that it was considered necessary by the Irish Government. On this, O'Connell, forgetful of his promise, disclosed in the Lower House his conversation with Littleton, which was in fact a direct contradiction of Lord Grey's assertion, at the same time implicating Lord Althorp in the deception played upon him. The Government seemed convicted not only of internal division, but of duplicity. Lord Grey reiterated his assertion in the Upper House with regard to the feelings of the Irish Government as expressed to him, while Lord Althorp admitted that he disliked the clause, and that Mr. Littleton was justified in telling O'Connell that the question was unsettled at the time of their conversation. The divergence of opinion in the Cabinet was thus fully brought out, and Lord Althorp was made to appear as guilty at once of having held out false hopes to O'Connell, and of having waived his own opinions for the sake of retaining office. Nothing could have been more alien to his nature than this charge, especially as, far from having really pledged himself to O'Connell, he had particularly warned Littleton against committing himself. But there seemed no way of escape without rendering still more glaring the weakness of the administration. On this ground, Littleton's offer to resign, which he felt in honour bound to make, was rejected; but, when in their eagerness to embarrass Government the Opposition moved for the production of the private letters of the Cabinet, Lord Althorp, in disgust at his equivocal position and at the attempted introduction into Parliament of matters which he held to be wholly beyond its jurisdiction, determined to resign. Lord Grey, by no means wedded to office, and feeling that Althorp's personal influence was the main security of the Government, at once declared the administration at an end. The King had already shown, when giving an answer to an address from the Bishops, a strong feeling against any attack upon the property of the Church. This known division between the sovereign and his advisers, and the evident weakness of the Cabinet itself, rendered the resignation of the ministry less surprising than it otherwise would have been.

[Sidenote: Lord Melbourne's ministry. July 16.]

Seeing the impossibility of forming a distinctly Tory ministry, the King was persuaded by Lord Brougham to send for Lord Melbourne, whom he instructed to give effect as far as possible to his previously expressed wishes, and to form a combined ministry, admitting to office some Tories and some of those who had left office on Conservative grounds. The attempt was fruitless. Peel did not yet see his desired opportunity, and foreseeing the gradual reaction which must arise from the unsatisfactory character of the Whig administration, determined to await his time. The King was therefore compelled to consent to the reconstruction under Melbourne of the old ministry. There was very little change in the construction of the Cabinet. Lord Melbourne's own place in the Home Department was filled by Lord Duncannon (Ponsonby), Sir John Cam Hobhouse obtained a seat in the Cabinet as First Commissioner of the Woods and Forests, and Lord Carlisle surrendered the Privy Seal to Lord Mulgrave.

[Sidenote: Church policy of Melbourne's ministry.]

The change, such as it was, did not add to the strength of the ministry. The introduction of the Coercion Bill on the 18th of July, without the stringent clauses, seemed a confession that some of the ministers at all events were acting contrary to conviction, or that they had weakly yielded to Irish clamour. The Bill was however passed with a strong protest in the Lords. An attempt on the 29th of July again to settle the tithe question displayed still further the inefficiency of the ministry; they allowed themselves to be beaten in the Lower House upon an amendment of O'Connell, who, instead of the proposed land tax, suggested the immediate payment of the tithes, diminished forty per cent., by the landlord. In spite of their defeat, which so completely changed their Bill that out of 172 clauses 111 had to be removed, they proceeded with it, but suffered a heavy defeat on the second reading in the Lords. Their Church policy was indeed throughout entirely ineffective. The feeling that the Church was in danger had begun to take hold not only of the Lords, who systematically resisted innovation, but of the people in England. The efforts of the Dissenters, excited to demand religious equality by the success of Irish agitation, were fruitless. Their petitions were indeed of a character to cause some fear. They begged for the separation of Church and State, for the exclusion of Bishops from Parliament, for the admission of Dissenters to all the privileges of the universities. On this last point a Bill was introduced. Largely signed petitions were sent in against it by the universities. All the leaders of the Conservative, or partially Conservative party, combined to oppose it, and though it passed the Lower House it was rejected in the Lords (Aug. 1). In the same way the efforts of Government to relieve Dissenters from the Church rates, and from the restrictions laid upon the right of dissenting ministers to celebrate marriage, being all conceived from a Church point of view, and assuming the form of concessions rather than the granting of rights, were distasteful to the Dissenters themselves, and came to nothing. The plan for the commutation of the English tithes met with the same fate. It was indeed a period of general ecclesiastical excitement; the introduction of the appropriation clause in the Irish Tithe Bill had closely touched the feelings of English Churchmen; the nature of the Church as distinct from an institution founded by and connected with the State began to be examined. A party in Oxford undertook to enlighten the nation upon the character of the Church in a series of tracts, which gained for the authors the title of Tractarians. In these they urged with great force all the tenets of what is now known as the High Church party--the doctrine of apolostic succession, the sole efficiency of the sacraments, the sacred nature of the priesthood, and the insufficiency of the Bible as apart from the explanations of Church tradition. Their principles rapidly spread. At the same time the Evangelical party lost several of its chief leaders and began to decline. And though three parties could still be traced, public opinion began to divide itself chiefly between the two great views of those who regarded the Church as an institution independent in itself, and beyond the reach of secular interference, and those Liberals who, attached as they might be to the Church as a political institution, regarded it as lying within the sphere of politics.

[Sidenote: Reform of the Poor Law. Aug. 1834.]

But if their liberal Church policy was doomed to failure, the ministry was able to do one great work by the reform of the Poor Law. The chief effects of the old Poor Law have been already mentioned. Its lax administration, the power of relief in the houses of the paupers, the system of allowances in aid of wages, and the distribution of relief in proportion to the number of children, had pauperized the agricultural poor, had withdrawn the chief restraints on early and imprudent marriages, had fostered immorality, and increased the amount of the poor rate till it seemed as though England would sink beneath the burden. It had become necessary to adopt some sounder principles, even although they had the appearance of harshness. Nor was the Government without experience by which to guide its action. Already in about a hundred parishes an improved administration had been tried, and in every instance it had succeeded; while, on the other hand, in certain parishes where the old system remained in vigour cultivation had been actually abandoned, and the neighbouring parishes having to support their poor, there was every risk of the plague spreading throughout England. The chief error in the old system was the complete confusion which existed between poverty and pauperism, between the industrious poor man and the self-pauperized idler. It was this point on which a commission issued in 1832 chiefly insisted. The Bill based on their report was in fact little more than a recurrence to the true principles enunciated in the first general Poor Law of the reign of Elizabeth. To separate these two classes it was necessary that outdoor relief should be discontinued and the allowance system put an end to. Those only who were really in want were to receive relief, but upon conditions which should render it certain that the want was real. In the workhouse every able-bodied man must work; it was not fair that the industrious should be called upon to support an increasing race of paupers raised in the workhouse, husbands and wives must therefore be separated; for the sake of training and education, children must be kept from the possible contamination of the adult paupers; and as the maintenance of industry was one of the chief objects of the reform, free circulation of labour and the removal of most of the restrictions of the old law of settlement were indispensable. The system no doubt had a very harsh appearance, but its principles could scarcely be questioned. But these principles were in fact nothing new; all the evils to be rectified had arisen from the bad way in which such principles had been carried out. The machinery then by which relief was to be administered was of almost more importance than the principles on which it was to be granted. For economy, parishes were formed into unions, with one workhouse instead of several. The method of collecting the rates was left unchanged, the distribution was still left to guardians and select vestries; but this local management was placed under a central board, consisting of three commissioners, with assistants, at first twenty-one, diminished subsequently to nine. There was one other point which bore an appearance of extreme harshness, was much objected to at the time, and was subsequently changed; this was an attempt to check immorality by throwing the charge of the maintenance of illegitimate children upon the mother. This appeared completely to shield the guilty father, and to punish only the weak and misguided mother, but in fact, as many wise people saw at the time, it roused a feeling of self-dependence and respect among women, and produced the very best effects; the decrease of illegitimate births was extraordinary. The decrease in England was nearly 10,000, or thirteen per cent. in two years. In one point only did it appear that party interests could interfere with the passage of the Bill. It almost necessarily implied the subsequent repeal of the Corn Laws. Freedom of labour, the abolition of the Act of Settlement, rendered such a change indispensable; but this the ministry, very anxious to avoid the appearance of touching laws which were very dear to the hearts of the agricultural interest, still refused to believe, and denied in the most absolute terms. Nevertheless, between the second reading on the 9th of May and the third reading of the Bill on the 1st of July, a very powerful opposition had been aroused. It was spoken of as a Bill cruel against the poor. From a radical point of view the centralization of the system was decried. The commissioners were spoken of as three-tailed Bashaws. It was however carried by 157 to 50 votes. This was on the 2nd of July, when Lord Grey was still in office. Under the new ministry the management of the Bill in the Upper House passed into the hands of Lord Brougham; he supported it in one of his ablest speeches, and it was carried on the second reading by a very considerable majority, and became law on the 14th of August. Although some subsequent amendments were necessary, it has on the whole proved highly successful. The poor rate, which at the end of the American War, when the population of England was about 8,000,000, amounted to £2,132,487, which during the subsequent forty years of mismanagement had risen till in 1833, when the population was 14,000,000, it had reached £8,606,501, was in the course of three years reduced by upwards of £3,000,000.

[Sidenote: Discontent and misery of the poor.]

But though its character was so free from taint of party, though its action was on the whole so beneficial, the new Poor Law was used, and used with effect, to excite the deep-felt discontent which was prevalent in the lower classes, and which continued to increase and to acquire form and organization during the next four years, till it assumed the definite form of Chartism, and produced the very dangerous outbreak in the year 1839. It was scarcely possible but that such discontent should exist; the hopes of the poor man, raised to an exaggerated height by the excitement of the Reform Bill, had been cruelly disappointed. While no doubt some good and useful measures of reform had been carried, it was impossible to deny that the reform ministry had on the whole proved itself unwilling and unable to handle the great social questions of the time, that disputes in Parliament had fallen back into their old grooves, and had assumed the form of party contests rather than of efforts for the improvement of the great mass of the people. Hitherto trade had been fairly prosperous, but in 1835 symptoms were evident that this prosperity was disappearing; and when want was added to the justly-felt disappointment of the workmen, when agitators were exciting them with dismal stories of the cruelty of the Poor Law, of the tyranny of the manufacturing masters, and when every good and popular measure seemed to be first stripped of half its value by the ministry which introduced it, and then totally rejected by an obstructive House of Lords, it is not to be wondered at that the unrepresented masses believed that they had been used merely as an instrument, and that if increased representation was so good for their betters, it would prove the cure for them also, and began to clamour for a wide extension of the franchise, and more efficient security that the particular wants of their class should receive attention.

[Sidenote: Increase of trades unions.]

Many signs of the growing discontent were visible. The most formidable in the course of the year 1834 was the great extension and changed character of the trades unions. For some time trade societies had existed, and from time to time individual trades had combined to strike for advance of wages or other trade purposes, but in this year a combination of many trades began to make itself seen, which by mutual support should enable those on strike to hold out against their masters, and though the system broke down through the natural inefficiency of an uneducated body for such a combination, the danger became great when it was extended to the agricultural poor. To repress this symptom, so threatening to the landowners and farmers, six labourers were indicted at Dorchester under an obsolete statute against the administering of oaths. Amidst much popular sympathy, they were sentenced to seven years' transportation. The whole body of unionists, in their indignation, summoned a general meeting in Copenhagen Fields on the 21st of April. Besides a general intention to overawe the ministry, there seems to have been among a knot of their leaders a distinct plan of somehow or other securing the Government by violent means. It was intended that the deputation of the trades should lay hands upon Lord Melbourne, who was then minister for home affairs, and proceed to further acts of violence. Warned in time, Melbourne kept himself out of sight, and sent his under secretary to receive the deputation, while silently troops were held in readiness, the public offices defended with artillery, and 5000 householders sworn in as special constables. The under secretary declared that a petition accompanied by 60,000 men could not be received, and seeing the preparations made for their reception, the crowd withdrew in quiet, and the day passed over safely, but the incident shows both the power and temper of the unionists. Even more formidable was the general feeling against the House of Lords which exhibited itself at the close of the next year. By that time the House had shown itself still more obstinate, and facts had been brought to light which rendered it particularly odious to the people.

[Sidenote: Dispute between Durham and Brougham.]

[Sidenote: Dismissal of the Melbourne ministry. Nov. 1834.]

In the autumn of 1834 the possession of office by the Whigs was regarded as secure, and while O'Connell returned to continue the agitation in Ireland, the ministers withdrew as usual to refresh themselves after the labours of the session. Among others, Lord Brougham travelled in Scotland, everywhere bringing both himself and the ministry into ridicule by his inconsistent and egotistical speeches. On the 15th of September the late Prime Minister attended a banquet held in his honour at Edinburgh, where he met Lord Durham, his son-in-law, Lord Brougham, and several of the other ministers. In returning thanks for the health of the ministry, the Chancellor appeared to rebuke the reformers for their impatience and for endangering all progress by their haste. These words by no means suited the views of Lord Durham, one of the chief authors of the Reform Bill, and a man of very popular tendencies. He replied that he entirely disagreed with his noble and learned friend, and frankly confessed that he was one of those persons who saw with regret every hour that passed over the existence of recognized and unreformed abuses. Brougham took this rebuke in the highest dudgeon, and in a very few days, at Salisbury, he replied severely upon Lord Durham, and uttered a sort of challenge to him to meet him in the House of Lords, and shortly after in the Edinburgh Review charged him with revealing the secrets of the Cabinet. Lord Durham's words at Edinburgh were eagerly accepted as proofs of a more frank acceptance of the principles of reform than they had hitherto met with from Government, and all minds were eagerly set upon the approaching duel in the House. But the King, who, as has been already mentioned, much disliked the Church policy of the Whigs, dreaded what must have given rise to a new assertion of the duty of rapid reform. He was eager to prevent the meeting in the House, and circumstances favoured him. Before the session Lord Spencer died, and Lord Althorp, his son, was thus removed to the Upper House. There was no reason why this should have broken up the ministry, but the King seized his opportunity, sent for Lord Melbourne, asserted that the ministry rested chiefly on the personal influence of Lord Althorp in the Commons, declared that, deprived of it as it now was, the Government could not go on, and dismissed his ministers, instructing Melbourne at once to send for the Duke of Wellington.

[Sidenote: The Peel-Wellington ministry.]

Ever since the passing of the Reform Bill the conduct of Sir Robert Peel had been extremely judicious. In his hands the Tory party had been entirely remodelled; there were indeed remnants of it unchanged, especially in the House of Lords, but gradually most of the party had separated themselves from this remnant, and had taken the name of Conservatives, declaring themselves as willing as the Whigs to foster reforms, although only in a Conservative manner. It was in vain that the old Tories had sought to keep the Duke of Wellington with them; he had wisdom enough to see that the hope of the party lay with Peel, and to keep up the closest connection with him. His first step therefore, when summoned by the King, was to send to Peel, who, believing that the time for a Conservative ministry had not yet arrived, had gone abroad, and was now in Rome. While waiting for his arrival, the Duke took upon himself the discharge of no less than five offices, conduct which, though in fact perfectly wise and reasonable, was foolishly complained of at the time as unconstitutional. Peel, although he was as yet by no means anxious for office, could not but obey the summons, and hurried home with extreme rapidity. He had hoped to obtain the support of Sir James Graham and Mr. Stanley, the late deserters from the Whig ministry, and it was a grave disappointment when they refused to act with him. Thus prevented from forming the moderate Conservative ministry he intended, Peel was reduced to fill his places with men of more pronounced opinions, which promised ill for any advance in reform. He himself became Chancellor of the Exchequer and First Lord of the Treasury. The Foreign, Home, War, and Colonial Offices were filled respectively by Wellington, Goulburn, Herries, and Aberdeen. Lord Lyndhurst became Lord Chancellor, Hardinge Irish Secretary, and Lord Wharncliffe Privy Seal.

[Sidenote: The Tamworth Manifesto. Jan. 1835.]

[Sidenote: New Parliament. Feb. 19, 1835.]

With this ministry Peel had to meet a hostile House of Commons, for the approach of the Conservatives to power had combined Whigs and Radicals in opposition. The Prime Minister therefore thought it necessary to dissolve Parliament, and took the opportunity of declaring his policy in what is known as the Tamworth Manifesto. He declared his acceptance of the Reform Bill as a final settlement of the question, and promised to carry out its intentions as far as they consisted in a wise and careful improvement of old institutions. As to the other questions then at issue he would support the inquiry into the state of corporations which the late ministry had set on foot, and wished, as his predecessors had done, to relieve Dissenters from the Church rates and from all restrictions on their marriages; but upon the Irish Church, and upon admission of Dissenters to the universities, his mind was unchanged. He continued to object to the appropriation of Church revenues to secular purposes and to granting degrees to Dissenters. As to whether any reform was required in the organization of the English Church, his mind, he said, was not yet made up. The tone of this Manifesto was very different from that of the old Tory party, and shows that the Reform Bill had really done its work, that the country had entered upon a new era, when the lines between parties would be less coarsely drawn, when obstinate obstruction to all reform would be impossible, and the points at issue confined chiefly to the time, manner, and degree, in which reforms should be carried out. But it is impossible in a country where party government has once taken root that unprejudiced discussion of measures should become prevalent. The general principles of the men by whom the measures are suggested are, and must be, invariably taken into consideration, and the one party will not fail to feel mistrust of the other even though the plans suggested are as good, or better, than their own, and the contest between the rival parties for the Government of the country will not cease. Thus, in spite of Peel's moderation, the whole body of the Liberals were determined to oppose the new Government to the utmost, and not to trust the administration in the hands of one who had always represented the Tories, and who still received the support even of the extreme members of that party. The elections, though they returned a House, as is generally the case, more favourable to the existing Government than that which had been dissolved, still gave a considerable majority to the Liberals.

[Sidenote: Overthrow of Peel's ministry. April 8, 1835.]

From the very first Peel held office upon suffrance; the only question was how to bring matters to a point, as the minister refused to accept as his dismissal anything but a direct vote of want of confidence. Meanwhile his temper and judgment daily increased the admiration which the public began to feel for him. He took up several of the late ministers' measures, and carried them through where they themselves had failed. A more complete liberty granted to the Dissenters with regard to their marriages won their approbation; and though he could not complete this measure, he was able on going out of office to leave it in the hands of Lord John Russell, by whom it was settled upon the principle that the State was only interested in the civil contract, while churches and sects were at liberty to add what religious ceremonies they liked. He introduced a measure for the voluntary commutation of tithes, which seemed to be successful, re-appointed all the committees of the preceding session for examining abuses, and continued with good effect the ecclesiastical commission for the organization of the arrangements of the Church. The common charge against him was that he was purloining the measures of his adversaries. However, although he had to stand constantly on the defensive, there appeared no sufficient grounds for a vote of want of confidence. At last, on the 30th of March, Lord John Russell brought the matter to a crisis by proposing as a sort of test question that the House should resolve itself into committee to consider the state of the Irish Church, with the intention of applying any surplus revenues which might be found to general education, without distinction of religion. In other words, he reintroduced the old appropriation clause. It is to be borne in mind that the Whigs themselves had abandoned that clause, that they had voted against it in the case of Mr. Ward's measure, and that they afterwards entirely rejected it. But for the time it served the party purpose. Although Peel declared, and declared rightly, that the feeling of England was against it, the votes of the Scotch and Irish members carried the day, and the ministry was beaten on the 3rd of April by a majority of thirty-three. On the 8th Sir Robert Peel announced his resignation.

The Whigs were thus again triumphant. The history of their weakness and their difficulties belong to a period of history which lies beyond the limits of this work. But one measure which they brought to a satisfactory conclusion requires mention as completing in one very important point the work of the Reform Bill. This was the reform of corporations. With this exception it would be impossible to describe the course of their measures without following them so far that they become a part rather of present politics than of past history. But this reform to which they at once pledged themselves was scarcely less important for the purification of local government than the Reform Bill itself had been with regard to the central Legislature.

[Sidenote: Condition of municipal corporations.]

On the extension of the franchise on the passing of the Reform Bill, attention had been drawn to the fact that in a great number of corporate towns many of the electors who had the right to join in choosing members for Parliament had no voice at all in the management of their own local affairs. It was clearly for the interest of the reform party to remove this abuse, and to secure still stronger support from the middle class of citizens among whom their strength already lay. In 1833 a commission of ten members had been issued to inquire into the condition of the corporations of England and Wales. Nominated during the first days of the popular triumph, and with a party object, it was natural that the commissioners should be drawn entirely from the ranks of the reformers. Their report was therefore open to the charge of onesidedness, but it brought a state of things to light which thoroughly justified the Government in introducing a great measure of reform. The constitution, originally popular, of the English boroughs had in lapse of time been completely altered. The rights of citizenship, originally belonging to all fully qualified freemen residing within the borough, had been gradually confined to a small class technically spoken of as the Freemen, many of whom were so decayed as not only to pay no rates, but in some cases to be themselves dependent on the poor rates. The government of the town and administration of the corporate property, and, before the Reform Bill, the election of parliamentary representatives, had in some instances fallen into the hands of an exclusive council, who had the right of filling up the vacancies in its own numbers. A variety of circumstances had contributed to these changes. Birth, marriage, apprenticeship, or membership of some guild, originally tests of residence, had after a time acted so as to exclude large numbers of residents from the ranks of the freemen. Wealth introduced a division of classes, and unchecked encroachment on the part of the wealthy had gone still further to exclude many from their rights. Political reasons had induced the Crown to seek the support of the boroughs in Parliament, and, especially in the time of the Tudors, new charters had been granted which placed the local government entirely in the hands of self-elected councils, much more easily handled for political purposes than widespread constituencies. The same process had been continued by the Stuarts. James II. even went further, and his attempt to nominate corporations of boroughs was not the least of the causes of the Revolution. Though the project failed, the close corporation system was continued both by Whigs and Tories, who found their political advantage in it. This perversion of municipal arrangements for political purposes had been attended with many practical abuses. In the first place, the corporations, which had in their hands the government of large and important towns, by no means represented the property, intelligence, or population of those towns. Thus in Ipswich, of 2000 ratepayers only 287 belonged to the corporation. At Cambridge, out of 20,000 inhabitants, only 118 were freemen, while of the property, which was valued at £25,000, only £2100 was the property of freemen. In Norwich, £25,500 was the value of the rated property, £18,200 of this belonged to those who were not freemen. Again, these self-elected governors constantly misappropriated the corporate funds, which, as the gross income of the corporations was £366,000, was a matter of considerable importance; the corporate offices were filled by favour, the charities employed for the purchase of votes, and large sums spent upon feasting and other useless shows, while the townsmen at large were rated for all local purposes. The distribution of these rates again was in the hands of the same people who exacted them, and no account of how they were employed could be obtained. To cure this general state of corruption was the intention of the new measure.

[Sidenote: The Municipal Reform Bill. Sept. 7, 1835.]

The measure included 178 boroughs. It began by marking out their boundaries, where possible in accordance with the boundaries of the electoral borough. The object of the Bill was not to centralize, but on the contrary to improve local administration; it was not therefore proposed to withdraw business from the hands of the corporation, with the exception of the administration of charities and church funds, which were respectively placed in the hands of trustees named by the Lord Chancellor and of the ecclesiastical commissioners. It was the nature of the corporation itself which was to be improved. In accordance with the principle of the Whig party, the new governing bodies were to be elected by constituencies of considerable breadth, but confined to the middle classes. A three years' residence and payment of the poor and borough rates was to be the qualification of an elector. By them the new governing body, called the town council, was chosen, which together with the constituency formed the corporation. To committees of the town council were intrusted the administration of the various branches of local government. To the whole body collectively was given the management of the borough funds, the proper expenditure of which was to be guaranteed by a publication of the accounts, properly audited by auditors not themselves town councillors. The Government reserved in its own hand the right of appointing justices of the peace and paid magistrates when required. Though the change was sweeping, and seemed somewhat to affect the rights of property, the abuses were so glaring that the Bill easily passed the Lower House. In the Lords several amendments were passed against the Government, especially one retaining their old privilege to existing freemen, but somewhat to the disappointment of the Tories, the Commons accepted the amendment, and the Bill was passed on the 7th of September.

[Sidenote: Foreign diplomacy of Palmerston.]

So absorbing had been the interest of domestic questions that foreign affairs had been somewhat disregarded. Yet from time to time they had come before the public attention, and were in themselves of considerable importance. They had fallen chiefly into the hands of Lord Palmerston, a disciple of Canning's, and therefore by principle an upholder of peace and of the doctrine of non-intervention, but inspired also as his master had been with an admiration and love for the institutions of constitutional monarchy, which led him into a line of conduct which it is difficult to harmonize with his professed principles. The most striking characteristic of our foreign policy in his hands was the close apparent union with France in opposition to the three Eastern powers, which Palmerston still regarded as tainted with the old principle of the Holy Alliance, and of one of which, namely Russia, he was sensitively mistrustful on all points connected with the policy of the East of Europe. The sympathy between England and France was inevitable. In some sense the kings of the two countries were both citizen kings, the great change which had taken place in England was the counterpart of the Revolution of July. In both countries it was the middle class which had just obtained the predominance. In both countries there was the same character of government, and both expressed the same desire for peace. At the same time the questions which agitated Western Europe were all more or less connected with the establishment of that form of government which both countries admired.

[Sidenote: Absorption of Poland. 1831.]

The influence of the Revolution of July had, as has been mentioned, spread far and wide over Europe, but had made itself most prominently felt in Belgium, which had broken loose from its enforced connection with Holland, and in Poland, which rose in insurrection to free itself from the rule of Russia. With Poland England had little to do. In the existing state of circumstances, though the sympathy of all classes was strongly with the Poles, armed interference was not to be thought of, and it was impossible to prevent the total subjugation of that gallant nation, after a very brave but ineffectual attempt to withstand the might of Russia. The fall of Warsaw sealed its fate; it was incorporated, contrary to all the stipulations of the Treaty of Vienna, with the Russian empire.

[Sidenote: Formation of Belgium.]

But Belgium was nearer home. Its creation into a strong kingdom had been the pet scheme of English diplomatists; it was impossible to leave it to be overwhelmed by Holland, in conjunction with the Eastern powers, or to be absorbed by France. The difficult duty of the English minister was so to undo the work of his predecessors as if possible to prevent a war which would inevitably have arisen in either of the above cases, and so to preserve the independence of the Belgians that they might yet serve in some degree to fulfil the object of the negotiators of Vienna, as a check upon the power of France. To gain these ends he induced the five great powers to send representatives to a Congress in London. The first difficulty was to restrain the ambitious desires of France, where the propagandist and conquering spirit seemed for the moment to have been reawakened by the late revolution. The original plan of mediation was rejected by the King of the Netherlands, who, trusting to the assistance of Russia, invaded Belgium, and was only dislodged by the appearance of a French army. After a period of some anxiety, the firmness of Palmerston was successful in causing the withdrawal of the French troops, and the rejection of the crown by the King's son the Duc de Nemours. The immediate danger of war being thus averted, the London Conference drew up twenty-four articles (Nov 15, 1831), on which, though they were not thoroughly acceptable to either party, it was determined to insist. They specified the limits of the new kingdom more favourably for Holland than had been the case in the preceding and rejected scheme, and settled the division of the public debt. Upon the understanding that these arrangements were final, Prince Leopold, the husband of the late Princess Charlotte, accepted the throne, not however, as Palmerston was careful to explain, as the English candidate, but as a man generally acceptable to the powers. He shortly rendered his position more secure by marrying a daughter of the French King. But the difficulties did not end with his acceptance of the throne; the King of the Netherlands continued to refuse the proferred terms, till at length the two Western powers lost patience, and unable to procure the assistance of the other members of the Conference, took the matter into their own hands, laid an embargo on the Dutch ships, blockaded the mouth of the Scheldt, and laid siege to Antwerp with a French army. After a very gallant defence, Antwerp yielded, and though the final settlement between the countries was postponed till 1839, a provisional armistice was entered into which practically put an end to the difficulties.

[Sidenote: Affairs of Portugal.]

As important as Belgium were the affairs of Portugal and Spain. Don Miguel had pursued his career of cruelty and folly. Acts of unjustifiable violence committed on the subjects of France had compelled the French Government, in July 1831, to send a squadron to the Tagus to obtain satisfaction, a measure which threatened for an instant serious consequences, as the English Government still felt itself pledged to uphold Portugal, its old ally. Fortunately Miguel was too foolish to see his opportunity. Still worse behaviour towards some English subjects brought a British fleet to Portugal in the following spring also to demand satisfaction. It became certain that the two Western powers would act in union there as they had already done in Belgium. While continuing nominally a strict neutrality, all sorts of volunteer assistance was allowed to join Don Pedro, when in July 1832 he landed at Oporto, again to assert the claims of his young daughter. An Englishman commanded his fleet, a Frenchman his army, and his troops were largely composed of volunteers from both nations. On the other hand, the French Legitimists, with Marshal Bourmont at their head, crowded to assist Don Miguel. For a while Don Pedro's expedition met with poor success; he could barely make good his position in Oporto, but in the middle of the next year, Admiral Sartorius having given place to Napier, the tide of victory changed, Miguel's fleet was destroyed off St. Vincent, and before the end of June Lisbon was in the hands of the Queen's adherents. For some while longer the strife was continued; but the Whigs could boast that the question was practically settled, and constitutional government established, although the assertion they made that they had held a strict neutrality, and without helping either side had allowed them to fight the matter out, was scarcely consistent with truth.

[Sidenote: Affairs of Spain.]

The success of constitutional principles in Portugal was speedily followed by events which produced the same results in Spain. The law of succession in that country had been again and again changed; the liberal constitution of 1812 had excluded females; Ferdinand in 1830 had again admitted them to the succession, but, frightened by a dangerous illness, and under pressure from the priests, he subsequently withdrew this decree, thus leaving his brother Don Carlos, an extreme absolutist, heir to the throne. The return of health brought him under other influences. He had married a young Neapolitan Princess, Christina, by whom he had two daughters, and through her influence he was induced, in 1832, to re-establish the old law, settling the crown on his daughter Isabella. In September 1832 he died, and when Isabella was proclaimed Queen and Christina Regent, Carlos met with considerable sympathy, especially among the clergy, the peasantry and the old nobility, as they considered him tricked out of his inheritance by Christina's influence. But Christina had sense enough to throw herself heartily upon the side of the Liberal government, and rallied round her all the friends of constitutionalism in Spain and elsewhere. Thus there were in each of the neighbouring countries of the Peninsula a young Queen representing constitutional principles, opposed to an uncle with absolutist views claiming the throne. The Queen was successful in Spain; the Cortes was summoned under a Liberal minister, and Don Carlos was driven from the country. The similarity of their positions made the cause of the two Princes one, and Carlos betook himself to Don Miguel, who was still after his expulsion from Lisbon lying at Santarem. Lord Palmerston saw in this position of affairs an opportunity for carrying out his great object, of supporting constitutionalism and aiming a blow against the absolute powers of the East. He arranged, early in the year 1834, a Quadruple Alliance, primarily between Spain and Portugal, for the purpose of expelling the claimants to both countries from the Peninsula, a movement which was to be supported in case of necessity by a French army and an English fleet.

[Sidenote: The Quadruple Alliance. 1834.]

[Sidenote: Unavailing against Russian advance.]

[Sidenote: Treaty of Unkiar Skelesi.]

Thus, as in the affairs of Belgium, France and England had been successful in thwarting the Eastern powers and establishing a constitutional power, so now again they had induced Spain and Portugal to add their weight to the constitutional cause. "I reckon this to be a great stroke," said Palmerston; "in the first place it will settle Portugal, and go some way to settle Spain also, but what is of more permanent and essential importance, it establishes a quadruple alliance between the States of the West, which will serve as a powerful counterpoise to the Holy Alliance of the East." The treaty did in fact at once put an end to the opposition of Don Miguel. A Spanish army marched to attack him on the rear, and he surrendered, and promised to leave the Peninsula. In the affairs of Spain the treaty was not so effectual. Don Carlos escaped in an English ship, to return subsequently and carry on a civil war, which lasted till 1840. During that period the English, though still preserving external neutrality, allowed an English legion, under the command of Sir De Lacy Evans, to go to the assistance of the Queen, whose final triumph he materially assisted in gaining. The whole fruit of the Whig foreign policy, and of the friendship with France, which the similarity of feeling in the two countries had engendered, was to consolidate for the time the West of Europe upon constitutional principles, in well-defined opposition to the East. But this had not been done without the exertion of an amount of influence, and an indirect employment of physical force, which could scarcely be honestly veiled under the name of neutrality; nor had the joint influence of the two countries been sufficient to check the growth of Russia in the East. Mahomet Ali, the Pasha of Egypt, had formed the idea of creating an Arabian monarchy from portions of the Turkish Empire. His adopted son and heir, Ibrahim Pasha, overran the whole of Syria, and, in 1832, seemed on the highroad to Constantinople. In its extremity the Porte applied to Russia for assistance, and although the French Ambassador contrived a temporary arrangement with the Pasha which postponed for a time the interference of the Russians, the further advance of Ibrahim compelled a renewed demand for help, and finally, on July 8, 1833, most of the demands of Mahomet Ali were granted, and the Treaty of Unkiar Skelesi was signed with Russia, which opened the Bosphorus to the Russians, and closed the Dardanelles to the ships of war of other nations; the protests of England and France remained entirely unheeded.

* * * * *

[Sidenote: Retrospect of affairs in India.]

Palmerston's dislike to the advance of Russia in the East rested not only on his general antipathy to the prince, whom he regarded as the head of the absolutist party, but arose from the feeling that it was necessary to secure our road to India, which has been the chief spring of the policy of England in the Mediterranean, and indeed, that nothing should interfere with our Indian possessions, became yearly more important. Uninfluenced in its general course by the changes of parties, the Indian Empire had been steadily increasing for the last thirty years. Though Wellesley's view stated broadly, that England must be the one great power of India, was not accepted by several of his successors, without wish of their own they had been compelled to act much as he would have acted, constantly to increase the English dominions, and to complete the system of subsidiary treaties with those powers which were still allowed a separate existence.

[Sidenote: Cornwallis. Jul-Oct. 1805. Sir G. Barlow. 1805-1807.]

[Sidenote: Lord Minto. 1807-1813.]

[Sidenote: Capture of Batavia and Mauritius.]

[Sidenote: Check of the Sikhs.]

[Sidenote: Mutiny at Madras.]

Lord Cornwallis' second tenure of office, interrupted by his speedy death, was too brief to allow him to reverse his predecessor's policy, as seems to have been his intention. Nor was the government of Sir George Barlow, one of the civil servants of the Company, who devoted himself chiefly to the financial business of his office, of sufficient length to produce much effect. But during the rule of Lord Minto, sent out to replace him by the Grenville administration in 1807, some events of importance took place. Of these the most important were the capture of the Dutch and French possessions in the East, the check which was given to the rising kingdom of the Sikhs in the Punjaub, and the strange incident of a mutiny of the English officers in Madras. In July 1810 the Island of Bourbon was taken with little loss, and in the following November, General Abercrombie, with an expedition consisting of troops from Bengal and Madras, attacked the Isle of France; within three days of his reaching the island he succeeded in overcoming all opposition, the island was surrendered, and the last remnant of French power in the East disappeared. In February of the same year the possessions of Holland, then forming a part of the French Empire, were also attacked, and in 1811 a considerable army was landed in Java. Batavia at once surrendered, but it was not till after a severe battle with the Dutch General Jansens, and the loss of about a thousand men, that the island was subdued; it was intrusted to the government of Mr. Raffles, afterwards Sir Stamford, and was much improved under his hands, but at the Peace of Vienna it was restored with most other colonial conquests. It has been believed that its value and wealth were not thoroughly known or appreciated by the ministry at the time. It was the interest of the European war also which brought Lord Minto's government into contact with powers on the north-east of India. A French embassy to Persia, really directed against the Russians, was thought to have reference to an intended attack upon India, which was known to have been at an earlier time a favourite project of Napoleon's. It became therefore necessary for the English Government to attempt to secure the friendship of the Affghans and the Sikhs. This latter race, originally organized in a sort of confederacy, had been gradually brought under the subjection of one family, the representative of which was now Runjeet Singh. In their dread of the French, the English were for a while blind to his encroachments even on the east of the Sutlej, but as events in Europe showed that Napoleon's Eastern dreams were for the present over, a firmer tone was adopted, and in 1809 the appearance of English troops proved to Runjeet that his hopes of further conquest were futile, and he consented to enter into a treaty of perpetual friendship. The mutiny at Madras was somewhat similar to that which Clive had suppressed in the Bengal army. The withdrawal of an allowance known as the tent contract was the immediate cause of the disaffection, but there had been for some time discontent among the officers, unfortunately supported by some whose age and position gave them influence over their juniors. General Macdowell, having been refused a seat in the Council, had thrown up his command, and was returning to England in disgust. He entered into an unseemly quarrel with the Quartermaster-General, Colonel Munro, and published a general order declaring that had he remained in India he would have brought him to a court-martial. The Government, in great anger, suspended those officers who had assisted in publishing the general order, and finding them largely supported by their fellow-officers, proceeded to remove a considerable number from their command. This was followed by an open mutiny which broke out in Hyderabad, Seringapatam, and elsewhere. At Seringapatam the mutineers were suppressed by force of arms, elsewhere they came to their senses, and accepted the conditions imposed on them by Lord Minto, who had come to Madras to attempt to meet the difficulty. Lord Minto returned to England in 1813, after an honourable discharge of his duties, and was succeeded by the Earl of Moira, afterwards Marquis of Hastings.

[Sidenote: Marquis of Hastings. 1813-1823.]

[Sidenote: War with Nepaul.]

[Sidenote: War with the Pindaries and Mahrattas.]

It was during Lord Moira's administration that the work of Wellesley was completed and the position of England rendered absolutely paramount in India. His first difficulties were with Nepaul, where the Goorkhas had succeeded in establishing a power of some importance, and had not refrained from attacking English territory. The war was a severe one; on more than one occasion the English troops were defeated or foiled by the strong fortifications of their opponents. But after two campaigns, in 1815, Sir David Ochterlony succeeded in securing the hill-fortresses and compelling the Goorkha chief to come to terms. The Nepaulese surrendered to the English a portion of the Terrai, a territory lying to the south of their country, reinstated a considerable number of the small princes they had lately dispossessed, and received an English resident at Catmandoo, their capital. It was at the close of this war that Lord Moira received his marquisate. But events, to which Lord Hastings owes his chief celebrity, arose in a more important quarter. The centre of India was occupied by the great princes of the Mahratta nation, who, though subdued by Lord Wellesley, were uneasy under their altered circumstances, and were dreaming of the restoration of their national greatness. Their nominal head was the Peishwa resident at Poonah, and now placed under a subsidiary treaty with the English. These princes kept up communications among themselves. Agents from Poonah were at all their courts, and some of them certainly engaged in intrigues both with the Nepaulese and Runjeet Singh, the late enemies of the English. Besides these covert and dangerous enemies, there existed a body of freebooters called the Pindaries. Recruited from all nations and all religions, their hordes found employment sometimes with the armies of the native princes at war with each other, sometimes in predatory excursions of their own. The reward for which they served was nearly always the right to rob. Their expeditions were of the most destructive character; all mounted and lightly armed, they crossed the country in marches of from forty to fifty miles a day, fell upon the devoted district, and carried off everything moveable in it, frequently burning what they could not carry away, and having recourse to the cruellest tortures to wring from the wretched inhabitants a knowledge of their hidden treasure. They had found their chief support among the Mahrattas, and had established themselves in the country between the Nerbudda and the Vindhya hills. Till 1815 they had refrained from attacking the English, but during the Nepaulese war they had crossed the river into the Deccan, and had ravaged the territory of our ally the Nizam; and the year after they had even passed the British frontiers and plundered more than three hundred villages. Lord Hastings determined to put an end to these robbers, supported as he believed that they were by the Mahratta confederation, before he dismissed the army collected for the war of Nepaul. He applied for leave to act on a great scale, and, having received it, brought into the field large armies from all the Presidencies, and prepared for war on such a scale as rendered it plain that he intended to make a final settlement of Central India. It was the complicity of the Mahrattas with the Pindaries which rendered his work difficult. The Peishwa had already shown his intentions. His favourite, Trimbucjee, had procured the murder of the agent of the Guicowar, who, in union with the English, was negotiating for a new lease of the Peishwa's property in Gujerat. The murderer was screened, and signs were everywhere visible that the Peishwa was meditating treachery. Yielding to the pressure of the English resident, he surrendered Trimbucjee; but on the escape of his favourite he again gave him refuge, and eluded the English demands. At length, yielding to the strong measures taken by them, he apparently gave up the point, and in June 1817 entered into a new treaty considerably more stringent than the Treaty of Bassein, and designed to destroy the Peishwa's nominal superiority over the Mahratta confederation, which was the source of so much danger. The effect of the treaty was very temporary. The Peishwa continued his measures against the English, attacked and burnt the British residency, was defeated after a severe battle and fled, intending to make common cause with his compatriots. Meanwhile events of a somewhat similar character had been taking place at the courts of the other Mahratta chiefs. It was thought necessary not only to separate them from the Pindaries, but to oblige them to join in the suppression of those freebooters. In November Sindia was compelled to make a treaty to that effect, containing a most important clause, as it allowed the English to make separate treaties, which had hitherto been forbidden, with those chiefs, especially the Rajputs, who were dependent upon Sindia. The unity of his kingdom was thus broken up. A treaty of a similar character was concluded with Ameer Khan, the head of a large body of freebooters in close connection with Holkar, though at the time resident at Jeypoor. With the other two great chiefs, the Rajah of Nagpoor and Holkar, more violent measures were found necessary. Appa Sahib, the uncle of the late prince, had obtained the government of Nagpoor, and had pretended a close friendship with England. But the same national aspirations as had moved the Peishwa acted upon him too. As the Peishwa was the nominal viceroy of the Mahrattas, so was he their nominal commander-in-chief. He repeated the treachery at Poonah, and attacked the British residency; and as his army was strong, and consisted largely of Arabs, he was only defeated after a battle of eighteen hours' duration. By December, however, he was thoroughly conquered, and had given himself up to the English; Nagpoor had been evacuated, and the Arabs dismissed. Just about the same time the forces of Holkar had been also defeated at Mahidpoor, in the neighbourhood of Oojein. On the insanity of Holkar himself, his power had passed into the hands of his young wife, Toolsee-Bhye, as regent for the young prince; but she was mistrusted by the war party, seized, and put to death. The chiefs then plunged into war, but were thoroughly defeated by Hislop's forces, and the young Holkar was compelled to enter into a treaty, which, among other things, bound him to perpetual peace, and established the Company as the arbitrator in all his quarrels. As in the case of Sindia, the Rajput princes subject to his dominion were allowed to contract separate treaties with the English, and gladly seized the opportunity. Thus the great confederation was defeated in detail, and the Peishwa alone, a fugitive from his capital, was capable of making resistance. It was found nearly impossible to come up with him; though combats were occasionally fought, no general battle resulted. But a new plan was devised which before long completed his destruction. The strongholds of his country were one by one reduced; and among others, in February, Satara, the residence of the descendants of Sevaji, whose nominal minister the Peishwa was. The authority of this prince was re-established, and the Peishwa was deposed, and thus the national character of his resistance destroyed. Soon after, also (Feb. 19, 1818), he was forced to battle at Ashtee, near Bunderpoor, and there thoroughly beaten. His power of resistance was now at an end, his fortresses had fallen one by one; his motley army, consisting largely of Pindaries, was broken up, and in June, finding himself surrounded, he surrendered to Sir John Malcolm. He accepted an allowance of £80,000 a year, with leave to withdraw and reside at Benares, where he remained quietly during the rest of his life. He had refused even to the last to surrender Trimbucjee, who was, however, shortly afterwards captured, and kept a prisoner till his death. The destruction of the Mahratta power had gone hand in hand with that of the Pindaries. Wherever they had been met with they had been beaten. By the end of February all their leaders had surrendered, and such remnants of them as were left had been removed to Goruckpoor, where they settled quietly down. There was one exception; their great chief, Chetoo, was still at large, and when Appa Sahib of Nagpoor, continuing his treachery after the treaty, and still holding communication with the Peishwa, was dethroned, the two chiefs took refuge in the Mahadeo hills on the south of the Nerbudda, and there assembled a mixed army of Mahrattas, Arabs, and Pindaries, to the number of about 20,000. The destruction of these troops closed the war. The English forces were concentrated for a great attack; seeing the hopelessness of resistance, the leaders fled, and took refuge in the fort of Aseerghur, which belonged to Sindia, with whom no doubt Appa had still relations. The fortress could not long shelter him. Sindia, in fear, refused to receive him; he fled to Runjeet Singh, and was finally allowed to return and live peaceably in Judpore. Chetoo, deprived of most of his followers, also took flight; he attempted to retire into the Malwa, but during his retreat sought refuge in a thicket, and was there devoured by a tiger. As a punishment for having received the fugitives, Aseerghur was besieged and taken, and as clear proofs were found in it of Sindia's treachery, it was retained. This was the last act of the war. At its conclusion the whole dominions of the Peishwa, with the exception of a district given to the Rajah of Satara, and all Appa Sahib's dominions in Berar, passed directly into the hands of the English. All the Rajput rajahs had placed themselves under British protection, and Sindia was the only prince with whom there had not been concluded a satisfactory subsidiary treaty. Lord Hastings had thus the merit of thoroughly completing the great plans of the Marquis of Wellesley.

[Sidenote: Lord Amherst. 1823-1828.]

[Sidenote: The Burmese War.]

When Hastings left his office, which he had held for nine years, he was succeeded by Lord Amherst, who reached Calcutta in August 1823, and held the Governor-generalship till 1828. During that period the dominions of England received a still further accession, and the difficulty of putting a stop to a course of conquest once begun was shown. At the same time that Clive had laid the foundation of the English Empire, a man of the name of Alompra had established a great empire on the other side of the Ganges. He had succeeded in bringing into one the kingdoms of Siam, Pegu, Ava, and Aracan. By degrees the two empires of Burmah and of India had become conterminous. The Burmese had been rendered so confident by their successes that they had demanded of Lord Hastings the surrender of Chittagong, Dacca, and other places, as having been originally dependencies of Aracan; their demand had of course been absolutely disregarded, but they were now proceeding to conquer Cashar, a district in North-Eastern Bengal, the rajah of which applied for help to the English. A further act of encroachment on their part brought on a war; they seized, on the coast of Chittagong, a little island in the possession of a small British outpost. No satisfaction could be obtained, and in March 1824 war became inevitable, much against the will, and somewhat to the surprise, of Lord Amherst, who had intended to be peaceful. The attack of the English was made upon Rangoon at the mouth of the Irawaddi. It was easily occupied, but the Burmese were a warlike race, and being strengthened in their wish for resistance by successes on the Bengal frontier refused to come to terms. Again and again the great pagoda of Rangoon, which had become the English citadel, was assaulted. In December a final unsuccessful attack was made under the command of Maha Bundoola, who had distinguished himself in the north. From May to February the fighting about Rangoon had continued, the chief difficulty met with being the skill of the enemy in the defence of stockades. Then, at last, Sir Archibald Campbell found it possible to advance up the Irawaddi towards Prome. In April he reached that place and found it deserted. There the English remained during the rainy season. In November hostilities were renewed, and the English gradually forced their way up to within forty-five miles of Ava, the capital. There at length, in February 1826, a treaty was concluded by which the Burmese ceded Assam, Aracan, and the country south of Martiban along the coast. They also gave up their claims upon the English provinces, paid a large sum of money, and established friendly relations between the courts, to be kept up by an interchange of ambassadors.

[Sidenote: Capture of Bhurtpore.]

The occupation of England in a foreign war had given rise to hopes among the princes of India that an opportunity had come for reasserting their freedom. But all such thoughts were dashed to the ground by the capture and destruction of the fortress of Bhurtpore, hitherto considered impregnable. At the beginning of 1825 a disputed succession had occurred. The expelled Prince was under British protection; it remained to be seen how far it now availed him. Lord Amherst was at first inclined to non-intervention, but the army was in the hands of Lord Combermere, an old Peninsula officer, not likely to shrink before difficulties. He at once undertook to reduce the stronghold. Having demanded the dismissal of women and children, which was refused, he proceeded to bombard the town. After two months of siege, the assault was given, and in two hours the town was secured; the fortress was then razed to the ground, and the rightful prince reinstated, and the great movement against the English which had been dreaded by many thinking men in India thus at once checked. The Indian Empire had now reached the limits which were not increased for many years. The subsequent conquests of the Punjaub and Sinde have set a natural and geographical boundary to it, which, it may be hoped, will prevent the necessity of those wars of conquest, which were really wars of defence, to which it owes its present gigantic dimensions.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: Taught by experience, Mackay invented the bayonet fitting round the barrel.]

[Footnote 2:

Philip III., 1598-1621. | +---------------------------+-----------------------+ | | | Philip IV., 1621-1665. Maria=Ferdinand III. Anne=Louis XIII. | b. 1606.|Emperor, b. 1601. |of France, | |1637-1657. |1610-1643. +-----------+---------------+ | | | | | | | Charles II., Marie=Louis XIV. | | | 1665-1700. Therese.| (1)Margaret=Leopold I.,=(2)Princess Louis XIV. | | 1658-1705.| of Neuburg. 1643-1715. | | | of France | | | | | +-+--------------+ | | | | Louis, the Dauphin, Electress of Joseph I., Charles VI., the died 1711.| Bavaria. 1705-1711. Archduke, called | | Charles III. of +---------+--------+ | Spain, 1703. | | | Emperor 1711-1740. Louis, Duke of Philip, Duke Joseph, Electoral Prince, | Burgundy, Of Anjou, died 1699. | died 1712. King of Spain Maria Theresa. | as Philip V., 1700-1746. Louis XV., 1715-1774. ]

[Footnote 3: Afterwards Emperor Charles VI., now called Charles III. of Spain in opposition to Philip V.]

[Footnote 4: The applications of the passages in the "Beggars' Opera" must have been after-thoughts, as the play was brought out in 1728, before the quarrel at Mrs. Selwyn's, if quarrel there was, took place.]

[Footnote 5: In that year Hozier, probably by the orders of Government, had hesitated to attack that place. Glover, in his ballad of "Admiral Hozier's Ghost," makes him say,

"I with twenty sail attended, Did this Spanish town affright; Nothing then its wealth defended But my orders not to fight. Oh! that in this rolling ocean I had cast them with disdain, And obeyed my heart's warm motion To have quelled the pride of Spain." ]

[Footnote 6: Brother of Francis, Maria Theresa's husband.]

[Footnote 7: For the consecutive history of India, see p. 1113.]

[Footnote 8: See p. 1119.]

[Footnote 9: He seldom spoke. When Lord Sandwich was one day attacking him, a friend asked him, "How could you worry a poor dumb creature so?"]

[Footnote 10: The old Duke of Cumberland had died in 1765.]

[Footnote 11: The patronage was worth more than £300,000 a year; besides the governor and the councils, there was one place of £25,000 a year, one of £15,000, five of £10,000, five of £9000, one of £7500, three of £2000, and so on.]

[Footnote 12: To show how paramount he was in Parliament, and how powerless the Opposition, it is only necessary to read the list of the Acts which passed Parliament that year. Motion in the House of Peers by Lord Stanhope for non-interference in the internal affairs of France--unanimously rejected. Motion of a like tendency in the House of Commons--negatived. Motion in the House of Peers for facilitating the opening of negotiation with France--negatived. Motion for a vigorous prosecution of the war--carried. Sundry motions for preparing the way for peace with France--negatived. Motion in the House of Commons for inquiring into the state of the nation--negatived. Another to the same intent in the House of Peers--negatived. Motion in the House of Commons tending to a general pacification by Mr. Wilberforce--negatived. Motion of a similar tendency in the House of Lords--negatived.]

[Footnote 13: It is a curious fact that the subscription was filled in fifteen hours and twenty minutes; two on Thursday, six on Friday, six on Saturday, and one hour and twenty minutes on Monday.]

[Footnote 14: This worthy gentleman, who used to compel the peasantry to prostrate themselves before him, who flogged a man within an inch of his life for writing a note in French, which he could not understand, and kept another for some days in prison without the slightest shadow of a charge, was rewarded with a considerable pension and a baronetcy.]

[Footnote 15: The views of the Armed Neutrality have been since accepted by Europe.]

[Footnote 16: The error of Grenville's position lay in this, that the law of supply and demand can only work universally. It does not follow that it will act beneficially in a single country under protective laws.]

[Footnote 17: Malta had been ceded by Charles V. to the Knights of St. John in 1530, after they had been deprived of Rhodes by the advancing Turks. Bonaparte had taken possession of the island in 1798, while on his road to Egypt.]

[Footnote 18: Massey, vol. iv. 336.]

[Footnote 19: Owing to change of relations with France the punishment was not carried out.]

[Footnote 20: Lord Stanhope gives in his Life of Pitt the following list of the broad administration as planned by Mr. Pitt:--Treasury, Mr. Pitt; Secretaries of State, Lord Melville, Mr. Fox, Lord Fitzwilliam. The other offices were to have been given to Lord Spencer, Lord Grenville, the Duke of Portland, Lord Eldon, Lord Chatham, Mr. Windham, Lord Castlereagh, Lord Hampden, Lord Harrowby, Mr. Grey, and Mr. Canning.]

[Footnote 21: The representative of the Bourbon Dukes of Parma and Placentia. His father had received Tuscany, with the title of King of Etruria, in exchange for his Duchies, by the Treaty of Lunéville.]

INDEX

CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

Abercrombie at Ticonderoga, 1027, 1029

Abercromby in Ireland, 1213; in Egypt, 1232

Aberdeen, Colonial Secretary, 1456

Acts of Parliament-- Abjuration, 874, 876; Additional Force Bill, 1248; Alien, 926, 927, 1165, 1356; American Customs, 1047; Boston Port, 1070; Calendar, 1014; Canada, 1072, 1156; Catholic Emancipation, 1408; Coercion, 1438, 1450; Conciliation, 1085; Convention, 1207; Corn Laws altered, 1386, 1402; Coronation Oath, 811; Corporation, 823; Corporation and Test repealed, 1401; Foreign Enlistment, 1360; of Grace, 825; Hovering, 1135; India, Dundas's, 1129, 1130, Fox's, 1129, Pitt's, 1135; India Company, 861, 1069, 1442; Insurrection, 1211; Irish Church, 1436; Jews Naturalization, 1015; Libel, 1157; Marriage, 1015; Massachusetts, 1070; Municipal reform, 1460; Navigation Act changed, 1379; Occasional Conformity, 906-909; Peerage, 947, 948; Pension, 972; Poor Law, 1452; Prison Inquiry, 973; Recoinage, 850; Reform, of election petitions, 1060, of Scotch burghs, 1360, the Reform Bill, 1425-1432; Regency, 1048, 1049, 1143, 1324, 1358; Resumption, 868; Riot, 932; Sale of office, 1299; Schism, 923, repealed, 947; Sedition and Treason, 1183, 1354; Septennial, 938, 939; Silk trade regulation, 1380; Six Acts, 1363; Slave trade abolished, 1271; Slavery abolished, 1445; Stamp, 1048, 1051, 1052; Succession, 871, altered, 940; Test, altered, 947, repealed, 1401; Toleration, 810, 1087, 1094; Traitorous Correspondence, 1178; Treason, trials for, 855; Triennial, 844; Union with Scotland, 928; Union with Ireland, 1219; Wool trade regulation, 1381

Adams, at Preston's trial, 1061; ambassador to France, 1083

Adams, secretary of Constitutional Society, 1180

Addington, Premier, 1230; his weakness, 1238, 1239; declares war, 1240; his difficulties, 1243; resigns, 1245; in opposition, 1247; becomes Lord Sidmouth, rejoins ministry, 1252; dislikes Melville, 1258; resigns, 1259; Lord Privy Seal, 1267; opposes Slave Trade Bill, 1272; opposes Catholic claims, 1273; President of the Council, 1325; his repressive measures, 1354, 1355; retires, 1369

Addison, Secretary of State, 942

Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, his marriage, 1358

Agriculture, introduction of turnips, 973; backward state of, 1014; improvement in, 1150; state of, 1333, 1350, 1361

Aislabie implicated in the South Sea frauds, 954

Albemarle. [See Keppel.]

Alberoni, his schemes, 943-945; his fall, 946

Albuquerque at Cadiz, 1306

Alexander I., Czar, 1233; remonstrates with Napoleon, 1250, 1260; character, 1261; alliance with England, 1281; at Tilsitt, 1283; excuses for his conduct, 1284; at Erfurth, 1294; estranged from Napoleon, 1312; determines on war, 1313; successful, 1320; mediates in American War, 1326; visits England, 1335; desires Poland, 1336, 1338; dies, 1397

Allen, takes Ticonderoga, 1072; acknowledged by Congress, 1073

Althorp, head of a Finance Committee, 1394; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1423; his Irish Church Bill, 1434, 1437; his opinion of the Coercion Bill, 1439, 1448; his Budget, 1440; desires gradual emancipation, 1444; his influence in the House, 1447, 1455; wishes to resign, 1449; becomes Lord Spencer, 1455

Amelia, Princess, dies, 1323

America, trade with, 980, 1014; Wesley in, 1016; war with the French in, 1019, 1025, 1029-1031; origin of the thirteen provinces, 1045, 1046; trade with, 1046, 1047; petitions against the Stamp Act, 1048, 1051, 1052; excitement caused by Townshend's measures, 1054, 1055, 1056; the tax on tea insisted on, 1057; increased irritation in, 1061; organizes opposition, 1068; first Congress, 1071; war with, 1072-1084, 1087, 1088, 1094-1103; conclusion of the war, 1107, 1108, 1110; suffers from the orders in Council, 1279; war with, 1325, 1328

Amherst succeeds Loudon, 1026; takes Louisburg, 1027; at Quebec, 1029; suppresses the Gordon riots, 1094

Amherst, Governor-General of India, 1471, 1472

André, his trial and death, 1097

Anglesey, quoted, 1394; resigns, 1406; restored, 1439; resigns, 1448

Anne, Duchess of Marlborough's influence over, 833; her quarrel with her sister, 834; reconciled to William, 847; acknowledged successor by Louis XIV., 858; death of her son, 870; influence of Marlborough over, 876; love for her husband, 878, 912, 913; her love for the Church, 905, 908, 911; anger against Nottingham, 909; a Tory, 909, 914; dismisses Sunderland and Godolphin, 915; dismisses the Duchess, 917; announces the peace in Parliament, 921; her failing health, 922; sensitive as to the succession, 923; Bolingbroke's influence over, 924; dies, 924

Anson, captures treasure ships, 984; rebuked by Bute, 1037

Argyle, Earl of, his power, 819; his share in the massacre of Glencoe, 835; thwarts Bolingbroke's schemes, 924; Lord Commissioner, 926; jealousy of his power, 933; given the command against Mar, 935; defeats him at Sheriffmuir, 937; puts the Pretender to flight, 937; hostile to Walpole, 983; Master of the Ordnance, 987

Arnold, his origin, 1072; takes Ticonderoga, 1073; attacks Quebec, 1075; his treachery, 1096; joins the English, 1097; his expedition against Virginia, 1099

Artois, Royalist leader, 1175; at L'Ile Dieu, 1177; joins Pichegru's conspiracy, 1251

Ashburton. [See Dunning.]

Assassination Plot, 853

Assiento, explained, 919; restored by Spain, 1011

Atterbury, his plot, 954; arrested, 955; banished, 956; dies, 969

Auchmuty at Monte Video, 1280; at Buenos Ayres, 1281

Auckland, his treaty with Dumouriez, 1166; prejudices George against Pitt, 1230; in the Cabinet, 1423; First Lord of Admiralty, 1447

Augusta, influence over George III., 1035; her favour to Bute, 1036, 1042; her name omitted from the Regency Bill, 1048, 1049

Augustus of Saxony, driven from Poland, 896

Augustus, elected King of Poland, 975

Aurungzebe, his treaty with the India Company, 1114; dies, 1115

Aylesbury, election disputes, 908, 909

Baird in Egypt, 1232; in Spain, 1294

Balcarras. [See Lindsay.]

Bank of England, established, 843, 844; advances money, 850; attempt to ruin it, 851; advances money, 852; competition with the South Sea Company, 951; affected by the march of Charles Edward, 1005; suspension of cash payments, 1193; resumption of cash payments, 1359; in danger of bankruptcy, 1384; renewal of its charter, 1441

Barclay, his plot, 850, 853, 854

Barlow, Governor-General of India, 1466

Barnard, incapacity of, 1056; promoted, 1057

Barras, succeeds Menou, 1186; in the Directory, 1197

Barré, his pension, 1107; compensated for the loss of it, 1133

Barrier Treaty, 919, 940, 959; irritation caused by, 1023

Barrington, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1037; Secretary at War, 1056

Barthélemy, negotiates treaties at Basle, 1173; in the Directory, 1197

Barwell, in the India Council, 1123; votes for Hastings, 1125

Bassano, minister in England, 1166

Bath. [See Pulteney.]

Bathurst, Colonial Secretary, 1382; Palmerston's opinion of, 1388; resigns, 1392

Battles-- Abendsberg, 1300; Aghrim, 829; Albuera, 1309; Alexandria, 1232; Algiers, 1347; Almanza, 895; Almenara, 915; Amboor, 1117; Argaum, 1256; Aspern, 1300; Assye, 1256; Austerlitz, 1266; Barosa, 1309; Basignano, 997; Baylen, 1288; Beachy Head, 826; Bergen, 1031; Bitonto, 976; Blenheim, 885, 886; Boyne, 827; Brihuega, 916; Brooklyn, 1077; Bunker's Hill, 1073; Busaco, 1307; Buxar, 1121; Camperdown, 1198; Cassano, 889, 1222; Copenhagen, 1232, 1233; Corunna, 1297; Coverpauk, 1117; Creveld, 1027; Culloden, 1007; Denain, 921; Dettingen, 992, 993; Diamond, 1209; Dresden, 1321; Echeren, 881; Eckmühl, 1300; Espinosa, 1295; Exiles, 1011; Eylau, 1280; Falkirk, 1005; Finisterre, 1263; Fleurus, 826, 1171; Fontenoy, 998, 999; Freiberg, 1041; Friedberg, 997; Friedland, 1283; Friedlingen, 879; Fuentes Onoro, 1309; Gebora, 1308; Guildford Courthouse, 1100; Hagenau, 888; Hastenbach, 1026; Hobkirk's Hill, 1100; Hochstädt, 881; Hohenlinden, 1227; Jemmappes, 1159; Jena, 1276; Kesseldorf, 997; Killiecrankie, 820; Kirch-Denkern, 1037; Kloster-Campen, 1037; Kolin, 1026; Kunersdorf, 1032; Lagos, 1028; La Hogue, 837; Landen, 841; Langen-Saltza, 1037; Laswari, 1257; Laufeldt, 1010; Leipsic, 1321; Liegnitz, 1033; Ligny, 1340; Lissa, 1026; Lowositz, 1024; Luzara, 879; Magnano, 1222; Maida, 1282; Malplaquet, 903; Marengo, 1226; Marsiglia, 841; Martinique, 1109; Minden, 1031; Molwitz, 989; Narva, 895; Navarino, 1399; Newton-Butler, 816; Nile, 1221; Nivelle, 1320; Novi, 1222; Ocana, 1305; Orthes, 1321; Oudenarde, 897-900; Plassy, 1026, 1119; Preston, 936; Prestonpans, 1002; Pultowa, 896; Pyramids, 1220; Quatre Bras, 1341; Quebec, 1031; Quiberon, 1177; Ramillies, 891, 892; Ratisbon, 1300; Raucoux 1010; Rorica, 1291; Roveredo, 1188; Sabugal, 1308; St. Vincent, 1193; Salamanca, 1316; Saragossa, 915; Savenay, 1170; Schellenberg, 884; Sheriffmuir, 937; Spires, 881; Steinkirk, 838; Stockach, 1222; Stolhofen, 895; Talavera, 1304; Torgau, 1033; Toulon, 895, 1169; Toulouse, 1321; Trafalgar, 1265; Tudela, 1295; Turin, 894; Valmy, 1159; Villa Viciosa, 916; Vimiero, 1292; Vinegar Hill, 1214; Vittoria, 1319; Wagram, 1301; Walcourt, 823; Wandewash, 1120; Warburg, 1037; Waterloo, 1341-1346; Wynendale, 901; Zörndorf, 1028; Zullichan, 1032; Zurich, 1224

Bedford, his party, 1042; Prime Minister, 1043; offends George III., 1049; protests against his conduct, 1050; his conduct to the Americans, 1057; subscribes to the loan, 1190

Benbow, Admiral, his death, 880

Bentinck, promoted, 810; Earl of Portland, 811; discovers Marlborough's treachery, 833; proved innocent of venality, 845; conference with Boufflers, 857; impeached, 871

Bentinck in Sicily, 1317, 1372

Beresford, Irish Tory leader, 1200; his influence, 1208

Beresford, command of Portuguese army, 1298; at Elvas, 1309; at Albuera, 1310

Berwick, Duke of, his plot, 850, 853; leaves England, 854; in Portugal, 881; victorious, 887; at Almanza, 895; on the Rhine, 900; commanding the French army, 976

Bexley. [See Vansittart.]

Bills. [See Acts.]

Blake, at Rio Seco, 1288; defeated, 1295; at Albuera, 1310, 1311

Blakeney, surrenders Minorca, 1021

Bligh, destroys Cherbourg, 1027

Blücher in Belgium, 1339, 1340; retreats, 1341; at Waterloo, 1345; desires vengeance, 1346

Blunt, director of the South Sea Company, 950

Bolingbroke (St. John) joins the ministry, 881; supports Occasional Conformity Bill, 907; Secretary at War, 909; leader of the moderate Tories, 911; retires, 913; Secretary of State, 915; made Lord Bolingbroke, 921; concludes peace, 921; corresponds with the Pretender, 922; his plot suspected, gains Anne's favour, 923; his schemes thwarted, 924; joins the Pretender, 932; organizes the rebellion, 933; tries to postpone it, 934; dismissed by the Pretender, his overtures rejected by Walpole, returns to France, 956; constant intrigues against Walpole, 958; bribes the Duchess of Kendal, 962; withdraws to France, 977; advises the Prince of Wales, 978, 979; effect of his teaching on George III., 1035

Bonaparte. [See Napoleon, Jerome, and Joseph.]

Bon St. André, collects a fleet, 1172; his energy, 1173

Boscawen, Admiral, 1019; at Lagos, 1028

Bottetort, Governor in America, 1061

Boufflers, in Flanders, 841; at the Sambre, 847; arrested, 848; at Ryswick, 857; in Guilders, 879; at Lille, 901; at Malplaquet, 903, 905

Bourbon, Regent, his policy, 960

Boyle, Secretary of State, 913; resigns, 915

Braddock, in America, 1019

Breadalbane, his share in the massacre of Glencoe, 834, 835

Bridgewater, subscribes to the loan, 1190

Bridport, mutiny in his fleet, 1194

Broglie, effect of his appointment, 1153

Brougham, his Bill against the slave trade, 1271; Attorney-General, 1367; opposes Government, 1374; supports Canning, 1392; announces the Reform Bill, 1422; Lord Chancellor, 1423; presents a petition against slavery, 1444; correspondence with Wellesley, 1448; proposes Melbourne as Premier, 1449; supports the new Poor Law, 1453; his dispute with Durham, 1455

Brunswick. [See Ferdinand.]

Buckner, his fleet mutinies, 1195

Burdett, in Parliament, 1359; his Catholic Relief Bill, 1390; presents Catholic petition, 1391; supports Canning, 1392; presides at National Union meeting, 1428

Burgoyne, reinforces Gage, 1073; his disasters, 1081, 1082; in Parliament, 1089

Burgundy, in Flanders, 896; at Oudenarde, 898

Burke, introduced by Rockingham, 1050; his first speech, 1051; defends the Irish claims, 1090; proposes economical reform, 1091; upholds toleration, 1094; assaults North's Government, 1103; eager for financial reform, 1105, 1106; tries to restrain Grattan, 1105; supports Portland, 1112; opposes Pitt's Irish Bill, 1137; his action against Hastings, 1139-1141; effect of the French Revolution upon, 1145; his opinion of it, 1154; his book, 1155; his breach with Fox, 1156; supports Pitt, 1161, 1163

Burke, Richard, Irish leader, 1205, 1206

Burrard, placed over Wellesley, 1290; his caution, 1291, 1292; at Vimiero, 1293

Bussy, De, French ambassador, 1038, 1039; in India, 1117-1119

Bute, his influence over George III., 1035; unpopularity of, 1036, 1042, 1049; Secretary of State, 1037; Premier, 1039; his policy, 1040; his vengeance on the Whigs, resigns, 1041; intrigues against the ministry, 1042

Buxton, his efforts against slavery, 1382, 1444

Byng, George, in the Channel, 896; at Cape Passaro, 945

Byng, John (son of George), at Minorca, 1021; shot, 1022

Cadogan, at Oudenarde, 898; accused, 947

Caermarthen. [See Danby.]

Caermarthen (son of Danby), defeated at Brest, 846

Caermarthen, Secretary of State, 1132

Calder, at Cape Finisterre, 1262, 1263

Calonne, French minister, 1147, 1152

Camden. [See Pratt.]

Camden (son of Pratt), Viceroy of Ireland, 1209, 1210; his yeomanry, 1211; recalled, 1215; in the Cabinet, 1246

Cameron of Lochiel, joins Charles, 1000; skirmish at Fort William, 1000; escapes, 1008

Camissards, rebellion, 880; suppression of, 881, 887

Canclaux, in La Vendée, 1175

Canning, asks Addington to resign, 1239; Treasurer of the Navy, 1247; Foreign Secretary, 1274, 1285; quarrel with Castlereagh, 1322; resigns, 1323; negotiations for his return, 1325; avoids the Queen's trial, 1369; Foreign Secretary, 1370; his foreign policy, 1375; his Spanish policy, 1376; supports Huskisson, 1378; his slave circular, 1382; his Portuguese policy, 1386; his Corn Bill, 1388; supports Catholic emancipation, 1389; Premier, 1392; dies, 1393; his Turkish policy, 1395-1398

Canning, Sir Stratford, at Constantinople, 1396; his policy, 1400

Carhampton, in Ireland, 1211; superseded, 1213

Carleton, defends Quebec, 1075; Minister in America, 1111

Carlisle, First Lord of the Treasury, 874

Carlisle, in the Cabinet, 1112

Carlos, Don, promised Parma and Tuscany, 945; becomes King of Sicily, 976

Carlos (brother of Ferdinand VII.), 1463; his civil war, 1464

Carnot, his tactics, 1168, 1171, 1184; his great plan, 1187; in the Directory, 1197

Caroline, Queen, favours Walpole, 966; character, 967, 968; reprieves Porteous, 979; dies, 980; her peaceful influence, 981; effect of her Church appointments, 1015

Caroline, of Denmark, 1064

Caroline, of Brunswick, marries George IV., 1182; George desires her divorce, 1365; her trial, 1366, 1367; dies, 1368

Carteret, character, 956, 988; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 957; joins the Prince of Wales, 978; Secretary of State, 987; dismissed, 988; his German politics, 994; his fall, 996; made Lord Granville, 1009; favourite of George II., 1009; fails to form a ministry, 1010

Castaños, defeated, 1295

Castlereagh, in Ireland, 1217, 1229; remains in office, 1246; Secretary for War, 1274; neglects the Peninsula War, 1294; accused of bribery, 1299; quarrels with Canning, 1322; resigns, 1323; Foreign Secretary, 1325; at Vienna, 1335; returns, 1339; his death, 1369; his foreign policy, 1370, 1371; its weakness, 1373; his financial measures, 1377; supported Catholic emancipation, 1389

Catherine of Russia, her conduct to Poland, 1066; forms an armed neutrality, 1095; her ambition, 1148; her success, 1149

Catholic claims, refused by Walpole, 986; some penal laws repealed, 1087; George III. opposes, 1087; agitation against, 1092-1094; refused, 1272-1274, 1360, 1368, 1391; importance of, 1387, 1389; the Emancipation Bill passed, 1408

Catinat, at Marsiglia, 841; in Alsace, 879

Cavendish, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1105

Charlemont, friend of Grattan, 1105

Charles Edward, born, 954; correspondence with Walpole, 984; goes to Scotland, 999; his reception, 1000; in Edinburgh, 1001; marches into England, 1003; his character, 1004; at Culloden, 1007; his escape, 1008; supposed intrigue with Frederick II., 1020

Charles XII., his victories, 895, 896; favours the Stuarts, 941; danger to England from, 942, 943; negotiations with Alberoni, 944; effect of his death, 945, 946

Charles II. of Spain, probable effect of his death, 859, 862; his first will, 864; his second will, 869; dies, 870

Charles III., King of Spain, 1038

Charles IV., his weakness, 1286; abdicates, 1287

Charles VI., his claim to Spain, 863, 869; declared King, in Spain, 889, 890, in the Netherlands, 893; Louis offers to recognize him, 894; supported by the Catalonians, 895; occupies Madrid, 915; leaves his army, 916; becomes Emperor, 921; jealous of the new German kingdoms, 941; joins the Quadruple Alliance, 945; desires the guarantee of the Pragmatic Sanction, 959, 970, 971; agrees to suspend the Ostend Company, 962; deserts his Spanish allies, 970; dies, 984

Charles Albert, candidate for the empire, 989; elected as Charles VII., 990; concludes peace, Bavaria restored to him, 994; dies, 996

Charles of Lorraine, victorious over the French, 994

Charles, Archduke, at Stockach, 1222; in Italy, 1264; his proclamation, 1300; at Aspern, 1300; at Wagram, 1301

Charles X., his views, 1413; his speech 1414; deposed, 1416

Charlotte, Princess, born, 1182; dies, 1357

Charnock, his conspiracy, 847; his trial and execution, 855

Charrette, makes peace, 1175; shot, 1177

Chatham. [See Pitt.]

Chatham (son of the above), proposed as Premier, 1240; his volunteer reviews, 1248; in the ministry, 1274; has command of the Walcheren expedition, 1302

Chauvelin, his diplomacy, 1163; dismissed, 1165; his false information, 1166

Chesterfield, dismissed, 975; joins the Prince of Wales, 978; excluded from the ministry, 987; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 996; disliked by George II., 997; Secretary of State, 1010; reforms the Calendar, 1014

Cheyte Singh, robbed by Hastings, 1128, 1140

Child, Sir Josiah, manager of the East India Company, 860

Choiseul, his vigorous rule, 1031; desires peace, 1037; his offers, 1038; prepares for war, 1058; his diplomacy, 1062; effect of his fall, 1165, 1166

Chunda Sahib, claims the Carnatic, 1117; killed, 1118

Church, discontented with the Revolution, 807; settlement of, 810; the Nonjurors, 811; favoured by Tories and by Queen Anne, 905, 911; Occasional Conformity Bill, 906, 907, 947; the Schism Act repealed, 947; favoured by Queen Caroline, 967; decay of, 1015, 1016; influence of the Methodists on, 1017; the Tractarians, 1451

Churchill. [See Marlborough.]

Civil List, of William III., 810, 825; of Anne, 876; of George I., 930; of George II., 966, 967, 1013; of George III., 1082; of George IV., 1182; extravagance of, 1349, 1358

Claim of Right, 818

Clairfait, defeated, 1171

Clare. [See Fitzgibbon.]

Clarence. [See William.]

Clarendon, engaged in a Jacobite plot, 825

Clark, corresponds with Tone, 1190

Clarkson, his evidence on the slave trade, 1271

Clausel, succeeds Marmont, 1317; his skill, 1318

Claverhouse, agent of James II., 818; Earl of Dundee, escapes from Edinburgh, 818; reaches Inverness, 819; makes use of Highland quarrels, 820; killed at Killiecrankie, 821

Clermont, his character, 1027

Clinton, reinforces Gage, 1073; at Bunker's Hill, 1074; at New York, 1081; succeeds Howe, 1088; captures Charleston, 1095; at New York, 1096; negotiates with Arnold, 1097; at New York, 1101; fails to rescue Yorktown, 1102

Clive, in India, 1019, 1026; defeats Dupleix, 1117; Governor of Madras, 1118; regains Calcutta, 1118; his forgery, 1119; disputes in the Council, 1121; expels Meer Cossim, 1122; dies, 1124

Club, in Scotland, origin of, 819; joins the Jacobites, 830

Clugny, French Minister, 1152

Cobbett, influence of his writings, 1352; his speeches, 1421

Cobham, deprived of his army commission, 975; joins the Prince of Wales, 978

Coburg, in Flanders, 1171

Cockburn, in America, 1327

Codrington, at Navarino, 1399, 1400

Cohorn, engineer, 838; at the siege of Namur, 847

Collingwood, at Trafalgar, 1265; at the Dardanelles, 1281

Collot d'Herbois, his cruelty, 1169

Commerce, injured by French privateers, 838; loss of the Smyrna fleet, 841; the East India trade, 860-862; the Darien scheme, 865-867; commercial advantages at the Peace of Utrecht, 919, 921; regulation of the Scotch trade, 927; the South Sea scheme, 949-953; commercial treaty with Spain, 958, 1011; the Ostend Company, 959, 961, 962, 971; prevalence of smuggling, 974, 981; rapid increase of, 1013, 1014; restrictions on colonial trade, 1046, 1047, 1051, 1052, 1069, 1070; Pitt's Irish Commercial Bill, 1136; suspension of cash payments, 1193; Continental System, 1277-1279; depression of commerce, 1332, 1350, 1351; Huskisson's improvements, 1379-1381; commercial distress, 1383-1386; the West India trade, 1443

Compton, Sir Spencer, made President of the Council, 966; made Lord Wilmington, 966; supports Walpole, 983; Premier, 987; dies, 988

Conflans, at Brest, 1028; at Quiberon, 1029

Conway, Secretary of State, 1050; his speech, 1051; deprived of army commission, 1052; remains in office, 1053; in Parliament, 1104; in the ministry, 1105

Cook, director of the East India Company, 845; his accounts, 861

Coote, defeats Lally, 1120; in Mahratta war, 1127; at Madras, 1128

Cope, marches against Charles Edward, 1001; at Prestonpans, 1002

Cormatin, Chouan leader, 1174

Cornwallis, in Carolina, 1096, 1098, 1100; retreats, 1101; takes Yorktown, 1101; besieged, 1102; surrenders, 1103; Viceroy of Ireland, 1215-1217; in India, 1219; at Amiens, 1234; Governor-General of India, 1466

Cornwallis, Admiral, at Brest, 1262

Coronation Oath, 811

Cowper, made Lord Chancellor, 910, 931

Cradock, in Portugal, 1298

Craggs, Secretary at War, 942; death of, 954

Crillon, takes Minorca, 1099; attacks Gibraltar, 1109

Cuesta, at Rio Seco, 1288; his character, 1303; at Talavera, 1304

Cumberland, William, Duke of, at Dettingen, 993; at Fontenoy, 998; collects an army, 1003; Charles Edward escapes from, 1004; he overtakes him, 1005; character, 1006; at Culloden, 1007; his cruelty, 1008; at Laufeldt, 1010; Fox a protégé of, 1018; defeated, 1026; negotiates with Pitt, 1049, 1050; forms a Whig ministry, 1050

Cumberland (son of William), his character, 1064

Cumberland. [See Ernest.]

Curran, Solicitor-General, 1208; opposes the Union, 1217

Currency re-established, 848-850

D'Aiguillon, succeeds Choiseul, 1062

Dalrymple, sent to Scotland, 817; made Viscount Stair, 834

Dalrymple. [See Stair.]

Dalrymple, in Portugal, 1290; supersedes Burrard, 1293

Danby, President of the Council, 809; Lord Caermarthen, 811; Parliamentary attack on, 821; Premier, 824; chief adviser to Mary, 826; discovers Preston's plot, 831; Lord President, 843; Duke of Leeds, accused of venality, 845; retires, 846

Danton, his party, 1185

Darien scheme, 865-867; ill-feeling excited by, 925, 933; the Company dissolved, 927

Darmstadt, takes Gibraltar, 887; his quarrel with Peterborough, 889

Dartmouth, his conspiracy, 825

Dartmouth, Colonial Secretary, 1068, 1072

Dashwood, Treasurer of the Chamber, 1037; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1041

Davoust, in Prussia, 1276

De Broglie, at Minden, 1031, 1032; at Langen-Saltza, 1037

D'Enghien, murdered, 1251

D'Erlon, in Belgium, 1341; at Waterloo, 1344

D'Estaing, French admiral, 1088

D'Estrées, French admiral, 836

D'Estrées, Marshal, at Hastenbach, 1026

De Grasse, Admiral, 1099; fights with Graves, 1101, 1102; at Jamaica, 1109

D'Hervilly, at Quiberon, 1176, 1177

De la Clue, at Lagos, 1028

De la Croix, French minister, 1189

De Puisaye, Chouan leader, 1174; in England, 1175; at Quiberon, 1176; escapes, 1177

De Suffren, Admiral, 1099, 1104; in India, 1128

Derby. [See Stanley.]

Derwentwater, at Preston, 936; executed, 938

Desaix, at Marengo, 1226

Devonshire, Lord Steward, 877

Devonshire, First Lord of the Treasury, 1021; deprived of his office of Chamberlain, 1041; friend of Pitt, 1042

Digby, Admiral, 1095

Doddington, leader of the Opposition, 1012

Donzelot, at Waterloo, 1344

Drouet, in Estremadura, 1313, 1314

Drummond, James, joins Charles Edward, 1001

Drummond, John, joins Charles Edward, 1005; at Falkirk, 1006

Dubarry, her influence, 1062; character, 1065

Dubois, his negotiations, 940

Duckworth, at the Dardanelles, 1281

Dudley, Foreign Secretary, 1392; supports Wellington, 1395; signs Treaty of London, 1398; resigns, 1402

Dumouriez, his victories, 1159; treats with Auckland, 1166; meditates treason, 1168

Duncan, watches the Dutch, 1194; mutiny in his fleet, 1196; at Camperdown, 1198

Duncannon. [See Ponsonby.]

Dundas, proposes Catholic relief, 1087; his India Bill, 1129; supports Pitt, 1132, 1135; defends Hastings, 1139; resigns, 1230; negotiates for Pitt's return, 1240; made Lord Melville, 1246; his energy, 1249; attack on his naval administration, 1258; resigns, 1259; acquitted, 1260; resigns, 1392

Dundee. [See Claverhouse.]

Dunning, Solicitor-General, 1058; presents American petition, 1068; his motion, 1092; Lord Ashburton, in the ministry, 1105

Dupleix, in India, 1019; in Pondicherry 1115; his schemes, 1116, 1117; dies, 1118

Durham, his reform measure, 1368; Privy Seal, 1423; resigns, 1439; his dispute with Brougham, 1455

Edward, Duke of Kent, his marriage, 1358

Egremont, Secretary of State, 1039; dies, 1042

Eldon, prosecutes Hardy, 1181; Lord Chancellor, 1230; negotiates for Pitt's return, 1245; remains in office, 1246; opposes the Slave Trade Bill, 1272; opposes the Catholic Bill, 1273; his influence, 1274; high Tory, 1387; Palmerston's opinion of, 1388; resigns, 1392; quoted, 1401; interview with George IV., 1408

Elector of Bavaria. [See Charles Albert and Maximilian.]

Elector of Hanover. [See George I.]

Elizabeth of Russia, alliance with Austria, 1023; dies, 1040

Ellenborough, in the Cabinet, 1267; opposes the Catholic claims, 1273; judges Hone, 1356

Elliot, at Gibraltar, 1109

Emmett, his rebellion, 1242; hanged, 1243

Ernest, his marriage, 1358

Erskine, desires reform, 1162; defends Hardy, 1181

Eugene, in Italy, 879; his friendship with Marlborough, 882; joins Marlborough, 884; sent to Italy, 888; at Turin, 893; at Toulon, 895; at the Hague, 897; at Oudenarde, 897; besieges Lille, 901; at Malplaquet, 903, 904; at the Diet of Frankfort, 918; deserted by the English, 921; commanding German army, 976

Exmouth, at Algiers, 1347

Family Compact, the, 981; suspected by Pitt, 1038; signed, 1039

Fenwick, his conspiracy, 847; his trial, 855; executed, 856

Ferdinand IV., of Naples, insurrection against, 1372; at Laibach, 1373

Ferdinand VII., of Spain, 1286; abdicates, 1287; restored, rebellion against, 1371; changes the law of succession, 1463; dies, 1464

Ferdinand, of Brunswick, 1026; at Creveld, 1027; at Minden, 1031, 1032; his successes, 1037; his manifesto, 1158; at Jena, 1276; in Saxony, 1301

Fitzgerald, in France, 1209, 1211; killed, 1214

Fitzgerald, his cruelty, 1218

Fitzgibbon, Irish leader, 1200; his vigour, 1206, 1207; his policy, 1208; opposes Catholic claims, 1209; Lord Clare, advises amnesty, 1215; urges the Union, 1217

Fitzwilliam, Lord President, 1181; Viceroy of Ireland, 1208; recalled, 1209; President of the Council, 1267

Fleury, his pacific views, 961, 970; his policy, 975; dupes Walpole, 981; promises mediation, 982; intrigues with the Jacobites, 983

Flood, his Reform Bill, 1136, 1155

Forbes, President of Scotland, 1000

Forbes, takes Fort Duquesne, 1027

Forster, at Preston, 936

Fox, Henry, Secretary at War, 1018; Secretary of State, 1020; resigns, 1021; Paymaster-General, 1022; purchases a majority in the House, 1041; belongs to the Bedford party, 1042; Lord Holland, dismissed, 1049

Fox, Charles James (son of the above), champion of the Americans, 1082; at Westminster, 1092; assaults the Government, 1103, 1104; Secretary of State, 1105; yields to Grattan, 1106; supports Pitt, 1107; negotiates peace, 1108; in Opposition, 1111; Secretary of State, 1112; his India Bill, 1129; opposes Pitt, 1133; his election, 1134; opposes Pitt's Irish Bill, 1137; accuses Hastings, 1140; friend of George IV., 1141; his opinion of the French Revolution, 1154, 1161; his breach with Burke, 1156; his Libel Bill, 1157; opposes Pitt, 1164, 1183; alliance with Grenville, 1243; George's prejudice against, 1246; doubts the French invasion, 1247; Foreign Minister, 1266; character, 1267; negotiations with Napoleon, 1268-1270; dies, 1270; proposes the abolition of the slave trade, 1271

Fox, Lord Holland, nephew of Charles, opposes the Government, 1374; in the Cabinet, 1423

Francis I., marries Maria Theresa, 976; supported by Frederick II., 989; elected Emperor, 996; acknowledged at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1011

Francis, author of Junius' Letters, 1057, 1058; in India Council, 1124; opposes Hastings, 1125, 1139

Franklin, in England, 1052; agent for Massachusetts, 1068; insulted, 1069; with Chatham, 1072; in France, 1083; his medal, 1103; in Paris, 1108

Frederick William, becomes King, 941; desires Juliers, 962

Frederick II., his ambition, 989; alliance with France, 990; deserts France, 991; takes Prague, 996; deserted by his allies, 997; quarrels with George II., 1020; begins the Seven Years' War, 1023; his campaign of 1758, 1026; campaign of 1759, 1028; fourth campaign, 1032, 1033; his success, 1041; his character, 1054; partitions Poland, 1066; alliance with Russia, 1096, 1148

Frederick William II., attacks France in Holland, 1147; alliance with England, 1149; leaves the coalition, 1173; dies, 1221

Frederick William III., declares war with Napoleon, 1276; visits England, 1335

Frederick, Prince of Wales, leader of the Opposition, 978, 1012; his quarrel with his father, 978, 979, 980

Frederick, Duke of York, in Holland, 1169; recalled, 1172; captures the Dutch fleet, 1223; withdraws, 1224; appreciates the Peninsula War, 1294; deprived of his office, 1299; opposes Catholic relief, 1391; dies, 1392

Frere, urges Moore's advance, 1295; his false information, 1322; recalled, 1323

Gage, Governor, 1071; defeated, 1072; at Bunker's Hill, 1073; his delays, 1074, 1075

Galway, succeeds Schomberg, 887; in Spain, 889; occupies Madrid, 890; Commander-in-chief, 895

Gates, Burgoyne surrenders to, 1082; Washington's rival, 1087; in Carolina, 1097, 1098

Gaultier, his negotiations, 917, 918

Gay, writes against Walpole, 978

George I., in command of the Imperial troops, 896; summoned to England, 923, 924; his character, 930, 931; goes to Hanover, 940; his German policy, 941; his dislike to Townshend, 942; at the opening of Parliament, 955; friendship for Carteret, 957; dies, 963; character, 964

George II., comes to England, 930; made Guardian of the Realm, 940; his dislike to Sunderland, 948; his character, 966; trusts Walpole, 967; Wyndham's description of, 977; his parsimony, 978; his quarrel with his son, 979, 980; desires war, 981; his love for Hanover, 988; at Dettingen, 993; his negotiations at Hanover, 994; dislikes Chesterfield and Pitt, 997, 1018, 1022; his friendship for Carteret, 988, 1009, 1010; his grief at Pelham's death, 1018; goes to Hanover, 1020; dies, 1033

George III., his education, 1035; his views of royalty, 1036, 1060; his popularity, 1036; his interview with Pitt, 1042; his illness, 1048; the Regency Bill, 1049; dislike to his ministers, 1050, 1052; his views on his ministry, 1053; determination to conquer the Americans, 1055; appoints Lord North Premier, 1059; triumph of his policy, 1060; his domestic life, 1064, 1140; selfish policy, 1065; prejudice against America, 1070, 1077, 1085; his frugality, 1082; prejudice against Catholic emancipation, 1087; his command over North, 1089; his power over Parliament, 1091; his courage, 1093, 1094, 1183; his determination, 1104; friendship for Thurlow, 1105; his dislike of the Whigs, 1112; opposition to Fox's India Bill, 1131, 1132; his illness, 1142, 1143; chooses a wife for George IV., 1182; assaulted, 1183; interferes in the army, 1191; loyalty of the fleet towards, 1196; refuses Irish Catholic emancipation, 1209; return of his illness, 1230; interview with Pitt, 1245; his prejudice against Fox, 1246, 1266; rejects the Catholic claims, 1273-1275; final illness, 1323; respected, 1357; dies, 1363

George IV., as Prince of Wales, his depravity, 1140, 1141, 1357; proposed as Regent, 1143; his marriage, 1182; Regent, 1334; his speech, 1349; assaulted, 1354; his ill health, 1358; approves of the Manchester massacre, 1363; his conduct to his wife, 1365, 1367; opposes the Catholic claims, 1392, 1395, 1407, 1409; receives Donna Maria, 1411; dies, 1416

George of Denmark, unfit for a general, 878; attack on his naval administration, 912; dies, 913

Georges, Chouan leader, 1240; his conspiracy, 1251

Germaine, desires to retire, 1084; retires, 1104

Gibraltar, taken, 887; importance of, 970

Ginkel, at Ipswich, 808; in Ireland, 828, 829; receives a grant, 868

Glencoe, massacre of, 834-836

Gloucester (brother of George III.), his marriage, 1064

Gneisenau, in Belgium, 1341; at Waterloo, 1346

Goderich. [See Robinson.]

Godolphin, on Treasury Commission, 810; Jacobite tendencies, 832; industry, 843; accused of treason, 855; resigns, 856; First Lord of the Treasury, 870; dismissed, 874; Lord Treasurer, 876; intrusted with Marlborough's plans, 882; influence over Anne, 909; son-in-law to Marlborough, 910; timidity, 911, 912; submits to an affront, 914; dismissed, 915

Godoy, Spanish minister, 1173; rules Spain, 1252; intrigues with Napoleon, 1286

Gordon, his character, 1087; provokes riots, 1092, 1093; dies, 1094

Görtz, minister of Charles XII., 943

Goulbourn, Irish Secretary, 1389; Home Secretary, 1456

Gower, in the Privy Council, 877; on the Jacobite Committee, 954; collects followers, 955; Privy Seal, 997

Gower, President of the Council, 1132

Grafton, visits Wilkes, 1043; Secretary of State, 1050; First Lord of the Treasury, 1053; subservient to the King, 1055; his conciliatory measures, 1057; resigns, 1058; returns, 1063; in Rockingham's ministry, 1105

Graham, at Cadiz, 1308; at Vittoria, 1319

Graham, in the Cabinet, 1423; resigns, 1447; refuses to join Peel, 1456

Grammont, at Dettingen, 993

Granby, at Minden, 1032; attacks the ministry, 1058; dies, 1061

Grant, resigns, 1402, 1403; President of Board of Control, 1423

Granville. [See Carteret.]

Grattan, Irish leader, 1090, 1105, 1106; his policy, 1199, 1200, 1201; interview with Pitt, 1208; urges Catholic claims, 1209; secedes, 1213; opposes the Union, 1217; speech against the Union, 1218; speech on Catholic emancipation, 1360

Grenville, George, leader of the Commons, 1041; First Lord of the Treasury, 1042; proceeds against Wilkes, 1043; his mistakes, 1045, 1047; his trick with regard to the Regency Bill, 1049; his alliance with Temple, 1049; his speech in answer to Pitt, 1051; reconciliation with Pitt, 1058; reforms election petitions, dies, 1060

Grenville, James (brother of George), resigns, 1058

Grenville, Thomas (second son of George), in Paris, 1108; joins Pitt, 1163

Grenville, William (third son of George), supports Pitt, 1132; rebukes Chauvelin, 1163; his instructions to Malmesbury, 1189; letter to Napoleon, 1225; his political economy, 1229; retires, 1230; disapproves of the peace, 1235; excluded from office, 1240; his alliance with Fox, 1243, 1246, 1247; ridicules the volunteers, 1248; First Lord of the Treasury, 1267; his Catholic policy, 1272; resigns, 1274; incapacity for war, 1280; attempts to form a ministry, 1325; declines office, 1369

Grey, his liberality, 1161; his motion for reform, 1162; his petition, 1163; First Lord of the Admiralty, 1267; quoted, 1268; introduces Slave Trade Bill, 1272; supports Catholic claims, 1273; quarrels with George IV., 1324; attempts to form a ministry, 1325; opposes Government, 1374; Premier, 1423; refuses repressive measures, 1424; resigns, returns, 1430; his Church policy, 1435; his Coercion Bill, 1438; his speech, 1447; his difficulties, 1448; resigns, 1449

Grouchy, at Bantry Bay, 1212; pursues Blücher, 1341; expected at Waterloo, 1344

Gustavus III., his character, 1064; attacks Russia 1148

Habeas Corpus Act suspended, 808, 854, 935, 1181, 1211, 1354, 1355, 1390, 1439

Hales, Sir Edward, impeached, 823

Halifax. [See Montague.]

Halifax, at the coronation of William, 806; Privy Seal, 809; parliamentary attack on, 821, 823; withdraws, 824; member of the Junto, 842

Halifax, Secretary of State, 1042; deceives the King, 1049

Hamilton, Gustavus, at Enniskillen, 813

Hamilton, Richard, his treason, 813; at Londonderry, 814, 815; taken prisoner, 827

Hamilton, Duke of, in Scotland, 818

Hanoverian courtiers, 940; dislike Townshend, 942; opposition to Stanhope, 946; receive bribes from the South Sea Company, 952; bad influence of, 964

Harcourt, French diplomatist, 869

Harcourt, retires, 913; Lord Chancellor, 915; Jacobite tendencies, 922; his skill in wording the Union, 928

Harcourt, in Cuttack, 1255; successful, 1257

Hardinge, at Albuera, 1311; insulted by O'Connell, 1421; Irish Secretary, 1456

Hardwicke, supports Walpole, 983; remains in office, 987, 988; his Marriage Act, 1015

Hardwicke, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1241

Hardy, Admiral, 1089

Hardy, his trial, 1180, 1181

Harley, tries to establish the Land Bank, 851; joins the ministry, 881; Secretary of State, 909; intrigues against Marlborough, 911; dismissed, 913; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 915; his policy, 916; stabbed, Earl of Oxford, Lord Treasurer, 918; his Jacobite tendencies, 922; indecision, 923; dismissed, 924; impeachment against him dropped, 932; his trial, 947; his financial scheme, 949; joins James, 955

Harrington. [See Stanhope.]

Harris, at Seringapatam, 1224

Harris. [See Malmesbury.]

Harrison, his speech at Stockport, arrested, 1362; his trial, 1366

Harrowby, Foreign Secretary, 1246; his views, 1250; resigns, 1252; refuses the Premiership, 1395

Harvey, character, 969; supports Walpole, 983

Hastings, Warren, Governor-General, 1123; accused in the Council, 1125; war with the Mahrattas, 1126, 1127; robs Cheyte Singh, 1128; reprimanded, 1129; his trial, 1139-1141

Hastings. [See Rawdon.]

Hawke, contradictory orders to, 1019; at Rochefort, 1025; at Brest, 1028; at Quiberon, 1029

Hawkesbury, Foreign Secretary, 1238; Home Secretary, 1246; remonstrates with Napoleon, 1251; refuses the Premiership, 1266; Home Secretary, 1274

Hawley, supersedes Wade, 1005; at Falkirk, 1006; his cruelty, 1008

Hébert, his party, 1185

Hedges, Secretary of State, 870; dismissed, 874; Secretary of State, 877

Heinsius, friendship with Marlborough, 882; rejects proposals for peace, 894; refuses to make a separate peace, 902

Henry, brother of Frederick II., 1041

Herbert, his maladministration, 822; at Beachy Head, 826

Herries, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1394; resigns, 1395; Secretary at War, 1456

Hill, in Estremadura, 1313; moves north, 1315; threatened by Soult, 1318

Hillsborough, Colonial Secretary, 1056; his folly, 1058; effect of his policy, 1061

Hobhouse, Irish Secretary, 1439; resigns, 1440; in the Cabinet, 1450

Hoche, defeats the Prussians, 1169; in La Vendée, 1175; at Quiberon, 1176; in Belgium, 1194; plans the Irish invasion, 1189, 1209; his expedition, 1191, 1211, 1212

Hofer, his insurrection, 1301

Holderness, removed, 1037

Holkar, his power, 1126; defeated, 1127; extent of his territory, 1254; war with Wellesley, 1255; defeated, 1257; war with Hastings, 1469

Holland. [See Fox.]

Hone, his trial, 1355, 1356

Hood, succeeds Rodney, 1099; candidate for Westminster, 1134; at Toulon, 1169; takes Bastia, 1172

Horner, his financial views, 1359

Houchard, in Holland, 1168

Howe, Admiral, destroys Cherbourg, 1027; goes to America, 1076; at Gibraltar, 1110; First Lord of the Admiralty, 1132; defeats the French, 1173; his popularity, 1195

Howe, General, reinforces Gage, 1073; succeeds Gage, 1075; retreats, 1076; his delays, 1079; takes Philadelphia, 1080; superseded, 1088; in Parliament, 1089

Howick. [See Grey.]

Hozier, at Porto Bello, 984

Hughes, his battles with De Suffren, 1128

Humbert, at Quiberon, 1177; in Ireland, 1216

Hume, leader of the Radicals, 1434

Hunt, at Spa Fields, 1352; candidate for Parliament, 1359; at the Manchester massacre, 1362; his trial, 1366; his speeches, 1421

Huskisson, Secretary of the Treasury, 1247; President of the Board of Trade, 1377; his Liberal views, 1378; changes the Navigation Act, 1379; improves the silk trade, 1380; the wool trade, 1381; his views on slavery, 1382; his opponents, 1387; his Corn Bill, 1388; remains in office, 1392; Colonial Secretary, 1394; resigns, 1395; his speech at Liverpool, 1396; dies, 1421

Hutchinson, Governor, 1067; his letters, 1068; recalled, 1071

Hutchinson, in Egypt, 1232

Hyder Ali, his origin, 1122; attacks Madras, 1127; dies, 1128

Ibrahim Pasha, in Greece, 1397; at Navarino, 1399; in Syria, 1465

Impey, gives judgment for Hastings, 1125, 1126, 1129

India Company, their accounts examined, 845; union of the two Companies, 860-862, 1113, 1114; their tea trade, 1069; settlement of the Company, 1442

India, conquest of, 1019, 1026, 1032, 1040, 1054, 1113-1129; Fox's India Bill, 1129-1131; Pitt's India Bill, 1135; Napoleon's designs on, 1219; war with Tippoo Sahib, 1224; the Mahratta war, 1253-1257; from 1805 till 1825, 1465-1472

Ireland, rebellion against William III., 812-816, 822, 827-830; Irish forfeitures, 868; excitement caused by Drapier's letters, 957; Grattan's agitation in, 1090, 1105, 1106; Flood's agitation in, 1136, 1137; the rebellion of 1798, 1199-1219; Emmett's rebellion, 1241-1243; Wellesley's administration, 1389, 1390; the Catholic Association, 1403-1406; O'Connell's repeal agitation, 1409, 1421, 1434; the Irish Church, 1435-1438, 1446, 1458; the Coercion Bill, 1438, 1448

Isabella of Spain, 1464

Jacobites, contrast between Irish and English, 814, 816; in Scotland, 819; plot discovered, 825; Preston's plot, 831; in the ministry, 832; Assassination Plot, 853-856; first attempt of James Edward, 896; negotiations with Harley, 916, 917; with Bolingbroke, 922, 930; dislike to the Union 927; rebellion of 1715, 932-938; intrigues with Sweden and Alberoni, 943-945; Atterbury's plot, 954, 955; intrigues with Ripperda, 960; in the ministry, 964; in the Parliament, 968; depression of, 969; intrigues with Spain and France, 983; threatened invasion, 995; rebellion of 1745, 999-1009

James II., assisted by Louis XIV., 811; makes use of Ireland, 812; at St. Germains, 814; goes to Ireland, 814; at Londonderry, 815; his letter to Scotland, 818; at the Boyne, 827; leaves Ireland, 828; invited to England, 831; still hopeful, 832; begs Louis to invade England, 836; his declaration, 837; at La Hogue, 838; leaves France, 858; dies, 873

James Edward, acknowledged by Louis, 873; has the measles, 896; corresponds with Bolingbroke, 922; his chance of the crown, 930; his insurrection, 934; at St. Malo, 935; in Scotland, 937; character, 938; collects a second expedition, 945; its failure, 946; attempts discipline, 955; alienates his friends, 969

Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia, 1283

Jersey, in the Council, 877; dismissed, 909

Jervis, at St. Vincent, 1193; mismanagement of, 1244; his naval inquiries, 1258

Johnson, Dr., quoted, 1133

Joseph, Electoral Prince, his right to Spain, 863; dies, 869

Joseph Bonaparte, at Amiens, 1234; King of Naples, 1269; King of Spain, 1287; retires, 1288; in Madrid, 1303; at Talavera, 1304; quarrels with Napoleon, 1312; retreats, 1317; quarrels with his generals, 1318; superseded, 1320; at Paris, 1329

Joseph I., Emperor, 888; dislikes the proposed peace, 894; dies, 918

Joseph II., attempt to make him King of the Romans, 1020; treaty with Russia, 1148; dies, 1149

Jourdan, defeats the Austrians, 1169; on the Rhine, 1174; on the Meuse, 1187; at Stockach, 1222

Joyce, arrest of, 1180

Junius. [See Francis.]

Junot, invades Portugal, 1287; occupies Lisbon, 1288; establishes order, 1289; at Vimiero, 1292; his army increased, 1295

Kellermann, at Valmy, 1159

Kempenfeldt, Admiral, 1103

Kendal, Duchess of, opposes Townshend, 940; bribed, 957, 962, 963

Kenmure, at Preston, 936; executed, 938

Keppel, receives Crown lands, 868

Keppel, quarrels with Pallisser, 1089; in the ministry, 1105; in the Cabinet, 1112

Khevenhüller, at Munich, 990

Kidd, Captain, 871

Kilwarden, murdered, 1242

Kirke, relieves Londonderry, 816

Kleber, in La Vendée, 1169, 1170; in Egypt, 1224; assassinated, 1231

Korsakoff, in Switzerland, 1224

Laborde, at Rorica, 1291

Labourdonnais, in India, 1019; at the Mauritius, 1115; opposes Dupleix, 1116

Lafayette, goes to America, 1083; head of the National Guard, 1154

Lake, disarms Ulster, 1212; disarms Munster, 1213; in India, 1255, 1257

Lally, in India, 1119; defeated, 1120

Lambert, at New Orleans, 1328

Lambton. [See Durham.]

Land Bank, its failure, 851

Langrishe, supports Catholic relief, 1205

Lannes, with Napoleon, 1224; at Tudela, 1295

Lansdowne (son of Shelburne), Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1267; in the Cabinet, 1392; Home Secretary, 1394; President of the Council, 1423

La Peña, inefficiency of, 1309

Lauderdale, his views, 1162; negotiating with Talleyrand, 1270

Lauriston, his reception, 1234

Lauzun, at the Boyne, 826, 827; leaves Dublin, 828; at St. Germains, 836

Leake, Sir John, in Spain, 890

Lebas, in Alsace, 1169; in Flanders, 1171

Le Brun, French minister, 1165

Leeds. [See Danby.]

Legge, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1018; refuses to support subsidies, 1020; dismissed, 1021; resigns, 1037

Leopold, marries Princess Charlotte, 1358; supports Queen Caroline, 1368; refuses the kingdom of Greece, 1401; King of Belgium, 1462

Leopold I., his selfish policy, 857; objects to peace, 858; his claim to Spain, 862, 863; joins the Grand Alliance, 873; his critical position, 882; dies, 888

Leopold II., concludes Convention of Reichenbach, 1149

Lincoln, surrenders Charleston, 1095

Lindsay, agent of James II., 818; arrested, 819

Littleton, Irish Secretary, 1439; his negotiations with O'Connell, 1448; resigns, 1449

Liverpool, Minister at War, 1323; Premier, 1325; at Queen Caroline's trial, 1367; a high Tory, 1387; Palmerston's opinion of, 1388; his illness, 1388

Lochiel. [See Cameron.]

Locke, on the Currency Commission, 849

Lomenie de Brienne, 1147, 1152

Londonderry. [See Castlereagh.]

Londonderry, siege of, 813-816

Lorraine, ceded to France, 976

Loudon, Lord, incapacity of, 1025; dismissed, 1026

Loudon, Colonel, at Kunersdorf, 1032

Loughborough, opposes Catholic relief, 1229, 1230; resigns, 1230

Louis XIV., assists James II., 811; alliance with Turkey, 812; takes Mons, 831; plans an invasion of England, 836; his great efforts, 840, 841; acquainted with the Assassination Plot, 850, 854; desires peace, 856-858; accepts Spain for Philip V., 870; captures the Dutch troops, 871; acknowledges James Edward, 873; secures friendship of Savoy, 877; loses Savoy, 880; his eight armies, 881; proposes peace, 894; rejects Marlborough's terms, 902, 903; consents to treat, 915; assists Spain, 916; peace negotiations, 918, 919; dies, 934

Louis XV., engaged to the Infanta, 958; marries Maria Leczinska, 960; influence of Madame de Pompadour over, 1023

Louis XVI., character, 1153; brought to Paris, 1154; flight to Varennes, 1158; dethroned, 1159; guillotined, 1165

Louis XVIII., restored, 1334; his views, 1336

Louis of Baden, in Alsace, 879; in Bavaria, 881; his character, 882; at Ingolstadt, 884; hinders Marlborough's plan, 888; at Hagenau, 888; dies, 895

Louis Philippe, Lieutenant of France, 1416; his sympathy with England, 1461; alliance with Leopold, 1462

Louvois, French minister, 836

Lovat, against Charles Edward, 1001; his duplicity, 1008; executed, 1009

Lowther, Lord Treasurer, 824

Lundy, at Londonderry, 813; deposed, 815

Luttrell, member for Middlesex, 1056; his sister marries Cumberland, 1064

Luxemburg, in Flanders, 832; at Steinkirk, 839; at Landen, 841; dies, 847

Lyndhurst, Chancellor, 1392; advises Wellington as Premier, 1395; his interview with George IV., 1407; opposes the Reform Bill, 1430; Chancellor, 1456

Lyttleton, member of the Opposition, 978

Macaulay, on the Coercion Bill, 1438

MacCallum More. [See Argyle.]

Macclesfield, reforms the Calendar, 1014

Macdonald of Keppoch, besieges Inverness, 819; at Culloden, 1007

Macdonald, Sir Alexander, 1000, 1008

Macdonald of Clanranald, 1000, 1008

Mack, at Naples, 1221; capitulates at Ulm, 1264

Mackay, at Killiecrankie, 820; improves the bayonet, 821; in Ireland, 829, 830

Mackintosh, Jacobite general, 935

Mackintosh, his "Vindiciæ Gallicæ," 1155; defends Peltier, 1238; opposes the Government, 1374

Mahon, with Chatham, 1086

Maine, Duke of, in Flanders, 847; his enmity to England, 943; his Jacobite intrigue, 944; arrested, 946

Maintenon, Madame de, favours the Jacobites, 873; influence over Louis XIV., 934

Maitland, at Alicante, 1317; at Waterloo, 1345

Malmesbury, in Spain, 1062; arranges George IV.'s marriage, 1182; negotiates at Paris, 1189; at Lisle, 1197, 1198; requests Addington to resign, 1239; writes to the King, 1273

Manchester, Secretary of State, 874

Mansell, succeeds Seymour, 909; dismissed, 913

Mar, Secretary for Scotland, 922; head of the insurrection, 934; his first successes, 935; at Sheriffmuir, 937; escapes to France, 937; dies, 969

Marçeau, in La Vendée, 1170

Maria Louisa, marries Napoleon, 1301; deserts him, 1329; receives Parma, 1339

Maria Theresa, marries Francis of Lorraine, 976; rejects the overtures of Frederick II., 989; supported by Hungary, 990; subsidies sent to, 991; concedes Silesia, 991; her secret treaties with Russia, 1023; partitions Poland, 1066

Maria of Portugal, 1410; visits England, 1411; Miguel's rebellion against, 1412; successful, 1463

Marischal, supports the Pretender, 983

Marlborough, made Earl, 811; military adviser to Queen Mary, 826; in Ireland, 828; his treason, 832; deprived of his offices, 833; his treachery to Talmash, 846; accused of treason, 855; his power over Anne, 876; Commander-in-chief, 878; his first successes, 879; thwarted by the Dutch, 881; his march to Vienna, 882; at Blenheim, 884-887; his plans, 888; at Ramillies, 891, 892; rejects proposals for peace, 894; diverts Charles XII., 895; in England, 896; at Oudenarde, 897-900; his conduct to Webb, 901; at Malplaquet, 903-905; dislike to party conflicts, 906; removes extreme Tories, 909; keeps the war to Flanders, 911; loses Anne's favour, 913, 917; his great plans, 918; difficulty of his position, 919; parliamentary attack on, 920; deprived of his offices, 920; excluded from the Council of Regency, 930; Commander-in-chief, 931

Marlborough, Duchess of, her influence over Anne, 833, 909; her temper, 911, 913; dismissed, 917

Marlborough (son of Sunderland), reinforces Ferdinand, 1027

Marmont, in Paris, 1224; succeeds Massena, 1312; at the Tagus, 1313, 1314; invades Portugal, 1315; at Salamanca, 1316; wounded, 1317; at Paris, 1329; in the July revolution, 1415, 1416

Marsin, succeeds Villars, in Bavaria, 881; at Blenheim, 884; in Alsace, 888; in Italy, 893

Mary, Queen, 806; head of the Government, 826; her quarrel with Anne, 834; her spirited behaviour, 837; dies, 844

Massena, in Switzerland, 1222, 1224; successful, 1266; in Spain, 1306, 1307; at Busaco, 1308; succeeded by Marmont, 1312

Maupeou, French minister, 1062

Maurepas, organizes the French navy, 981

Maximilian, renounces his claims on the Empire, 996

Maximilian II., of Bavaria, joins France, 879; in the Tyrol, 881; at Dillingen, 884; at Blenheim, 885, 886; declines to treat, 887; at Ramillies, 892; on the Rhine, 896

Meer Cossim, 1120, 1121

Meer Jaffier, 1119, 1120

Melbourne, Home Secretary, 1423; receives a deputation, 1429; Premier, 1449; intended attack on, 1454; dismissed, 1455

Melfort, his folly, 818; his correspondence with Dundee, 819; his declaration, 837

Melville, his character, 817; High Commissioner, 30

Melville. [See Dundas.]

Menou, in Egypt, 1231, 1232

Methodists, rise of the, 1016, 1017

Methuen, his treaty, 880, 907, 1139

Metternich, at the Congress of Vienna, 1334; his Turkish policy, 1396, 1397

Miguel, regent, 1410; usurps the throne, 1411; defeated, 1463; banished, 1464

Minto, Governor-General of India, 1466, 1467

Mirabeau, his power, 1157

Moira. [See Rawdon.]

Monarchy, change in the character of, 806-808; the power of the Crown, 968, 969; George III.'s views of, 1036, 1060; contrast between English and French, 1160, 1161

Monson, member of the India Council, 1124; dies, 1125

Montague, his financial powers, 839; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 843; establishes the Bank of England, 844; on the Currency Commission, 849; First Lord of the Treasury, 856; settles the India trade, 860, 861; unpopularity of, 864; made Lord Halifax, impeached, 871; excluded from the Privy Council, 877; First Commissioner of the Treasury, 931

Montcalm, at Quebec, 1029, 1030; dies, 1031

Montesquieu, his writings, 1152

Montrose, Secretary for Scotland, 934; deprived of his army commission, 975

Montrose, in the Cabinet, 1246

Moore, in Denmark, 1285; sent to Spain, 1290, 1291; marches to Salamanca, 1294; reasons for his retreat, 1295; his march to Corunna, 1296; dies, 1297

Mordaunt. [See Peterborough.]

Mordaunt, at Rochefort, 1025

Moreau, on the Rhine, 1187; in Italy, 1222; Napoleon's enmity to, 1251

Mornington. [See Wellesley.]

Mountjoy, at Londonderry, 813; at St. Germains, 814

Muir, trial of, 1179

Mulgrave, in the Cabinet, 1246; Foreign Secretary, 1252; Privy Seal, 1450

Munro, in India, 1121, 1127

Murat, leaves Egypt, 1224; in Bavaria, 1264; removed from Naples, 1336, 1339

Murphy, Irish leader, 1214

Murray of Broughton, joins Charles Edward, 1000; turns king's evidence, 1009

Murray, Lord George, joins Charles Edward, 1001; commander, 1003; advises retreat, 1004; his prudence, 1006, 1007; reassembles the army, 1008; his military skill, 1009

Murray, Attorney-General, 1018; Lord Chief-Justice, 1021

Murray, in Gujerat, 1255; successful, 1257

Napier, quoted, 1297, 1311

Napoleon, at Toulon, 1169; at the establishment of the Directory, 1186; his Italian campaign, 1187, 1188; Commander-in-chief, 1219; in Egypt, 1220; at Acre, 1223; leaves Egypt, 1224; First Consul, 1225; in Italy, 1226; his aggressions, 1235-1237; his interviews with Whitworth, 1239, 1240; arrests English travellers, 1241; excites rebellion in Ireland, 1242; intends to invade England, 1247, 1248; attempts to form a coalition, 1250; murders D'Enghien, 1251; obtains subsidies from Spain, 1252; offends Europe, 1260, 1261; prepares to invade England, 1262, 1263; attacks Austria, 1264; at Austerlitz, 1266; negotiates with Fox, 1268, 1270; his vassal kingdoms, 1269; despises Prussia, 1275; murders Palm, 1276; at Jena, 1276; his Berlin Decree, 1277; desires war with Russia, 1279; at Eylau, 1280; at Tilsitt, 1283; intrigues in Spain, 1286; makes Joseph King, 1287; excites popular anger, 1289; at Erfurth, 1294; at Madrid, 1295; leaves Spain, 1296; at Aspern, 1300; at Wagram, marries Maria Louisa, 1301; tyranny over Joseph, 1312; desires war with Russia, 1312-1314; his retreat from Moscow, 1320; at Dresden, 1321; abdicates, 1321, 1328; withdraws to Elba, 1329; escapes, 1339; in Belgium, 1340; at Waterloo, 1343-1345; banished, 1346

National Debt, origin of, 840; amount of, 927; dread of, 949, 950, 1012, 1134, 1138, 1377, 1441

Necker, dismissed, 1152; recalled, 1153

Nelson, takes Bastia, 1172; at St. Vincent, 1193; at the Nile, 1220; at Copenhagen, 1232, 1233; at Boulogne, 1234; pursues Villeneuve, 1262-1264; at Trafalgar, 1265

Newcastle, Privy Seal, 910; character, 969; seeks George II.'s favour, 981; intrigues against Walpole, 983; remains in office, 987, 988; thinks of declaring for the Pretender, 1005; head of the Whigs, 1010; First Lord of the Treasury, 1018; incapacity of, 1018, 1019; attempts the election of the Archduke Joseph, 1020; secures the support of Fox, 1020; resigns, 1021; returns to office, 1022; his parliamentary influence, 1022, 1025, 1037; resigns, 1040; deprived of his Lord-Lieutenancy, 1041; Privy Seal, 1050

Newton, on the Currency Commission, 849; approves of the new coinage for Ireland, 957

Ney, in Switzerland, 1237; pursues Moore, 1296; at Quatre Bras, 1341; at Waterloo, 1344, 1345

Nicholas, Emperor of Russia, 1397

Nithsdale, escape of, 938

Noailles, in Franconia, 991; at Dettingen, 992; withdraws, 993

Normanby, Privy Seal, 877

North (William), Lord, a Jacobite, 954

North, Frederick, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1059; his policy, 1060, 1061; his supporters, 1064; yields to the King, 1070, 1085, 1089; his reconciliation scheme, 1072; desires to resign, 1084; shields Sandwich, 1089; his Irish Bills, 1090, 1091; upholds toleration, 1094; resigns, 1104; his objections to the peace, 1112; Secretary of State, 1112; his Regulating Act, 1123

Northington, Lord Chancellor, 1049; his talents, 1050; Lord President, 1053

Northumberland, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1050

Northumberland, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1406

Nottingham, Secretary of State, 810; remonstrates with William, 824; dismissed, 843; Secretary of State, 877; dismissed, 909; returns to office, 931

Nuncomar, rival to Reza Khan, 1122; accuses him, 1124; accuses Hastings, trial and death, 1125

O'Connell, forms the Catholic Association, 1390; his election, 1403, 1404; his power, 1405; agitates for repeal, 1409, 1421, 1435, 1446, 1455; in Parliament, 1434, 1437, 1439, 1450; his conversation with Littleton, 1448, 1449

O'Connor, plans French invasion, 1211; his confession, 1216; his Catholic petition, 1272

Oliver, Government spy, 1354, 1357

Orange, Stadtholder, 1010

Orford. [See Russell and Walpole.]

Orleans, in Italy, 893; Regent, 934; negotiations with George I., 940; applied to by the Jacobites, 955

Ormond, Commander, 920; his Jacobite tendencies, 922; joins the Pretender, 932; attempts to land in England, 935; collects a second expedition, 945; a third, 955; a fourth, 983

Orrery, in Atterbury's plot, 954, 955

Ostend Company, established, 959; suspended, 961, 962; destroyed, 971

Overkirk, promoted, 810; serves with Marlborough, 878

Oxford. [See Harley.]

Paine, effect of his writings, 1077; his "Rights of Man," 1155; spread of his works, 1179

Pakenham, at Salamanca, 1317; at New Orleans, 1317

Pallisser, his quarrel with Keppel, 1089

Palm, murdered, 1276

Palm, Austrian ambassador, 961

Palmerston, under secretary, 1323; quoted, 1387, 1388; supports Wellington, 1395; resigns, 1402; quoted, 1403, 1404; Foreign Secretary, 1423; his foreign policy, 1461; his Belgian policy, 1462; his Quadruple Alliance, 1464

Paoli, in Corsica, 1172

Parker, Sir Hyde, 1099; at Copenhagen, 1232, 1233

Parker, his mutiny, 1195; hanged, 1196

Parliament, increased power of, 807; factions in, 821; venality of, 824; jealousy between the two Houses, 839; William's position with regard to, 842; Triennial Act, 844; quarrel between the two Houses, 865, 906, 907; arbitrary assertions of privilege, 872; the Union with Scotland, 928; the Septennial Act, 938, 939; subservient to the Crown, 968; venality of, 969; Pension Bill rejected, 972; Wyndham's description of, 977; power over the ministry, 985; in no sense representative, 986; little interest shown by the people in the debates, 1002; the nation desires a truer representation, 1017; irritating privileges of, 1018, 1043, 1044; Pitt unable to stand without, 1022, 1025; his power over, 1033; venality of, 1041, 1055; want of harmony with the people, 1043, 1044; struggle of George III. against, 1060; the liberty of reporting debates, 1062. [See Reform.]

Paterson, his financial scheme, 844; his Darien scheme, 865-867

Paul, Emperor of Russia, 1221; his character, 1227

Peel, his financial measures, 1359; Home Secretary, 1369; Tory, 1387; Palmerston's opinion of, 1388; resigns, 1392; Home Secretary, 1395; desires repeal of Test Act, 1401; supports Catholic emancipation, 1406, 1408; resigns his seat at Oxford, 1407; his interview with George IV., 1407; leader of the Tories, 1434; supports the Coercion Bill, 1439; his Liberal views, 1447; refuses to join Melbourne, 1449; Premier, 1456; his Tamworth Manifesto, 1457; resigns, 1458

Pelham, Henry, character, 983; Premier, 988; his timidity, 996; resigns, 1009; restored, 1010; pacific policy, 1011; financial policy, 1012, 1013; dies, 1018

Pelham, Thomas (brother of Henry). [See Newcastle.]

Peltier, his paper, 1237

Pembroke, made Lord President, 877; dismissed, 913

Perceval, Attorney-General, 1247; opposes Catholic claims, 1273; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1274; accused of bribery, 1299; Premier, 1323; assassinated, 1325; approved of the Walcheren expedition, 1330

Perron, in the Douab, 1255; defeated, 1257

Peter the Great, war with Charles XII., 895, 896, 941, 943; threatens to invade England, 945; deserted by his allies, 946

Peter III., Emperor, 1040; dies, 1041

Peterborough (Mordaunt), First Lord of the Treasury, 811; impeached, 823

Peterborough (nephew of the above), in Spain, 889, 890; recalled, 895

Petty. [See Lansdowne.]

Philip V., his claim to Spain, 863, 869; becomes King, 870; marries Princess of Savoy, 877; supported by the Castilians, 890; proposal to dethrone him, 894, 902; retires from Madrid, 915; renounces his claim on France, 921; marries Elizabeth of Parma, 944; dismisses Alberoni, 946; candidate for the Empire, 989; dies, 1010

Pichegru, his victories, 1169, 1171, 1172; meditates treachery, 1174; his conspiracy, 1251

Pigot, Governor in Madras, 1126

Pitt (Lord Chatham), in Opposition, 978; his first speech, 982; excluded from Wilmington's Ministry, 987; does not oppose Pelham, 996, 997; George II. dislikes him, 997, 1018; Paymaster of the Forces, 1010; popularity of, 1017; refuses to support subsidies, 1020; dismissed, 1021; Secretary of State, 1022; his vigorous rule, 1022; apparent change of policy, 1024; his energy, 1025; appoints fresh generals, 1026; raises the English spirit, 1028; his plan for the capture of Quebec, 1030; discovers Wolfe's merits, 1029, 1031; his success, 1033; he opposes peace, 1038, 1039; resigns, accepts a pension, 1039; interview with George III., 1042; supports Wilkes, 1044; his negotiation with Cumberland, 1049, 1050; retires, 1050; his speech on America, 1051, 1052; refuses to join Rockingham, 1052; Prime Minister, Lord Chatham, 1053; his grand plans, his illness, 1054; retires, 1055; reconciliation with Temple and Grenville, his speech on America, 1058; supports the press warrants, 1062; his Reform Bill, 1063; opposes Rockingham, 1064; his motion of conciliation, 1071; his speech for America, 1083; his energy, 1084; his death, 1086; his plans for India, 1054, 1123

Pitt, William, with Chatham, 1086; in Parliament, 1103; refuses office, 1105; his Reform Bill, 1107; Chancellor of the Exchequer, quarrels with Fox, 1111; the support of the old Tory party, 1112; Premier, 1132; his India Bill, 1133, 1135; popular admiration for, 1133; his first budget, 1134, 1135; his Irish legislation, 1136, 1137; his Reform Bill, 1137, 1138; his sinking fund, 1138; supports the charge against Hastings, 1140; his Regency Bill, 1143; his power, 1144; effect of the French Revolution on, 1145, 1160, 1161; his foreign policy, 1146-1148; dreads Russia, 1147; procures the Convention of Reichenbach, 1149; his opinion of the French Revolution, 1154; his hopes of peace, 1157; opposes reform, 1162; determines on repression, 1164; desires peace, 1166; his energy, 1170; recalls York, 1172; interferes in Spain, 1173; negotiates with De Puisaye, 1174; popular confidence in, 1177; his repression, 1178; his energy, 1180; paramount in Parliament, 1182; desires peace, 1184; his first negotiations, 1187; desires peace, 1189; his loan, 1190; desires the Union, 1199, 1206, 1208; desires Catholic relief, 1204, 1205, 1229; resigns, 1230, 1231; approves of the peace, 1234; leaves Parliament, 1239; negotiations for his return, 1240; in Parliament, 1243; his volunteers, 1244, 1248; offers himself as Premier, 1245, 1246; his ministry, 1247, 1252; sad close to his life, 1257; his friendship for Melville, 1259; forms the coalition, 1250, 1261; dies, 1266; his funeral, 1267; his efforts against the slave trade, 1271

Polignac, signs the Treaty of London, 1398; French minister, 1413; unpopularity of, 1415

Pompadour, influence over Louis XV., 1023

Ponsonby, Attorney-General, 1208; opposes the Union, 1217; Home Secretary, 1450

Popham, takes Gwalior, 1127; rescues Hastings, 1128

Popham, Sir Home, at Buenos Ayres, 1280; in Spain, 1317

Poor Law, misery caused by, 1228, 1333, 1361; reformed, 1451-1453

Porter, his conspiracy, 847

Porteous riots, 979

Portland. [See Bentinck.]

Portland (grandson of Bentinck), First Lord of the Treasury, 1112; joins Pitt, 1163; Secretary of State, 1181; his Irish views, 1208; remains in office, 1246; resigns, 1252; offers to form a ministry, 1273; Premier, 1274; resigns, 1323

Pragmatic Sanction, Charles VI. desires guarantee of, 959, 970; guaranteed, 960, 971, 976, 989, 1011

Pratt, acquits Wilkes, 1043; Lord Camden, Chancellor, 1053; attacks the ministry, 1058; in the ministry, 1105

Preston, his conspiracy, 825; captured, 831

Pretender. [See James and Charles Edward.]

Prideaux, secures Montreal, 1029

Priestley, his house burnt, 1156

Princess of Wales. [See Augusta.]

Prior, his negotiations, 918, 919

Pulteney, his opposition to Walpole, 958; friendship with Bolingbroke, 962; joins the Prince of Wales, 978; Lord Bath, 987; candidate for the Premiership, 988

Quebec, siege of, 1029, 1030

Queensberry, Lord Commissioner, 925

Quiberon, expedition to, 1174-1177

Ragotski, threatens Vienna, 882; invades Austria, 945

Rawdon, in Carolina, 1098; his severity, 1098; at Hobkirk's Hill, 1100; at Charleston, 1101; Lord Moira, at Quiberon, 1175; friend of Prince of Wales, 1245; Master of the Ordnance, 1267; quarrels with Grey, 1325; Marquis of Hastings, Governor-General of India, 1467-1471

Reform, Chatham's plan for, 1054; need of, 1052, 1055; Dunning's agitation for, 1091, 1092; Pitt's Reform Bills, 1107, 1137, 1138; Flood's Bill, 1155; agitation for, 1162, 1163, 1179, 1352; of Scotch burghs, 1360; effect of the Queen's trial on, 1366, 1368; the Reform Bill, 1423-1434

Revenue. [See Civil List.]

Revolutionary Societies, 1155, 1162, 1164; prosecuted, 1179, 1180; meetings of, 1183

Reza Khan, minister, 1122; apprehended, 1124

Rice, Colonial Secretary, 1447

Richmond, his speech, 1086; in the ministry, 1105; supports Pitt, 1107

Ripon. [See Robinson.]

Ripperda, his intrigues, 959, 960

Robespierre, his rule, 1185; his fall, 1186

Robinson, Leader of the House, 1018; dismissed, 1020

Robinson, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1377; his financial measures, 1378; Lord Goderich, Colonial Secretary, 1392; Premier, 1394; resigns, 1395; his Turkish policy, 1400; Colonial Secretary, 1423; Earl of Ripon, Privy Seal, 1439; resigns, 1447

Rochambeau, at New York, 1096

Rochester, Privy Councillor, 870; opposes Marlborough, 877, 905; dislikes the war, 906; resigns, 906; Lord President, 915

Rockingham, removed from his Lord Lieutenancy, 1041; First Lord of the Treasury, 1050; retires, 1053; leader of the old Whigs, 1058; character, 1104; First Lord of the Treasury, 1105; death, 1109, 1111

Rodney, at Havre, 1028; his successes, 1040; his victory, 1094; captures Eustatia, 1098; returns home, 1099; defends Jamaica, 1109

Roman Catholic, [See Catholic.]

Romilly, quoted, 1274, 1299; in Parliament, 1359

Rooke, at La Hogue, 838; guards the Smyrna fleet, 841; takes Gibraltar, 887; vote of thanks to, 909; dismissed, 910

Rousseau, his influence, 1152

Runjeet Singh, treaty with, 1467; intrigues with the Mahrattas, 1468

Russell, Admiral, 826; his treason, 832; effect of Mary's letter on, 837; Whig leader, 842; head of the Admiralty, 843; pursues Tourville, 846; guards the Channel, 854; accused of treason, 855; made Earl of Orford, 856; parliamentary attack on, 865; impeached, 871; excluded from the Privy Council, 877; head of the Admiralty, 913

Russell, John, member of the Friends of the People, 1162; his Reform Bill, 1368; moves for the repeal of the Test Act, 1401; Paymaster-General, 1423; introduces the Reform Bill, 1425; his motion on the Irish Church, 1458

Rutland, in the Privy Council, 1132

Ruvigny. [See Galway.]

Sacheverell, a Whig leader, 821, 823

Sacheverell, his sermons, 914

Sackville, joins Ferdinand, 1027; at Minden, 1032

St. John. [See Bolingbroke.]

St. Just, in Alsace, 1169; in Flanders, 1171; his rule, 1185; arrested, 1186

St. Ruth, organizes the Irish army, 829; killed, 830

St. Vincent. [See Jervis.]

Salisbury, impeached, 823

Sancroft, his letter to James II., 831

Sandwich, Secretary of State, 1043; prosecutes Wilkes, 1044; First Lord of the Admiralty, 1063; opposes Chatham, 1072; escapes censure, 1089

Sandys, proposes a Pension Bill, 972; his motion against Walpole, 984; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 987

Sarsfield, his skill, 828; prudence, 829; at Aghrim, 830

Saunders, at Quebec, 1030

Savile, proposes Catholic relief, 1087; presents a petition, 1091; his house burnt, 1093

Saxe, at Dunkirk, 995; in Flanders, 996; at Fontenoy, 998

Saxe-Coburg, defeats Dumouriez, 1168

Schérer, in Italy, 1187, 1222

Schill, in Saxony, 1301

Schomberg, in Ireland, 822; killed, 827

Schomberg, at the Boyne, 827; in Portugal, 887

Schuyler, defeats Burgoyne, 1081, 1082

Scotland, character of the Revolution in, 817, 818; Killiecrankie, 819, 820; re-establishment of order, 830; massacre of Glencoe, 834-836; the Darien scheme, 865-867; discontent in, 896; the Union, 924-928; the rebellion of 1715, 932-938; disturbances in, 957, 958; the rebellion of 1745, 999-1009

Scott, Hastings' agent, 1125, 1139

Sebastiani, his report, 1239; at Constantinople, 1281

Selim, his war with Russia, 1281

Selwyn, Mrs., quarrel in her house, 972, 978

Seymour, Tory leader, 848; in the Privy Council, 877; dismissed, 909

Shah Allum, defeated, 1119; taken prisoner, 1121; receives a dominion, 1122; deprived, 1124; restored, 1126; restored by Lake, 1257

Shelburne (Marquis of Lansdowne), Secretary of State, 1053; retires, 1055; leader of the Whigs, 1104; Secretary of State, 1105; his Irish legislation, 1106; his conduct of American affairs, 1108; First Lord of the Treasury, 1111; resigns, 1112

Sheridan, his speeches against Hastings, 1140, 1141; his sympathy with the French Revolution, 1161, 1162; friend of George IV., 1324

Shiel, his opinion of Ireland, 1405

Shippen, leader of the Jacobite party, 947, 968

Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, in Spain, 889; Commander-in-chief, 910

Shrewsbury, Secretary of State, 810; remonstrates with William, 824; rejoins the ministry, 843; accused of treason, 855; Lord Chamberlain, 914; Lord Treasurer, 924; his influence, 930

Sidmouth. [See Addington.]

Sindia, his power, 1126; defeated, 1127; extent of his territory, 1254; war with Wellesley, 1255, 1256; his treaty with Hastings, 1469; his treachery, 1471

Slavery, first motion for abolition, 1142; abolition supported by Pitt, 1157; abolition of the trade, 1271, 1272; in the Mediterranean, 1347; Canning's circular, 1382, 1383; the Emancipation Bill, 1443-1445

Smith, Sir Sydney, at Acre, 1223; in Egypt, 1231

Smith, the missionary, persecuted, 1383

Smyrna fleet, loss of, 841

Solmes, at Steinkirk, 839

Sombreuil, at Quiberon, 1176, 1177

Somers, Whig leader, 842; Lord Keeper, 843; on the Currency Commission, 849; Lord Chancellor, 856; objects to disband the army, 860; remonstrates with William, 864; attacked, 868; removed, 869; impeached, 871; acquitted, 872; excluded from the Privy Council, 877; his declaration, 912; President of the Council, 913; his Alien Bill, 926

Sophia of Hanover, proposal to name her in the succession, 823; succession settled upon her, 871; dies, 923; her nomination rejected by Scotland, 925

Sophia of Mecklenburg, marries George III., 1048

Soubise, at Kirch-Denkern, 1037

Soult, in Spain, 1295; pursues Moore, 1296; at Corunna, 1297; takes Oporto, 1298; retreats, 1303; at Palencia, 1305; attacks Cadiz, 1306, 1308; at Albuera, 1310; at Tarifa, 1313, 1314; joins Joseph, 1317; threatens Hill, 1318; in command, 1320; his skill, 1321

South Sea Company, 918, 949-953; trade of, 981

Spencer, his interview with Parker, 1195; resigns, 1230; disapproves of the peace, 1235; alliance with Fox, 1243; Home Secretary, 1267

Stair, at Glencoe, 834, 835; friendship with Orleans, 934; dismissed, 975; at Dettingen, 991, 993

Stanhope, General, in Spain, 915, 916; Whig leader, 923; Secretary of State, 931; his friendship with Orleans, 934; at Hanover, 940; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 942; Secretary of State, 945; his foreign policy, 946; his toleration, 947, 986; dreads the accession of George II., 948; dies, 954

Stanhope, Charles, his share in the South Sea frauds, 954

Stanhope, William (Lord Harrington), character, 969; dismissed, 987; Secretary of State, 996; resigns, 1009

Stanhope, Charles, President of the Revolutionary Society, 1155

Stanislas of Poland, 1066

Stanley, Hans, ambassador in Paris, 1038; at Berlin, 1054

Stanley, Secretary for Ireland, 1423; his Church policy, 1435, 1437; his Coercion Bill, 1438; his speech against O'Connell, 1439; Colonial Secretary, 1439; supports slave emancipation, 1445; resigns, 1447; refuses to join Peel, 1456

Staremberg, in Spain, 901, 916

Stevenson, in India, 1255, 1266

Stofflet, Chouan leader, 1175, 1177

Stormont, in the Cabinet, 1112; votes against Pitt's India Bill, 1131

Strangford in Portugal, 1288

Strathallan, collects an army for Charles Edward, 1004; joins him, 1005

Suchet, in Valencia, 1313, 1317

Suffolk, Secretary of State, 1063

Sujah Dowlah, 1121, 1122, 1128

Sullivan, his dispute with Clive, 1121

Sullivan, General, 1088

Sunderland, advises a Whig ministry, 842; son-in-law of Marlborough, Secretary of State, 910; dismissed, 915; Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 931; at Hanover, Secretary of State, 942; disliked by George II., 948; leaves the ministry, dies, 954

Surajah Dowlah, 1118, 1119

Suwarrow, in Italy, 1222, 1224

Swift, his Drapier's Letters, 957; writes against Walpole, 978

Sydney, Secretary of State, 1132

Talbot, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 812; his intrigues, 813, 814; invites James over, 814; evacuates Dublin, 828; returns from France, 829

Tallard, ambassador to London, 862; in Alsace, 881, 882; at Augsburg, 884; at Blenheim, 886; taken prisoner, 887

Talleyrand, at Amiens, 1234; negotiates with Fox, 1268, 1270; deserts Napoleon, 1329; at Vienna, 1336; opposes Russia, 1338

Talmash, General, in Ireland, 829; killed at Brest, 846

Tandy, Irish demagogue, 1136; raises the National Guards, 1206; escapes, 1216

Tarleton, in Carolina, 1098; defeated, 1100

Tate, invades Bristol, 1191

Temple, his selfish claims, 1033; supports Pitt, 1039, 1042; visits Wilkes, 1043; deprived of his Lord Lieutenancy, 1043; his connection with Grenville, 1049, 1050; forsakes Pitt, 1053; reconciled with him, 1058; opposes Fox's India Bill, 1131

Tessé, in Spain, 890; at Toulon, 895

Thelwall, trial of, 1180, 1181

Thistlewood, a Spencean, 1352; in Cato Street Conspiracy, 1365

Thurot, blockaded, 1028; defeated, 1029

Tierney, opposes Government, 1374; joins Canning, 1392; supports Althorp, 1394

Tippoo, war with Hastings, 1128; intrigues with France, 1219; killed, 1224

Tone, Irish malcontent, 1189; corresponds with Clark, 1190; character, 1203; his Society, 1204; raises National Guards, 1206; his hopes sink, 1207; goes to France, 1209; dies, 1216

Tooke, trial of, 1180, 1181

Torcy, French ambassador, 902; desires peace, 918

Torrington. [See Herbert.]

Tourville, at Beachy Head, 826; burns Teignmouth, 828; prepares to invade England, 836; at La Hogue, 837; in the Mediterranean, 846

Townshend, Charles, Secretary of State, 931; head of the ministry, 940; his policy, 941; dismissed, Viceroy of Ireland, 942; Lord President, 948; Secretary of State, 954; makes the Treaty of Hanover, 962; quarrels with Walpole, 967, 972; retires, 973

Townshend, Charles (grandson of the above), Secretary at War, 1037; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1053; his rash measures, 1054

Trade. [See Commerce.]

Treaties-- Limerick, 1691, 830; Ryswick, 1697, 857, 858; First Partition, 1698, 863; Second Partition, 1700, 869; Grand Alliance, 1701, 873; Methuen, 1703, 880, 907, 1138; Gertruydenberg, 1710, 915; Utrecht, 1713, 919, 921; Rastadt, 1714, 921; Barrier, 1715, 941; Triple Alliance, 1717, 942; Passarowitz, 1718, 945; Quadruple Alliance, 1718, 945; general peace 1720, 946; Congress of Cambrai, 1724, 968; Vienna, 1725, 960; Hanover, 1725, 961; the Pardo, 1727, 970; Congress of Soissons, 1728, 970; Seville, 1729, 971; Vienna, 1731, 971; Vienna, 1738, 976; Kleinschnellendorf, 1741, 990; Breslau and Berlin, 1742, 991; with Charles VII., 1743, 994; Worms, 1743, 995; Frankfort, 1744, 995; Fuessen, 1745, 996; Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, 1011; Warsaw and St. Petersburg, 1745, 1023; Family Compact, 1761, 1039; Peace of Paris, 1763, 1040; Partition of Poland, 1773, 1066; between America and France, 1777, 1084; with America, 1783, 1110; Commercial, with France, 1786, 1138; with Holland and Prussia, 1789, 1147; Convention of Reichenbach, 1790, 1149; Yassy, 1792, 1149; Convention of Pilnitz, 1791, 1157; at Basle, 1795, 1173; Léoben, 1797, 1188; Campo Formio, 1797, 1193; Erckmar, 1799, 1224; Alessandria, 1800, 1226; Lunéville, 1801, 1227; El Arish, 1801, 1231; St. Petersburg, 1801, 1233; Amiens, 1802, 1234, 1236; Tripartite, 1800, 1253; Bassein, 1802, 1255; Subsidiary, 1803, 1257; St. Petersburg, 1805, 1261; Schönbrunn, 1805, 1269; Presburg, 1805, 1269; Tilsitt, 1807, 1283; Fontainebleau, 1807, 1286; Cintra, 1808, 1293; Vienna, 1809, 1301; Chaumont, 1814, 1328; Paris, 1815, 1346; Vienna, 1815, 1338, 1339, 1347; Paris, 1815, 1347; Holy Alliance, 1815, 1348; Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818, 1359; Quadruple Alliance, 1834, 1464; Unkiar Skelesi, 1833, 1465

Trenchard, Secretary of State, 843

Trevor, Speaker, 824; expelled, 845

Trimbucjee, favourite of the Peishwa, 1468; escapes, 1469; captured, 1470

Tullibardine, joins Mar, 934; joins Charles Edward, 1000

Turgot, 1152

Turner, letter to James II., 831

Tweeddale, Commissioner, dismissed, 926

Tyrconnel. [See Talbot.]

Vansittart, Governor of Calcutta, 1120

Vansittart, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1349; resigns, 1376; Lord Bexley, his financial views, 1377; resigns, 1392

Vauban, French engineer, 838; fortifies Brest, 846; fortifies Namur, 847

Vaughan, at Eustatia, 1099

Vendome, takes Barcelona, 858; succeeds Villeroi, 879; in Savoy, 881; successful, 887; in Italy, 893; in Flanders, 893, 896; at Oudenarde, 898; in Spain, 916

Vergennes, negotiates peace, 1108; supports the Democrats in Holland, 1147

Vernon, takes Porto Bello, 984

Victor Amadeus of Savoy, 877, 880

Victor, in Portugal, 1298; at Talavera, 1303, 1304; at Barosa, 1309

Victoria of Saalfield, marries Edward Duke of Kent, 1358

Villaret, Joyeuse, French admiral, 1172, 1173

Villars, French general, 879; recalled, 881; in the Cevennes, 881; on the Moselle, 888; at Stolhofen, 895; in Piedmont, 896; at Malplaquet, 903, 904; wounded, 905; his non plus ultra, 918

Villeneuve, prepares to invade England, 1262, 1263; at Trafalgar, 1265

Villeroi, succeeds Luxemburg, 847; in Italy, 879; in Flanders, 881; in Alsace, 884; falls back, 887; in Flanders, 888; at Ramillies, 892

Voltaire, his influence, 1152

Wade, assembles his army, 1002; marches against the Pretender, 1003; superseded, 1005

Waldeck, at Fontenoy, 998, 999.

Walker, Obadiah, impeached, 823

Walmoden, Dutch general, 1172

Walpole, Robert, Secretary at War, 913; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 931; dismissed, 942; his opposition, 946-948; Paymaster of the Forces, 948; his sinking fund, 950; his settlement of the South Sea frauds, 953, 954; First Lord of the Treasury, 954; his tact in dealing with Ireland, 957; refuses to restore Bolingbroke, 962; retains his power with George II., 966; his quarrel with Townshend, 962, 967, 972; purchases a majority, 969; his financial measures, 973, 974; refuses to join the European war, 976; his speech in answer to Wyndham, 977; retains his influence after the Queen's death, 980; his desire for peace, 981; declares war, 982; opposition to, 983, 984; made Lord Orford, resigns, 985; review of his ministry, 985-987; dies, 997

Walpole, Horace (son of Robert), quoted, 1020, 1093

Ward, his motion on the Irish Church, 1446

Wardle, insults Pitt, 1259; accuses York, 1299

Washington, fighting against the French, 1019; signs the Declaration, 1061; raises a regiment, 1070; Commander-in-chief, 1073; his army, 1074; takes Boston, 1075; goes to New York, 1076; retires, takes Trenton, 1079; defends Philadelphia, 1080; reorganizes his army, 1081; undervalued, 1087; trusted, 1088; at New York, 1095; his conference with Rochambeau, 1096; condemns André, 1097; recommends Greene, 1100; takes Yorktown, 1102; proposal to make him Dictator, 1107

Watson, Clive forges his name, 1119

Watson, a Spencean, 1352

Wayne, in Virginia, 1101

Webb, Marlborough's conduct to, 901

Wedderburn, character, 1064; counsel for Hutchinson, 1068; insults Franklin, 1069; his opinion of the Riot Act, 1094

Wellesley, Governor-General in India, 1224; his subsidiary system, 1254; war with the Mahrattas, 1255, 1256; Foreign Secretary, 1323; resigns, 1323; negotiations for his return, 1325; Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1369; his administration, 1389, 1390; his correspondence on the Coercion Bill, 1448

Wellington, in India, 1224; his genius, 1290; Secretary for Ireland, 1290; lands in Portugal, at Rorica, 1291; at Vimiero, 1292; thwarted by Burrard, 1293; in command, 1298; victorious, 1303; at Talavera, 1304; made Duke of Wellington, 1305; fortifies Lisbon, 1306; at Busaco, 1307; his plans, 1309; at Albuera, 1310; badly supplied, 1312; his plans, 1314; at Badajos, 1315; at Salamanca, 1316; at Madrid, 1317; at Vittoria, 1318; at Toulouse, 1321; at Congress of Vienna, 1339; in Belgium, 1340; at Waterloo, 1341-1345; his moderation, 1346; arranges the evacuation of France, 1359; at the Congress of Verona, 1375; opposes the Corn Bill, 1388; resigns, 1392; returns, 1394; Premier, 1395; Ambassador to Russia, 1397; his Turkish policy, 1400; his Government, 1401; dismisses Huskisson, 1402; supports Catholic emancipation, 1405, 1406, 1408; his foreign policy, 1410-1412; his friendship for Polignac, 1413; his isolated position, 1417, 1420; reconciliation with Huskisson, 1421; his speech, 1422; resigns, 1423; prepares to suppress tumults, 1429; fails to form a ministry, 1430; assaulted, 1433; in opposition, 1445; Foreign Secretary, 1456

Wesley, his teaching, 1016, 1017

West, at Minorca, 1021

Westmoreland, his policy, 1209; in office, 1246; Palmerston's opinion of, 1388; resigns, 1392

Westermann, in La Vendée, 1170

Weymouth, Secretary of State, 1056

Wharnecliff, Opposition leader, 1426; Privy Seal, 1456

Wharton, Whig leader, 842

Wharton, Jacobite leader, 960; dies, 969

Whitbread, his motion against slavery, 1142; attacks Melville, 1258

Whitelocke, at Buenos Ayres, 1281

Whitewell, Governor of Madras, 1127

Whitfield, 1016

Whitworth, his interviews with Napoleon, 1239, 1240; leaves Paris, 1241

Wilberforce, member for Yorkshire, 1134; votes against Melville, 1259; his efforts against slavery, 1271; dies, 1445

Wilkes, his trial, 1043; expelled the House, 1044; his election, 1055, 1056; decline of his power, 1063

William III., accepts the crown, 806; character, 807; forms his ministry, 808; his view of royalty, 809; his tolerance, 811, 817; declares war, 811; negotiates with Tyrconnel, 813; abused for neglecting Ireland, 814; his letter to Scotland, receives the Scotch crown, 818; difficulty of his position, 821; threatens to leave England, 824; his revenue, 825; his Act of Grace, 825; goes to Ireland, 826; battle of the Boyne, 827; enters Dublin, 828; returns to England, 828; successful abroad, 831; deprives Marlborough of his offices, 833; his part in the massacre of Glencoe, 834, 835; goes abroad, 836; at Steinkirk, 839; returns, 839; at Landen, 841; forms a united ministry, 842, 843; death of his wife, 844; reconciliation with Anne, 847; goes to Flanders, 847; takes Namur, 848; his triumphant return, 848; his Land Bank scheme, 851; the Assassination Plot, 853, 854; his wisdom during Fenwick's trial, 855, 856; desires peace, 857; success of his reign, 859; forced to reduce his army, 860; attention to foreign politics, 862; makes the First Partition Treaty, 863; threatens to leave England, 864; goes to Holland, 865; disapproves of the Darien scheme, 867; grants land to his Dutch favourites, 868; arranges the Second Partition Treaty, 869; his unpopularity, 870; forms the Grand Alliance, 873; burst of loyalty on James II.'s death, 873; dies, 874; censured by the Tory party, 906

William IV., his marriage, 1358; High Admiral, 1392; character, 1418; supports his ministers, 1426; dissolves the Houses, 1427; opposes the Reform Bill, 1429; his Church policy, 1449; dismisses Melbourne's ministry, 1455

Willis, Dr., his treatment of George III.'s illness, 1142, 1143, 1230

Wilmington. [See Compton.]

Winchelsea, retires from the ministry, 996

Windham, Secretary at War, 1181; resigns, 1230; disapproves of the peace, 1235; disliked by Addington, 1240; his alliance with Fox, 1243; opposes the volunteer movement, 1244; Secretary at War, 1267

Winter, at Camperdown, 1198

Wolfe, at Rochefort, 1025; succeeds Loudon, 1026; takes Quebec, 1029, 1030; dies, 1031

Wolseley, his speech at Stockport, 1362; his trial, 1366

Woodstock, receives grant of Crown lands, 868

Wray, candidate for Westminster, 1134

Wright, Lord Keeper, 869

Wurmser, in Italy, 1188

Wyndham, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 922; leader of Hanoverian Tories, 968; his speech against Walpole, 977; joins the Prince of Wales, 978; dies, 983

York. [See Frederick.]

Yorke. [See Hardwicke.]

Yorke (son of Hardwicke), commits suicide, 1015

Young, character, 983; in office, 987

Rivingtons, London, Oxford & Cambridge.]

* * * * *

+------------------------------------------------------------+ | Transcriber's Notes: | | | | P.889. 'overriden' changed to 'overridden'. | | P.1015. 'laxitv' changed to 'laxity'. | | P.1217. 'imposible' changed to 'impossible'. | | P.1264. 'Austri' changed toe 'Austrian'. | | P.1418. 'Excheque' changed to 'Exchequer'. | | Index: Palmerston, supports Wellington. '1795' changed to | | '1395'. | | The word secresy is the old spelling of secrecy, keeping. | | Fixed various punctuation. | +------------------------------------------------------------+

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