A handbook of systematic botany (part 4 of 4)

A handbook of systematic botany (part 4 of 4)

Cohort X. LAMIALES. Corolla most often irregular or oblique. Posterior stamen less than the others, most frequently reduced to a staminode or absent. Carpels 1-ovuled or with 2 collateral ovules. Fruit enclosed in the persistent calyx, indehiscent, and with one seed, or dehiscing into 2 or 4, rarely ∞, 1-seeded nuts.

Order 123. Myoporineæ. „ 124. Selagineæ. „ 125. Verbenaceæ. „ 126. Labiateæ.

Anomalous Order 127. Plantagineæ.

III. MONOCHLAMYDEÆ.

Perianth simple, lobes or segments 1–2-seriate and often sepaloid, or small, or wanting.

Series I. =Curvembryeæ.= Endosperm frequently farinaceous. Embryo curved, excentric, lateral or peripheral, rarely straight. Ovules most frequently 1 in the ovary, or 1 in each loculus. Flowers ☿, in some genera unisexual or polygamous. Petals very rare. Stamens equal to the segments of the perianth, rarely fewer or more.

Order 128. Nyctagineæ. „ 129. Illecebraceæ. „ 130. Amarantaceæ. „ 131. Chenopodiaceæ. „ 132. Phytolaccaceæ. „ 133. Batideæ. „ 134. Polygonaceæ.

Series II. =Multiovulatæ Aquaticæ.= Aquatic herbs, submerged. Ovary syncarpous; ovules numerous in each loculus or on each placenta.

Order 135. Podostemaceæ.

Series III. =Multiovulatæ Terrestres.= Terrestrial trees or shrubs. Ovary syncarpous; ovules numerous in each loculus or on each placenta.

Order 136. Nepenthaceæ. „ 137. Cytinaceæ. „ 138. Aristolochiaceæ.

Series IV. =Micrembryeæ.= Ovary syncarpous, monocarpous, or apocarpous. Ovules generally solitary in each carpel, rarely 2 or few. Endosperm copious, fleshy, or rarely farinaceous. Embryo very minute.

Order 139. Piperaceæ. „ 140. Chloranthaceæ. „ 141. Myristiceæ. „ 142. Monimiaceæ.

Series V. =Daphnales.= Ovary monocarpous, very rarely syncarpous, with 2–4 loculi; ovules in the ovary or in each loculus, solitary, or in pairs. Trees or shrubs, very rarely herbs; flowers generally ☿. Perianth perfect, sepaloid, 1–2 seriate. Stamens perigynous, equal to the lobes of the perianth, or double unless fewer.

Order 143. Laurineæ. „ 144. Proteaceæ. „ 145. Thymelæaceæ. „ 146. Penæaceæ. „ 147. Elæagnaceæ.

Series VI. =Achlamydosporeæ.= Ovary unilocular, 1–3 ovules. Ovules most frequently poorly developed before flowering. Seeds endospermous, but without testa, either free in the pericarp or attached to its walls. Perianth generally perfect, sepaloid or petaloid.

Order 148. Loranthaceæ. „ 149. Santalaceæ. „ 150. Balanophoreæ.

Series VII. =Unisexuales.= Flowers unisexual. Ovary syncarpous or monocarpous, ovules in the ovary or in each loculus, solitary, or in pairs. Endosperm copious, fleshy, or scanty, or absent. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Stipules generally present. Perianth sepaloid, or minute, or absent. Styles equal in number to the carpels, not rarely bifid.

Order 151. Euphorbiaceæ. „ 152. Balanopseæ. „ 153. Urticaceæ. „ 154. Platanaceæ. „ 155. Leitnerieæ. „ 156. Juglandeæ. „ 157. Myricaceæ. „ 158. Casuarineæ. „ 159. Cupuliferæ.

Series VIII. =Ordines Anomali.= Anomalous Orders.

Order 160. Salicineæ. „ 161. Lacistemaceæ. „ 162. Empetraceæ. „ 163. Ceratophylleæ.

GYMNOSPERMEÆ

Order 164. Gnetaceæ. „ 165. Coniferæ. „ 166. Cycadaceæ.

MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Series I. =Microspermæ.= At least the inner series of the perianth petaloid. Ovary inferior, unilocular, with 3 parietal placentæ, or rarely 3-locular, with axile placentation. Seeds minute, numerous, without endosperm.

Order 167. Hydrocharideæ. „ 168. Burmanniaceæ. „ 169. Orchideæ.

Series II. =Epigynæ.= At least the inner series of the perianth petaloid. Ovary most often inferior. Endosperm copious.

Order 170. Scitamineæ. „ 171. Bromeliaceæ. „ 172. Hæmodoraceæ. „ 173. Irideæ. „ 174. Amaryllideæ. „ 175. Taccaceæ. „ 176. Dioscoreaceæ.

Series III. =Coronarieæ.= At least the inner series of perianth petaloid. Ovary free, very rarely slightly adnate at the base. Endosperm copious.

Order 177. Roxburghiaceæ. „ 178. Liliaceæ. „ 179. Pontederiaceæ. „ 180. Philydraceæ. „ 181. Xyrideæ. „ 182. Mayaceæ. „ 183. Commelinaceæ. „ 184. Rapateaceæ.

Series IV. =Calycinæ.= Perianth sepaloid, small, rigid, or herbaceous (inner series subpetaloid or small). Ovary free. Endosperm copious.

Order 185. Flagellarieæ. „ 186. Juncaceæ. „ 187. Palmæ.

Series V. =Nudifloræ.= Perianth absent, or reduced to hairs or scales. Ovary superior, carpel solitary, or if many, syncarpous, 1–∞-ovuled. Endosperm most frequently present.

Order 188. Pandaneæ. „ 189. Cyclanthaceæ. „ 190. Typhaceæ. „ 191. Aroideæ. „ 192. Lemnaceæ.

Series VI. =Apocarpæ.= Perianth 1–2-seriate, or absent. Carpels superior, solitary, or if more, apocarpous. Endosperm absent.

Order 193. Triurideæ. „ 194. Alismaceæ. „ 195. Naiadaceæ.

Series VII. =Glumaceæ.= Flowers solitary, sessile in the axils of bracts and arranged in capitula or spikelets with bracts. Segments of perianth small, scale-like, glumaceous or absent. Ovary 1-ovuled, or divided into 1-ovuled loculi. Endosperm present.

Order 196. Eriocauleæ. „ 197. Centrolepideæ. „ 198. Restiaceæ. „ 199. Cyperaceæ. „ 200. Gramineæ.

Classification of the Thallophytes proposed by SACHS (Text-Book of Botany, English Edition, 1882).

THALLOPHYTES.

Containing chlorophyll. | Not containing chlorophyll.

Class I. =Protophyta.=

Cyanophyceæ. | Schizomycetes. Palmellaceæ (in part). | Saccharomycetes.

Class II. =Zygosporeæ.= Conjugating cells motile.

Pandorineæ. | Myxomycetes. (Hydrodictyeæ). |

Conjugating cells stationary.

Conjugatæ (including | Zygomycetes. Diatomaceæ). |

Class III. =Oosporeæ.=

Sphæroplea. | Vaucheria (Cœloblastæ). | { Saprolegnieæ. | { Peronosporeæ. Volvocineæ. | Œdogonieæ. | Fucoideæ. |

Class IV. Carposporeæ.

Coleochæteæ. | Ascomycetes (including Lichens). Florideæ. | Æcidiomycetes (Uredineæ). Characeæ. | Basidiomycetes.

System of A. W. EICHLER (1883).

A. =Cryptogamæ.= I. =Thallophyta.= 1. Class. ALGÆ. 1 Group. Cyanophyceæ. 2 „ Diatomeæ. 3 „ Chlorophyceæ. 1 Series. Conjugatæ. 2 „ Zoosporeæ. 3 „ Characeæ. 4 Group. Phæophyceæ. 5 „ Rhodophyceæ. 2. Class. FUNGI. 1 Group. Schizomycetes. 2 „ Eumycetes. 1 Series. Phycomycetes. 2 „ Ustilagineæ. 3 „ Æcidiomycetes. 4 „ Ascomycetes. 5 „ Basidiomycetes. 3 Group. Lichenes. II. =Bryophyta.= 1 Group. Hepaticæ. 2 „ Musci. III. =Pteridophyta.= 1 Class. EQUISETINÆ. 2 „ LYCOPODINÆ. 3 „ FILICINÆ. B. =Phanerogamæ.= 1. Gymnospermæ. 2. Angiospermæ.

The subdivisions of the Phanerogamæ have with little variation been adopted in this book.

Classification of the THALLOPHYTES, adopted in the 3rd Danish Edition (1891). [Algæ by Wille; Fungi by Rostrup (after Zopf).]

=I. DIVISION. THALLOPHYTA.= I. Sub-division. =Algæ.= 1 Class. CHLOROPHYCEÆ (GREEN ALGÆ). 1 Family. Conjugatæ. 2 „ Protococcoideæ. 3 „ Confervoideæ. 4 „ Siphoneæ. 5 „ Gyrophyceæ. 2 Class. PHÆOPHYCEÆ (BROWN ALGÆ). 1 Family. Syngeneticæ. 2 „ Dinoflagellata. 3 „ Pyritophyceæ (Diatomeæ). 4 „ Phæosporeæ. 5 „ Cyclosporeæ. 6 „ Dictyoteæ. 3 Class. ACILIATÆ. A. Sub-class. Schizophyceæ. 1 Family. Myxophyceæ (Blue-Green Algæ). 2 „ Bacteria. B. Sub-class. Rhodophyceæ. 1 Family. Bangioideæ. 2 „ Florideæ. II. Sub-division. =Myxomycetes.= III. „ =Fungi.= A. =Phycomycetes.= 1 Class. OOMYCETES. 2 „ ZYGOMYCETES. B. =Mycomycetes.= 3 Class. BASIDIOMYCETES. A. Sub-class. Protobasidiomycetes. B. „ Autobasidiomycetes. 1 Family. Hymenomycetes. 2 „ Gasteromycetes. 3 „ Basidiolichenes. 4 Class. ASCOMYCETES. 1 Family. Gymnoasci. 2 „ Perisporieæ. 3 „ Pyrenomycetes. 4 „ Discomycetes. 5 „ Ascolichenes.

System of A. ENGLER (Syllabus der Vorlesungen, etc., 1892).

=I. DIVISION. MYXOTHALLOPHYTA.= Sub-division. =Myxomycetes.= 1 Class. ACRASIEÆ. 2 „ PLASMODIOPHORALES. 3 „ MYXOGASTERES. 1 Series. Ectosporeæ. 2 „ Endosporeæ.

=II. DIVISION. EUTHALLOPHYTA.= I. Sub-division. =Schizophyta.= 1 Class. SCHIZOPHYCEÆ. 2 „ SCHIZOMYCETES. II. Sub-division. =Dinoflagellata.= Class. DINOFLAGELLATA. 1 Series. Adinida. 2 „ Dinifera. III. Sub-division. =Bacillariales.= Class. BACILLARIALES. IV. Sub-division. =Gamophyceæ.= 1 Class. CONJUGATÆ. 2 „ CHLOROPHYCEÆ. 1 Sub-class. Protococcales. 2 „ Confervales. 3 „ Siphoneæ. 3 Class. CHARALES. 4 „ PHÆOPHYCEÆ. 1 Sub-class. Phæosporeæ. 2 „ Cyclosporeæ. 5 Class. DICTYOTALES. 6 „ RHODOPHYCEÆ. 1 Sub-class. Bangiales. 2 „ Florideæ. 1 Series. Nemalionales. 2 „ Gigartinales. 3 „ Rhodymeniales. 4 „ Cryptonemiales. V. Sub-division. =Fungi.= 1 Class. PHYCOMYCETES. 1 Series. Zygomycetes. 2 „ Oomycetes. 1 Sub-series. Chytridiales. 2 „ Mycosiphonales. 2 Class. MESOMYCETES. 1 Sub-class. Hemiasci. 2 „ Hemibasidii. 3 Class. MYCOMYCETES. 1 Sub-class. Ascomycetes. 1 Series. Exoasci. 2 „ Carpoasci. 1 Sub-series. Gymnoascales. 2 „ Perisporiales. 3 „ Pyrenomycetes. Appended. Pyrenolichenes. 4 Sub-series. Hysteriales. 5 „ Discomycetes. Appended. Discolichenes. 2 Sub-class. Basidiomycetes. 1 Series. Protobasidiomycetes. 1 Sub-series. Uredinales. 2 „ Auriculariales. 3 „ Tremellinales. 4 „ Pilacrales. 2 Series. Autobasidiomycetes. 1 Sub-series. Dacryomycetes. 2 „ Hymenomycetes. Appended. Hymenolichenes. 3 Sub-series. Phalloideæ. 4 „ Gasteromycetes. Appended. Gasterolichenes. Fungi imperfecti.

=III. DIVISION. EMBRYOPHYTA ZOIDIOGAMA= (Archegoniatæ). I. Sub-division. =Bryophyta (Muscinei).= 1 Class. HEPATICÆ. 1 Series. Marchantiales. 2 „ Anthocerotales. 3 „ Jungermanniales. 1 Sub-series. Anacrogynæ. 2 „ Acrogynæ. 2 Class. MUSCI. 1 Sub-class. Sphagnales. 2 „ Andreæales. 3 „ Archidiales. 4 „ Bryales. 1 Series. Cleistocarpæ. 2 „ Stegocarpæ. 1 Sub-series. Acrocarpæ. 2 „ Pleurocarpæ. II. Sub division. =Pteridophyta.= 1 Class. FILICALES. 1 Sub-class. Filices. 1 Series. Planithallosæ. 2 „ Tuberithallosæ. 2 Sub-class. Hydropterides. 2 Class. EQUISETALES. 1 Sub-class. Isosporæ. 2 „ Heterosporæ. 3 Class. SPHENOPHYLLALES. 4 „ LYCOPODICELES. 1 Sub-class. Isosporæ. 2 „ Heterosporæ.

IV. DIVISION. EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA.

(Siphonogamæ, Phanerogamæ).

I. Sub-division. =Gymnospermæ.= 1 Class. CYCADALES. 2 „ CORDAITALES. 3 „ BENNETTITALES. 4 „ CONIFERÆ. 5 „ GNETALES. II. Sub-division. =Angiospermæ.= 1 Class. CHALAZOGAMÆ. Series. Verticillatæ. 2 Class. ACROGAMÆ. 1 Sub-class. Monocotyledoneæ. 1 Series. Pandanales. 2 „ Helobiæ. 3 „ Glumifloræ. 4 „ Principes. 5 „ Synanthæ. 6 „ Spathifloræ. 7 „ Farinosæ. 8 „ Liliifloræ. 9 „ Scitamineæ. 10 „ Microspermæ.

2 Sub-class. Dicotyledoneæ.

1 Group of Series. Archichlamydeæ.

1 Series. Piperales. 2 „ Juglandales. 3 „ Salicales. 4 „ Fagales. 5 „ Urticales. 6 „ Proteales. 7 „ Santalales. 8 „ Aristolochiales. 9 „ Polygonales. 10 „ Centrospermæ. 11 „ Ranales. 12 „ Rhœadales. 13 „ Sarraceniales. 14 „ Rosales. 15 „ Geraniales. 16 „ Sapindales. 17 „ Rhamnales. 18 „ Malvales. 19 „ Parietales. 20 „ Opuntiales. 21 „ Thymelæales. 22 „ Myrtifloræ. 23 „ Umbellifloræ.

2 Group of Series. Sympetalæ.

1 Series. Ericales. 2 „ Primulales. 3 „ Ebenales. 4 „ Contortæ. 5 „ Tubifloræ. 6 „ Plantaginales. 7 „ Rubiales. 8 „ Aggregatæ. 9 „ Campanulatæ.

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS.

S = Sepals. P = Petals. Pr = Perianth. A = Andrœcium. G = Gynœceum.

♂ = Male. ♀ = Female. ☿ = Hermaphrodite. ∞ = Indefinite.

Names of continents and countries have sometimes been abbreviated, for example:--Am. = America; As.=Asia; Af. = Africa; Ind. = India, etc. N., S., E., W., = North, South, East, West; Temp. = Temperate Regions; Trop. = Tropics.

INDEX.

Abelia, 556.

Abies, 124, 129, 130, 132, 133, 148, 155, 165, 246, 264, 265, 266.

Abietaceæ, 255, 263, 272.

Abrus, 470, 473.

Abutilon, 427.

Acacia, 473, 474, 475. False, 470.

Acalypha, 434.

Acanthaceæ, 518, 529, 530.

Acanthus, 530.

Acer, 122, 441, 442.

Aceraceæ, 441.

Aceranthus, 390.

Acetabularia, 12, 63.

Achillea, 568, 572, 574.

Achimenes, 528.

Achlya, 107, 108.

Achnantheæ, 21.

Achras, 511.

Acinetæ, 68, 72.

Aconitum, 379, 383.

Acorin, 306.

Acorus, 303, 304, 306.

Acrasieæ, 6.

Acrocarpi, 196.

Acrocomia, 301.

Acrogynæ, 192.

Acrospermaceæ, 132.

Acrostichum, 213.

Acrotonous, 331.

Acrotylaceæ, 83.

Acrotylus, 83.

Actæa, 379, 380, 382.

Actinidia, 415.

Adansonia, 427.

Adder’s tongue, 211.

Adenanthera, 475.

Adiantum, 201, 206, 213.

Adinida, 17.

Adlumia, 395.

Adonis, 379, 383.

Adoxa, 453, 555.

Aerobic, 31.

Æchmea, 319, 320.

Æcidiospores, 147.

Æcidium, 147, 148, 150, 155.

Ægiceras, 513.

Ægilops, 296.

Ægopodium, 494.

Æschynanthus, 528.

Æsculinæ, 439.

Æsculus, 440.

Æthalium, 8.

Æthusa, 495, 498.

Affonsea, 466.

Agapanthus, 312, 314.

Agar-Agar, 33, 84.

Agaricaceæ, 166.

Agaricinei, 171.

Agathis, 263.

Agave, 318.

Agaveæ, 318.

Ageratum, 571.

Aggregatæ, 505, 564.

Agraphis, 312.

Agrimonia, 459, 460.

Agrimonieæ, 459.

Agrimony, 459.

Agropyrum, 113, 295.

Agrostemma, 365, 367.

Agrostideæ, 294.

Agrostis, 294.

Ahnfeltia, 83.

Ailanthus, 439.

Aira, 294.

Aizoaceæ, 374.

Aizoideæ, 374.

Aizoon, 375.

Ajuga, 47, 537.

Ajugeæ, 537.

Akebia, 390.

Akinetes, 10.

Alaria, 71, 72.

Albugo, 107.

Albumen, 246.

Albuminous, 249.

Albumose, 473.

Alchemilla, 460.

Alchornea, 432.

Alcoholic fermentation, 97.

Alder, 8, 118, 341.

Aldrovandia, 408, 409.

Aleurites, 434.

Algæ, 1, 4, 8.

Algal-Fungi, 95, 96.

Alhagi, 472.

Alisma, 281, 282.

Alismaceæ, 278, 281.

Alismeæ, 281.

Alkanet, 534.

Alkanna, 534, 535.

Alliariinæ, 404.

Allieæ, 312.

Allium, 312, 313, 314.

Alloplectus, 528.

Allosorus, 213.

Almeidea, 437.

Almond, 461, 462.

Alnus, 8, 117, 118, 341, 342.

Alocasia. 306.

Aloë, 274, 312, 313, 314.

Aloineæ, 312.

Alonsoa, 525.

Alopecurus, 290, 294, 296.

Alpine Violet, 513.

Alpinia, 326.

Alsine, 364, 366.

Alsineæ, 365.

Alsodeia, 411.

Alsophila, 214, 215.

Alstrœmeria, 318.

Alstrœmerieæ, 318.

Alternanthera, 369.

Althæa, 426, 428, 429, 430.

Althenia, 279.

Alyssinæ, 404.

Alyssum, 400.

Amanita, 167, 171.

Amarantaceæ, 364, 368.

Amarant-tree, 468.

Amarantus, 368, 369.

Amarylleæ, 317.

Amaryllidaceæ, 310, 316.

Amaryllis, 317, 318.

Amber, 267.

Ambrosia, 573.

Ambrosieæ, 564, 567, 573.

Ambrosinia, 305.

Amelanchier, 464, 465.

Amentaceæ, 337.

Amherstia, 468.

Ammannia, 483.

Ammi, 494.

Ammieæ, 494.

Ammobium, 573.

Ammoniac-gum, 498.

Ammophila, 295.

Amomis, 488.

Amorpha, 470.

Ampelidaceæ, 445.

Ampelopsis, 445, 447.

Amphidinium, 16.

Amphigastria, 181, 188.

Amphipleureæ, 21.

Amphisphæriaceæ, 130.

Amphithecium, 186.

Amphitropideæ, 21.

Amphoreæ, 21.

Amsonia, 544.

Amygdalaceæ, 461, 466.

Amygdalin, 462.

Amygdalus, 461, 462.

Amyris, 438.

Anabæna, 25, 219.

Anacampseros, 373.

Anacamptis, 332.

Anacamptodon, 197.

Anacardiaceæ, 439.

Anacardium, 439.

Anacrogynæ, 192.

Anacyclus, 572, 574.

Anadyomene, 62.

Anaerobic, 31.

Anagallis, 513.

Anamirta, 390.

Ananassa, 319, 320.

Anastatica, 401.

Anathyllis, 471.

Anatropous, 242, 243.

Anchusa, 150, 531, 532, 534, 535.

Ancylistaceæ, 104.

Ancylonema, 44.

Andira, 472, 473.

Andreæa, 185, 187, 188, 195.

Andrœcium, 239.

Androgenesis, 14.

Andromeda, 161, 508.

Andromedeæ, 508.

Andropogon, 289, 293, 296.

Andropogoneæ, 293, 296.

Androsace, 512, 513.

Androspore, 57.

Aneimia, 215.

Anelatereæ, 192.

Anemone, 379, 384.

Anemoneæ, 384.

Anemonopsis, 379.

Anethum, 496, 498.

Aneura, 191, 192.

Angelica, 496, 498.

Angiopteris, 212.

Angiospermæ, 3, 234, 239, 250, 273.

Angiosperms, 237, 245, 248.

Angiosporeæ, 82.

Angosturæ, Cortex, 437.

Anguliferæ, 21.

Anise, 498.

Anlage, 90.

Annatto, 412.

Annularia, 225.

Annulariæ, 225.

Annulus, 195, 209. inferus, 167. superus, 168.

Anoda, 428, 429.

Anodic, 480.

Anomodon, 197.

Anona, 388.

Anonaceæ, 388.

Antennaria, 124, 573.

Anthemideæ, 572.

Anthemis, 569, 572, 574.

Anther, 237, 238. Fibrous layer of, 241. Structure of, 239.

Anthericeæ, 312.

Anthericum, 312, 313.

Antheridium, 13, 100, 198.

Antherozoid, 13.

Anthocarp, 374.

Anthoceros, 25, 186, 187, 188, 189, 191.

Anthoceroteæ, 191.

Antholyza, 321.

Anthostema, 432, 433.

Anthoxanthum, 295, 296.

Anthrax bacillus, 31, 39, 40.

Anthriscus, 493, 495, 498.

Anthurium, 304.

Anthyllis, 471.

Antiaris, 356.

Antipodal cells, 248.

Antirrhineæ, 523.

Antirrhinum, 524, 527.

Antisepsis, 32.

Apeiba, 424, 425.

Apetalæ, 336, 337.

Aphanizomenon, 25.

Aphanocapsa, 24.

Aphanochæte, 54.

Aphthæ, 180.

Aphyllanthes, 312.

Apiocystis, 51.

Apios, 471.

Apiosporium, 124.

Apium, 494, 498.

Aplanogametangium, 12.

Aplanogametes, 12.

Aplanospores, 10.

Apocynaceæ, 542, 543, 549.

Apocynum, 514.

Apogamy, 203.

Aponogeton, 281.

Aponogetonaceæ, 281.

Apospory, 188.

Apostasia, 329.

Apostasieæ, 328, 329.

Apothecium, 118, 132.

Apple, 127, 130, 464, 465.

Apricot, 121, 461, 462.

Aquifoliaceæ, 444.

Aquilegia, 378, 379, 381, 382.

Arabis, 402.

Araceæ, 276, 278, 303.

Arachis, 469, 472, 473.

Aralia, 491.

Araliaceæ, 454, 491, 549.

Araucaria, 237, 263.

Araucariaceæ, 257, 263, 272.

Arbor vitæ, 267.

Arbuteæ, 508.

Arbutus, 508.

Archangelica, 496, 498.

Archegoniata, 3, 185.

Archegonium, 3, 184, 198. Development of, 201.

Archesporium, 186, 202.

Archicarp, 120.

Archidium, 193, 195.

Arctostaphylos, 161, 508.

Arcyria, 7, 8.

Ardisia, 513.

Areca, 301, 302.

Areca-palm, 302.

Arecineæ, 301.

Arenaria, 366.

Arenga, 301.

Argemone, 395.

Aria, 152.

Aril, 255, 258.

Arineæ, 305.

Arisarum, 305.

Aristida, 295.

Aristolochia, 499, 500.

Aristolochiaceæ, 499.

Aristolochiales, 499.

Aristotelia, 425.

Armeniaca, 461.

Armeria, 514.

Armillaria, 117, 169, 170.

Arnebia, 533.

Arnica, 572, 574.

Arnoseris, 571.

Aronia, 464.

Arrack, 296, 301.

Arrow-head, 282.

Arrow-poison, 544, 546.

Arrowroot, 327, 434.

Artabotrys, 388.

Artemisia, 569, 572, 573, 574.

Arthonia, 134.

Arthoniaceæ, 134.

Arthrosporous, 29.

Arthrotaxis, 267.

Artichoke, 570, 574. Jerusalem, 572, 574.

Artocarpeæ, 354.

Artocarpus, 356.

Arum, 303, 304, 305, 306.

Arundo, 294, 296.

Asafœtida, 498.

Asarum, 499, 500.

Asclepiadaceæ, 238, 542, 544.

Asclepias, 545, 546.

Ascobolaceæ, 135.

Ascobolus, 136.

Ascocarps, 88.

Ascocorticium, 116, 117.

Ascogone, 120.

Ascoidea, 108.

Ascoideaceæ, 108.

Ascolichenes, 95, 116, 136.

Ascomycetes, 95, 114, 116.

Ascophyllum, 73, 75.

Ascospore, 88.

Ascus, 88.

Aseroë, 173.

Asexual reproductive cells, 10.

Ash, 127, 546, 547.

Asimina, 388.

Asparageæ, 314.

Asparagus, 314, 316.

Aspen, 152, 338.

Aspergillus, 122.

Asperifoliæ, 532.

Asperococcus, 70.

Asperugo, 534.

Asperula, 552, 553.

Asphodelus, 312, 313, 314.

Aspidistra, 314.

Aspidium, 203, 204, 207, 213, 214.

Aspidosperma, 344.

Asplenium, 213, 214.

Astelia, 316.

Aster, 569, 571, 573.

Astereæ, 571, 573.

Asteriscus, 574.

Asterocystis, 78.

Asterophylliteæ, 225.

Asterophyllites, 225.

Astragaleæ, 470.

Astragalus, 114, 470, 473.

Astrantia, 493.

Astrocarpus, 407.

Atherurus, 305.

Athyrium, 204, 207, 213.

Atragene, 379, 385.

Atraphaxis, 360.

Atriplex, 371, 372.

Atripliceæ, 371.

Atropa, 519, 521, 522, 523.

Atropine, 522.

Attalea, 297, 301.

Attar of Roses, 460.

Aubrietia, 400.

Aucuba, 491.

Aulacomnium, 197.

Aurantieæ, 437.

Auricula, 156.

Auricularia, 156.

Auriculariaceæ, 145, 155.

Austrian Pine, 267.

Autobasidia, 144.

Autobasidiomycetes, 96, 145, 157.

Autœcious, 148.

Autoxenous, 118.

Auxiliary cells, 81.

Auxospore, 19.

Avena, 294, 296.

Aveneæ, 294.

Avens, 458.

Averrhoa, 416.

Avicennia, 535.

Avignon grain, 448.

Awlwort, 401.

Awn, 288, 290.

Azalea, 508.

Azolla, 25, 219.

“Bablah,” 475.

Bacillus, 26, 28, 30, 31, 35, 36, 37. anthracis, 39. diphtheriæ, lepræ, mallei, tetani, tuberculosis, typhosus, 40.

Bacteria, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 22, 26.

Bacterium, 26, 28, 30, 35, 39.

Bactris, 301.

Bæomyces, 140, 142.

Balanophora, 504.

Balanophoraceæ, 504.

Ballota, 538.

Balsaminaceæ, 420.

Balsamodendron, 438.

Balsam of Copaiba, 468. of Peru, 473.

Bamboo, 289, 291, 292, 293.

Bambusa, 289, 291, 293.

Bambuseæ, 293, 296.

Banana, 324, 325.

Baneberry, 382.

Bangia, 77, 78.

Bangioideæ, 77.

Banksia, 450.

Baobab, 427.

Barbacenia, 318.

Barbarea, 402.

Barberries, 389.

Barbula, 196.

Bark-canker, 169.

Barley, 113, 292, 296.

Barosma, 436.

Barringtonia, 489.

Bartonia, 476.

Bartramia, 197.

Bartsia, 526.

Basella, 371.

Baselleæ, 371.

Basidial-layer, 89.

Basidiocarp, 89.

Basidiolichenes, 96, 145, 176.

Basidiomycetes, 96, 114, 144, 145.

Basidiospore, 88.

Basidium, 89, 144, 146.

Basitonous, 331.

Bassia, 511.

Bast, 251, 425, 430.

Bastardia, 428.

Batatas, 516, 517.

Batidaceæ, 372.

Batis, 372.

Batrachium, 383.

Batrachospermum, 80, 83.

Bauhinia, 467.

Bayberry-tree, 490.

“Bay-rum,” 489.

Beaked parsley, 495.

Beak-rush, 286.

Bear-berry, 508.

Beard lichen, 143.

Beech, 127, 134, 164, 165, 526.

Beef-steak fungus, 166.

Beer-yeast, 177, 178.

Beet, 369.

Beet-root, 372.

Beggiatoa, 26, 28, 37.

Begonia, 477, 478.

Begoniaceæ, 475, 477.

Bellis, 569, 572.

Benincasa, 481.

Berberidaceæ, 238, 389.

Berberis, 149, 389, 390.

Bergamot, 438.

Bergia, 413.

Berteroa, 400.

Bertholletia, 489.

Beta, 369, 370, 372.

Betel, 363.

Betonica, 538.

Betony, 538.

Betula, 342.

Betulaceæ, 341.

Biarum, 305.

Biatorella, 134.

Bicornes, 336, 451, 505, 506.

Biddulphieæ, 21.

Bidens, 566, 572.

Biebersteinia, 419.

Bignonia, 529.

Bignoniaceæ, 518, 529.

Bilberry, 509.

Billardiera, 455.

Billbergia, 320.

Bindweed, 515, 516.

Biota, 268.

Birch, 117, 135, 165, 342.

Bird-cherry, 461, 462.

Birdlime, 501, 504.

Bird’s-foot, 472.

Bird’s-foot-trefoil, 471.

Biscutella, 401.

Bitter-cress, 402.

Bitter-sweet, 522.

Bixa, 412.

Bixaceæ, 412.

Blackberry, 461.

Black-boy, 312.

Black-currant, 153, 455.

Black-mustard, 401, 405.

Black-pepper, 363.

Blackthorn, 462.

“Bladder” plums, 117.

Bladder-senna, 470.

Bladder-wort, 528.

Blasia, 25, 191, 192.

Blattiaceæ, 483.

Blechnum, 209, 214, 254.

Bletia, 332.

Blight, 132.

Blindia, 196.

Blinks, 373.

Blitum, 369.

Blood-red Currant, 455.

Blue-green Algæ, 5, 22.

Bocconia, 395.

Boehmeria, 353.

Boerhaavia, 374.

Bog-mosses, 193.

Bog-myrtle, 351.

Bog Wortleberry, 509.

Boisduvalia, 485.

Boletus, 166.

Bomarea, 318.

Bombaceæ, 427.

Bombax, 427.

Bonnemaisonia, 83.

Bonnemaisoniaceæ, 83.

Borage, 533.

Borageæ, 532, 533.

Boraginaceæ, 515, 531, 532, 537.

Borago, 533, 534.

Borassinæ, 301.

Borassus, 301.

Borderea, 323.

Boronieæ, 436.

Borreria, 550.

Boschia, 190.

Bossiæa, 472.

Boswellia, 438.

Bo-tree, 356.

Botrychium, 202, 210, 211.

Botrydiaceæ, 47, 59.

Botrydium, 59.

Botrytis, 128, 134, 135.

Bottle-gourd, 481.

Bouchea, 535.

Bougainvillea, 374.

Boussingaultia, 371.

Bouvardia, 550.

Bovista, 174.

Bowenia, 253, 254.

Bowiea, 312.

Box, 434.

Brachypodium, 294.

Brachythecium, 197.

Bracken-fern, 207, 213.

Bract, 235.

Bracteole, 235, 275, 334.

Bradypus, 8, 54, 356.

Brahea, 300.

Bramble, 458.

Branching of Palm, 298.

Brand-fungi, 95, 108, 109.

Brand-spores, 91.

Brasenia, 386.

Brassica, 399, 400, 401.

Brassicinæ, 404.

Brayera, 460.

Brazil-nuts, 489.

Bread-fruit, 356.

Briza, 290, 294, 296.

Brome, 296.

Bromeliaceæ, 308, 309, 310, 318.

Bromus, 287, 289, 290, 293, 296.

Brookweed, 513.

Broom, 472.

Broom-rape, 528.

Brosimum, 356.

Broussonetia, 354.

Browallia, 521.

Brown Algæ, 1.

Brownea, 468.

Brownian movement, 28.

Brugmansia, 504.

Brunfelsia, 521.

Bryaceæ, 197.

Bryonia, 481.

Bryophyllum, 451, 452.

Bryophyta, 1, 234.

Bryopsidaceæ, 47, 60.

Bryopsis, 60, 62.

Bryum, 197.

Buchu, 436.

Buck-bean, 543.

Buckthorn, 448.

Buckwheat, 361.

Buettneria, 422.

Buettneriaceæ, 422.

Bugle, 537.

Bulbine, 312.

Bulbochæte, 55, 56.

Bulbocodium, 310.

Bulbophyllum, 332.

Bulgaria, 134.

Bulgariaceæ, 134.

Bullace, 461, 462.

Bulliarda, 452.

Bull-rush, 303.

Bumelia, 511.

Bunchosia, 442.

Bunias, 400, 403.

Bupleurum, 491, 494.

Burdock, 570.

Burmanniaceæ, 328.

Bur-marigold, 572.

Bur Parsley, 497.

Bur-reed, 302.

Burseraceæ, 438.

Butcher’s broom, 316.

Butomeæ, 281.

Butomus, 281, 282.

Butterbur, 571.

Butter-tree, 414.

Butter-wort, 528.

Butyric-acid-bacíllus, 38.

Buxaceæ, 434.

Buxbaumia, 197.

Buxbaumiaceæ, 197.

Buxus, 434.

Cabbage, 401.

Cabomba, 386.

Cabombeæ, 386.

Cacalia, 572.

Cactaceæ, 375.

Cacti, 375.

Cactifloræ, 375.

Cæoma, 147, 148, 152.

Cæsalpinia, 468.

Cæsalpiniaceæ, 466, 470.

Caffeine, 441, 553.

Cajanus, 471.

Cajeput-oil, 489.

Cajophora, 476.

Cakile, 403.

Calabar-bean, 471, 473.

Calabash, 529.

Caladium, 306.

Calamagrostis, 289, 294.

Calamintha, 540.

Calamites, 224.

Calamus, 298, 301, 303.

Calamus-oil, 306.

Calandrinia, 373.

Calathea, 327.

Calceolaria, 525, 527.

Calcocytaceæ, 15.

Calendula, 565, 572.

Calenduleæ, 572.

Caliciaceæ, 134.

Calicium, 134.

Calla, 305, 307.

Calleæ, 305.

Calliandra, 475.

Callianthemum, 379.

Callicarpa, 535.

Calligonum, 361.

Calliopsis, 572.

Callistemon, 489.

Callistephus, 573.

Callithamnion, 78, 79, 84.

Callitrichaceæ, 434.

Callitriche, 434.

Callitris, 269.

Calloria, 134.

Calluna, 507.

Calocera, 158, 159.

Calonyction, 516.

Calophyllum, 414.

Calothamnus, 489.

Calothrix, 25.

Caltha, 379, 380, 381, 382.

Calycanthaceæ, 389.

Calycanthus, 389.

Calyceraceæ, 556, 560.

Calypogeia, 192.

Calypso, 332.

Calyptospora, 152.

Calyptra, 186.

Calystegia, 516.

Calyx-stamens, 335.

Camelina, 400, 401.

Camellia, 414, 415.

Campanula, 153, 561, 562.

Campanulaceæ, 561, 563.

Campanulinæ, 505, 560, 564, 569.

Camphor, 392.

Campion, 367.

Campylopus, 196.

Campylospermeæ, 493, 497.

Campylotropous, 242, 243.

Canada-balsam, 266.

Cananga, 388.

Canarina, 562.

Canary-grass, 295.

Canavalia, 471.

Candollea, 413, 564.

Candolleaceæ, 564.

Cane, 298, 301.

“Canker,” 127.

Canna, 326.

Cannabaceæ, 356.

Cannabis, 357, 358.

Cannaceæ, 277, 326, 327.

Canterbury-bell, 561.

Cantharellei, 172.

Cantharellus, 170, 172.

Caoutchouc, 434, 544, 546, 563.

Capers, 405.

Capillitium, 7, 174.

Capirona, 549.

Capnodium, 124.

Capparidaceæ, 405.

Capparis, 405, 406.

Capraria, 525.

Caprification, 355.

Caprificus, 355.

Caprifoliaceæ, 454, 548, 549, 553, 556, 557.

Caprifolium, 554.

Capsella, 400, 401, 402.

Capsellinæ, 404.

Capsicum, 521, 522.

Capsosira, 26.

Capsule, 186.

Caragana, 470.

Caraway, 494, 498.

Cardaminæ, 404.

Cardamine, 400, 402, 404.

Cardamom, 326.

Cardiospermum, 441.

Carduus, 569.

Carex, 113, 151, 247, 286, 287.

Carica, 476.

Cariceæ, 286.

Caries dentium, 38.

Carlina, 570.

Carludovica, 302.

Carmichælia, 470.

Carnation, 367.

Carnaueba-wax, 301.

Carob-bean, 466, 468.

Carpels, 235, 238.

Carpinus, 117, 344.

Carpoasci, 95, 115, 116, 118.

Carpogonium, 77, 81.

Carpophore, 91, 492.

Carpospore, 77, 82.

Carragen, 33, 84.

Carrot, 496, 497, 498.

Carthamus, 570, 574.

Carum, 493, 494, 498.

Carya, 350.

Caryophyllaceæ, 336, 364.

Caryopsis, 288.

Caryota, 301.

Cascara, 448.

Cascarilla, 434, 550.

Cashew-nut, 439.

Cassandra, 508.

Cassava, 434.

Cassia, 467, 468.

Cassine, 444.

Cassiope, 508.

Cassytha, 392.

Castanea, 346.

Castilloa, 356.

Castor-oil, 431, 434.

Casuarinaceæ, 339.

Casuarina, 273, 274.

Casuarinifloræ, 339.

Cataba, 414.

Catabrosa, 294.

Catalpa, 529.

Catananche, 566, 571.

Catasetum, 332, 333.

Catch-fly, 367.

Catechu, 475.

Catha, 444.

Catharinea, 197.

Cathartocarpus, 467, 468.

Catmint, 539.

Catodic, 480.

Cat’s-ear, 571.

Cat’s-foot, 573.

Cat’s-tail, 294.

Cattle-beet, 372.

Cattleya, 332.

Caucalis, 497.

Caudicle, 331, 332.

Caulerpa, 10, 61, 62.

Caulerpaceæ, 47, 61.

Cauliflower, 405.

Cayenne-pepper, 522.

Ceanothus, 448.

Cecropia, 356.

Cedar, 266.

Cedrat, 438.

Cedrela, 436.

Cedrus, 266.

Celandine, 394.

Celastraceæ, 444.

Celastrus, 444.

Celery, 494, 498.

Celidium, 134.

Cell, Vegetative, 228.

Celosia, 368, 369.

Celsia, 525.

Celtideæ, 352.

Cenangiaceæ, 134.

Cenangium, 134.

Cenchrus, 295.

Centaurea, 565, 567, 568, 569, 570, 573.

Centaury, 543.

Centradenia, 484.

“Central cell,” 185.

Centranthus, 557, 558.

Centrolepidaceæ, 308, 309.

Centrolepis, 309.

Centrolobium, 472.

Centropogon, 563.

Centunculus, 512, 513.

Cephaëlis, 550, 553.

Cephalanthera, 328, 331.

Cephalaria, 560.

Cephalotaceæ, 454.

Cephalotaxeæ, 259.

Cephalotus, 453.

Ceramiaceæ, 84.

Ceramium, 78, 80, 84.

Cerastium, 364, 366.

Cerasus, 462.

Ceratiomyxa, 8.

Ceratium, 16, 17.

Ceratocapnos, 396.

Ceratodon, 196.

Ceratonia, 468.

Ceratophyllaceæ, 388.

Ceratophyllum, 388.

Ceratostomaceæ, 130.

Ceratozamia, 238, 253, 254.

Cerbera, 544.

Cercis, 467, 468.

Cereus, 375, 377.

Cerinthe, 533.

Ceropegia, 546.

Ceroxylon, 301.

Cestreæ, 522.

Cestrum, 522.

Ceterach, 214.

Cetraria, 138, 141, 142.

Chænomeles, 465.

Chærophyllum, 495, 498.

Chætangiaceæ, 83.

Chætoceros, 20.

Chætocladiaceæ, 100.

Chætocladium, 100.

Chætomiaceæ, 129.

Chætomium, 129.

Chætomorpha, 58.

Chætopeltis, 54.

Chætophora, 54.

Chætophoraceæ, 47, 54.

Chætopteris, 70.

Chalaza, 242.

Chalazogames, 273.

Chalazogams, 273.

Chamæcyparis, 268, 269.

Chamædorea, 298, 301.

Chamædoris, 62.

Chamælaucieæ, 489.

Chamælaucium, 489.

Chamænerium, 484.

Chamaerops, 298, 300, 301, 302.

Chamæsiphon, 22, 24, 25.

Chamæsiphonaceæ, 24, 25.

Chamomile, 572, 574.

Chantransia, 83.

Chara, 65, 66, 67.

Characeæ, 1, 4, 10, 14, 64.

Characium, 47, 51.

Chareæ, 67.

Charlock, 404.

Cheilanthes, 213.

Cheiranthus, 399, 400, 402.

Cheirostemon, 427.

Chelidonium, 394, 395.

Chelone, 525.

Chenopodiaceæ, 364, 369.

Chenopodieæ, 369.

Chenopodina, 371, 372.

Chenopodium, 369, 372.

Cherry, 117, 156, 461, 462.

Cherry-laurel, 462.

Chervil, 495, 498.

Chervil-root, 498.

Chick-pea, 470.

Chickweed, 366.

Chicory, 570, 574.

Chilies, 522.

Chimaphila, 505.

Chimonanthus, 389.

China-grass, 353.

Chinese galls, 439.

Chiococca, 550.

Chionanthus, 547.

Chionodoxa, 312.

Chive, 312.

Chlamydomonas, 48.

Chlamydomoneæ, 14.

Chlamydomucor, 97, 98.

Chlamydospore, 90.

Chlora, 47, 543.

Chlorangium, 51.

Chloranthaceæ, 363.

Chloranthus, 363.

Chlorideæ, 295.

Chloris, 295.

Chlorochytrium, 47, 51.

Chlorococcum, 51.

Chlorocystis, 51.

Chlorophyceæ, 1, 14, 46.

Chlorophytum, 312.

Chlorosphæra, 51.

Chlorosphæraceæ, 47, 51.

Chlorosplenium, 135.

Chlorotylium, 54.

Choanephora, 100.

Choanephoraceæ, 100.

Chocho, 481.

Choiromyces, 124.

Choisya, 436.

Chondrus, 79, 83, 84.

Chorda, 72.

Chordaria, 71.

Chordariaceæ, 71.

Choripetalæ, 336, 337, 505, 561.

Chorisia, 427.

Choristocarpaceæ, 70.

Choristocarpus, 70.

Chromaceæ, 15.

Chromulina, 15.

Chroococcaceæ, 24.

Chroococcus, 24, 176.

Chrysalis Fungus, 127.

Chrysanthemum, 572.

Chrysarobin, 473.

Chrysobalanaceæ, 462, 466.

Chrysobalanus, 462.

Chrysomonadinaceæ, 15, 17.

Chrysomyxa, 147, 148, 153, 155.

Chrysophyllum, 511.

Chrysopyxaceæ, 15.

Chrysopyxis, 15.

Chrysosplenium, 452, 454.

Chylocladia, 83.

Chysis, 333.

Chytridiales, 95, 102.

Chytridium, 103.

Cibotium, 214, 215.

Cicely, 495.

Cicendia, 543.

Cicer, 470.

Cichorieæ, 561, 568, 570.

Cichorium, 570, 574.

Cicinnobolus, 120.

Cicuta, 494, 498.

Cilioflagellata, 17.

Cimaruoli, 355.

Cimicifuga, 383.

Cinchona, 548, 549, 550, 553.

Cinchoneæ, 550.

Cinchonin, 553.

Cinclidotus, 197.

Cineraria, 572, 574.

Cinnamon, 392.

Cinnamomum, 391, 392.

Cinquefoil, 458.

Cipura, 321.

Circaea, 485, 486.

Circinate, 208.

Cirsium, 151, 568, 569.

Cissampelos, 390.

Cissus, 445, 504.

Cistaceæ, 412.

Cistifloræ, 406, 451.

Cistus, 412, 503.

Citharexylon, 535.

Citriobatus, 455.

Citron, 438.

Citronella oil, 296.

Citrullus, 479, 480, 481.

Citrus, 437, 438.

Cladium, 286.

Cladochytrium, 103.

Cladonia, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143.

Cladophora, 11, 58.

Cladophoraceæ, 47, 58.

Cladosporium, 124.

Cladothrix, 27, 33, 34, 35.

Clamp-connections, 86.

Clarkia, 485.

Clastidium, 25.

Clatbrus, 173.

Clavaria, 159, 161.

Clavariaceæ, 161.

Claviceps, 125, 126, 127.

Clavija, 513.

Claytonia, 373.

Cleavers, 552.

Cleistocarpeæ, 195.

Clematideæ, 385.

Clematis, 378, 379, 380, 385.

Cleome, 406.

Clerodendron, 535.

Clethra, 509.

Climacium, 197.

Clinopodium, 540.

Clintonia, 563.

Clitocybe, 171.

Clitoria, 471.

Clivia, 317, 318.

Closterium, 43, 44.

Clostridium, 31.

Cloudberry, 461.

Clover, 135, 471.

Cloves, 489.

Club-mosses, 2, 205, 226.

Club-rush, 285.

Clusia, 414.

Clusiaceæ, 414.

Cluster-cups, 150.

Clypeosphæriaceæ, 130.

Cnicus, 570, 574.

Cnidium, 495.

Cobæa, 515.

Coca, 442.

Cocaine, 442.

Cocci, 26.

Coccochromaticæ, 21.

Coccoloba, 360.

Cocconeideæ, 21.

Cocconeis, 21.

Cocconema, 20.

Cocculus, 390.

Coccus, 356.

Cochineal, 377.

Cochineal-insect, 377.

Cochlearia, 398, 400.

Cochleariinæ, 404.

Cock’s-comb, 369.

Cock’s-foot, 294, 296.

Cocoa-beans, 423.

Cocoa-butter, 423.

Cocoa-plum, 462.

Cocoa-tree, 422.

Cocoanut, 298, 300, 302.

Cocoanut, Double, 301.

Cocoanut-palm, 301.

Cocoineæ, 300.

Cocos, 298, 301, 302.

Codiaceæ, 61.

Codiolum, 59.

Codium, 62.

Cœlastrum, 52.

Cœlebogyne, 432.

Cœloglossum, 332.

Cœlospermeæ, 493, 497.

Cœlosphærium, 24.

Cœnobia, 47, 51.

Cœnogonium, 142.

Coffea, 550.

Coffeeæ, 550.

Coffee, 555.

Coffee-plant, 550, 553.

Coix, 293.

Cola, 422, 423.

Colchicaceæ, 309, 310.

Colchiceæ, 310.

Colchicin, 311.

Colchicum, 310, 311.

Coleochætaceæ, 47, 57.

Coleochæte, 57, 58.

Coleonema, 436.

Coleorhiza, 293.

Coleosporium, 147, 148, 152, 154.

Coleus, 540, 541.

Collema, 138, 142.

Colletia, 448.

Collinsia, 525.

Collomia, 515.

Collybia, 171.

Colocasia, 303, 305, 306.

Colocynth, 481.

Colts-foot, 571.

Columba-root, 390.

Columbine, 382.

Columella, 187, 189, 193.

Columnea, 528.

Columniferæ, 421.

Colus, 173.

Colutea, 470, 473.

Comarum, 457, 458.

Combretaceæ, 487.

Comfrey, 533.

Comma-bacillus, 40.

Commelina, 308.

Commelinaceæ, 308.

Commersonia, 422.

Commiphora, 438.

Compass-plant, 572.

Compositæ, 556, 560, 561, 563, 564.

Comptonia, 350.

Condurango-bark, 546.

Cone, 235.

Cone-scales, 256.

Conferva, 54.

Confervoideæ, 47, 53.

Conidia, 87, 90. Liberation and distribution of, 91.

Conidial-layers, 88.

Conidiocarp, 89, 147.

Conidio-fructification, 87.

Conidiophore, 87, 88.

Coniferæ, 3, 237, 238, 252, 255. Female flower of, 255, 257. Pollination, 258.

Coniocybe, 134.

Conium, 494, 498.

Conjugatæ, 1, 12, 14, 41, 88.

Conjugation, 11.

Connaraceæ, 435.

Conocarpus, 487.

Conomitrium, 196.

Contortæ, 505, 541, 549.

Convallaria, 314, 316.

Convallariaceæ, 309, 314.

Convallarieæ, 314.

Convolvulaceæ, 5, 515, 522, 532.

Convolvuleæ, 516.

Convolvulus, 114, 516, 517.

Co-operating cells, 248.

Copaifera, 467, 468.

Copal-balsam, 468.

Copernicia, 300, 301.

Copper-beech, 157.

Coprinarius, 171.

Coprinei, 172.

Coprinus, 172.

Coptis, 379, 382.

Cora, 176.

Corallina, 79, 84.

Corallinaceæ, 84.

Coralliorrhiza, 332.

Corallorhiza, 5, 332.

Coral-root, 332.

Corchorus, 424, 425.

Cordaitaceæ, 271.

Cordiaceæ, 47–61, 531, 532.

Cordyceps, 125, 127, 128.

Cordyline, 316.

“Core,” 463.

Coriander, 497, 498.

Coriandrum, 493, 497, 498.

Cork-elm, 352.

Cork-oak, 348.

Cormophyta, 1.

Cormophytes, 234.

Cornaceæ, 490, 549.

Cornel, 490.

Corn-cockle, 367.

Corn-flower, 567.

Corn-poppy, 395.

Cornus, 490, 491.

Corona, 317, 476.

Coronilla, 472, 473.

Correa, 436.

Corrigiola, 365, 367.

Corsinia, 190.

Corsiniaceæ, 190.

Cortex angosturæ, 437.

Corticium, 144, 161.

Cortinarius, 171.

Cortusa, 512.

Corydalis, 334, 395, 396, 397.

Corylaceæ, 341, 343.

Corylus, 122, 343, 344, 348.

Corypha, 298, 300.

Coscinodisceæ, 21.

Coscinodiscus, 20.

Coscinodon, 197.

Cosmanthus, 515.

Cosmarium, 42, 43, 44.

Costus, 326.

Cotoneaster, 463, 465.

“Cotton” 427, 429, 430.

Cotton-grass, 286.

Cotton-thistle, 570.

Cotyledon, 451.

Cotyledons, 247.

Couch, 295.

Coumarin, 296, 473, 553.

Cover-scale, 255, 256.

Cow-bane, 494, 498.

Cowberry, 509.

Cow-parsnip, 496.

Cow-tree, 356.

Cow-wheat, 526.

“Crab’s-eyes,” 470.

Crambe, 400, 403.

Craniolaria, 529.

Crassula, 452.

Crassulaceæ, 451.

Cratægeæ, 465.

Cratægus, 152, 465.

Craterellus, 162, 172.

Craterocolla, 156.

Crenothrix, 30, 37.

Creosote, 438.

Crepis, 571.

Crescentia, 529.

Crinum, 318.

Crocus, 320, 321.

Cronartium, 146, 147, 153, 155, 156.

Crotalaria, 472, 473.

Croton, 431, 434.

Crowberry, 434.

Crown-imperial, 314.

Crozophora, 434.

Crucianella, 552.

Crucibulum, 176.

Cruciferæ, 398.

Crucifers, 398.

Crucigenia, 51.

Cruoria, 84.

Cryptogams, 3, 234. Vascular, 2, 198.

Cryptoglena, 15.

Cryptogramme, 213.

Cryptomeria, 267.

Cryptonemia, 84.

Cryptonemiales, 82, 84.

Ctenanthe, 327.

Ctenium, 295.

Ctenomyces, 119.

Cubeb, 363.

Cucubalus, 367.

Cucullus, 545.

Cucumber, 481.

Cucumis, 121, 480, 481.

Cucurbita, 478, 479, 480, 481.

Cucurbitaceæ, 475, 478, 561.

Cucurbitariaceæ, 130.

Cud-weed, 573.

Cuminum, 497, 498.

Cunninghamia, 263.

Cunoniaceæ, 454.

Cuphea, 482, 483.

Cupressaceæ, 257, 262, 267, 272.

Cupressus, 241, 245, 268, 269.

Cupule, 343.

Cupuliferæ, 341, 345.

Curare, 546.

Curculigo, 318.

Curcuma, 326.

Curly-mint, 541.

Currants, 447, 454.

Curvembryæ, 363.

Cuscuta, 5, 515, 517.

Cuscuteæ, 516.

“Cushion,” 206.

Cusparia, 437.

Cusparieæ, 437.

Cutleria, 68, 72.

Cutleriaceæ, 11, 72.

Cyanophyceæ, 22.

Cyanophyll, 22.

Cyanotis, 308.

Cyathea, 214, 215.

Cyatheaceæ, 210, 215.

Cyathium, 432.

Cyathus, 176.

Cycadaceæ, 252.

Cycadeæ, 3, 236, 252, 254.

Cycas, 25, 231, 236, 238, 251, 252, 253, 254.

Cyclamen, 334, 512, 513.

Cyclanthaceæ, 302.

Cyclanthera, 481.

Cyclolobeæ, 371.

Cyclosporeæ, 68, 73.

Cydonia, 463, 464.

Cylindrocapsa, 14, 55.

Cylindrocapsaceæ, 47, 54.

Cylindrocystis, 44.

Cylindrospermum, 22, 25.

Cymbella, 20, 21.

Cymbelleæ, 20, 21.

Cymodocea, 281.

Cymopolia, 63.

Cynanchum, 546.

Cynara, 570, 574.

Cynareæ, 569.

Cynips, 355.

Cynodon, 295.

Cynodontium, 196.

Cynoglossum, 533, 535.

Cynomorium, 503, 504.

Cynosurus, 294, 296.

Cypella, 321.

Cyperaceæ, 277, 283, 284, 291.

Cyperus, 286, 287, 290.

Cyphella, 162.

Cyphiaceæ, 562.

Cypress, 267, 268.

Cypripedileæ, 329, 330.

Cypripedilum, 330.

Cypripedium, 330.

Cypsela, 564.

Cyrtandreæ, 528.

Cystocarp, 14, 58, 82.

Cystoclonium, 83.

Cystopteris, 214.

Cystopus, 107.

Cytinus, 503, 504.

Cytisus, 472, 473.

Dacrydium, 255, 260, 261.

Dacryomitra, 158, 159.

Dacryomyces, 134, 158, 159.

Dacryomycetaceæ, 159.

Dacryomycetes, 96, 145, 159.

Dactylis, 287, 294, 296.

Dactylococcus, 51.

Dædalea, 166, 171.

Dahlia, 569, 572.

Daisy, 572.

Dalbergia, 472.

Dalbergieæ, 472.

Dalechampia, 434.

Damasonium, 282.

Dammara, 263.

Danæa, 212.

Dandelion, 571.

Daphne, 449, 450.

Darlingtonia, 409.

Darwinia, 489.

Dasycladaceæ, 63.

Dasycladus, 63.

Dasyscypha, 135.

Date-palm, 298, 299, 301, 302.

Date-plum, 511.

Datisca, 477.

Datiscaceæ, 477.

Datura, 519, 520, 522.

Dauceæ, 496.

Daucus, 134, 492, 496.

Davallia, 214.

Davilla, 413.

Deadly nightshade, 521.

Dead-nettle, 538.

Delesseria, 79, 80, 83.

Delesseriaceæ, 83.

Delphinieæ, 383.

Delphinium, 379, 383.

Dendrobium, 332.

Derbesia, 10, 60.

Derbesiaceæ, 47, 60.

Dermatea, 116, 134.

Dermateaceæ, 134.

Dermateales, 134.

Dermatophyton, 54.

Dermocarpa, 25.

Desmanthus, 475.

Desmarestia, 71.

Desmarestiaceæ, 71.

Desmidiaceæ, 10, 18, 21, 42, 44, 48.

Desmidium, 44.

Desmodium, 466, 472.

Deutzia, 455.

Devil’s-bit, 560.

Dianthus, 364, 367.

Diapensiaceæ, 509.

Diatoma, 19.

Diatomaceæ, 10, 12, 14, 19, 20, 21.

Diatomeæ, 1, 18.

Diatomin, 18.

Diatoms, 1.

Diatrypaceæ, 130.

Diatrype, 130.

Dicentra, 395, 396, 397.

Dichaenaceæ, 132.

Dichelyma, 197.

Dichondreæ, 516.

Dichorisandra, 308.

Dichospermum, 371.

Dicksonia, 207, 215.

Diclinous, 236.

Dicliptera, 530.

Dicotyledones, 3, 334.

Dicranella, 196.

Dicranum, 196.

Dictamnus, 436.

Dictyochaceæ, 15.

Dictyonema, 176.

Dictyosiphon, 71.

Dictyosiphonaceæ, 71.

Dictyosphærium, 51.

Dictyostelium, 8.

Dictyota, 76.

Dictyotaceæ, 76.

Dictyotales, 1, 14, 76.

Dicypellium, 392.

Didiscus, 493.

Didymium, 8.

Dieffenbachia, 306.

Dielytra, 395.

Diervilla, 554, 556.

Digitalis, 524, 525, 527.

Digraphis, 295, 296.

Dill, 496.

Dillenia, 413.

Dilleniaceæ, 413.

Dimorphanthus, 491.

Dimorphochlamys, 481.

Dinifera, 17.

Dinobryinaceæ, 15.

Dinobryon, 15.

Dinoflagellata, 1, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21.

Dinophysis, 17.

Diodia, 550.

Diœcious, 236.

Dionæa, 408.

Dioon, 254.

Dioscorea, 322, 323.

Dioscoreaceæ, 276, 309, 310, 322.

Diosma, 436.

Diosmeæ, 436.

Diospyrinæ, 505, 510.

Diospyros, 511.

Diphtheria, 40.

Diphyscium, 197.

Diplarrhena, 321.

Diplecolobeæ, 400.

Diplococcus, 39.

Diploderma, 78.

Diplostemonous, 335, 336.

Diplusodon, 483.

Dipsacaceæ, 549, 556, 558, 559, 560, 569.

Dipsacales, 505, 556, 564.

Dipsacus, 559, 560.

Dipterocarpaceæ, 415.

Dipterocarpus, 415.

Dipteryx, 472, 473.

Discelium, 197.

Discolichenes, 142.

Discomycetes, 95, 116, 132.

Discosporangium, 70.

Disease, 32.

Disinfection, 32.

Dispora, 36.

Distichium, 196.

Doassansia, 110.

Docidium, 44.

Dock, 359.

Dodder, 5, 516, 517.

Dodecatheon, 513.

Dog’s-tail, 294, 296.

Dogwood, 499.

Dolichos, 471.

Dondia, 493.

Dorema, 496, 498.

Doronicum, 240, 572.

Dorstenia, 131, 354.

Dothideaceæ, 131.

Double Cocoanut, 301.

Doum-palm, 298, 301.

Draba, 400.

Dracæna, 274, 316.

Dracæneæ, 316.

Dracocephalum, 539.

Dracunculus, 303, 305.

Dragon’s blood, 301, 316.

Dragon-tree, 316.

Draparnaldia, 54.

Drimys, 389.

Drosera, 408.

Droseraceæ, 407.

Drosophyllum, 408.

Dryas, 458.

Dryobalanops, 415.

Dry-rot, 165, 166.

Dry yeast, 179.

Duboisia, 522.

Duckweed, 307.

Dudresnaya, 84.

Dumontia, 84.

Dumontiaceæ, 84.

Durio, 427.

Durra, 296.

Dwarf-elder, 553.

Dwarf-male, 57.

Dwarf-palm, 300.

Dyer’s Weed, 407, 472.

Earth-nut, 472.

Earth-star, 174.

Earth-tongue, 136.

Eating-chestnut, 346.

Ebenaceæ, 511.

Ebony, 511.

Ecballium, 478, 480, 481.

Eccremocarpus, 529.

Echeveria, 451.

Echinocactus, 375, 376, 377.

Echinodorus, 281.

Echinops, 564, 570.

Echinopsis, 376, 377.

Echinospermum, 533.

Echites, 544.

Echium, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535.

Ectocarpaceæ, 70.

Ectocarpus, 69, 70.

Edelweiss, 573.

Edwardsia, 469.

Egg-cell, 13.

Egg-fertilisation, 13.

Egg-plant, 522.

Ehretia, 533.

Eichhornia, 316.

Elachista, 71.

Elachistaceæ, 71.

Elæagnaceæ, 449.

Elæagnus, 450.

Elæis, 301, 302.

Elæocarpus, 425.

Elaphomyces, 124.

Elaphrium, 438.

Elatereæ, 192.

Elaters, 189.

Elatinaceæ, 413.

Elatine, 413.

Elder, 156, 553, 555, 556.

Elemi, 438.

Elettaria, 326.

Eleusine, 295.

Elisma, 281, 282.

Elm, 124, 165, 351.

Elodea, 282.

Elymus, 113, 296.

Elyna, 286, 287.

Embryo, 246, 247, 248.

Embryo-sac, 241, 247.

Emericella, 176.

Emex, 360.

Empetraceæ, 434.

Empetrum, 434.

Empleurum, 436.

Empusa, 101, 102.

Enantioblastæ, 277, 308.

Encephalartos, 254.

Enchanter’s Nightshade, 485.

Encoeliaceæ, 70.

Endocarpon, 142.

Endomyces, 116, 117.

Endophyllum, 147, 151.

Endophytic parasites, 85.

Endosperm, 233, 246, 248, 249.

Endospermous, 249.

Endosphæra, 47, 51.

Endospore, 89, 187.

Endosporous, 29.

Endothecium, 186.

Endozoic Fungi, 85.

Enhalus, 283.

Entada, 473, 474.

Enteromorpha, 53.

Entoderma, 54.

Entomophthora, 102.

Entomophthoraceæ, 102.

Entomophthorales, 95, 102.

Entyloma, 109, 111, 113.

Enzyme, 32.

Epacridaceæ, 509.

Epacris, 509.

Ephebe, 139, 142.

Ephedra, 271.

Ephemerum, 195.

Epibasal, 186.

Epichloë, 125, 127.

Epiclemmydia, 54.

Epidendreæ, 332.

Epidendron, 332.

Epigynum, 544.

Epilobium, 484, 485.

Epimedium, 390.

Epipactis, 331, 333.

Epipetalous, 336.

Epiphyllum, 375, 377.

Epiphytic parasites, 85.

Epipogon, 331.

Epipyxis, 15.

Episepalous, 335.

Epithemia, 20, 21.

Epizoic Fungi, 85.

Equisetaceæ, 202, 204, 221, 234, 235, 236, 240.

Equisetinæ, 2, 204, 221, 225.

Equisetum, 200, 206, 221, 222, 224.

Eragrostis, 294.

Eranthemum, 530.

Eranthis, 379, 382.

Ergot, 125, 127.

Eria, 332.

Erica, 507, 508.

Ericaceæ, 238, 505, 507.

Ericeæ, 507.

Erigeron, 573.

Erinus, 525.

Eriobotrya, 465.

Eriocaulaceæ, 308, 309.

Eriocaulon, 309.

Eriodendron, 427.

Eriophorum, 285, 286.

Erodium, 419.

Eruca, 402.

Ervum, 470, 473.

Eryngium, 493, 569.

Erysiminæ, 404.

Erysimum, 402.

Erysiphaceæ, 119.

Erysiphe, 119, 120, 121.

Erythræa, 542, 543.

Erythrina, 471.

Erythronium, 312.

Erythrotrichia, 78.

Erythroxylaceæ, 442.

Erythroxylon, 442.

Escalloniaceæ, 454.

Escalloniæ, 451.

Eschalot, 312.

Eschsholzia, 393, 395.

Esparto grass, 296.

Euactæa, 379.

Euaspergillus, 122.

Euastrum, 44.

Eucalyptus, 489.

Eucalypta, 197.

Eucharidium, 485.

Eucharis, 317, 318.

Euchlæna, 293.

Eucomis, 312.

Eudorina, 48, 50.

Eugeissonia, 301.

Eugenia, 488, 489.

Euglena, 103.

Eunotieæ, 21.

Euonymus, 152, 444.

Eupatorieæ, 571, 572.

Eupatorium, 569, 571.

Euphacidiaceæ, 133.

Euphorbia, 148, 151, 430, 432, 433.

Euphorbiaceæ, 430.

Euphorbium, 434.

Euphoria, 441.

Euphrasia, 526.

Eupodisceæ, 21.

Eurhynchium, 197.

Eurotium, 121, 122.

Euryale, 386, 387, 388.

Eusporangiatæ, 202, 210, 239.

Euterpe, 301.

Euthora, 83.

Eutoca, 515.

Evening Primrose, 484.

Evernia, 143.

Evodia, 436.

Evolvulus, 516.

Exalbuminous, 249.

Exidia, 156.

Exoasci, 95, 115, 116.

Exobasidium, 160, 161.

Exochorda, 457.

Exospore, 87, 187.

Exostemma, 553.

Exuviella, 16, 17, 18, 21.

Eye-bright, 526.

“Eye-spot,” 10.

Faba, 468, 470, 473.

Fabiana, 521.

Fabroniaceæ, 197.

“Fæchel,” 284.

Facultative parasites, 84.

Fagonia, 438.

Fagus, 122, 347, 348.

“Fairy-rings,” 86, 136, 163, 168.

Falcaria, 494.

“Fan,” 284.

Fan-palm, 298.

Farinosæ, 308.

Fatsia, 491.

Feather-grass, 294.

Feather palm, 298.

Fedia, 557.

Fegatella, 191.

Fennel, 492, 495, 498.

“Ferment of wine,” 178.

Fermentation, 32. Alcoholic, 97.

Ferns, 2. Stem of, 202, 204, 205. True, 204, 205. Water, 205. Various, 208.

Ferraria, 321.

Ferula, 496, 498.

Fescue, 293, 296.

Festuca, 293, 296.

Festuceæ, 293.

Fevillea, 478, 481.

Ficaria, 334, 383.

Ficus, 351, 354, 355, 356.

Field-horsetail, 224.

Field-madder, 552.

Field-thistle, 151.

Fig-wort, 524.

Filago, 573.

Filament, 238.

Filbert, 345.

Filices, 204, 205. Systematic division of, 210.

Filicinæ, 2, 204, 205, 234, 236, 239.

Fiori di fico, 355.

Fiorin, 294.

Fir, 124, 153, 155, 165, 170, 263, 264, 265.

Fir-cones, 163.

Firneedle-rust, 152.

Fissidens, 196.

Fissidentaceæ, 196.

Fission-Algæ, 1, 14, 22, 29.

Fission-Fungi, 26, 29.

Fission-plants, 10.

Fistulina, 166.

Flag, 320.

Flagellata, 48.

Flagellatæ, 15.

Flax, 417.

Flea-bane, 573.

“Fleur de vin,” 179.

Floral-leaves, 235.

Florideæ, 9, 10, 77, 78.

Flower, 235. Monocotyledonous, 276.

Flowering-plants, 3, 249.

Flowering-rush, 281.

Flowers-of-tan, 7.

Fly-mould, 101.

Fly-mushroom, 167, 171.

Fly-trap, 408.

Fœniculum, 495, 498.

Foliage-leaves, 235.

Fontinalaceæ, 197.

Fontinalis, 197.

Fool’s-parsley, 495, 498.

Foot, 186.

Fore-leaf, 275, 334.

Forget-me-not, 334.

Forskohlea, 353.

Forsythia, 546, 547.

Fossil Gymnosperms, 271.

Fothergilla, 455.

Fourcroya, 318.

Fovea, 231.

Foxglove, 525.

Fox-tail, 294, 298, 369.

Fragaria, 458, 461.

Fragilarieæ, 21.

Franciscea, 521.

Francoaceæ, 454.

Frangulinæ, 443, 449, 451, 490.

Frankeniaceæ, 411.

Frankincense, 438.

Fraxinus, 122, 130, 546, 547.

French-bean, 473.

French Rose, 460.

Freycinetia, 302.

Fritillaria, 312, 313, 314.

Frog-bit, 282.

“Fruit,” 91.

Fruit, 249.

Fruit-bearers, 91.

Fruit-bodies, 91.

“Fruit-forms,” 91.

Frullania, 191, 192.

Frustule, 18.

Frustulia, 20.

Fucaceæ, 75.

Fuchsia, 484, 485.

Fucoideæ, 9.

Fucus, 13, 73, 74, 75.

Fuligo, 6, 8.

Fumago, 124.

Fumaria, 396, 397.

Fumariaceæ, 395.

Fumitory, 395.

Funaria, 182, 188, 197.

Funariaceæ, 197.

Funckia, 312, 313, 314.

Fundaments, 90.

Fungi, 1, 4, 5, 8, 84.

Fungi-galls, 85.

Fungi Imperfecti, 96.

Fungus chirurgorum, 164. laricis, 164.

Funicle, 241.

Furcellaria, 79, 84.

Furze, 472.

Fusicladium, 130.

Gagea, 312.

Gaillardia, 572.

Galactodendron, 356.

Galangal, 326.

Galanthus, 317, 318.

Galaxaura, 83.

Galaxia, 321.

Galbanum, 498.

Galega, 470.

Galeobdolon, 538.

Galeopsis, 538, 540.

Galinsoga, 572.

Galipea, 437.

Galium, 552, 553.

Galphimia, 442.

Gambier, 553.

Gamboge, 414.

Gambo-hemp, 430.

Gametangium, 12.

Gamete, 11.

Gametophore, 183.

Gametophyte, 181.

Gamopetalæ, 336.

Garcinia, 414.

Garden-cress, 405.

Gardenia, 550.

Gardenieæ, 550.

Garidella, 383.

Garlic, 312.

Garrya, 491.

Gasteria, 312.

Gasterolichenes, 176.

Gasteromycetes, 96, 145, 173.

Gastonia, 491.

Gaultheria, 508.

Gaura, 485.

Geaster, 174.

Gelidiaceæ, 83.

Gelidium, 83, 84.

Genipa, 550.

Genista, 471, 473.

Genisteæ, 471.

Gentian, 542.

Gentiana, 542, 543.

Gentianaceæ, 542.

Gentianeæ, 542.

Geoglossum, 136.

Geonoma, 301.

Georgiaceæ, 197.

Geraniaceæ, 418.

Geranium, 419.

Germ-pores, 93.

Gesneria, 528.

Gesneriaceæ, 518, 526, 528.

Gesnerieæ, 528.

Geum, 458, 460.

Gigartina, 83, 84.

Gigartinaceæ, 83.

Gigartinales, 82, 83.

Gilia, 515.

Gillenia, 457.

Gills, 166.

Ginger, 326.

Ginkgo, 255, 257, 259, 260, 272.

Gipsy-wort, 539.

Gladiolus, 321.

Glandulæ, 329.

Glasswort, 371.

Glaucium, 394, 395.

Glaucocystis, 22, 24.

Glaux, 513.

Gleba, 172.

Glechoma, 539, 541.

Gleditschia, 468.

Gleichenia, 215.

Gleicheniaceæ, 215, 236.

Glenodinium, 17.

Globba, 326.

Globe-thistle, 570.

Globularia, 541.

Globulariaceæ, 532, 541.

Glœocapsa, 24.

Glœotrichia, 25.

Gloiopeltis, 84.

Gloiosiphoniaceæ, 84.

Gloxinia, 528.

Glume, 287.

Glumifloræ, 277, 283.

Glyceria, 113, 290, 294, 296.

Glycine, 471.

Glycyrrhiza, 470, 473.

Glyptostrobus, 267.

Gnaphalium, 569, 573.

Gnetaceæ, 3, 251, 271, 272.

Gneteæ, 252, 270.

Gnetum, 271.

Gnidia, 449.

Gnomonia, 130.

Gnomoniaceæ, 130.

Goat’s-beard, 571.

Godetia, 485.

Godlewskia, 25.

Golden-currant, 455.

Golden-rod, 573.

Golden Saxifrage, 452.

Goldfussia, 530.

Gold-of-pleasure, 401.

Gomontia, 58.

Gomontiaceæ, 47, 58.

Gomphonema, 19.

Gomphonemeæ, 20, 21.

Gomphosphæria, 24.

Gomphrena, 368, 369.

Gonatozygon, 44.

Gongrosira, 54.

Gonidia, 138.

Gonimoblast, 82.

Goniotrichaceæ, 78.

Goniotrichum, 78.

Gonium, 48.

Gonococcus, 39.

Gonolobus, 546.

Goodenia, 564.

Goodeniaceæ, 563.

Gooseberry, 455.

Goosefoot, 369.

Gossypieæ, 427.

Gossypium, 427, 429, 430.

Gouania, 448.

“Gourds,” 481.

Gout-weed, 494.

Gracilaria, 83.

“Grains of Paradise,” 390.

Gramineæ, 277, 283, 287.

Grape-disease, 121.

Graphiola, 110.

Graphis, 140, 142.

Grasses, 287.

Grass-flower, 290, 291.

Grass-fruit, 292.

Grass of Parnassus, 453.

Grass-wrack, 279.

Grateloupiaceæ, 84.

Gratiola, 525, 527.

Green Algæ, 1, 14.

“Greenheart,” 393.

Grevillea, 450.

Griffithsia, 84.

Grimmia, 197.

Grimmiaceæ, 197.

Gronovia, 476.

Ground Ivy, 539.

Groundsel, 153, 572.

Gruinales, 416.

Guaiacum, 438.

Guano, 20.

Guava, 489.

Guava-rum, 490.

Guazuma, 422.

Guelder-rose, 455, 555.

Guepinia, 159.

Guinea-corn, 296.

Guinea Pepper-plant, 521.

Guizotia, 574.

Gulf-weed, 75.

Gum-arabic, 475.

Gum-benzoin, 511.

Gum-tragacanth, 473.

Gum-trees, 490.

Gunnera, 25, 482, 485, 486.

Guttapercha, 511.

Guttiferæ, 414.

Gymnadenia, 332.

Gymnoascaceæ, 119.

Gymnoascales, 95, 116, 118.

Gymnoascus, 119.

Gymnodinium, 17.

Gymnogramme, 214.

Gymnospermæ, 2, 234, 239, 250, 251.

Gymnosperms, 244, 246. Fossil, 271.

Gymnosporangium, 146, 147, 151, 154.

Gymnosporeæ, 82.

Gymnostomum, 196.

Gymnozyga, 42, 44.

Gynandræ, 278, 328.

Gynandropsis, 405, 406.

Gynerium, 294, 296.

Gynœceum, 237.

Gynophore, 367.

Gynostemium, 329.

Gysophila, 368.

Habenaria, 332.

Hablitzia, 370.

Habrothamnus, 522.

Hacquetia, 493.

Hæmanthus, 317, 318.

Hæmatoxylon, 467, 468.

Hæmodoraceæ, 320.

Hæmodorum, 320.

Hagenia, 460.

Hair-grass, 294.

Hakea, 450.

Halesia, 511.

Halianthus, 366.

Halidrys, 73, 75.

Halimeda, 62, 63.

Halimus, 371.

Halophila, 283.

Haloragidaceæ, 482, 485, 486.

Haloragis, 486.

Halymenia, 84.

Hamamelidaceæ, 455.

Hamamelis, 455.

Hamelia, 550.

Hankornia, 544.

Hapalosiphon, 26.

Haplomitrium, 192.

Haplospora, 72.

Haptera, 4, 10.

Hard-fern, 214.

Hare’s-ear, 494.

Hart’s-tongue, 214.

“Harzsticken,” 169.

Haschisch, 358.

Hassalia, 26.

Haustoria, 86.

Hawkbit, 571.

Hawksbeard, 571.

Hawthorn, 465.

Hay-bacillus, 37, 38, 39.

Hazel, 526.

Hazel-nut, 343.

Heal-all, 539.

Heath, 507.

Hebenstretia, 541.

Hechtia, 319.

Hedera, 491.

Hedge-mustard, 402.

Hedge-parsley, 497.

Hedwigia, 197.

Hedycarya, 389.

Hedychium, 326.

Hedyosmum, 363.

Hedysareæ, 472.

Hedysarum, 472, 473.

Helenium, 572.

Heleocharis, 285.

Heliantheæ, 572, 573.

Helianthemum, 412.

Helianthus, 569, 572, 574.

Helichrysum, 573.

Heliconia, 325.

Heliconiæ, 325.

Helicophyllum, 303.

Helicteres, 422.

Heliophilinæ, 404.

Heliotropieæ, 533.

Heliotropium, 533, 535.

Hellebore, 382.

Helleboreæ, 381.

Helleborus, 379, 380, 382.

Helminthocladiaceæ, 83.

Helobieæ, 277, 278.

Helosciadium, 494.

Helosis, 504.

Helotiaceæ, 135.

Helotium, 135.

Helvella, 136.

Helvellaceæ, 136.

Helvellales, 95, 116, 136.

Helwingia, 491.

Hemerocallideæ, 312.

Hemerocallis, 312, 313, 314.

Hemiasci, 95, 108.

Hemibasidii, 95, 108, 109.

Hemichlamydeous, 257.

Hemileia, 155.

Hemlock, 494, 498.

Hemp, 356, 529.

Hemp-agrimony, 571.

Hemp-nettle, 538.

Henbane, 521.

Henriquezia, 549.

Hepaticæ, 2, 188.

Hepialus, 128.

Heracleum, 492, 496.

Herb-Paris, 314.

Heritiera, 422.

Hermannia, 422.

Hermaphrodite, 236.

Herminium, 332.

Hermodactylus, 321.

Hernandia, 392.

Herniaria, 365, 367.

Herpestis, 525.

Herposteiron, 54.

Herpotrichia, 129.

Hesperideæ, 404.

Hesperidinæ, 404.

Hesperis, 400, 402.

Heteranthera, 316.

Heterobasidion, 145, 165.

Heterocysteæ, 24.

Heterocysts, 22.

Heterœcious, 148.

Heteromerous, 138.

Heteropteris, 442.

Heterosphæria, 116, 133.

Heterosphæriaceæ, 133.

Heterosporous Vascular Cryptogams, 200.

Heterotoma, 563.

Heuchera, 452.

Hibiscus, 427, 430.

Hickory, 350.

Hieracium, 571.

Hierochloa, 295, 296.

Higher Fungi, 95, 114.

Hilum, 243.

Himanthalia, 75.

Himantidium, 20.

Hip, 459, 460.

Hippocrateaceæ, 444.

Hippocrepis, 472.

Hippomane, 434.

Hippophaë, 450.

Hippuris, 486.

“Hochblatt,” 235.

Hog’s-fennel, 496.

Holbœllia, 390.

Holcus, 294, 296.

Holly, 444.

Hollyhock, 151, 430.

Holochlamydeous, 256.

Holosteum, 366.

Homalia, 197.

Homalothecium, 197.

Homocysteæ, 24.

Homoiomerous, 138.

Honckenya, 366.

Honesty, 400.

Honey-dew, 126.

Honey-leaves, 379.

Honeysuckle, 553, 554.

Hookeriaceæ, 197.

Hop, 124, 356, 357.

Hopea, 415.

Hordeæ, 295.

Hordeum, 291, 296.

Horehound, 538.

Hormidium, 54.

Hormogonia, 10, 24.

Hornbeam, 157, 343, 344.

Horned Pond-weed, 279.

Horn-nut, 485.

Horn-poppy, 395.

Horn-wort, 388.

Horse-bean, 470, 473.

Horse-chestnut, 440.

Horse-radish, 400, 405.

Horsetails, 2, 204, 221.

Hosta, 312.

Hoteia, 452.

Hottonia, 512.

Hound’s-tongue, 533.

House-leek, 452.

Houttuynia, 359, 362.

Hoya, 546.

Humiriaceæ, 421.

Humulus, 121, 357, 358.

Hura, 432.

Hyacintheæ, 312.

Hyacinthus, 312, 313, 314.

Hyalotheca, 42, 44.

Hydnaceæ, 162.

Hydnophytum, 550, 553.

Hydnora, 504.

Hydnum, 162.

Hydra, 9.

Hydrangea, 455.

Hydrangeaceæ, 455.

Hydrastin, 385.

Hydrastis, 381.

Hydrilla, 283.

Hydrocharis, 282.

Hydrocharitaceæ, 278, 282.

Hydrocleis, 281.

Hydrocotyle, 491, 493.

Hydrocotyleæ, 493.

Hydrodictyaceæ, 47, 51.

Hydrodictyon, 9, 52.

Hydrolea, 515.

Hydrophyllaceæ, 515.

Hydropterideæ, 205, 215, 239.

Hydruraceæ, 16.

Hydrurus, 16.

Hygrophorei, 172.

Hygrophorus, 172.

Hylocomium, 197.

Hymenæa, 468.

Hymenium, 88.

Hymenogaster, 174, 175, 176.

Hymenogastraceæ, 176.

Hymenolichenes, 176.

Hymenomycetes, 96, 145, 159.

Hymenophore, 159.

Hymenophyllaceæ, 206, 210, 215.

Hymenophyllum, 215.

Hyoscyamine, 522.

Hyoscyamus, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523.

Hypecoum, 395, 396.

Hypericaceæ, 413.

Hypericum, 413, 414.

Hypha, 85.

Hyphæ-like threads, 9.

Hyphæne, 298, 301.

Hypholoma, 171.

Hypnaceæ, 197.

Hypnum, 47, 196, 197.

Hypobasal, 186.

Hypochæris, 571.

Hypochnus, 161.

Hypocreaceæ, 125.

Hypocreales, 125.

Hypoderma, 132.

Hypodermaceæ, 132.

Hypomyces, 125.

Hyporhodius, 171.

Hypothecium, 132.

Hypoxideæ, 317.

Hypoxis, 318.

Hypoxylon, 131.

Hypsophyllary leaves, 235.

Hyssop, 540, 541.

Hyssopus, 540, 541.

Hysteriaceæ, 132.

Hysteriales, 95, 116, 132.

Hysterium, 132.

Hysterophyta, 498.

Iberis, 398, 400, 401.

Icacinaceæ, 439.

Iceland-lichen, 142.

Iceland-moss, 143.

Ice-plant, 375.

Icica, 438.

Ignatius-beans, 546.

Ilex, 444.

Illecebrum, 367.

Illicieæ, 389.

Illicium, 389.

Impatiens, 421.

Imperatoria, 496, 498.

Incense, 438.

Indian-corn, 293.

Indian-cress, 420.

Indigo, 470, 473.

Indigofera, 470, 473.

Indusium, 210.

Inflorescence of Palm, 299.

Infusoria, 9.

Inga, 473, 475.

Integuments, 242.

Inula, 569, 573, 574.

Inulin, 574.

Involucre, 189.

Involution-forms, 36.

Ionidium, 410.

Ipecacuanha, 553.

Ipomæa, 515, 517.

Iridaceæ, 277, 310, 320.

Iris, 276, 291, 320, 321.

Irish-moss, 84.

Iron-bacteria, 33.

Iron-wood, 339, 511.

Irpex, 163.

Isactis, 25.

Isaria, 127, 128.

Isatis, 403, 404.

Isnardia, 485.

Isoëtaceæ, 230.

Isoëtes, 200, 202, 204, 228, 230, 245.

Isogamous fertilisation, 11.

Isolepis, 287.

Isonandra, 511.

Isopyrum, 382.

Isosporous Vascular Cryptogams, 200.

Isothecium, 197.

Isotoma, 563.

Ivy, 491.

Ixia, 321.

Ixora, 550.

Jacaranda, 529.

Jack, 356.

Jacquinia, 513.

Jalap, 517.

Jambosa, 488.

Japanese wax, 439.

Jasione, 541, 561, 562.

Jasminaceæ, 541, 542, 547.

Jasmine, 547.

Jasminum, 547.

Jateorhiza, 390.

Jatropha, 431.

Jequirty, 470.

Jerusalem-Artichoke, 572, 574.

Jonquil, 318.

Judas’-ear, 156.

Judas-tree, 468.

Juglandaceæ, 337, 349.

Juglandifloræ, 349.

Juglans, 349, 350.

Juncaceæ, 277, 283, 284, 291.

Juncaginaceæ, 278.

Juncus, 283, 284.

Jungermannia, 191, 192.

Jungermannieæ, 191.

Juniper, 259, 268, 269.

Juniperus, 151, 152, 241, 268, 269.

Jurinea, 570.

Jussiæa, 485.

Justicia, 530.

Jute, 425.

Kalanchoë, 451.

Kale, 403, 405.

Kalmia, 509.

Kæmpferia, 325, 326.

Kamala, 434.

Kaulfussia, 212.

Kefir-grains, 36.

Kelp, 76.

Kerria, 457, 460.

Kidney-bean, 471, 473.

Kielmeyera, 415.

“King Charles and the Oak,” 207.

Kingia, 312.

Kino, 473.

Kitaibelia, 429.

Knap-weed, 570.

Knapwell, 367.

Knautia, 560.

Knot-grass, 359.

Knowltonia, 379.

Kobresia, 287.

Kochia, 371.

Koeleria, 294.

Koelreuteria, 441.

Koenigia, 361.

Kohlrabi, 405.

Krameria, 468.

Kramerieæ, 468.

Koso-tree, 460.

Labellum, 277, 323, 325.

Labiatæ, 515, 532, 535, 536.

Labiate-flowered, 567, 570.

Laburnum, 472, 473.

Labyrinth Fungus, 166.

Lace-tree, 449.

Lacmus, 142.

Lactarius, 171.

Lactoridaceæ, 362.

Lactoris, 362.

Lactuca, 571, 574.

Ladanum, 412.

Ladenbergia, 550, 553.

Ladies-mantle, 460.

Lady-fern, 213.

Lady’s-finger, 471.

Lælia, 332.

Lagenandra, 306.

Lagenaria, 479, 481.

Lagenedium, 104.

Lagerstrœmia, 483.

Lagetta, 449.

Lagœcia, 494.

Laguncularia, 487.

Lagurus, 296.

Lamellæ, 166.

Laminaria, 71.

Laminariaceæ, 71.

Lamium, 536, 538, 540, 541.

Lamprothamnus, 67.

Landolphia, 544.

Langsdorffia, 504.

Lantana, 535.

Lappa, 570, 574.

Lapsana, 570.

Larch, 266, 267.

Larch-canker, 135.

Larch-fungus, 164.

Lardizabalaceæ, 390.

Larix, 266.

Larkspur, 383.

Larrea, 438.

Laserpitium, 497.

Lasiandra, 484.

Latania, 301.

Lathræa, 525, 526, 528.

Lathyrus, 470, 473.

Lattice-rust, 147.

Laudatea, 176.

Lauraceæ, 238, 391, 449.

Laurus, 161, 391, 392, 393.

Lavandula, 536, 540, 541.

Lavatera, 428, 430.

Lavender, 540. Oil of, 541.

Lawsonia, 483.

Leafy-mosses, 183.

Leathesia, 71.

Leaven, 179.

Lecanora, 140, 142.

Lechenaultia, 564.

Lecidea, 142.

Lecythideæ, 489.

Lecythis, 489.

Ledum, 153, 509.

Leea, 445.

Leek, 312.

Leersia, 291, 293.

Leguminosæ, 466.

Legume, 466.

Lejolisia, 81.

Lemanea, 80, 82.

Lemaneaceæ, 82.

Lemna, 25, 47, 307.

Lemnaceæ, 307.

Lemon, 438.

Lentil, 470, 473.

Lentinus, 171.

Leontice, 390.

Leontodon, 568, 571.

Leontopodium, 593.

Leonurus, 538.

Lepidiinæ, 404.

Lepidium, 400, 401.

Lepidocaryinæ, 301.

Lepidodendraceæ, 233.

Lepidozia, 192.

Lepiota, 171.

Leptobryum, 197.

Leptogium, 140, 142.

Leptomitus, 108.

Leptopleura, 387.

Leptopuccinia, 151.

Leptosiphon, 515.

Leptospermeæ, 489.

Leptospermum, 489.

Leptosporangiatæ, 202, 210, 212, 239.

Leptothrix, 26, 33, 35, 38.

Leptotrichum, 196.

Lepturus, 295.

Lescuræa, 197.

Leskea, 197.

Leskeaceæ, 197.

Lessonia, 72.

Lettuce, 571, 574.

Leucobryaceæ, 196.

Leucobryum, 192, 196.

Leucodon, 197.

Leucojum, 317, 318.

Leuconostoc, 28, 29, 35.

Levisticum, 496, 498.

Liagora, 83.

Libanotis, 495.

Libocedrus, 269.

Lichen, 4, 8.

Lichen-forming Ascomycetes, 116, 136. Basidiomycetes, 176.

Lichenin, 142.

Lichina, 142.

Licmophoreæ, 21.

Lignum Vitæ, 438.

Ligularia, 572.

Ligulate-flowered, 567.

Ligule, 283.

Ligulifloræ, 570.

Ligustrum, 547.

Lilac, 547.

Lilæa, 279.

Liliaceæ, 274, 309, 311.

Lilies, 311, 314.

Liliifloræ, 278, 309.

Lilium, 245, 312, 313, 314.

Lily of the Valley, 314.

Lime, 165.

Limnanthaceæ, 421.

Limnanthemum, 543.

Limnanthes, 421.

Limnocharis, 281.

Limodorum, 331.

Limonia, 437.

Limosella, 525.

Linaceæ, 417.

Linaria, 523, 525, 527.

Lindera, 393.

Ling, 507.

Linnæa, 555.

Linnæeæ, 555.

Linociera, 547.

Linseed, 418.

Linum, 417, 418.

Liparis, 332.

Lippia, 535.

Liquidambar, 455.

Liquorice, 470, 473.

Liriodendron, 388.

Listera, 331.

Litchi, 441.

Lithoderma, 71.

Lithodermataceæ, 71.

Lithophyllum, 84.

Lithospermum, 533.

Lithothamnion, 80, 84.

Littorella, 530, 531.

Liverworts, 2, 181, 188.

Livistona, 298, 299, 300, 302.

Lloydia, 312.

Loasaceæ, 476.

Lobelia, 562, 563.

Lobeliaceæ, 335, 562.

Lobeline, 563.

Lochnera, 544.

Locusts, 468.

Lodicules, 288, 291.

Lodoicea, 301.

Loganiaceæ, 542, 546, 549.

Logwood, 468.

Loiseleuria, 509.

Lolium, 295, 296.

Lomandra, 312.

Lomaria, 214.

Lomentaceæ, 403.

Lomentaria, 83.

Lonicera, 553, 554, 556.

Lonicereæ, 549, 553.

Long-pepper, 363.

Loose-strife, 482.

Lopezia, 484, 485.

Lophiostomaceæ, 130.

Lophocolea, 192.

Lophodermium, 132.

Lophospermum, 525.

Loquat, 465.

Loranthaceæ, 501.

Loranthoideæ, 501.

Loranthus, 504.

Loteæ, 471.

Lotus, 471.

Louse-wort, 526.

Love-in-the-mist, 382.

Lucerne, 473, 529.

Lucuma, 511.

Luehea, 424, 425.

Luffa, 481.

Lunaria, 400, 401.

Lung-Lichen, 143.

Lung-wort, 533.

Lunularia, 191.

Lupin, 472.

Lupinus, 472.

Luzula, 283, 284.

Lychnis, 365, 367.

Lychnothamnus, 67.

Lycium, 521.

Lycogala, 6, 8.

Lycoperdaceæ, 174.

Lycoperdon, 174.

Lycopersicum, 521, 522.

Lycopodiaceæ, 202, 226.

Lycopodieæ, 205, 226.

Lycopodinæ, 2, 205, 226, 228, 234, 235, 236, 240.

Lycopodium, 200, 226, 227, 228, 233.

Lycopsis, 534.

Lycopus, 536, 539.

Lygeum, 293.

Lygodium, 215.

Lyme-grass, 296.

Lyngbya, 24.

Lyngbyaceæ, 22, 24.

Lyonia, 508.

Lysimachia, 47, 151, 513.

Lysipoma, 563.

Lythraceæ, 482.

Lythrum, 482, 483.

Maba, 511.

Machærium, 472.

“Mace,” 393.

Macleya, 395.

Maclura, 354, 356.

Macrosporangium, 241, 243.

Macrospore, 200, 242, 243, 245, 246.

Macrocystis, 72.

Macrozamia, 254.

Madder, 552, 553.

Madia, 574.

Madotheca, 192.

Mad-wort, 534.

Maesa, 513.

Magnolia, 389.

Magnoliaceæ, 388.

Magnolieæ, 388.

Mahernia, 422.

Mahogany, 436.

Mahonia, 149, 390.

Maiden-hair, 206, 213.

Maize, 289, 293, 296.

Maize-blight, 113.

Majanthemum, 309, 314.

Malachium, 366.

Malachra, 428.

Malaxis, 332.

Malcolmiinæ, 404.

Male-Fern, 214.

Mallow, 425.

Malope, 429, 430.

Malopeæ, 428.

Malpighiaceæ, 442.

Malpighia, 422.

Malt, 296.

Malus, 152, 463, 464, 465.

Malva, 426, 428, 429, 430.

Malvaceæ, 425.

Malveæ, 428.

Malvaviscus, 428.

Mamme, 355.

Mammea, 414.

Mammillæ, 377.

Mammillaria, 375, 377.

Mammoni, 355.

Mancinil-tree, 432.

Mandragora, 522.

Mandrake, 522.

Manettia, 550.

Mangifera, 439.

Manglesia, 450.

Mango, 439.

Mangold, 369, 372.

Mangosteen, 414.

Mangrove, 486.

Manihot, 431, 434.

Manilla Hemp, 325.

Maniok, 434.

“Manna,” 547.

Manna Ash, 546, 547.

Manna-grass, 296.

Manna-lichen, 142.

Mannit, 72.

Maple, 442.

Maranta, 327.

Marantaceæ, 277, 327.

Marasmiei, 171.

Marasmius, 168, 171.

Marattia, 212.

Marattiaceæ, 209, 210, 212, 236.

Marcgraviaceæ, 415.

Marchantia, 181, 183, 184, 190.

Marchantiaceæ, 190.

Marchantieæ, 190.

Mare’s-tail, 486.

Marigold, 572.

Marjoram, 539, 541.

Marrow, 480.

Marrubium, 538.

Marsilia, 216, 217, 219, 220, 245.

Marsiliaceæ, 210, 218, 239.

Marsh Cinquefoil, 458.

Marsh-marigold, 382.

Martynia, 529.

Masdevallia, 332.

Massariaceæ, 130.

Massulæ, 331.

“Mast,” 347.

Mastic, 439.

Mastigobryum, 192.

Mastigocoleus, 24.

Maté, 445.

Matico, 363.

Matricaria, 572, 574.

Matthiola, 400, 402.

Maurandia, 525.

Mauritia, 301.

Maxillaria, 332.

May, 465.

Mayacaceæ, 308.

Maydeæ, 293.

Meadow-grass, 151, 294, 296.

Meadow Rue, 385.

Meadow-sweet, 457.

Mecca-balsam, 438.

Meconopsis, 395.

Medicago, 471, 473.

Medick, 471, 473.

Medinilla, 484.

Medlar, 465.

Meesea, 197.

Megacarpæa, 400, 401.

Melaleuca, 489.

Melampodium, 572.

Melampsora, 147, 152, 153.

Melampsorella, 147.

Melampyrum, 526.

Melanconidaceæ, 130.

Melandrium, 367.

Melanogaster, 176.

Melanommaceæ, 30.

Melanoselinum, 497.

Melanosinapis, 402.

Melanospora, 125.

Melanoxylon, 468.

Melanthium, 310.

Melastomaceæ, 483.

Meliaceæ, 435.

Melianthaceæ, 440.

Melianthus, 440.

Melica, 287, 290, 294.

Melilotus, 466, 470, 471.

Melinophyl, 18.

Melissa, 540, 541.

Melobesia, 80, 84.

Melocactus, 375, 377.

Melochia, 422.

Melogrammataceæ, 130.

Melon, 481.

Melosira, 19.

Melosireæ, 21.

Menispermaceæ, 390.

Menispermum, 390.

Mentha, 47, 536, 539, 541.

Menthol, 541.

Mentzelia, 476.

Menyantheæ, 542, 543.

Menyanthes, 240, 543, 550.

Menziesia, 509.

Mercurialis, 431, 434.

Mercury, 431.

Merendera, 310.

Mericarp, 492.

Meridieæ, 21.

Merismopedium, 10, 24.

Merismopedium form, 27.

Mertensia, 533.

Merulius, 166.

Mesembrianthemeæ, 375.

Mesembrianthemum, 375.

Mesocarpaceæ, 46.

Mesomycetes, 1, 95, 108.

Mesotænium, 43, 44.

Mespilus, 463, 465.

Metaxenous, 148.

Metrosideros, 489.

Metroxylon, 298, 301.

Metzgeria, 191, 192.

Metzleria, 563.

Meum, 495.

Michauxia, 562.

Miconia, 484.

Micrasterias, 44.

Microcachrys, 255, 260, 261.

Microchæte, 26.

Microchloa, 295.

Micrococcus, 26, 35, 38.

Microcoleus, 22, 24.

Microconidia, 89.

Microcycas, 254.

Microdictyon, 62.

Microglena, 15.

Micropyle, 242.

Microsphæra, 121.

Microspira-comma, 40.

Microspora, 54.

Microsporangia, 237, 240.

Microspore, 200, 214.

Microtea, 372.

Mignonette, 406.

Mikania, 571.

Mildews, 119, 122.

Milfoil, 572.

Milium, 294.

Milk-thistle, 570.

Milk-vetch, 470.

Milk-wort, 443.

Millet, 296.

Mimosa, 473.

Mimosaceæ, 466, 473.

Mimulus, 525, 526, 527.

Mimusops, 511.

Mint, 539.

Mirabilis, 374.

Mistletoe, 501.

Mitella, 452.

Mitromyces, 173.

Mitrula, 136, 159.

Mnium, 197.

Mock Orange-blossom, 455.

Modiola, 427.

Moehringia, 366.

Mohria, 215.

Molinia, 151, 294.

Mollinedia, 389.

Mollisia, 135.

Mollisiaceæ, 135.

Mollugo, 375.

Momordica, 481.

Monacanthus, 333.

Monangic, 243.

Monarda, 540, 541.

Monardeæ, 540.

Money-wort, 513.

Monimia, 389.

Monimiaceæ, 389.

Monkshood, 383.

Monoblepharis, 102, 108.

Monocotyledones, 3, 273, 274, 276.

Monocotyledonous flower, 276.

Monœcious, 236.

Monostroma, 53.

Monotropa, 334, 506, 507.

Monstera, 303, 305, 307.

Montia, 373.

Moonwort, 211.

Moraceæ, 351, 353.

Moræa, 321.

Morchella, 136.

Moreæ, 354.

Morell, 136.

Moricandiinæ, 404.

Morina, 560.

Morinda, 549.

Mortierellaceæ, 100.

Mortierella, 100.

Morus, 351, 354.

Moschatel, 453.

Moss, 182.

“Moss-flower,” 183.

Moss-fruit, 186.

Moss-rose, 460.

Mosses, 1, 2, 181, 188, 192, 234.

Mougeotia, 46.

Moulds, 31, 94, 122.

Mountain-ash, 465.

Mountain-meal, 20.

Mountain-pine, 266.

Mouse-tail, 383.

Mucor, 97, 98, 99.

Mucoraceæ, 96.

“Mucor-yeast,” 97.

Mucro, 257.

Mucuna, 471.

Mud-wort, 525.

Muehlenbeckia, 360.

Mulberry, 353, 356.

Mullein, 523.

Murracytaceæ, 15.

Musa, 324, 325.

Musaceæ, 277, 323.

“Muscardine,” 128.

Muscari, 312, 314.

Musci, 2. frondosi, 188, 192.

Muscineæ, 1, 181.

Museæ, 325.

Mushroom, 159, 166, 168.

Musk-rose, 460.

Mutisieæ, 570.

Myanthus, 333.

Mycelium, 85.

Mycena, 171.

Mycoidea, 8, 54.

Mycoideaceæ, 47, 54.

Mycomycetes, 1, 95, 114.

Mycorhiza, 124, 175, 180, 506.

Mycosiphonales, 95, 104.

Myosotis, 533, 534, 535.

Myosurus, 379, 380, 383, 384.

Myrcia, 488.

Myrica, 350.

Myricaceæ, 337, 350.

Myricaria, 411, 412.

Myriophyllum, 486.

Myriotrichia, 71.

Myriotrichiaceæ, 71.

Myristica, 392, 393.

Myristicaceæ, 393.

Myrmecodia, 550, 553.

Myroxylon, 473.

Myrrh, 438.

Myrrha, 438.

Myrrhis, 495, 498.

Myrsinaceæ, 513.

Myrsine, 513.

Myrtaceæ, 487.

Myrteæ, 488.

Myrtifloræ, 451, 482.

Myrtle, 487, 488.

Myrtus, 488, 489.

Myxamœba, 6.

Myxogasteres, 5.

Myxomycetes, 1, 4, 5.

Myxophyceæ, 22.

Myzodendron, 500, 501.

Naccaria, 83.

Nægelia, 528.

Najadaceæ, 278, 281.

Najas, 281.

Nandina, 390.

Narcissus, 316, 317, 318.

Nardostachys, 557, 558.

Nardus, 291, 295, 558.

Narthecium, 310.

Narthex, 496.

Nasturtium, 400, 402, 420.

Navicula, 19.

Naviculeæ, 20, 21.

Neck-canal-cells, 184.

Neckera, 197.

Neckeraceæ, 197.

Nectandra, 392, 393.

Nectria, 116, 125, 127.

Neea, 374.

Negundo, 441, 442.

Nelumbo, 386.

Nelumboneæ, 386.

Nemalion, 81.

Nemalionales, 82.

Nemastomaceæ, 84.

Nemesia, 525.

Nemophila, 515.

Neomeris, 63.

Neottia, 5, 331.

Neottieæ, 331.

Neovossia, 111.

Nepenthaceæ, 408, 409.

Nepenthes, 409.

Nepeta, 536, 539.

Nepeteæ, 539.

Nephelium, 441.

Nephrolepis, 214.

Nephroselmis, 15.

Nerium, 544.

Nesæa, 483.

Neslia, 403.

Nest-fungi, 176.

Nettle, 351, 352, 353.

Neuradeæ, 457.

Neuwiedia, 329.

Nicandra, 519, 522.

Nicotiana, 520, 522.

Nicotine, 522.

Nidularia, 176.

Nidulariaceæ, 176.

Nierembergia, 521.

Nigella, 379, 380, 382.

Nightshade, 521.

Nigritella, 332.

Nile-lily, 305.

Nipa, 301.

Nipplewort, 570.

Nitella, 65.

Nitelleæ, 67.

Nitraria, 438.

Nitrifying Bacteria, 5.

Nitzchieæ, 21.

Noble Pine, 264.

Noctiluca, 17.

Nodularia, 25.

Nolana, 522.

Nolanaceæ, 518, 522.

Noli-me-tangere, 421.

Nonnea, 533.

Nonsexual reproduction, 10.

Nostoc, 22, 23, 25, 27, 29, 138, 486.

Nostocaceæ, 22, 24, 25.

Nostocopsis, 26.

Nothofagus, 347, 348, 501.

Notorhizæ, 400.

Nucellus, 235, 241, 243, 247.

Nuculiferæ, 505, 515, 531.

Nucumentaceæ, 403.

Nullipora, 84.

Nuphar, 387.

Nutmegs, 393.

Nutritive-tissue, 248.

Nux vomica, 546.

Nyctaginiaceæ, 373.

Nyctalis, 172.

Nyctanthes, 547.

Nycterinia, 525, 526.

Nymphæa, 387, 388.

Nymphæaceæ, 385.

Nymphæeæ, 386.

Oak, 117, 130, 134, 135, 161, 164, 166, 346, 347, 348.

Oat, 113, 151, 292, 294, 296.

Oat-grain, 290.

Oat-grass, 296.

Obdiplostemonous, 336.

Obelidium, 103.

Obligate parasites, 85.

Ochna, 439.

Ochnaceæ, 439.

Ochroma, 427.

Ocimum, 541.

Ocrea, 359.

Odonthalia, 83.

Odontites, 526.

Œdogoniaceæ, 47, 55.

Œdogonium, 10, 11, 55, 56.

Œnanthe, 495, 498.

Œnothera, 484, 485, 486.

Œnotheraceæ, 484.

Oidia, 90.

Oidium, 121, 179.

Oidium forms, 179.

Oil-mould, 99.

Oil-palm, 301.

Olea, 547.

Oleaceæ, 541, 542, 546.

Oleander, 544.

Oligorus, 166.

Olive, 547.

Olive-brown Seaweeds, 68.

Olive Oil, 547.

Olpidiaceæ, 103.

Olpidieæ, 103.

Olpidium, 103.

Olyreæ, 296.

Omphalodes, 533, 534.

Onagraceæ, 484.

Oncidium, 332.

Oncobyrsa, 24.

Onion, 312.

Onobrychis, 472, 473.

Ononis, 471.

Onopordon, 570.

Ooblastema-filaments, 82.

Oocystis, 51.

Oogamous fertilisation, 13.

Oogonium, 13.

Oomycetes, 95, 96, 100.

Oophyte, 181.

Oosphere, 13, 248.

Oospore, 14.

Operculum, 193.

Ophiocytium, 51.

Ophioglossaceæ, 209, 210.

Ophioglossum, 210, 211, 238.

Ophiopogon, 320.

Ophrydeæ, 331.

Ophrys, 332, 333.

Opium-poppy, 395.

Oplismenus, 295.

Opuntia, 375, 377.

Orange, 438.

Orchid, diagram of flower, 329.

Orchidaceæ, 5, 238, 328.

Orchideæ, 277.

Orchids, 151.

Orchis, 276, 331, 332, 333.

Oreobolus, 285.

Oreodoxa, 301.

Organs of attachment, 4.

Origanum, 536, 539, 541.

Ornithogalum, 312, 314.

Ornithopus, 466, 472.

Orobanche, 334, 528, 529.

Orontieæ, 303.

Orontium, 304.

Orris-root, 321.

Orseille, 142.

Orthoploceæ, 400.

Orthospermeæ, 493.

Orthothecium, 197.

Orthotrichum, 197.

Orthotropous, 242, 243.

Oryza, 293.

Oryzeæ, 293.

Oscillaria, 10, 23, 24, 26, 37.

Oscillariaceæ, 24.

Osiers, 152.

Osmunda, 209, 215.

Osmundaceæ, 202, 210, 215.

Ostioles, 73.

Ostropa, 133.

Ostropaceæ, 133.

Ostrya, 345.

Osyris, 500.

Ouratea, 439.

Ouvirandra, 281.

Ovary, 3, 239, 250.

Ovule, 241, 242, 248.

Ovuliferous scale, 256, 257.

Oxalidaceæ, 416.

Oxalis, 416.

Ox-eye, 572.

Oxslip, 513.

Oxybaphus, 374.

Oxycoccus, 509, 510.

Oxyria, 360.

Oyster Mushroom, 171.

Padina, 76.

Pæonia, 379, 381.

Pæonieæ, 381.

Pæpalanthus, 309.

Palaquium, 511.

Palava, 429.

Paleæ, 209.

Pales, 288.

Palisander-wood, 529.

Paliurus, 448.

Palm, 275, 276, 297. Branching of, 298. Inflorescence of, 299.

Palm-oil, 301.

Palm-wax, 301.

Palm-wine, 301.

Palmæ, 297.

Palmella-stage, 15, 16.

Palmyra-palm, 301.

Paludella, 197.

Pampas-grass, 296.

Panama hats, 302.

Panax, 491.

Pancratium, 317.

Pandanaceæ, 302.

Pandanus, 302.

Pandorina, 45, 48.

Paniceæ, 295.

Panicum, 295, 296.

Pansy, 411.

Panus, 171.

Papaveraceæ, 394.

Papaver, 394, 395.

Papaw, 476.

Papayaceæ, 476.

Paper-mulberry tree, 354, 356.

Papilionaceæ, 335, 468.

Pappus, 564, 566.

Papyrus, 287.

Paradise apple, 465.

Paraglobulin, 473.

Paraphyses, 88.

Paraguay tea, 445.

Parasites, 5.

Parasites, endophytic, 85. endozoic, 85. epiphytic, 85. epizoic, 85. facultative, 84. obligate, 85. pathogenic, 85.

Parasitic Bacteria, 38.

Parasol-fungus, 171.

Pariana, 291.

Parietaria, 353.

Paris, 309, 314, 316.

Paritium, 430.

Parkia, 475.

Parmelia, 140, 141, 142, 143.

Parnassia, 453.

Paronychia, 365, 367.

Paronychieæ, 366.

Parrotia, 455.

Parsley, 494, 498.

Parsnip, 492, 496, 498.

Parthenogenesis, 14.

Pasanea, 346, 348.

Paspalum, 295.

Pasta guaranà, 441.

Pastinaca, 493, 496.

Passerina, 449.

Passiflora, 475, 476.

Passifloraceæ, 476.

Passiflorinæ, 475.

Passion-flower, 476.

Patellaria, 134.

Patellariaceæ, 134.

Patellea, 134.

Paternoster peas, 470.

Pathogenic Rod-Bacteria, 39.

Patrinia, 557.

Paullinia, 441.

Paulownia, 527.

Pavonia, 428.

Paxillei, 172.

Payena, 511.

Paypayroleæ, 411.

Pea, 470.

Peach, 117, 121, 461.

Pear, 130, 464, 465.

Pedagnuoli, 355.

Pedaliaceæ, 518, 529.

Pediastrum, 52.

Pedicularis, 151, 526.

Peganum, 438.

Pelargonium, 418, 419.

Peliosanthes, 320.

Pellia, 191, 192.

Pellitory, 353.

Peltigera, 143.

Pelvetia, 73.

Penicillium, 122, 123.

Penium, 43, 44.

Pennisetum, 295.

Penny-cress, 401.

Penny-wort, 493.

Pentacyclicæ, 505, 506.

Pentadesma, 414.

Pentapera, 505.

Pentstemon, 524, 527.

Peplis, 47, 483.

Pepper, 361.

Peppermint, 541.

Peperomia, 361, 362.

Pepperwort, 401.

Pereskia, 375, 376.

Perianth, 235.

Perichætium, 192.

Pericarp, 249.

Pericallis, 574.

Peridermium, 147, 148, 153, 154, 155, 156.

Peridinea, 1, 14, 17.

Peridinin, 16.

Peridinium, 17.

Peridiola, 176.

Peridium, 88, 89, 147.

Perigynium, 189.

Perilla, 541.

Periphyses, 88.

Periplasm, 104.

Periploca, 546.

Perisperm, 249.

Perisporiaceæ, 122.

Perisporiales, 95, 116, 118, 119.

Peristome, 195.

Perithecia, 125.

Periwinkle, 543, 544.

Perizonium, 20.

Pernambuco-tree, 468.

Peronocarpic ascocarps, 125.

Peronospora, 101, 104, 105, 107.

Peronosporaceæ, 104.

Persea, 393.

Persica, 461.

Personatæ, 505, 515, 517.

Pertusaria, 140, 142.

Petals, 235.

Petasites, 153, 569, 571.

Petiveria, 372.

Petrocelis, 84.

Petunia, 518, 521.

Peucedaneæ, 496.

Peucedanum, 496.

Peyssonellia, 84.

Peziza, 115, 135, 159.

Pezizaceæ, 135.

Pezizales, 134.

Phacelia, 515.

Phacidiales, 133.

Phacidium, 133.

Phacotus, 48.

Phæophyceæ, 1, 14, 68.

Phæophyl, 68.

Phæosporeæ, 68.

Phæothamnion, 54.

Phagocytes, 41.

Phajus, 332.

Phalarideæ, 295.

Phalaris, 295.

Phallaceæ, 172.

Phalloideæ, 96, 145, 172.

Phallus, 172, 173.

Phanerogams, 3, 234, 236, 249.

Pharbitis, 516.

Pharus, 291, 293.

Phascum, 195.

Phaseoleæ, 470.

Phaseolus, 134, 469, 471, 473.

Phegopteris, 213, 214.

Phellodendron, 437.

Philadephus, 451, 455.

Phillyrea, 547.

Philodendron, 303, 305.

Philonotis, 197.

Phlebia, 163.

Phleum, 290, 294, 296.

Phloëm, 251.

Phlœospora, 70.

Phlomis, 538, 541.

Phlox, 515.

Phœniceæ, 299.

Phœnix, 298, 299, 301, 302.

Pholiota, 171.

Phormium, 312, 313, 314.

Phragmidium, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152.

Phragmites, 113, 131, 291, 294.

Phragmonema, 22, 25.

Phrynium, 327.

Phycocyan, 22, 77.

Phycoerythrin, 22, 77.

Phycomyces, 99.

Phycomycetes, 1, 5, 95, 96.

Phycophæin, 69.

Phycopyrrin, 16.

Phycoxanthin, 69.

Phylica, 448.

Phyllachora, 131.

Phyllactinia, 122.

Phyllactis, 560.

Phyllanthus, 431, 432.

Phyllitis, 70.

Phyllobium, 47, 51.

Phyllocactus, 377.

Phyllocladus, 260.

Phyllodia, 474.

Phyllodoce, 509.

Phylloglossum, 228.

Phyllophora, 83.

Phyllosiphon, 8.

Phyllosiphonaceæ, 47, 61.

Physalis, 521.

Physarum, 6, 8.

Physcia, 139, 143.

Physcomitrium, 188, 197.

Physiological varieties, 41.

Physoderma, 103.

Physostigma, 471, 473.

Phytelephantinæ, 301.

Phytelephas, 299, 301, 302.

Phyteuma, 562.

Phytoamœbæ, 10, 61.

Phytolacca, 372.

Phytolaccaceæ, 372.

Phytomyxa, 8.

Phytophthora, 101, 104, 105, 106.

Piassava, 297.

Picea, 124, 129, 132, 155, 165, 265.

Pichurim, 392.

Picraena, 438.

Picris, 571.

Picrotoxine, 390.

Pilacraceæ, 157.

Pilacre, 157.

Pilea, 353.

Pilobolus, 99, 100.

Pilostyles, 504.

Pilularia, 216, 220.

Pimelea, 449.

Pimenta, 489.

Pimento, 489.

Pimpernel, 513.

Pimpinell, 498.

Pimpinella, 494, 498.

Pine, 127, 153, 161, 165, 255, 263, 266.

Pine-apple, 320.

Pine-shoot Fungus, 152.

Pinellia, 305.

Pinguicula, 334, 528.

Pink, 367.

Pin-mould, 99.

Pinnularia, 19.

Pinus, 129, 132, 153, 155, 165, 264, 265, 266, 267, 272.

Pinoideæ, 256, 258, 259, 262.

Pipe-flower, 500.

Piper, 361, 363.

Piperaceæ, 361.

Pipereæ, 361.

Piptocephalidaceæ, 100.

Piptocephalis, 100.

Pircunia, 372.

Pisonia, 374.

Pistia, 306.

Pistacia, 439.

Pistil, 239.

Pistillaria, 161.

Pistillate, 236.

Pisum, 469, 470, 473.

Pitcairnia, 320.

Pitcher-plant, 409.

Pittosporaceæ, 451, 455.

Pittosporum, 455.

Placenta, 237, 241.

Placochromaticæ, 21.

Plagiochila, 189, 192.

Plagiothecium, 197.

Plagiotropideæ, 21.

Planera, 351.

“Plankton,” 15, 17, 20.

Planogametes, 12.

Plantago, 335, 530, 531, 536, 559.

Plantaginaceæ, 518, 530.

Plantain, 530.

Plasmodia, 4, 5, 7.

Plasmodiophora, 8.

Plasmodiophorales, 6.

Platanaceæ, 455.

Platanus, 456.

Platanthera, 332, 333.

Plate-cultures, 33.

Platonia, 414.

Platycerium, 213.

Platycodon, 562.

Platystemon, 395.

Plectonema, 24.

Plectranthus, 541.

Pleospora, 130.

Pleosporaceæ, 130.

Pleurandra, 413.

Pleuridium, 195.

Pleurocarpi, 197.

Pleurococcaceæ, 47, 51.

Pleurococcus, 10, 51, 138.

Pleurorhizæ. 400.

Pleurotænium, 44.

Pleurothallis, 332.

Pleurotus, 171.

Plocamium, 83.

Plum, 117, 164, 461, 462.

Plumbaginaceæ, 514.

Plumbago, 514.

Plumeria, 544.

Plumule, 247.

Pneumathodia, 267.

Poa, 287, 290, 294, 296.

“Pocket-plum,” 85.

“Pockets,” 117.

Pod, 466.

Pod-pepper, 522.

Podalyrieæ, 469.

Podocarpeæ, 260.

Podocarpus, 251, 255, 261, 272.

Podophyllum, 390.

Podosphæra, 120.

Podospora, 129.

Podostemaceæ, 451, 456.

Pogostemon, 541.

Poinciana, 468.

Point Caraway, 498.

Polanisia, 406.

Polemoniaceæ, 509, 515.

Polemonium, 515.

Polianthes, 318.

Pollinarium, 332.

Pollinia, 329.

Pollinodium, 100, 120.

Pollen-chamber, 251.

Pollen-grain, 240, 244, 245.

Pollen-sac, 235, 237, 240.

Pollen-tube, 244, 249.

Polycarpicæ, 377.

Polycystis, 24.

Polydinida, 16, 17, 18.

Polyembryony, 247.

Polygala, 442, 443.

Polygalaceæ, 442.

Polygamous, 236.

Polygonaceæ, 239, 359.

Polygonatum, 314, 316.

Polygonifloræ, 358.

Polygonum, 359, 360, 361.

Polyides, 84.

Polykrikos, 17.

Polypetalæ, 336.

Polyphagus, 103, 104.

Polypodiaceæ, 202, 205, 206, 209, 210, 212.

Polypodium, 207, 213.

Polyporaceæ, 163.

Polyporus, 163, 164, 165.

Polysiphonia, 79, 83.

Polystachya, 332.

Polystigma, 125, 127.

Polytrichaceæ, 197.

Polytrichum, 197.

Pomaceæ, 456, 462.

Pomaderris, 448.

Pomalo, 438.

Pomegranate, 488, 489.

Pomona-fungus, 171.

Pond-weed, 279.

Pontederia, 316.

Pontederiaceæ, 308, 316.

Poplar, 124, 164, 338.

Poppies, 394.

Populus, 152, 338.

Pore-fungus, 163.

Porogames, 273.

Poronia, 131.

Porphyra, 10, 78.

Porphyraceæ, 78.

Portulaca, 373.

Portulacaceæ, 373.

Posidonia, 281.

Potamogeton, 47, 278, 279.

Potamogetonaceæ, 278, 279.

Potato-fungus, 104, 107.

Potato-plant, 521, 522.

Potentilla, 458, 460.

Potentilleæ, 458.

Poterium, 460.

Pothos, 304.

Pottia, 196.

Pottiaceæ, 196.

Pouzolzia, 353.

Prasiola, 53.

Preissia, 191.

Preslia, 539.

Primrose, 512.

Primula, 511, 512, 513.

Primulaceæ, 239, 512, 514.

Primulinæ, 505, 511.

Pringsheimia, 54.

Prionium, 284.

Pritchardia, 298.

Priva, 535.

Privet, 547.

Procarpium, 81.

Proembryo, 64.

Profichi, 355.

Promycelium, 94, 146.

Pronucleus, 245.

Prorocentrum, 17, 18.

Protea, 450.

Proteaceæ, 450.

Prothallium, 198, 244, 248. Secondary, 233.

Protistæ, 5.

Protium, 438.

Protobasidia, 144.

Protobasidiomycetes, 96, 145.

Protococcaceæ, 47, 48, 51.

Protococcoideæ, 8, 47.

Protomyces, 108.

Protomycetaceæ, 108.

Protonema, 181.

Provence oil, 547.

Prunella, 539.

Prunus, 117, 118, 127, 130, 152, 461, 462.

Psalliota, 167, 168, 169, 171.

Psamma, 295, 296.

Pseudophacidiaceæ, 133.

Pseudopodium, 10, 193.

Pseudotsuga, 264, 265, 266.

Psidium, 488, 489.

Psilotaceæ, 228.

Psilotum, 201, 228.

Psychotria, 550.

Ptelea, 437.

Pteridium, 131, 207, 213, 214.

Pteridophyta, 2, 198, 234.

Pterigynandrum, 197.

Pteris, 199, 203, 213, 214.

Pterisanthes, 445.

Pterocarpus, 473.

Pterocarya, 350.

Pterocephalus, 560.

Pterogoniaceæ, 197.

Pterogyne, 468.

Pterostegia, 360.

Pterygophyllum, 197.

Ptilidium, 192.

Ptilota, 84.

Ptychogaster, 166.

Puccinia, 147, 148, 149, 150.

Puff-ball, 174.

Pulmonaria, 533, 534.

Pulque, 318.

Pulsatilla, 384.

Pumpkin, 480, 481.

Punctaria, 70.

Punica, 483, 488, 489, 490.

Puniceæ, 488.

Puschkinia, 312.

Putrefaction, 32.

Puya, 319.

Pycnidia, 89.

Pylaiella, 70.

Pyrenoid, 46.

Pyrenolichenes, 142.

Pyrenomycetes, 95, 116, 118, 125.

Pyrenula, 142.

Pyrethrum, 572, 574.

Pyrola, 334, 506, 507.

Pyrolaceæ, 506.

Pyrrophyl, 16.

Pyrus, 152, 463.

Pythium, 101, 106.

Quaking-grass, 294, 296.

Quassia, 438, 439.

Quassine, 438.

Quercifloræ, 337, 340.

Quercitron-wood, 348.

Quercus, 341, 346, 347, 348, 504.

Quillaja, 457, 460.

Quillajeæ, 457.

Quill-wort, 230.

Quince, 464, 465.

Quinchamalium, 500.

Quinine, 550, 553.

Racomitrium, 197.

Radiatæ, 571.

Radicle, 247.

Radiola, 418.

Radiolarias, 9.

Radish, 403, 404, 405.

Radula, 192.

Rafflesia, 504.

Rafflesiaceæ, 499, 504.

Raisins, 447.

Rajania, 323.

Ralfsia, 71.

Ralfsiaceæ, 71.

Ramalina, 143.

Ramenta, 209.

Ramié, 353.

Rampion, 562.

Randia, 550.

Ranunculaceæ, 278, 378.

Ranunculeæ, 383.

Ranunculus, 151, 378, 379, 380, 382, 383, 384.

Rapateaceæ, 308.

Rape, 404.

Raphanus, 400, 403.

Raphia, 301.

Raphidium, 51.

Raphiolepis, 463, 465.

Raspberry, 459, 460, 461.

Ravenala, 325.

Ray-flowers, 567.

Reboulia, 191.

Receptacle, 210.

Red Algæ, 1.

Red-beet, 372.

Red-cabbage, 405.

Red-clover, 466, 517.

Red-currant, 455.

Red-pine, 264, 266.

“Red-rot,” 164, 166.

Red Sandalwood, 473.

Red Seaweeds, 4, 77.

Red Snow, 48.

Red-strip, 165.

Red-tree, 468.

Reed, 151, 294.

Reed-mace, 303.

Reindeer Moss, 141.

Reineckea, 314.

Remijia, 550, 553.

Renealmia, 326.

Replum, 398.

Reseda, 407.

Resedaceæ, 406.

Resin, 266.

Rest-harrow, 471.

Restiaceæ, 309.

Restio, 309.

Restrepia, 332.

Retama, 472.

Reticularia, 8.

Retinospora, 268.

Rhamnaceæ, 447, 449.

Rhamnus, 151, 448.

Rhaphidophora, 305.

Rhatany, 468.

Rheum, 151, 359, 360.

Rhinanthaceæ, 153.

Rhinantheæ, 525, 526.

Rhinanthus, 526.

Rhingia, 320.

Rhipidium, 320.

Rhipsalis, 375, 376, 377.

Rhizidiaceæ, 103.

Rhizoboleæ, 415.

Rhizocarpeæ, 205, 215.

Rhizoclonium, 58.

Rhizoids, 4, 10.

Rhizomorpha, 169, 170.

Rhizopaceæ, 99.

Rhizophora, 482, 486, 487, 513.

Rhizophoraceæ, 482, 486.

Rhizophyllidaceæ, 84.

Rhizophyllis, 84.

Rhizopods, 5.

Rhizopogon, 175, 176.

Rhizopus, 99.

Rhizosolenia, 20.

Rhodanthe, 573.

Rhodiola, 451, 452.

Rhodochiton, 525.

Rhododendron, 161, 508.

Rhodomela, 83.

Rhodomelaceæ, 83.

Rhodophyceæ, 1, 14, 77.

Rhodophyll, 77.

Rhodophyllidaceæ, 83.

Rhodophyllis, 83.

Rhodoraceæ, 335, 508.

Rhodotypus, 457.

Rhodymenia, 83, 84.

Rhodymeniaceæ, 83.

Rhodymeniales, 82, 84.

Rhœadinæ, 393.

Rhopographus, 131.

Rhubarb, 359.

Rhus, 439.

Rhynchosia, 471.

Rhynchospora, 285, 286.

Rhytisma, 132.

Ribbon-grass, 296.

Ribes, 121, 152, 153, 241, 454, 455.

Ribesiaceæ, 454.

Rib-grass, 530.

Riccia, 186, 189, 190.

Ricciaceæ, 190.

Rice, 291, 293, 296.

Richardia, 305.

Richardsonia, 550.

Ricinus, 431.

Riella, 192, 231.

Ringworm, 180.

Rivina, 372.

Rivularia, 10, 25.

Rivulariaceæ, 22, 24, 25.

Robinia, 470, 473.

Roccella, 142.

Rock-cress, 402.

Rock-rose, 412.

Rod-bacteria, 39.

Roestelia, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153.

Roman spinach, 372.

Roots, 4.

“Ropiness,” 35.

Rosa, 148, 459, 460.

Rosaceæ, 451, 457.

Rose, 121.

Rose-mallow, 428.

Rose of Jericho, 401, 574.

Roseæ, 459.

Rosellinia, 130.

Rosemary, 540. Oil of, 541.

Rosifloræ, 456, 466.

Rosmarinus, 536, 540, 541.

Rostellum, 329, 332.

Rotang, 298.

Royal-fern, 209, 215.

Rubeæ, 458.

Rubia, 551, 552, 553.

Rubiaceæ, 542, 546, 548, 549, 553.

Rubiales, 490, 505, 548, 556, 564.

Rubus, 458, 460, 461.

Rudbeckia, 572.

Ruellia, 530.

Rulingia, 422.

Rumex, 151, 359, 360.

Ruppia, 278, 279.

Ruscus, 316.

Rush, 283, 284.

Russula, 171.

Russulei, 171.

Rust of Wheat, 148.

Rusts, 146.

“Rust spots,” 130.

Ruta, 436.

Rutaceæ, 436.

Ruteæ, 436.

Rye, 125, 151.

Rye-grass, 295, 296.

Rye-stem blight, 113.

Sabal, 300.

Sabaleæ, 299.

Saccharomyces, 177, 178.

Saccharomyces-forms, 176.

Saccharum, 293.

Safflower, 574.

Saffron, 321.

Sagina, 364, 365, 366.

Sagittaria, 281, 282.

Sago, 254.

Sago-palm, 298.

Sainfoin, 472, 473.

“Salep,” 333.

Salicaceæ, 338.

Salicin, 339.

Salicifloræ, 337.

Salicornia, 369, 371, 503.

Salicornieæ, 371.

Salisburia, 259.

Salix, 122, 337, 338.

Salpiglossis, 521.

Salsafy, 574.

Salsola, 370, 371, 372.

Salsoleæ, 370.

Saltpetre formation, 35.

Saltwort, 370.

Salvadora, 547.

Salvadoraceæ, 542, 547.

Salvia, 536, 540, 541.

Salvinia, 201, 216, 217, 218, 245.

Salviniaceæ, 210, 218.

Sambuceæ, 555, 557.

Sambucus, 156, 553, 555.

Samolus, 513.

Samydaceæ, 476.

Sandalwood, 473, 500.

Sandarack resin, 269.

Sand-box tree, 432.

Sand-star, 287.

Sanguinaria, 395.

Sanguisorba, 460.

Sanicula, 493.

Sannicle, 493.

Sanseviera, 320.

Santalaceæ, 500.

Santalum, 500.

Santolina, 572.

Sapindaceæ, 440.

Sapindus, 441.

Saponaria, 368.

Saponin, 460.

Sapotaceæ, 510.

Saprolegnia, 102, 107, 108.

Saprolegniaceæ, 107.

Saprophytes, 5.

Sapucaia-nuts, 489.

Saranthe, 327.

Sarcina, 27, 28, 38.

Sarcophyte, 504.

Sargassum, 4, 10, 73, 75.

Sarothamnus, 472.

Sarracenia, 409.

Sarraceniaceæ, 408.

Sarsaparilla, 316.

Sassafras, 392.

Satureia, 540, 541.

Satureieæ, 539.

Saurureæ, 362.

Saururus, 362.

Saussurea, 570.

Sauvagesieæ, 411.

Saw-wort, 570.

Saxifraga, 161, 452.

Saxifragaceæ, 451, 452.

Saxifrage, 452.

Saxifraginæ, 451, 555.

Scabiosa, 558, 559, 560.

Scævola, 564.

Scale-leaves, 235.

Scammony, 517.

Scandiceæ, 495.

Scandix, 495.

Scapania, 192.

Scarlet-runner, 473.

Scenedesmus, 51.

Scheuchzeria, 278.

Schistostega, 196, 197.

Schistostegaceæ, 197.

Schizæa, 215.

Schizæaceæ, 210, 215.

Schizanthus, 521.

Schizocarp, 492.

Schizocarpeæ, 195.

Schizochlamys, 51.

Schizomeris, 53.

Schizomycetes, 26, 33.

Schizopetaleæ, 404.

Schizopetalum, 402.

Schizophyceæ, 8, 10, 23, 26.

Schizophyllum, 171.

Schizophyta, 1, 14, 19, 22, 24.

Schœnocaulon, 310.

Schœnoxiphium, 287.

Schœnus, 286.

Schwendenerian Theory, 139.

Sciadium, 51.

Sciadopitys, 267.

Scilla, 312, 314.

Scirpeæ, 285.

Scirpus, 285, 286, 287.

Scirrhia, 131.

Scitamineæ, 276, 278, 323, 328.

Scitonemaceæ, 22, 24, 25, 27.

Scleranthus, 365, 367.

Scleria, 286.

Scleroderma, 175.

Sclerodermataceæ, 175.

Sclerotinia, 116, 134, 135.

Sclerotium, 87, 127.

Scolopendrium, 213, 214.

Scoparia, 525.

Scopolia, 519, 521.

Scorodosma, 496.

Scorzonera, 571, 574.

Scotch Fir, 259, 266.

Scotinosphæra, 47, 51.

Screw Pine, 302.

Scrophularia, 524, 526.

Scrophulariaceæ, 518, 521, 522, 527.

Scutellaria, 536, 539.

Scutellum, 293.

Scyballium, 504.

Scytonema, 22, 26, 176.

Scytonemaceæ, 25.

Sea-holly, 493.

Sea-kale, 403, 405.

Sea-lavender, 514.

Sea-milkwort, 513.

Seaweed, 4.

Sea-wormwood, 574.

Sebacina, 156.

Secale, 127, 295, 296. cornutum, 127.

Sechium, 481.

“Sedimentary-yeast,” 178.

Sedum, 451, 452.

Seed, 247, 248, 249.

Seguieria, 372.

Selaginaceæ, 532, 541.

Selaginella, 200, 203, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 245, 254.

Selaginellaceæ, 231.

Selaginelleæ, 205, 228.

Selago, 541.

Selenastrum, 51.

Selenipedilum, 329, 330.

Seligeria, 196.

Seligeriaceæ, 196.

Semele, 316.

Sempervivum, 151, 451, 452.

Senebiera, 400, 401.

Senecio, 566, 569, 572, 573.

Senecioneæ, 572.

Senna, 468.

Sepals, 235.

Sequoia, 267, 272.

Serapias, 332.

Serjania, 441.

Serratula, 570, 574.

Serum, 33.

Service-tree, 465.

Sesamum, 529.

Seseli, 495.

Seselineæ, 495.

Sesleria, 294.

Sesuvium, 375.

Seta, 186.

Setaria, 295.

Sexual reproduction, 11.

Sheep-seaweed, 84.

Shellac, 356, 434.

Shepherdia, 450.

Shepherd’s-needle, 495.

Shepherd’s-purse, 401.

Sherardia, 552.

“Sichel,” 284.

“Sickle,” 284.

Sicyos, 481.

Sida, 428, 430.

Sideritis, 538.

Sideroxylon, 511.

Sigillariaceæ, 233.

Silaus, 495.

Sileneæ, 367.

Silene, 367.

Siler, 495.

Siliceous earth, 20.

Siliculosæ angustiseptæ, 401. latiseptæ, 400.

Siliqua, 398.

Siliquosæ, 402.

Silk-cotton, 427.

Silphium, 498, 572.

Silver-leaf, 450.

Silybum, 567, 570.

Simaba, 439.

Simaruba, 439.

Simarubaceæ, 438.

Sinapeæ, 404.

Sinapis, 400, 402.

Siphocampylos, 563.

Siphoneæ, 4, 9, 47, 59.

Siphonia, 434.

Siphonocladus, 62.

Sirosiphoniaceæ, 22, 24, 26.

Sisal hemp, 318.

Sisymbriinæ, 404.

Sisymbrium, 399, 402, 410.

Sisyrinchium, 321.

Sium, 494, 498.

Skimmia, 437.

Skull-cap, 539.

Slime-fungi, 1, 4, 5.

Sloe, 461, 462.

Sloth, 8, 356.

Smilaceæ, 316.

Smilacina, 314.

Smilax, 315, 316.

“Smut,” 113, 130.

Smut-fungi, 114.

Snake cucumber, 481.

Snapdragon, 523, 524.

Snowberry, 554.

Snowdrop, 317.

Soapwort, 368.

Soft-grass, 296.

Soja, 471.

Solanaceæ, 514, 518, 520, 522.

Solanine, 522.

Solanum, 238, 521, 522.

Soldanella, 513.

Solenia, 162.

Solidago, 573.

Sollya, 455.

Solomon’s seal, 314.

Sonchus, 153, 571.

Sophora, 469.

Sophoreæ, 469.

Sorbus, 152, 465.

Sordaria, 129.

Sordariaceæ, 129.

Soredia, 141.

Sorghum, 296.

Sori, 205.

Sorocea, 356.

Sorrel, 361.

Southernwood, 574.

Sow-thistle, 571.

Spadicifloræ, 277, 297.

Spadix, 297.

Sparassis, 161.

Sparaxis, 321.

Sparganium, 302, 303.

Sparmannia, 425.

Spartium, 472.

Spathe, 297.

Spathicarpa, 306.

Spathulea, 136.

Spearmint, 541.

Specularia, 562.

Speedwell, 525.

Spergula, 366.

Spergularia, 366.

Spermacoce, 550.

Spermacoceæ, 550.

Spermagonia, 116.

Spermaphyta, 3.

Spermatangia, 81.

Spermatia, 13, 76, 77, 141, 146.

Spermatochnaceæ, 71.

Spermatochnus, 71.

Spermatozoid, 13, 183.

Sperm-nucleus, 245.

Spermocarp, 58.

Spermogonia, 89, 141, 146, 147, 149.

Spermothamnion, 84.

Sphacelaria, 70.

Sphacelariaceæ, 70.

Sphacelia, 125, 126.

Sphacelotheca, 110.

Sphæralcea, 430.

Sphærella, 48, 130.

Sphærellaceæ, 130.

Sphæriales, 129.

Sphærobolaceæ, 173.

Sphærobolus, 173.

Sphærocarpus, 191, 192.

Sphærococcaceæ, 83.

Sphærophorus, 142.

Sphæroplea, 13, 14, 58.

Sphæropleaceæ, 47, 58.

Sphærotheca, 120, 121.

Sphærozosma, 44.

Sphagneæ, 193.

Sphagnum, 186, 188, 192, 194, 195, 197.

Sphenogyne, 566.

Sphenophyllaceæ, 233.

Sphinctrina, 140.

Spigelia, 546.

Spikelet, 285, 287, 289.

Spikes, 285.

Spilanthes, 572.

Spinach, 371.

Spinacia, 371, 372.

Spindle-tree, 444.

Spiræa, 151, 451, 456, 457, 460.

Spiræeæ, 457.

Spiranthes, 331.

Spirilla, 27.

Spirillum, 30.

Spirochætæ, 27.

Spirochæte, 28, 38, 40.

Spirodela, 307.

Spirogyra, 44, 45.

Spirolobeæ, 371, 400.

Spirotænia, 44.

Spirulina, 24.

Splachnaceæ, 197.

Splachnum, 196, 197.

Spondias, 439.

Sponges, 8.

Sporangia, 239.

Sporangial-layers, 88.

Sporangiocarp, 88.

Sporangio-fructification, 87.

Sporangiophore, 88.

Spores, 10. Liberation and Distribution of, 91. Germination of, 93.

Sporidia, 112.

Sporobolus, 295.

Sporocarp, 205, 219.

Sporochnaceæ, 71.

Sporochnus, 71.

Sporogonium, 186.

Sporophylls, 223, 235, 236.

Sporophyte, 181, 186.

Spring-spores, 147.

Spumaria, 8.

Spurge, 431, 432.

Spurge-laurel, 449.

Spurry, 366.

Squamariacæ, 84.

“Squills,” 314.

Squirting cucumber, 480.

Stachydeæ, 538.

Stachys, 538, 541.

Stachytarpheta, 535.

Staehelina, 570.

Stag-truffle, 124.

Stalk, 186.

Stamen, 235, 236.

Staminate, 236.

Stangeria, 253, 254.

Stanhopea, 332.

Stanleyinæ, 404.

Stapelia, 546.

Staphylea, 440.

Staphyleaceæ, 440.

Staphylococcus, 39.

Star-aniseed, 389.

Statice, 514.

Staurastrum, 42, 43, 44.

Steenhammera, 533.

Stegocarpeæ, 195.

Stellaria, 364, 365, 366.

Stellatæ, 550, 552, 553.

Stemless Plants, 1.

Stemonitis, 7, 8.

Stephanospermum, 272.

Stephanosphæra, 48.

Sterculia, 422.

Sterculiaceæ, 422.

Stereocaulon, 143.

Stereum, 162.

Sterigmata, 144, 146.

Sterilization, 32.

Sticta, 134, 137, 143.

Stictidaceæ, 133.

Stictidales, 133.

Stictis, 133.

Stigeoclonium, 54.

Stigma, 3, 250.

Stigmaria, 233.

Stigonema, 26, 142.

Stilbaceæ, 532, 541.

Stilbe, 541.

Stillingia, 434.

Stilophora, 71.

Stilophoraceæ, 71.

Stinkbrand, 113.

Stink-horn, 172, 173.

Stipa, 291, 294, 296.

Stitchwort, 366.

St. John’s-wort, 413.

Stock, 402, 405.

Stonebrand, 113.

Stonecrop, 451.

Stone-wort, 1, 14.

Stork’s-bill, 419.

Stratiotes, 282.

Strawberry, 458.

Strawberry-tree, 508.

Strelitzia, 325.

Streptocarpus, 528.

Streptochæta, 290.

Streptococcus, 39.

Streptopus, 314.

Striaria, 70.

Striariaceæ, 70.

Strickeria, 129, 130.

Stroma, 88.

Stromanthe, 327.

Strophanthus, 544.

Struthiopteris, 209, 214, 254.

Struvea, 9, 62.

Strychnine, 546.

Strychnos, 546.

Sturmia, 332.

Stylar-column, 328. -brush, 567.

Style, 250.

Stylidiaceæ, 564.

Stylidium, 564.

Stylochrysalis, 15.

Stylopod, 492.

Styphelia, 509.

Styracaceæ, 511.

Styrax, 511.

Styrax-balsam, 455.

Subhymenial layer, 167.

Subularia, 393, 399, 400, 401.

Succisa, 517.

Sugar-beet, 372.

Sugar-cane, 289, 293, 296.

Sugar-root, 498.

Sulphur-bacteria, 37, 38.

Sumach, 439.

Summer-spores, 147.

Sundew, 407.

Sun-flower, 572.

Sunn hemp, 473.

“Surface yeast,” 178.

Surirayeæ, 21.

Suspensor, 233, 246, 247.

Swamp cypress, 267.

Swarmspores, 10, 87.

Swede, 405.

Sweet Cicely, 498.

Sweet-flag, 303.

Sweet-gale, 351.

Sweet oil, 547.

Sweet-pea, 470.

Sweet-potato, 517.

Sweet-vernal, 295, 296.

Swertia, 542.

Swietenia, 436.

Swine’s-succory, 571.

Sycamore, 133, 442.

Symbiosis, 85.

Sympetalæ, 336, 504.

Symphoricarpus, 554, 556.

Symphyandra, 562.

Symphyllodium, 257.

Symphytopleura, 387.

Symphytum, 533, 535.

Symploca, 24.

Synalissa, 139.

Synandrium, 306.

Synangium, 212.

Syncarp, 278.

Syncephalis, 100.

Synchytrieæ, 103.

Synchytrium, 103.

Syncrypta, 15.

Synedra, 21.

Synergidæ, 248.

Syngeneticæ, 1, 14, 15, 17, 48.

Syngonium, 306.

Synura, 15.

Syringa, 455, 546, 547, 550.

Systegium, 196.

Systematic division of the Algæ, 14. of Filices, 210. of Fungi, 95. of Monocotyledons, 277. of Thallophytes, 4. of Vascular Cryptogams, 204.

Tabellaria, 19.

Tabellarieæ, 21.

Tabernæmontana, 544.

Taccarum, 306.

Tacona, 284.

Tagetes, 564, 572.

Takamahaka, 438.

Talinum, 373.

Talipot, 298.

Tallow-tree, 434.

Tamaricaceæ, 411.

Tamarind, 466, 468.

Tamarindus, 467.

Tamarisk, 411.

Tamarix, 411, 412.

Tamus, 323.

Tanacetum, 572, 574.

Tanghinia, 544.

Tannin, 490.

Tansy, 572.

Tapetum, 203, 239, 240.

Taphrina, 116, 117, 118.

Taphrinaceæ, 116.

Tapioca, 434.

Tar, 266.

Taraxacum, 571, 566, 574.

Targionia, 191.

Tassel Pond-weed, 279.

Taxaceæ, 259, 272.

Taxeæ, 261.

Taxodiaceæ, 257, 267, 272.

Taxodium, 267.

Taxoideæ, 258, 259.

Taxus, 237, 238, 255, 257, 259, 261, 262, 272.

Tea, 415.

Tea-plant, False, 521.

Tea-rose, 460.

Teak-tree, 535.

Tear-Fungus, 166.

Teasel, 494, 558, 560.

Tecoma, 529.

Tectona, 535.

Teesdalia, 398, 401.

Telegraph-plant, 466.

Teleutospores, 146.

Tellima, 452.

Terebinthinæ, 435.

Terfezia, 124.

Terminalia, 487.

Ternstrœmiaceæ, 414.

Testa, 247, 248.

Testudinaria, 323.

Tetmemorus, 44.

Tetracyclicæ, 505, 514.

Tetradynamia, 398.

Tetragonia, 375.

Tetragonolobus, 471.

Tetraphis, 195, 196, 197.

Tetrapoma, 400.

Tetrapteris, 442.

Tetraspora, 51.

Tetrasporaceæ, 47, 48, 51.

Tetraspores, 10, 76.

Teucrium, 567.

Thalassia, 283.

Thalia, 327.

Thalictrum, 379, 385.

Thallophyta, 1, 4.

Thallus, 1, 4.

Thamnidiaceæ, 99.

Thamnidium, 100.

Thea, 414, 415.

Thecaphora, 110, 114.

Thëin, 374.

Thelebolaceæ, 109.

Thelebolus, 109, 120.

Thelephora, 162, 176.

Thelephoraceæ, 162.

Thelygonum, 372.

Thelypodieæ, 404.

Theobroma, 422, 423.

Theobromine, 423.

Theophrasta, 513.

Thesium, 500.

Thistle, 569.

Thladiantha, 481.

Thlaspi, 400, 401, 402.

Thomasia, 422.

Thorn-apple, 520.

Thottea, 499.

Thrift, 514.

Thrinax, 300.

Thrush, 180.

Thuidium, 197.

Thuja, 241, 268.

Thujopsis, 269.

Thunbergia, 530.

Thyme, 539, 541.

Thymelæa, 449.

Thymelæaceæ, 449.

Thymelæinæ, 448.

Thymus, 537, 539, 541.

Tiaridium, 533.

Tibouchina, 484.

Ticorea, 437.

Tigridia, 321.

Tilia, 424, 425.

Tiliaceæ, 423.

Tillandsia, 320.

Tilletia, 111, 112, 113.

Tilletiaceæ, 110, 113.

Tilopteridaceæ, 72.

Tilopteris, 72.

Timothy-grass, 294, 296.

Tinnantia, 308.

Tmesipteris, 228.

Toad-flax, 525.

Toad-rush, 284.

Toadstools, 159, 166.

Tobacco, 520, 529. Virginian, 522.

Toddalieæ, 437.

Todea, 203.

Tofieldia, 310.

Tofieldieæ, 310.

Tolu, Balsam of, 473.

Toluifera, 473.

Tolypella, 67.

Tolypellopsis, 67.

Tolyposporium, 110.

Tolypothrix, 26.

Tomato, 521.

Tomentella, 161.

Tomentellaceæ, 161.

Tonquin-bean, 466, 472.

Tooth-wort, 526.

Tordylium, 496.

Torenia, 525.

Torilis, 497.

Torreya, 262, 272.

Touchwood, 164.

Tournefortia, 533.

Trabeculæ, 231.

Tracheides, 251.

Trachylobium, 468.

Tradescantia, 308.

Trama, 167, 174.

Trametes, 164, 165.

Tragacanth, Gum, 473.

Tragopogon, 113, 564, 571, 574.

Trapa, 485, 486.

Travellers’ Palm, 325.

Tremandraceæ, 442.

Tremella, 156, 157, 159.

Tremellaceæ, 146, 156.

Trentepohlia, 8, 54.

Tribulus, 438.

Trichia, 8.

Trichocoma, 176.

Trichodesmium, 22.

Trichogyne, 58, 81.

Tricholoma, 168, 171.

Trichomanes, 206, 215.

Trichophilus, 8, 54.

Trichosanthes, 481.

Trichosphæria, 129, 130.

Trichosphæriaceæ, 129.

Trichostomum, 196.

Tricoccæ, 430.

Tricyrtis, 310.

Trientalis, 512, 513.

Trifolieæ, 471.

Trifolium, 469, 471, 473.

Triglochin, 278, 279.

Trigoniaceæ, 442.

Trillium, 314.

Triodia, 294.

Triphasia, 438.

Triphragmium, 147, 151.

Triplaris, 361.

Triteleia, 312.

Triticum, 288, 295, 296.

Tritonia, 321.

Triumfetta, 424, 425.

Trollius, 379, 381.

Tropæolaceæ, 419.

Tropæolum, 420.

True Ferns, 204, 205.

True Laurels, 391.

True Mosses, 192.

Truffles, 124.

Trumpet-tree, 356.

Trumpet-wood, 529.

Tryblidiaceæ, 133.

Tryblidiales, 133.

Tryblidium, 133.

Tsuga, 265, 266.

Tuber, 124.

Tuberaceæ, 124.

Tubercles, 8, 466.

Tubercularia, 127.

Tuberose, 318.

Tubifloræ, 505, 514, 532.

Tuburcinia, 110, 111, 113.

Tulip, 312.

Tulipa, 312, 314.

Tulipeæ, 312.

Tupa, 563.

Turkish-millet, 296.

Turmeric, 326.

Turneraceæ, 476.

Turnip, 405.

Turpentine, 266, 439.

Turritinæ, 404.

Tussilago, 151, 569, 571, 574.

Tydæa, 528.

Tylostoma, 174.

Tylostomaceæ, 174.

Typha, 302, 303.

Typhaceæ, 302.

Typhula, 161.

Ulex, 472.

Ullucus, 371, 372.

Ulmaceæ, 351.

Ulmeæ, 351.

Ulmus, 351.

Ulothricaceæ, 47, 53.

Ulothrix, 12, 14, 53, 54.

Ulva, 10, 53.

Ulvaceæ, 47, 53.

Umbelliferæ, 491.

Umbellifloræ, 490.

Umbilicaria, 143.

Umbilicus, 451.

Uncaria, 553.

Uncinia, 287.

Uncinula, 122.

Upas-tree, 356.

Urare, 546.

Uredinaceæ, 145, 146.

Uredo, 148.

Urena, 428.

Ureneæ, 428.

Urginea, 312, 314.

Urocystis, 113.

Uroglena, 15.

Uromyces, 148, 151.

Urophlyctis, 103.

Urospora, 58.

Urtica, 134, 151, 351, 353.

Urticaceæ, 352.

Urticifloræ, 351.

Usnea, 143.

Ustilaginaceæ, 110, 113.

Ustilagineæ, 109.

Ustilago, 111, 113.

Ustulina, 131.

Utricularia, 527, 528.

Utriculariaceæ, 518, 527.

Utriculus, 287.

Uvularia, 310.

Vaccines, 41.

Vacciniaceæ, 451, 508, 509.

Vaccinium, 134, 160, 161, 509, 510.

Vaginula, 189.

Vahea, 544.

Vaillantia, 552.

Valeriana, 557, 558.

Valerianaceæ, 549, 556.

Valerianella, 557, 558.

Vallisneria, 282, 283.

Valloons, 348.

Vallota, 318.

Valonia, 59, 62.

Valoniaceæ, 47, 62.

Valsa, 130.

Valsaceæ, 130.

Vanda, 332.

Vandellia, 525.

Vandeæ, 332.

Vanilla, 331, 333.

Vascular Cryptogams, 2, 198, 240. Isosporous, 200. Heterosporous, 200.

Vateria, 415.

Vaucheria, 10, 33, 61.

Vaucheriaceæ, 47, 60.

Vegetable-ivory, 301, 302.

Vegetable-silk, 545.

Velamen, 332.

Vella, 400.

Vellinæ, 404.

Vellosia, 318.

Vellosieæ, 318.

Ve11theimia, 312.

Velum partiale, 167, 168. universale, 167.

Venter, 184.

Ventral-canal-cell, 185.

Venturia, 130.

Veratreæ, 310.

Veratrin, 311.

Veratrum, 310, 311.

Verbascum, 523, 525, 527.

Verbena, 535.

Verbenaceæ, 532, 535, 537.

Vernonia, 571.

Veronica, 335, 523, 525, 526, 527, 530, 536, 559.

Verpa, 136.

Verrucaria, 140, 142.

Vesicaria, 400.

Vetch, 470.

Vibriones, 27.

Viburnum, 455, 553, 555, 556.

Vicia, 469, 470, 473.

Vicieæ, 469, 470.

Victoria, 386, 387.

Vigna, 471.

Vinca, 544.

Vincetoxicum, 155, 546.

Vine, 121, 444.

Vinegar-bacterium, 31, 32, 35.

Viola, 410, 411.

Violaceæ, 410.

Violets, 114, 410.

Violet-stone, 54.

Viper’s-bugloss, 533.

Virginian-creeper, 447.

Viscaria, 364, 367.

Viscoideæ, 501.

Viscum, 501, 502, 504.

Vismia, 414.

Vitex, 535.

Vitis, 445, 446, 447.

Vochysiaceæ, 442.

Volkmannia, 225.

Volva, 167.

Volvaria, 171.

Volvocaceæ, 14, 47, 48.

Volvox, 48, 50.

Vomic nut, 546.

“Vorblatt,” 275.

Wahlenbergia, 562.

Wallflower, 402, 405.

Wall-lichen, 143.

Wall-rue, 213.

Walnut, 165, 349, 350.

Water-cress, 402, 405.

Water-dropwort, 498.

Water-ferns, 205, 215.

Water-fungi, 96.

Water-hyssop, 525.

Water-lilies, 385.

Water-melon, 481.

Water-milfoil, 486.

Water-net, 52.

Water-purslane, 483.

Water-soldier, 282.

Water-wort, 413.

Water-violet, 512.

Wax-flower, 546.

Weberia, 197.

Weigelia, 554.

Weingærtneria, 294.

Weisia, 196.

Weisiaceæ, 196.

Wellingtonia, 267.

Welwitschia, 270, 271.

“Wendungszellen,” 67.

West-Indian arrowroot, 327.

Weymouth Pine, 266, 267.

Wheat, 113, 291, 292, 295, 296.

Wheat-grain, 292.

Wheat, seedling of, 292.

White-beam, 465.

White Bryony, 481.

White-cabbage, 405.

White-mustard, 405.

White Pine, 266.

White-pepper, 363.

White-rot, 164, 165.

White Water-lily, 387.

Whitlavia, 515.

Whortleberry, 509.

Wig-tree, 439.

Wild Basil, 540.

Wild Cabbage, 404.

Willow, 124, 133, 338.

Willow-herb, 484.

Winter-aconite, 382.

Winter-cherry, 521.

Winter-cress, 402.

Winter-green, 507.

Winter-spores, 146.

Wistaria, 470, 473.

Witches’-brooms, 85, 117, 155.

Woad, 403, 405.

Wolffia, 307.

Wood, 251.

Wood-rush, 284.

Wood-sorrel, 416.

Woodruff, 552, 553.

Woodsia, 214.

Wormwood, 572, 574.

Woundwort, 538.

Xanthellaceæ, 15.

Xanthidium, 44.

Xanthium, 569, 573.

Xanthorhiza, 379, 383.

Xanthorrhæa, 312.

Xeranthemum, 566, 570.

Xerotes, 312.

Xylaria, 131.

Xylariaceæ, 131.

Xylem, 251.

Xylopia, 388.

Xylophylla, 431, 432.

Xylosteum, 554.

Xyridaceæ, 308.

Yam, 323.

Yeast-formation, 94.

Yeast-fungi, 31, 36.

Yellow bird’s-nest, 507.

Yellow-rattle, 525, 526.

Yellow Water-lily, 387.

Yellow-wort, 543.

Yew, 259, 261, 266.

Ylang-ylang, 388.

Yorkshire-fog, 294, 296.

Yucca, 312, 313, 316.

Zamia, 253.

Zannardinia, 12, 72.

Zannichellia, 278, 279.

Zantedeschia, 305, 306.

Zanthoxyleæ, 436.

Zanthoxylum, 436.

Zea, 290, 293.

Zelkova, 351.

Zingiber, 326.

Zingiberaceæ, 277, 323, 325.

Zinnia, 572.

Zizania, 293.

Zizyphus, 448.

Zoochlorella, 9.

Zoogametes, 12.

Zooglœa, 27.

Zoogonicæ, 68, 70.

Zoosporangia, 10.

Zoospores, 10, 87.

Zooxantella, 9.

Zostera, 279, 280, 306, 316.

Zostereæ, 278.

Zygadenus, 310.

Zygochytriaceæ, 103.

Zygomorphy, 277.

Zygomycetes, 95, 96.

Zygophyllaceæ, 438.

Zygophyllum, 438.

Zygospore, 12.

Zygote, 12.

Zygnema, 44, 45.

Zygnemaceæ, 44.

Butler & Tanner, The Selwood Printing Works, Frome, and London.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See Angiospermæ.

[2] According to the recent investigations of Winogradsky some micro-organisms (Nitrifying-bacteria) can build organic from inorganic matter. Sachs’ hypothesis that the first organisms must necessarily have contained chlorophyll is therefore untenable.

[3] Myxogasteres, Engler’s Syllabus, p. 1.

[4] Acrasieæ and Plasmodiophorales, ibid.

[5] Myxophyceæ, Cyanophyceæ.

[6] The Bacteria are more usually included under Fungi. It seems better, however, to place them under the Algæ in a separate class with the Schizophyceæ.

[7] See Marshall Ward, “On the Characters or Marks employed for Classifying the Schizomycetes,” Annals of Botany, 1892.

[8] According to Hansen these are not disease forms, but occur regularly under certain conditions, e.g. temperature.

[9] Before fertilisation the oosphere divides and cuts off at the base one or more cells (polar bodies?), termed “wendungszellen.”

[10] From the Greek μὐκης = Fungus, hence “mycology.”

[11] This term is adopted as a translation of the German “anlage.”

[12] Also termed Water-Fungi (Wasserpilzen).

[13] Antheridium is preferred in this sub-class as keeping a more uniform term (Kn).

[14] In the resupinate fruit-bodies a fertile and sterile surface cannot be distinguished (cf. Polyporaceæ and some Stereum-species).

[15] The two last genera are identical, the Algal part being a Scytonema, that of Cora a Chroococcus; while the same Fungus--a Thelephora--takes part in the formation of all three (A. Möller, Flora, 1893).

[16] Formerly termed oophyte.

[17] The oospore divides by a wall transverse or oblique to the longer axis of the archegonium. From the upper (epibasal) cell, the capsule (and seta) is derived, while the lower (hypobasal) gives rise to the foot. In Riccia the hypobasal half takes part in the formation of the sporangium.

[18] In the Polypodiaceæ unisexual prothallia as distinct as those of Equisetum are of common occurrence.

[19] The position of the annulus varies in the different orders; longitudinal in Polypodiaceæ, Hymenophyllaceæ, and Cyatheaceæ; transverse in Schizæaceæ, Gleicheniaceæ; indistinct or apical in Osmundaceæ, Ophioglossaceæ, Marattiaceæ, Salviniaceæ, Marsiliaceæ.

[20] The former genus Pteris is divided into Pteris and Pteridium.

[21] Floral-leaves (hypsophyllary leaves) are here adopted as an equivalent of the term “Hochblätter,” to signify leaves on the floral-shoot other than foliage or sporangia-bearing leaves. The term bract is applied only to leaves in whose axil a flower is borne, and bracteoles to leaves borne on the flower-stalk (pedicel).

[22] It may be here remarked that another explanation is possible, based on the study of the development (K).

[23] Piperaceæ, Nymphæaceæ.

[24] “Fore-leaf” is adopted as a translation of “Vorblatt.”

[25] Regarding these and other abbreviations see the appendix in the book.

[26] Syncarp = cluster of fruits belonging to one flower.

[27] “Fan” and “sickle” are adopted as terms for these inflorescences from the German “fæchel” and “sichel.”

[28] [Although unbranched stems are characteristic of the Palms, yet branched specimens are recorded from some eleven genera. The branches are developed from lateral buds, which in many instances only develope when the terminal bud has been destroyed. A few Palms develope axillary branches at the base of the stem; these form rhizomes, and give rise to clusters of aerial stems.]

[29] The aggregation of the fruits of several distinct flowers into one mass.

[30] According to Pfitzer, the column is the prolongation of the floral axis beyond the insertion of the perianth, and is not formed by the coalescence of sporophylls (filament and style).

[31] Cypripedilum = Cypripedium.

[32] Corallorhiza = Coralliorrhiza.

[33] This is Eichler’s view.--According to Drude the perianth is absent; at the base of the bracts, a nectary or cup-like disc. Prantl holds the same view. According to Pax the perianth is absent, but there is a disc cup-like, or reduced to a single toothed scale.

[34] The fruit of the Walnut is thus a false fruit; and the term drupe must therefore not be used in the same sense as in the Rosaceæ.

[35] The pollen-tube in Ulmus does not enter the ovule through the micropyle.

[36] According to Prantl, some species of Trollius (T. europæus, and asiatiacus) have a perianth, differentiated into calyx and corolla, which does not pass over into the honey-leaves. The outer leaves of the perianth have frequently an incised apex, the intermediate ones sometimes present transitional forms to the inner, and sometimes there is a distinct boundary between them.

[37] If we suppose a spiral line drawn through the leaves upwards on a stem with scattered leaves (in the shortest way), then the side of the leaf first touched is the catodic, or descending, and the other the anodic, or ascending side.

[38] Those marked [+] are officinal, and when no home is stated, the plant is a native.

[39] Those which are officinal are indicated by [+].

[40] Those marked with a [+] are officinal.

[41] For further reference see Sachs, History of Botany; Lindley, Vegetable Kingdom; Le Maout and Decaisne, _General System of Botany_, etc.

Transcriber’s Notes:

1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently.

2. Where hyphenation is in doubt, it has been retained as in the original.

3. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been retained as in the original.

4. Superscripts are represented using the caret character, e.g. D^r. or X^{xx}. Subscripts are shown as _{1}.

5. Italics are shown as xxx.

6. Smaller font is shown as ~xxx~.

7. Bold print is shown as =xxx=.

8. The corrigenda have been corrected.

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