A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines containing a clear exposition of their principles and practice (part 13 of 13)
The piece of cloth to be shorn, is wound upon the beam k, and its end is then conducted through the machine, between the flat springs f and g (as shown in fig. 1221.), to the other beam l, and is then made fast; the sides or lists of the cloth being held and stretched by small hooks, called habiting hooks. The cloth being thus placed in the machine, and drawn tight, is held distended by means of ratchets on the ends of the beams k and l, and palls. In commencing the operation of shearing, the carriage d, must be brought back, as in fig. 1221., so that the cutters shall be close to the list; the frame of the cutters is raised up on its pivots as it recedes, in order to keep the cloth from injury, but is lowered again previously to being put in action. A band or winch is applied to the rigger or pulley m, which, by means of an endless cord passed round the pulley n, at the reverse end of the axle of m, and round the other pulleys o and p, and the small pulley q, on the axle of the cylindrical cutter, gives the cylindrical cutter a very rapid rotatory motion; at the same time a worm, or endless screw, on the axle of m and n, taking into the teeth of the large wheel r, causes that wheel to revolve, and a small drum s, upon its axle, to coil up the cord, by which the carriage d, with the cutters a and e, and the spring bed f and g, are slowly, but progressively, made to advance, and to carry the cutters over the face of the cloth, from list to list; the rapid rotation of the cutting cylinder a, producing the operation of cropping or shearing the pile.
Upon the cutting cylinder, between the spiral blades, it is proposed to place stripes of plush, to answer the purpose of brushes, to raise the nap or pile as the cylinder goes around, and thereby assist in bringing the points of the wool up to the cutters.
The same contrivance is adapted to a machine for shearing the cloth lengthwise.
Fig. 1224. is a geometrical elevation of one side of Mr. Davis’s machine. Fig. 1225. a plan or horizontal representation of the same, as seen in the top; and fig. 1226. a section taken vertically across the machine near the middle, for the purpose of displaying the working parts more perfectly than in the two preceding figures. These three figures represent a complete machine in working condition, the cutters being worked by a rotatory motion, and the cloth so placed in the carriage as to be cut from list to list. a, a, a, is a frame or standard, of wood or iron, firmly bolted together by cross braces at the ends and in the middle. In the upper side-rails of the standard, there is a series of axles carrying anti-friction wheels b, b, b, upon which the side-rails c, c, of the carriage or frame that bears the cloth runs, when it is passing under the cutters in the operation of shearing. The side-rails c, c, are straight bars of iron, formed with edges v, on their under sides, which run smoothly in the grooves of the rollers b, b, b. These side-rails are firmly held together by the end stretchers d, d. The sliding frame has attached to it the two lower rollers e, e, upon which the cloth intended to be shorn is wound; the two upper lateral rollers f, f, over which the cloth is conducted and held up; and the two end rollers g, g, by which the habiting rails h, h, are drawn tight.
In preparing to shear a piece of cloth, the whole length of the piece is, in the first place, tightly rolled upon one of the lower rollers e, which must be something longer than the breadth of the cloth from list to list. The end of the piece is then raised, and passed over the top of the lateral rollers f, f, whence it is carried down to the other roller e, and its end or farral is made fast to that roller. The hooks of the habiting rails h, h, are then put into the lists, and the two lower rollers e, e, with the two end rollers g, g, are then turned, for the purpose of drawing up the cloth, and straining it tight, which tension is preserved by ratchet wheels attached to the ends of the respective rollers, with palls dropping into their teeth. The frame carrying the cloth, is now slidden along upon the top standard rails by hand, so that the list shall be brought nearly up to the cutter i, i, ready to commence the shearing operation; the bed is then raised, which brings the cloth up against the edges of the shears.
The construction of the bed will be seen by reference to the cross section fig. 1226. It consists of an iron or other metal roller k, k, turned to a truly cylindrical figure, and covered with cloth or leather, to afford a small degree of elasticity. This roller is mounted upon pivots in a frame l, l, and is supported by a smaller roller m, similarly mounted, which roller m, is intended merely to prevent any bending or depression of the central part of the upper roller or bed k, k, so that the cloth may be kept in close contact with the whole length of the cutting blades.
In order to allow the bed k to rise and fall, for the purpose of bringing the cloth up to the cutters to be shorn, or lowering it away from them after the operation, the frame l, l, is made to slide up and down in the grooved standard n, n, the movable part enclosed within the standard being shown by dots. This standard n, is situated about the middle of the machine, crossing it immediately under the cutters, and is made fast to the frame a, by bolts and screws. There is a lever o, attached to the lower cross-rail of the standard, which turns upon a fulcrum-pin, the extremity of the shorter arm of which lever acts under the centre of the sliding-frame, so that by the lever o, the sliding-frame, with the bed, may be raised or lowered, and when so raised, be held up by a spring catch j.
It being now explained by what means the bed which supports the cloth is constructed, and brought up, so as to keep the cloth in close contact with the cutters, while the operation of shearing is going on; it is necessary, in the next place, to describe the construction of the cutters, and their mode of working; for which purpose, in addition to what is shown in the first three figures, the cutters are also represented detached, and upon a larger scale, in fig. 1227.
In this figure is exhibited a portion of the cutters in the same situation as in fig. 1221.; and alongside of it is a section of the same, taken through it at right angles to the former; p, is a metallic bar or rib, somewhat of a wedge form, which is fastened to the top part of the standard a, a, seen best in fig. 1220. To this bar a straight blade of steel g, is attached by screws, the edge of which stands forward even with the centre or axis of the cylindrical cutter i, and forms the ledger blade, or lower fixed edge of the shears. This blade remains stationary, and is in close contact with the pile or nap of the cloth, when the bed k, is raised, in the manner above described.
The cutter or upper blade of the shears, is formed by inserting two or more strips of plate steel r, r, in twisted directions, into grooves in the metallic cylinder i, i, the edges of which blades r, as the cylinder i revolves, traverse along the edge of the fixed or ledger blade g, and by their obliquity produce a cutting action like shears; the edges of the two blades taking hold of the pile or raised nap, as the cloth passes under it, shaves off the superfluous ends of the wool, and leaves the face smooth.
Rotatory motion is given to the cutting cylinder i, by means of a band leading from the wheel s, which passes round the pulley fixed on the end of the cylinder i, the wheel s being driven by a band leading from the rotatory part of a steam-engine, or any other first mover, and passed round the rigger t, fixed on the axle s. Tension is given to this band by a tightening pulley u, mounted on an adjustable sliding-piece v, which is secured to the standard by a screw; and this rigger is thrown in and out of geer by a clutch-box and lever, which sets the machine going, or stops it.
In order to give a drawing stroke to the cutter, which will cause the piece of cloth to be shorn off with better effect, the upper cutter has a slight lateral action, produced by the axle of the cutting cylinder being made sufficiently long to allow of its sliding laterally about an inch in its bearings; which sliding is effected by a cam w, fixed at one end. This cam is formed by an oblique groove, cut round the axle, (see w, fig. 1227.) and a tooth x, fixed to the frame or standard which works in it, as the cylinder revolves. By means of this tooth, the cylinder is made to slide laterally, a distance equal to the obliquity of the groove w, which produces the drawing stroke of the upper shear. In order that the rotation of the shearing cylinder may not be obstructed by friction, the tooth x, is made of two pieces, set a little apart, so as to afford a small degree of elasticity.
The manner of passing the cloth progressively under the cutters is as follows:--On the axle of the wheel s, and immediately behind that wheel, there is a small rigger, from which a band passes to a wheel y, mounted in an axle turning in bearings on the lower side-rail of the standard a. At the reverse extremity of this axle, there is another small rigger 1, from which a band passes to a wheel 2, fixed on the axle 3, which crosses near the middle of the machine, seen in fig. 1226. Upon this axle there is a sliding pulley 4, round which a cord is passed several times, whose extremities are made fast to the ends of the sliding carriage d; when, therefore, this pulley is locked to the axle, which is done by a clutch box, the previously described movements of the machine cause the pulley 4 to revolve, and by means of the rope passed round it, to draw the frame, with the cloth, slowly and progressively along under the cutters.
It remains only to point out the contrivance whereby the machinery throws itself out of geer, and stops its operations, when the edge of the cloth or list arrives at the cutters.
At the end of one of the habiting rails h, there is a stop affixed by a nut and screw 5, which, by the advance of the carriage, is brought up and made to press against a lever 6; when an arm from this lever 6, acting under the catch 7, raises the catch up, and allows the hand-lever 8, which is pressed upon by a strong spring, to throw the clutch-box 10, out of geer with the wheel 8; whereby the evolution of the machine instantly ceases. The lower part of the lever 6, being connected by a joint to the top of the lever j, the receding of the lever 6, draws back the lower catch j, and allows the sliding frame l, l, within the bed k, to descend. By now turning the lower rollers e, e, another portion of the cloth is brought up to be shorn; and when it is properly habited and strained, by the means above described, the carriage is slidden back, and, the parts being all thrown into geer, the operation goes on as before.
Mr. Hirst’s improvements in manufacturing woollen cloths, for which a patent was obtained in February, 1830, apply to that part of the process where a permanent lustre is given usually by what is called roll-boiling; that is, stewing the cloth, when tightly wound upon a roller, in a vessel of hot water or steam. As there are many disadvantages attendant upon the operation of roll-boiling, such as injuring the cloths, by overheating them, which weakens the fibre of the wool, and also changes some colours, he substituted, in place of it, a particular mode of acting upon the cloths, by occasional or intermitted immersion in hot water, and also in cold water, which operations may be performed either with or without pressure upon the cloth, as circumstances may require.
The apparatus which he proposes to employ for carrying on his improved process, is shown in the accompanying drawing. Fig. 1228. is a front view of the apparatus, complete, and in working order; fig. 1229. is a section, taken transversely through the middle of the machine, in the direction of fig. 1230.; and fig. 1230. is an end view of the same; a, a, a, is a vessel or tank, made of iron or wood, or any other suitable material: sloping at the back and front, and perpendicular at the ends. This tank must be sufficiently large to admit of half the diameter of the cylinder or drum b, b, b, being immersed into it, which drum is about four feet diameter, and about six feet long, or something more than the width of the piece of cloth intended to be operated upon. This cylinder or drum b, b, is constructed by combining segments of wood cut radially on their edges, secured by screw-bolts to the rims of the iron wheels, having arms, with an axle passing through the middle.
The cylinder or drum being thus formed, rendered smooth on its periphery, and mounted upon its axle in the tank, the piece of cloth is wound upon it as tightly as possible, which is done by placing it in a heap upon a stool, as at c, fig. 1229., passing its end over and between the tension-rollers d, e, and then securing it to the drum, the cloth is progressively drawn from the heap, between the tension-rollers, which are confined by a pall and ratchet, on to the periphery of the drum, by causing the drum to revolve upon its axis, until the whole piece of cloth is tightly wound upon the drum; it is then bound round with canvas or other wrappers, to keep it secure.
If the tank has not been previously charged with clean and pure water, it is now filled to the brim, as shown at fig. 1229., and opening the stopcock of the pipe f, which leads from a boiler, the steam is allowed to blow through the pipe, and discharge itself at the lower end, by which means the temperature of the water is raised in the tank to about 170° Fahr. Before the temperature of the water has got up, the drum is set in slow rotatory motion, in order that the cloth may be uniformly heated throughout; the drum making about one rotation per minute. The cloth, by immersion in the hot water, and passing through the cold air, in succession, for the space of about eight hours, gets a smooth soft face, the texture not being rendered harsh, or otherwise injured, as is frequently the case by roll-boiling.
Uniform rotatory motion to the drum is shown in fig. 1228., in which g is an endless screw or worm, placed horizontally, and driven by a steam-engine or any other first mover employed in the factory. This endless screw takes into the teeth of, and drives, the vertical wheel h, upon the axle of which the coupling-box i, i, is fixed, and, consequently, continually revolves with it. At the end of the shaft of the drum, a pair of sliding clutches k, k, are mounted, which, when projected forward, as shown by dots in fig. 1228., produce the coupling or locking of the drum-shaft to the driving wheel, by which the drum is put in motion; but on withdrawing the clutches k, k, from the coupling-box i, i, as in the figure, the drum immediately stands still.
After operating upon the cloth in the way described, by passing it through hot water for the space of time required, the hot water is to be withdrawn by a cock at the bottom, or otherwise, and cold water introduced into the tank in its stead; in which cold water the cloth is to be continued turning, in the manner above described, for the space of twenty-four hours, which will perfectly fix the lustre that the face of the cloth has acquired by its immersion in the hot water, and leave the pile or nap, to the touch, in a soft silky state.
In the cold-water operation he sometimes employs a heavy pressing roller l, which, being mounted in slots in the frame or standard, revolve with the large drum, rolling over the back of the cloth as it goes round. This roller may be made to act upon the cloth with any required pressure, by depressing the screws m, m, or by the employment of weighted levers, if that should be thought necessary.
Pressing is the last finish of cloth to give it a smooth level surface. The piece is folded backwards and forwards in yard lengths, so as to form a thick package on the board of a screw or hydraulic press. Between every fold sheets of glazed paper are placed to prevent the contiguous surfaces of cloth from coming into contact; and at the end of every twenty yards, three hot iron plates are inserted between the folds, the plates being laid side by side, so as to occupy the whole surface of the folds. Thin sheets of iron not heated are also inserted above and below the hot plates to moderate the heat. When the packs of cloth are properly folded, and piled in sufficient number in the press, they are subjected to a severe compression, and left under its influence till the plates get cold. The cloth is now taken out and folded again, so that the creases of the former folds may come opposite to the flat faces of the paper, and be removed by a second pressure. In finishing superfine cloths, however, a very slight pressure is given with iron plates but moderately warmed. The satiny lustre and smoothness given by strong compression with much heat is objectionable, as it renders the surface apt to become spotted and disfigured by rain.
WOOTZ, is the Indian name of steel.
WORT, is the fermentable infusion of malt or grains. See BEER.
WOULFE’S APPARATUS, is a series of vessels, connected by tubes, for the purpose of condensing gaseous products in water. See ACETIC ACID, fig. 1.; also MURIATIC ACID.
X.
XANTHINE, is the name given by Kuhlmann to the yellow dyeing-matter contained in madder.
Y.
YEAST, is the froth of fermenting worts. See BEER and FERMENTATION.
YELLOW DYE. (Teinture jaune, Fr.; Gelbfarben, Germ.) Annotto, dyer’s-broom (Genista tinctoria), fustic, fustet, Persian or French berries, quercitron bark, saw-wort (Serratula tinctoria), turmeric, weld, and willow leaves, are the principal yellow dyes of the vegetable kingdom; chromate of lead, iron-oxide, nitric acid (for silk), sulphuret of antimony, and sulphuret of arsenic, are those of the mineral kingdom. Under these articles, as also under CALICO-PRINTING, DYEING, and MORDANTS, ample instructions will be found for communicating this colour to textile and other fibrous substances. Alumina and oxide of tin are the most approved bases of the above vegetable dyes. A nankin dye may be given with bablah, especially to cotton oiled preparatory to the Turkey-red process. See MADDER.
YELLOW, KING’S, is a poisonous yellow pigment. See ARSENIC and ORPIMENT.
YTTRIA, is a rare earth, extracted from the minerals gadolinite and yttrotantalite, being an oxide of the metal yttrium.
Z.
ZAFFRE. See COBALT.
ZEDOARY, is the root of a plant which grows in Malabar, Ceylon, &c. It occurs in wrinkled pieces, externally ash-coloured, internally brownish-red; possessed of a fragrant odour, somewhat resembling camphor; and of a pungent, aromatic, bitterish taste. It contains, according to Bucholz, 1·42 of volatile oil, of a burning camphorated taste; 3·60 of a soft, bitter, aromatic resin; 11·75 of a bitter aromatic extract, mixed with a little resin and potash-salts; 4·5 of gum; 9 of vegetable mucilage; 3·60 of starch; 8·0 of a starchy extract from the woody fibre, by means of caustic potassa, along with 31·2 of another matter, 12·89 of woody fibre, and 15 of water. According to Morin, this root, contains besides, an azotized substance, analogous to the extract of beef.
ZIMOME, is a principle supposed by Taddei to exist in the gluten of wheat-flour. Its identity is not recognised by later chemists.
ZIRCON. See HYACINTH and LAPIDARY.
ZIRCONIA, is a rare earth, extracted from the minerals zircon and hyacinth; it is an oxide of zirconium, a substance possessing externally none of the metallic characters, but resembling rather charcoal powder, which burns briskly, and almost with explosive violence.
ZINC, is a metal of a bluish-white colour, of considerable lustre when broken across, but easily tarnished by the air; its fracture is hackly, and foliated with small facets, irregularly set. It has little cohesion, and breaks in thin plates before the hammer, unless it has been previously subjected to a regulated process of lamination, at the temperature of from 220° to 300° F., whereby it becomes malleable, and retains its malleability and ductility afterwards. On this singular property, a patent was taken out by Messrs. Hobson and Sylvester, of Sheffield, many years ago, for manufacturing sheet zinc, for covering the roofs of houses, and sheathing ships; but the low price of copper at that time, and its superior tenacity, rendered their patent ineffective. The specific gravity of zinc varies from 6·9 to 7·2, according to the condensation it has received. It melts under a red heat, at about the 680th or 700th degree of Fahrenheit’s scale. When exposed to this heat with contact of air, the metal takes fire, and burns with a brilliant bluish-white light, while a few flocculi, of a woolly-looking white matter, rise out of the crucible, and float in the air. The result of the combustion is a white powder, formerly called flowers, but now oxide of zinc; consisting of 34 of metal, and 8 of oxygen, being their respective prime equivalents; or, in 100 parts, of 81 and 19.
The principal ores of zinc are, the sulphuret called blende, the silicate called calamine and the sparry calamine, or the carbonate.
1. Blende crystallizes in the garnet-dodecahedron; its fracture is highly conchoidal; lustre, adamantine; colours, black, brown, red, yellow, and green; transparent or translucent; specific gravity, 4. It is a simple sulphuret of the metal; and, therefore, consists, in its pure state, of 34 of zinc, and 16 of sulphur. It dissolves in nitric acid, with disengagement of sulphuretted hydrogen gas. It occurs in beds and veins, accompanied chiefly by galena, iron pyrites, copper pyrites, and heavy spar. There is a radiated variety found at Przibram, remarkable for containing a large proportion of cadmium. Blende is found in great quantities in Derbyshire and Cumberland, as also in Cornwall.
2. Calamine, or silicate of zinc, is divided into two species; the prismatic or electric calamine, and the rhomboidal; though they both agree in metallurgic treatment. The first has a vitreous lustre, inclining to pearly; colour, white, but occasionally blue, green, yellow, or brown; spec. grav. 3·38. It often occurs massive, and in botroidal shapes. This species is a compound of oxide of zinc with silica and water; and its constituents are--zinc oxide, 66·37; silica, 26·23; water, 7·4; in 100 parts. Reduced to powder, it is soluble in dilute sulphuric or nitric acid, and the solution gelatinizes on cooling. It emits a green phosphorescent light before the blowpipe. The second species, or rhombohedral calamine, is a carbonate of zinc. Its specific gravity is 4·442, much denser than the preceding. It occurs in kidney-shaped, botroidal, stalactitic, and other imitative shapes; surface generally rough, composition columnar. Massive, with a granular texture, sometimes impalpable; strongly coherent. According to Smithson’s analysis, Derbyshire calamine consists of--oxide of zinc, 65·2; carbonic acid, 34·8; which coincides almost exactly with a prime equivalent of the oxide and acid, or 42 + 22 = 64.
The mineral genus called zinc-ore, or red oxide of zinc, is denser than either of the above, its spec. grav. being 5·432. It is a compound of oxide of zinc 88, and oxide of iron and manganese 12. It is found massive, of a granular texture, in large quantities, in several localities, in New Jersey. It is set free in several metallurgic processes, and occurs crystallized in six-sided prisms of a yellow colour, in the smelting-works of Kœnigshutte in Silesia, according to Mitscherlich.
The zinc ores of England, like those of France, Flanders, and Silesia, occur in two geological localities.
The first is in veins in the carboniferous or mountain limestone. The blende and the calamine most usually accompany the numerous veins of galena which traverse that limestone; though there are many lead mines that yield no calamine; and, on the other hand, there are veins of calamine alone, as at Matlock, whence a very considerable quantity of this ore is obtained.
In almost every point of England where that metalliferous limestone appears, there are explorations for lead and zinc ores. The neighbourhood of Alston-moor in Cumberland, of Castleton and Matlock in Derbyshire, and the small metalliferous belt of Flintshire, are peculiarly marked for their mineral riches. On the north side of the last county, calamine is mined in a rich vein of galena at Holywell, where it presents the singular appearance of occurring only in the ramifications that the lead vein makes from east to west, and never in those from north to south; while the blende, abundantly present in this mine, is found indifferently in all directions.
The second locality of calamine is in the magnesian limestone formation of the English geologists, the alpine limestone of the French, and the zechstein of the Germans. The calamine is disseminated through it in small contemporaneous veins, which, running in all directions, form the appearance of a network. These veins have commonly a thickness of only a few inches; but in certain cases they extend to four feet, in consequence of the union of several small ones into a mass. The explorations of calamine in the magnesian limestone, are situated chiefly on the flanks of the Mendip Hills, a chain which extends in a north-west and south-east direction, from the canal of Bristol to Frome. The calamine is worked mostly in the parishes of Phipham and Roborough, as also near Rickford and Broadfield-Doron, by means of a great multitude of small shafts. The miners pay, for the privilege of working, a tax of 1_l._ sterling per annum to the Lords of the Treasury; and they sell the ores, mixed with a considerable quantity of carbonate of lime, for 1_l._ per ton, at Phipham, after washing it slightly in a sieve. They are despatched to Bristol, where they receive a new washing, in order to separate the galena.
OF THE SMELTING OF THE ORES OF ZINC.
The greater part of the zinc works are situated in the neighbourhood of Birmingham and Bristol. The manufacture of brass, which has been long one of the staple articles of these towns, was probably the cause of the introduction of this branch of industry, at the period when brass began to be made by the direct union of copper with metallic zinc, instead of calamine. A few zinc furnaces exist also in the neighbourhood of Sheffield, amid the coal-pits surrounding that town. Bristol and Birmingham derive their chief supply of ores from the Mendip Hills and Flintshire; and Sheffield, from Alston-moor.
The calamine, freed from the galena by sorting with the hand, is calcined before its introduction into the smelting-furnaces, by being exposed, coarsely bruised, in reverberatory ovens, 10 feet long, and 8 broad, in a layer 6 inches thick. In some establishments the calcination is omitted, and the calamine, broken into pieces about the size of a pigeon’s egg, is mixed with its bulk of small coal.
Zinc is smelted in England, likewise from blende (sulphuret of zinc). This ore, after being washed, and broken into pieces of the size of a filbert, was sold a few years ago at the mine of Holywell for 3_l._ a ton, or half the price of calamine. It is roasted, without any other preparation, in reverberatory furnaces; which are about 8 feet wide, and 10 long; the distance between the roof and the sole being 30 inches, and the height of the fire-bridge 18. The layer of blende, which is placed on the hearth, is about 4 or 5 inches thick; and it is continually stirred up with rakes. One ton of it requires, for roasting, four tons of coals; and it suffers a loss of 20 per cent. The operation takes from 10 to 12 hours. The mixture of reducing consists of one-fourth part of the desulphuretted oxide, one-fourth of calcined calamine, and one-half part of charcoal; which affords commonly 30 per cent. of zinc.
The English furnaces for smelting zinc ores are sometimes quadrangular, sometimes round; the latter form being preferable. They are mounted with from 6 to 8 crucibles or pots (see fig. 1231.), arched over with a cupola a, placed under a conical chimney b, which serves to give a strong draught, and to carry off the smoke. In this cone there are as many doors c, c, c, as there are pots in the furnace; and an equal number of vents d, d, d, in the cupola, through which the smoke may escape, and the pots may be set. In the surrounding walls there are holes for taking out the pots, when they become unserviceable; after the pots are set, these holes are bricked up. The pots are heated to ignition in a reverberatory furnace before being set, and are put in by means of iron tong machinery supported upon two wheels, as is the case with glass-house pots, e, is the grate; f, the door for the fuel; g, the ash-pit. The pots h, h, h, have a hole in the centre of their bottom, which is closed with a wooden plug, when they are set charged with calamine, mixed with one-seventh of coal; which coal prevents the mixture from falling through the orifice, when the heat rises and consumes the plug. The sole of the hearth i, i, upon which the crucibles stand, is perforated under each of them, so that they can be reached from below; to the bottom orifice of the pot, when the distillation begins, a long sheet-iron pipe k, is joined, which dips at its end into a water-vessel l, for receiving in drops the condensed vapours of the zinc. The pot is charged from above, through an orifice in the lid of the pot, which is left open after the firing, till the bluish colour of the flame shows the volatilization of the metal; immediately whereupon the hole is covered with a fire-tile m. The iron tubes are apt to get obstructed during the distillation, and must therefore be occasionally cleared out with a redhot rod. When the distillation is finished, the iron pipes must be removed; the coaly and other contents of the pot cleared away. A pot lasts about four months upon an average. Five distillations may be made in the course of 14 days, in which from 6 to 10 tons of calamine may be worked up, and from 22 to 24 tons of coals consumed, with a product of two tons of zinc. The metal amounts to from 25 to 40 per cent. of the ore.
1, 2, is the level of the upper floor; 3, 4, level of the lower ceiling of the lower floor.
Fig. 1232., ground plan on the level of 1, 2: only one-half is here shown.
The zinc collected in this operation, is in the form of drops, and a very fine powder, mingled with some oxide. It must be melted in an iron pot or boiler, set in a proper furnace; and the oxide is skimmed off the surface, to be returned into the crucibles. The metal is, lastly, cast into square bars or ingots.
The crucibles are discharged at the end of each operation, by withdrawing the condenser, breaking with a rake the piece of charcoal which shuts their bottom, and then emptying them completely, by shaking their upper part. In replacing the condenser-pipe k (see second pot from the right hand, fig. 1231), the flange at its top is covered with a ring of loam-lute, pressed against the conical bottom of the crucible, and secured in its place by means of two parallel rods o, o, which can be clamped by screws projecting horizontally from the vertical tunnel. See their places, indicated by two open dots near o, o.
A smelter and two labourers are employed in conducting a furnace; who make, with a mixture of equal parts of fire-clay, and cement of old pounds finely ground, the pots or crucibles, which last about four months. Five charges are made in 15 days; these work up from 6 to 10 tons of calamine, consume from 22 to 24 tons of coals, and produce 2 tons of zinc, upon an average. The following estimate of prices was made a few years ago:--
3 tons of calamine, at _£_6. _£_18 0 0 24 ditto coal, at 5_s._ 6 0 0 A smelter, at 2 guineas a week 2 2 0 Two labourers, each at 4_s._ per day 2 16 0 Incidental expenses 1 0 0 -------- _£_29 18 0
The calamine of Alston-moor, used at Sheffield, is not so rich; it produces at most only 25 per cent. of zinc. The coals are laid down at a cost of 5_s._ 8_d._ per ton; and the calamine laid down there 5_l._; whence the zinc will amount to 32_l._ 14_s._ per ton. The considerable importations of zinc from Belgium and Germany, for some years back, have caused a considerable fall in its price.
At Lüttich, where the calamine of Altenberg, near Aix-la-Chapelle, is smelted, a reduction furnace, containing long horizontal earthen tubes, is employed. The roasted calamine is finely ground, and mixed with from one-third to two-thirds its volume of coke or charcoal, broken to pieces the size of nuts.
Fig. 1233. represents this zinc furnace in elevation; and fig. 1234. in a vertical section through the middle. From the hearth to the bottom of the chimney it is 9 feet high, and the chimney itself is 18 or 20 feet high. a, is the ash-pit; b, the grate; c, the fireplace; d, the hearth; e, e, the laboratory; f, the upper arch, which closes in the laboratory; f, the second arch, which forms the hood-cap of the furnace; g, the chimney; h, the fire-wall, which rests against a supporting wall of the smelting-house. Through the vaulted hearth the flame of the fire draws through ten flues i, i, two placed in one line; betwixt these 5 pairs of draught openings, upon the sole of the hearth, the undermost earthen tubes k, immediately rest. The second and third rows of tubes k, k, lie in a parallel direction over each other, at about one inch apart; in the sixth row there are only two tubes; so that there are 22 tubes altogether in one furnace. At their two ends these tubes rest upon fire-tiles, which form, with the side-walls, a kind of checquer-work l, l. The tubes are 4 feet long, 4 to 5 inches in diameter within, 5/4 of an inch thick. The fire, which arrives at the laboratory through the flues i, i, plays round the tubes, and passes off through the apertures m, m, in both arches of the furnace, into the chimney. n, is an opening in the front wall between the two arches, which serves to modify the draught, by admitting more or less of the external air.
The two slender side walls o, o, of the furnace, are a foot distant from the chequer-work, so that on the horizontal iron bars q, q, supported by the hooks p, p, the iron receivers r, r, may have room to rest at their fore part. These receivers are conical pipes of cast iron, 1-1/2 foot long, posteriorly 1-1/2 inch, and anteriorly 1 inch wide at the utmost. After the earthen tubes have been filled with the ore to be smelted, these conical pipes are luted to them in a slightly slanting position. These cones last no more than three weeks; and are generally lengthened with narrow-mouthed wrought-iron tubes, to prevent the combustion of the zinc, by contact of air. When the furnace is in activity, a blue flame is to be seen at the mouths of all these pipes. Every two hours the liquefied metal is raked out into a shovel placed beneath; and in 12 hours the charge is distilled; after which the tubes are cleared out, and re-charged. 100 pounds of metallic zinc are the product of one operation. It is remelted at a loss of 10 per cent., and cast into moulds for sale.
Fig. 1235. is a longitudinal section of the furnace for calcining calamine in Upper Silesia; fig. 1236. is a ground-plan of the furnace. a, is the orifice in the vault or dome, for the introduction of the ore; b, b, apertures in the side-walls, shut with doors, through which the matter may be turned over; c, the chimney; d, the fire-bridge; e, the grate; f, the feed opening of the fire, the fuel being pitcoal. The calamine is stirred about every hour; and after being well calcined during 5 or 6 hours, it is withdrawn; and a new charge is put in. These Silesian furnaces admit of 30 cwt. at a time; and for roasting every 100 cwt. 15 Prussian bushels of fuel, equal to 23 English bushels, are employed. These calcining furnaces are sometimes built alongside of the zinc smelting-furnaces, and are heated by the waste flame of the latter. The roasting is performed in the Netherlands in shafts, like small blast iron-furnaces, called schachtofen.
The hearth a, in figs. 1237, 1238., is constructed for working with 5 muffles, one of which is long, and four short. The muffles are made upon moulds, of fire-clay mixed with ground potsherds. The receivers are stoneware bottles. The grate is 10 inches beneath the level of the hearth. b, the fire-bridge, is proportionally high, to diminish the force of the flame upon the hearth, that it may not strike the muffles. c, is the opening through which the muffles are put in and taken out; during the firing it is partly filled with bricks, so that the smoke and flame may escape between them; d, d, are openings for adjusting the positions of the muffles; e, cross hoops of iron, to strengthen the brick arch; f, is a bed of sand under the sole of the hearth. During the first two days, the fire is applied under the grating; the heat must be very slowly raised to redness, at which pitch it must be maintained during two days. From 8 to 10 days are required for the firing of the muffles.
The furnace shown in figs. 1239, 1240, 1241. is for the melting of the metallic zinc. Fig. 1240. is a front view; fig. 1239. a transverse section; fig. 1241. a view from above: a, is the fire-door; b, the grate; c, the fire-bridge; d, the flue; e, the chimney; f, f, f, cast-iron melting-pots, which contain each about 10 cwt. of the metal. The heat is moderated by the successive addition of pieces of cold zinc. The inside of the pots should be coated with loam, to prevent the iron being attacked by the zinc. When the zinc is intended to be laminated, it should be melted with the lowest possible heat, and poured into hot moulds.
When the zinc ores contain cadmium, this metal distils over in the form of brown oxide, with the first portions, being more volatile than zinc.
Under BRASS and COPPER, the most useful alloys of zinc are described. The sulphate, vulgarly called white vitriol, is made from the sulphuret, by roasting it gently, and then exposing it upon sloping terraces to the action of air and moisture, as has been fully detailed under SULPHATE OF IRON. The purest sulphate of zinc is made by dissolving the metal in dilute sulphuric acid, digesting the solution over some of the metal, filtering, evaporating, and crystallizing.
Sulphate of zinc is added as a drier to japan varnishes.
The ordinary zinc found in the market is never pure; but contains lead, cadmium, arsenic, copper, iron, and carbon; from some of which, it may be freed in a great degree by distillation; but even after this process it retains a little lead, with all the arsenic and cadmium. The separation of the latter is described under CADMIUM. Zinc, free from other metals, may be obtained by distilling a mixture of charcoal and its subcarbonate, precipitated from the crystallized sulphate by carbonate of soda. By holding a porcelain saucer over the flame of hydrogen produced from the action of dilute sulphuric acid upon any sample of the zinc of commerce, the presence of arsenic in it may be made manifest by the deposit of a gray film of the latter metal. Antimony, however, produces a somewhat similar effect to arsenic.
Zinc is extensively employed for making water-cisterns, baths, spouts, pipes, plates for the zincographer, for voltaic batteries, filings for fire-works, covering roofs, and a great many architectural purposes, especially in Berlin; because this metal, after it gets covered with a thin film of oxide or carbonate, suffers no further change by long exposure to the weather. One capital objection to zinc as a roofing material, is its combustibility.
Chloride of zinc has been recently used with great advantage as an escharotic for removing cancerous tumours, and healing various ill-constitutioned ulcers. It, as also the nitrate, forms an ingredient in the resist pastes for the pale blues of the indigo vat.
Spelter (zinc) imported for home consumption--in 1835, 52,604 cwts.; in 1836, 47,406 cwts. Duty,--in cakes, 2_s._; not in cakes, 10_s._ per cwt.
THE END.
LONDON: Printed by A. SPOTTISWOODE New-Street-Square
Alphabetical List of Articles.
ABB-WOOL -- ACETATE -- ACETATE OF ALUMINA -- ACETIC ACID -- ACETIMETER -- ACETONE -- ACID OF ARSENIC -- ACIDS -- ACROSPIRE -- ADDITIONS -- ADIPOCIRE -- ADIT -- ADULTERATION -- ÆTHER -- AFFINITY -- AGARIC -- AGATE -- AIR -- ALABASTER -- ALBUM GRÆCUM -- ALCARAZZAS -- ALCOHOL -- ALE -- ALEMBIC -- ALEMBROTH -- ALGAROTH -- ALIZARINE -- ALKALI -- ALKALIMETER -- ALKANA -- ALKANET -- ALLIGATION -- ALLOY -- ALMOND -- ALMOND OIL -- ALOE -- ALUDEL -- ALUM -- AMADOU -- AMALGAM -- AMALGAMATION -- AMBER -- AMBERGRIS -- AMIANTHUS -- AMMONIA -- AMMONIAC -- AMORPHOUS -- ANALYSIS -- ANCHOR -- ANIMÉ -- ANKER -- ANNEALING or NEALING -- ANNOTTO -- ANTHRACITE -- ANTIGUGGLER -- ANTIMONY -- ANTISEPTICS -- ANVIL -- AQUA REGIA -- AQUA VITÆ -- AQUAFORTIS -- ARCHIL -- ARDENT SPIRIT -- AREOMETER OF BAUMÉ -- ARGILLACEOUS EARTH -- ARGOL -- ARMS -- ARRACK -- ARROW ROOT -- ARSENIC -- ARTESIAN WELLS -- ASPHALTUM -- ASSAY and ASSAYING -- ATOMIC WEIGHTS or ATOMS -- ATTAR OF ROSES -- AURUM MUSIVUM -- AUTOMATIC -- AUTOMATON -- AXE -- AXLES -- AXUNGE -- AZOTIZED -- AZURE
BABLAH -- BAGASSE -- BAKING -- BALANCE -- BALSAMS -- BANDANNA -- BARBERRY -- BARILLA -- BARIUM -- BARK OF OAK -- BARLEY -- BARM -- BARYTA or BARYTES -- BASSORINE -- BATHS -- BDELLIUM -- BEER -- BEET-ROOT SUGAR -- BELL-METAL -- BELLOWS -- BEN OIL -- BENGAL STRIPES -- BENJAMIN or BENZOIN -- BERLIN BLUE -- BERRIES OF AVIGNON -- BERYL -- BEZOAR -- BILE -- BIRDLIME -- BISMUTH -- BISTRE -- BITTER PRINCIPLE -- BITUMEN, or ASPHALTUM -- BLACK DYE -- BLACK PIGMENT -- BLEACHING -- BLENDE -- BLOCK MANUFACTURE -- BLOOD -- BLOWING MACHINE -- BLOWPIPE -- BLUE DYES -- BLUE PIGMENTS -- BLUE VITRIOL -- BOMBAZINE -- BONE BLACK -- BONES -- BOOKBINDING -- BORAX -- BOTTLE MANUFACTURE -- BOUGIE -- BRACES -- BRAIDING MACHINE -- BRAN -- BRANDY -- BRASS -- BRAZIL-WOOD -- BRAZING -- BREAD -- BRECCIA -- BREWING -- BRICK -- BRIMSTONE -- BRITISH GUM -- BROMINE -- BRONZE -- BROWN DYE -- BRUSHES -- BUTTER -- BUTTER OF CACAO -- BUTTON MANUFACTURE
CABLE -- CACAO, BUTTER OF -- CADMIUM -- CAFEINE -- CAJEPUT OIL -- CALAMANCO -- CALAMINE -- CALC-SINTER -- CALC-TUFF -- CALCAREOUS EARTH -- CALCAREOUS SPAR -- CALCEDONY -- CALCHANTUM -- CALCINATION -- CALCIUM -- CALCULUS -- CALENDER -- CALICO-PRINTING -- CALOMEL -- CALORIC -- CALORIFÈRE OF WATER -- CAMBRIC -- CAMLET OR CAMBLET -- CAMPHOR, or CAMPHIRE -- CAMWOOD -- CANDLE -- CANE-MILL -- CANNON -- CANVASS -- CAOUTCHOUC, GUM-ELASTIC, OR INDIAN-RUBBER -- CAPERS -- CAPSTAN -- CARAT or CARACT -- CARBON -- CARBONATE OF AMMONIA -- CARBONATED WATER -- CARBONATES -- CARBONIC ACID -- CARBONIC OXIDE -- CARBUNCLE -- CARBURET OF SULPHUR -- CARBURETTED HYDROGEN -- CARD CUTTING -- CARDS -- CARDS, PLAYING -- CARMINE -- CARPET -- CARTHAMUS -- CASE-HARDENING -- CASHMERE or CACHEMERE -- CASK -- CASSAVA -- CASSIS -- CASTING OF METALS -- CASTOR -- CASTOR OIL -- CASTOR or CASTOREUM -- CASTORINE -- CATECHU -- CATGUT -- CATHARTINE -- CAUSTIC -- CAVIAR -- CAWK -- CEDRA -- CELESTINE -- CEMENTATION -- CEMENTS -- CERASIN -- CERATE -- CERINE -- CERIUM -- CERUSE -- CETINE -- CHAINWORK -- CHALK -- CHALK--Black -- CHALK--French -- CHALK--Red -- CHARCOAL -- CHICA -- CHIMNEY -- CHINTZ -- CHLORATE OF POTASH -- CHLORATES -- CHLORIC ACID -- CHLORINE -- CHLOROMETRY -- CHOCOLATE -- CHROMATES -- CHROMIC ACID -- CHROMIUM -- CINNABAR -- CINNAMON -- CITRIC ACID -- CIVET -- CLAY -- CLOTH-BINDING -- CLOTH, MANUFACTURE OF -- COBALT -- COCCULUS INDICUS, or Indian berry -- COCHINEAL -- COCOA, STEARINE, AND ELAINE -- COFFEE -- COKE -- COLCOTHAR OF VITRIOL -- COLOPHANY -- COLOURING MATTER -- COLUMBIUM -- COLZA -- COMB -- COMBINATION -- COMBUSTIBLE -- COMBUSTION -- COMPOUND COLOURS -- CONCRETE -- CONGELATION -- COOLING OF FLUIDS -- COPAL -- COPPER -- COPPER, Statistics of -- COPPERAS -- CORAL -- CORK -- CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE -- CORUNDUM; or Telesie -- COTTON DYEING -- COTTON MANUFACTURE -- COURT PLASTER -- CRAPE -- CRAYONS -- CRAYONS, lithographic -- CREOSOTE -- CRUCIBLES -- CRYSTAL -- CUDBEAR -- CUPELLATION -- CURRYING OF LEATHER -- CUTLERY -- CYANATES -- CYANHYDRIC Acid -- CYANIDES -- CYANIDES, FERRO -- CYANOGEN -- CYDER
DAHLINE -- DAMASCUS BLADES -- DAMASK -- DAMASKEENING -- DAMASSIN -- DAMPS -- DAPHNINE -- DATOLITE -- DECANTATION -- DECOCTION -- DECOMPOSITION -- DECREPITATION -- DEFECATION -- DEFLAGRATION -- DELIQUESCENT -- DELPHINIA -- DEPHLEGMATION -- DEPHLOGISTICATED -- DEPILATORY -- DETONATION -- DEUTOXIDE -- DEXTRINE -- DIAMOND -- DIAMOND MICROSCOPES -- DIAMONDS, cutting of -- DIAPER -- DIASTASE -- DIES FOR STAMPING -- DIGESTER -- DIMITY -- DISTILLATION -- DOCIMACY -- DORNOCK -- DRAGON’S BLOOD -- DRUGGET -- DRYING HOUSE -- DUCTILITY -- DUNGING -- DYEING
EARTHS -- EAU DE COLOGNE -- EAU DE LUCE -- EBULLITION -- EDGE-TOOLS -- EDULCORATE -- EFFERVESCENCE -- EFFLORESCENCE -- EGGS, HATCHING -- EIDER-DOWN -- ELAINE -- ELASTIC BANDS -- ELECTIVE AFFINITY -- ELEMENTS -- ELEMI -- ELUTRIATE -- EMBALMING -- EMBOSSING CLOTH -- EMBOSSING WOOD -- EMBROIDERING MACHINE -- EMERALD -- EMERY -- EMPYREUMA -- ENAMELS -- EPSOM SALTS -- EQUIVALENTS, CHEMICAL -- ESSENCE D’ORIENT -- ESSENCES -- ETCHING Varnish -- ETHER -- ETHER, Acetic -- ETHIOPS -- EUDIOMETER -- EVAPORATION -- EXPANSION -- EXTRACTS
FAHLERZ -- FAINTS -- FAN -- FARINA -- FATS -- FAULTS -- FEATHERS -- FECULA -- FELSPAR -- FELTING -- FERMENT -- FERMENTATION -- FERROCYANATE, or, FERROCYANIDE -- FERROPRUSSIATES -- FIBRE, VEGETABLE -- FIBRINE -- FILE -- FILLIGREE -- FILTRATION -- FIRE ARMS, MANUFACTURE OF -- FIRE-DAMP -- FIRE-WORKS -- FISH-HOOKS -- FLAKE WHITE -- FLAME -- FLANNEL -- FLAX -- FLINT -- FLOSS -- FLOSS-SILK -- FLOUR -- FLOUR OF WHEAT, Adulterations of, to Detect -- FLOWERS -- FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL, MANUFACTURE OF -- FLUATES -- FLUOR SPAR -- FLUX -- FLY POWDER -- FODDER -- FONDUS -- FORGE -- FORMIATES -- FORMIC ACID -- FORMULÆ, CHEMICAL -- FOUNDING -- FOUNTAIN -- FOXING -- FRANKFORT BLACK -- FREEZING -- FRENCH BERRIES -- FRICTION, counteraction of -- FRIT -- FUEL -- FULGURATION -- FULLER’S EARTH -- FULLING -- FULLING MILL -- FULMINATES -- FULMINIC ACID -- FUMIGATION -- FUR -- FURNACE OF ASSAY -- FUSIBILITY -- FUSIBLE METAL -- FUSTET -- FUSTIAN -- FUSTIC
GABRONITE -- GADOLINITE -- GALACTOMETER, or LACTOMETER -- GALBANUM -- GALENA -- GALIPOT -- GALL OF ANIMALS, or OX-GALL, purification of -- GALL OF GLASS -- GALL-NUTS, or GALLS -- GALLATES -- GALLIC ACID -- GALLIPOLI OIL -- GALVANIZED IRON -- GAMBOGE -- GANGUE -- GARNET -- GAS -- GAS-HOLDER -- GAS-LIGHT -- GASOMETER -- GAUZE WIRE CLOTH -- GAY-LUSSITE -- GELATINE -- GEMS -- GEOGNOSY -- GERMAN SILVER -- GERMINATION -- GIG MACHINES -- GILDING -- GIN, or Geneva, -- GINNING -- GLANCE COAL -- GLASS -- GLASS CUTTING AND GRINDING -- GLASS MAKING -- GLAUBER SALT -- GLAZES -- GLAZIER -- GLOVE MANUFACTURE -- GLOVE-SEWING -- GLUCINA -- GLUE -- GLUTEN -- GLYCERINE -- GNEISS -- GOLD -- GONG-GONG; or tam-tam -- GONIOMETER -- GRADUATOR -- GRANITE -- GRANULATION -- GRAPHITE -- GRAUWACKE or GREYWACKE -- GRAY DYE -- GREEN DYE -- GREEN PAINTS -- GREEN VITRIOL -- GUAIAC -- GUANO -- GUM -- GUM RESINS -- GUNPOWDER -- GYPSUM
HADE -- HAIR -- HAIR PENCILS OR BRUSHES -- HALOGENE -- HANDSPIKE -- HARDNESS -- HARTSHORN, SPIRIT OF -- HAT MANUFACTURE -- HATCHING OF CHICKENS -- HEALDS -- HEARTH -- HEAT -- HEAT-REGULATOR -- HEAVY SPAR -- HECKLE -- HELIOTROPE -- HEMATINE -- HEMATITE -- HEMP -- HEPAR -- HEPATIC AIR -- HERMETICAL SEAL -- HIDE -- HIRCINE -- HOG’s LARD -- HONEY -- HONEY-STONE -- HOP -- HORDEINE -- HORN -- HORNSILVER -- HORNSTONE -- HORSE POWER -- HOSIERY -- HOT-FLUE -- HYDRATES -- HYDRAULIC PRESS -- HYDRIODIC ACID -- HYDROCHLORIC ACID -- HYDROGEN -- HYDROMETER -- HYDROSULPHURETS -- HYMEN[OE]A COURBARIL -- HYOSCIAMUS NIGER -- HYPEROXYMURIATES -- HYPOSULPHATES; HYPOSULPHITES
ICEHOUSE -- IMPERMEABLE -- INCOMBUSTIBLE CLOTH -- INCUBATION, ARTIFICIAL -- INDIAN RUBBER -- INDIGO -- INK -- INULINE -- IODINE -- IRIDIUM -- IRON -- ISINGLASS, or Fish-glue -- ISLAND MOSS -- IVORY -- IVORY BLACK
JACK -- JACK and JACK-SINKERS -- JACK-BACK -- JACQUARD -- JADE -- JAPANNING -- JASPER -- JELLY, ANIMAL -- JELLY, VEGETABLE -- JET -- JEWELLERY, Art of.
KALI -- KAOLIN -- KARABÉ -- KELP -- KERMES -- KILLAS -- KILN -- KINIC ACID -- KINO -- KIRSCHWASSER -- KNOPPERN -- KOUMISS
LABDANUM or LADANUM -- LABRADORITE, OPALINE or LABRADORE FELSPAR -- LABYRINTH -- LAC, LAC-DYE -- LACCIC ACID -- LACCINE -- LACE MANUFACTURE -- LACQUER -- LACTIC ACID -- LACTOMETER -- LAKES -- LAMINABLE -- LAMIUM ALBUM -- LAMP OF DAVY -- LAMP-BLACK -- LAMPATES and LAMPIC ACID -- LAMPS -- LAPIDARY, Art of -- LAZULITE -- LEAD -- LEAD-SHOT -- LEATHER -- LEDUM PALUSTRE -- LEGUMINE -- LEMONS -- LEUCINE -- LEUCITE -- LEVIGATION -- LEWIS -- LIAS -- LIBAVIUS, LIQUOR OF -- LICHEN. -- LIGNEOUS MATTER -- LIGNITE -- LILAC DYE -- LIMESTONE -- LINEN -- LINSEED -- LIQUATION -- LIQUEURS, LIQUORISTE -- LIQUID AMBER -- LITHARGE -- LITHIA -- LITHIUM -- LITHOGRAPHY -- LITMUS -- LIXIVIATION -- LOADSTONE, MAGNETIC IRON-STONE -- LOAM -- LODE -- LOGWOOD -- LOOM -- LUBRICATION -- LUPININE -- LUPULINE -- LUTE -- LUTEOLINE -- LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM -- LYDIAN STONE
MACARONI -- MACE -- MACERATION -- MACLE -- MADDER -- MADREPORES -- MAGISTERY -- MAGISTRAL -- MAGMA -- MAGNANIER -- MAGNESIA -- MAGNESIA, NATIVE -- MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE -- MAGNESITE -- MAGNET, NATIVE -- MAHALEB -- MALACHITE -- MALATES -- MALIC ACID -- MALLEABILITY -- MALT -- MALT KILN -- MALTHA -- MANGANESE -- MANGLE -- MANIOC -- MANNA -- MARBLE -- MARCASITE -- MARGARATES -- MARGARIC ACID -- MARINE ACID -- MARINE SALT -- MARL -- MARQUETRY -- MARTIAL -- MASSICOT -- MASTIC -- MATRASS -- MATTE -- MEADOW ORE -- MEDALS -- MEERSCHAUM -- MELLITE -- MELLITIC ACID -- MELLON -- MENACHANITE -- MERCURY or QUICKSILVER -- MERCURY, BICHLORIDE OF -- MERCURY, PROTOCHLORIDE OF -- METALLURGY -- METALS -- METEORITES -- METHYLÈNE -- MICA -- MICROCOSMIC SALT -- MILK -- MILL-STONE, or BUHR-STONE -- MINERAL WATERS -- MINES -- MINIUM -- MINT -- MIRRORS -- MISPICKEL -- MOHAIR -- MOIRÉE METALLIQUE -- MOLASSE -- MOLASSES -- MOLYBDENUM -- MORDANT (adhesive) -- MORDANT (colouring) -- MOROCCO -- MORPHIA -- MORTAR, HYDRAULIC -- MOSAIC -- MOSAIC GOLD -- MOTHER OF PEARL -- MOTHER-WATER -- MOUNTAIN SOAP -- MUCIC ACID -- MUCILAGE -- MUFFLE -- MUNDIC -- MUNJEET -- MURIATES -- MURIATIC or HYDROCHLORIC ACID -- MUSK -- MUSLIN -- MUST -- MUSTARD -- MUTAGE -- MYRICINE -- MYRRH
NACARAT -- NAILS, MANUFACTURE OF -- NANKIN -- NAPHTHA, or ROCK-OIL -- NAPHTHALINE -- NAPLES YELLOW -- NATRON -- NEALING -- NEB-NEB -- NEEDLE MANUFACTURE -- NEROLI -- NET -- NEUTRALIZATION -- NICARAGUA WOOD -- NICKEL -- NICOTIANINE -- NICOTINE -- NITRATE OF AMMONIA -- NITRATE OF LEAD -- NITRATE OF POTASH -- NITRATE OF SILVER -- NITRATE OF SODA -- NITRATE OF STRONTIA -- NITRIC ACID -- NITRO-MURIATIC ACID -- NITROGEN GAS, or AZOTE -- NITROGEN, DEUTOXIDE OF -- NITROGEN, PROTOXIDE OF -- NITROUS ACID -- NOPAL -- NUT OIL -- NUTMEG -- NUX VOMICA
OAK BARK -- OATS -- OBSIDIAN -- OCHRE -- OIL OF VITRIOL -- OILS -- OILS, VOLATILE OR ESSENTIAL; Manufacture of -- OLEATES -- OLEFIANT GAS -- OLEIC ACID -- OLEINE -- OLIBANUM -- OLIVE OIL -- ONYX -- OOLITE -- OOST, or OAST -- OPAL -- OPERAMETER -- OPIUM -- OPOBALSAM -- OPOPONAX -- ORANGE DYE -- ORCINE -- ORES -- ORPIMENT -- ORYCTNOGNOSY -- OSMIUM -- OSTEOCOLLA -- OXALATES -- OXALIC ACID -- OXIDES -- OXISELS -- OXYGEN
PACKFONG -- PACO, or PACOS -- PADDING MACHINE -- PAINT -- PAINTS, GRINDING OF -- PAINTS, VITRIFIABLE -- PALLADIUM -- PALM OIL -- PAPER CUTTING -- PAPER-HANGINGS -- PAPER, MANUFACTURE OF -- PARAFFINE -- PARCHMENT -- PARTING -- PASTEL (colour) -- PASTEL (crayon) -- PASTES, or FACTITIOUS GEMS -- PASTILLE (perfumery) -- PASTILLE (tablet) -- PE-TUNT-SE -- PEARLASH -- PEARLS -- PEARLS, ARTIFICIAL -- PEARLWHITE -- PECTIC ACID -- PECTINE -- PELTRY -- PENCIL MANUFACTURE -- PENS, STEEL -- PEPPER -- PERFUMERY, ART OF -- PERRY -- PERSIAN BERRIES -- PETROLEUM -- PEWTER, PEWTERER -- PHOSPHORIC ACID -- PHOSPHORUS -- PICAMARE -- PICROMEL -- PICROTOXINE -- PIGMENTS, VITRIFIABLE -- PIMENTO -- PIN MANUFACTURE -- PINCHBECK -- PINE-APPLE YARN and CLOTH -- PINEY TALLOW -- PIPERINE -- PITCH of wood-tar -- PITCH, MINERAL -- PITCOAL -- PITCOAL, COKING OF -- PITTACALL -- PLASTER -- PLASTER OF PARIS -- PLATED MANUFACTURE -- PLATINA-MOHR -- PLATINUM -- PLUMBAGO -- PLUSH -- POINT NET -- PORCELAIN -- PORPHYRY -- PORTER -- PORTLAND STONE -- POTASH, or POTASSA -- POTASSIUM -- POTATO -- POTTERY, PORCELAIN. -- PRECIPITATE -- PRECIPITATION -- PRESS, HYDRAULIC -- PRINCE’S METAL, or Prince Rupert’s metal -- PRINTING INK -- PRINTING MACHINE -- PRUSSIAN BLUE, and PRUSSIATE OF POTASH -- PUMICE-STONE -- PUOZZOLANA -- PURPLE OF CASSIUS, Gold purple -- PURPLE OF MOLLUSCA -- PURPURIC ACID -- PURPURINE -- PUTREFACTION and its prevention -- PYRITES -- PYRO-ACETIC SPIRIT -- PYROLIGNOUS ACID -- PYROLIGNOUS or PYROXILIC SPIRIT -- PYROMETER -- PYROPHORUS -- PYROTECHNY -- PYROXILINE
QUARTATION -- QUARTZ -- QUASSIA -- QUEEN’s WARE -- QUEEN’s YELLOW -- QUERCITRON -- QUICKLIME -- QUICKSILVER -- QUILL -- QUININA -- QUINTESSENCE
RAISINS -- RAPE-SEED -- RASP, MECHANICAL -- RATAFIA -- REALGAR -- RECTIFICATION -- RED LIQUOR -- REED -- REFINING OF GOLD AND SILVER -- REFRIGERATION OF WORTS, &c. -- REGULUS -- RESIN, KAURI or COWDEE -- RESINS -- RETORT -- REVERBERATORY FURNACE -- RHODIUM -- RIBBON MANUFACTURE -- RICE -- RICE CLEANING -- RIFLE -- RINSING MACHINE -- ROCKETS -- ROLLING-MILL -- ROPE-MAKING -- ROSIN GAS -- ROSIN, or COLOPHANY -- ROTTEN-STONE -- ROUGE -- RUBY -- RUM -- RUST -- RYE
SAFETY LAMP -- SAFFLOWER -- SAFFRON -- SAGO -- SAL AMMONIAC -- SAL PRUNELLA -- SAL VOLATILE -- SALAMSTONE -- SALEP, or SALOUP -- SALICINE -- SALT OF AMBER -- SALT OF LEMONS -- SALT OF SATURN -- SALT OF SODA -- SALT OF SORREL -- SALT OF TARTAR -- SALT OF VITRIOL -- SALT PERLATE -- SALT, EPSOM -- SALT, MICROCOSMIC -- SALT, SEA, or CULINARY; Chloride of sodium -- SALT, SEDATIVE -- SALTPETRE -- SALTS -- SAND -- SANDAL or RED SAUNDERS WOOD -- SANDARACH -- SAPAN WOOD -- SARD -- SATIN -- SATURATION -- SCALIOLA -- SCARLET DYE -- SCHEELE’S GREEN -- SCHWEINFURTH GREEN -- SCOURING -- SEA WATER -- SEAL ENGRAVING -- SEALING-WAX -- SEGGAR, or SAGGER -- SELENIUM -- SELTZER WATER -- SEPIA -- SEPTARIA -- SERPENTINE -- SHAFT -- SHAGREEN -- SHALE, or SLATE-CLAY -- SHAMOY LEATHER -- SHEATHING OF SHIPS -- SHELLAC -- SIENITE -- SILICA and SILICON -- SILICATES -- SILICON -- SILK MANUFACTURE -- SILKWORM GUT -- SILVER -- SILVER LEAF -- SILVERING -- SIMILOR -- SINGEING OF WEBS -- SKIN -- SLAG -- SLATES -- SMALL WARES -- SMALT -- SMELTING -- SOAP -- SOAPSTONE -- SODA-WATER -- SODA, Caustic soda -- SODA, CARBONATE OF -- SODIUM -- SOLDERING -- SOOT -- SORBIC ACID -- SOY -- SPECIFIC GRAVITY -- SPECULUM METAL -- SPERMACETI -- SPIRIT OF AMMONIA -- SPIRIT OF WINE -- SPIRITS, VINOUS -- SPONGE -- SPOON MANUFACTURE -- STAINED GLASS -- STAMPING OF METALS -- STARCH -- STARCHING AND STEAM-DRYING APPARATUS -- STEAM -- STEARIC ACID, improperly called STEARINE -- STEARINE COLD PRESS -- STEATITE -- STEEL -- STEREOTYPE PRINTING -- STILL -- STOCKING MANUFACTURE -- STONE -- STONE, ARTIFICIAL -- STONEWARE -- STORAX, STYRAX -- STOVE -- STRASS -- STRAW-HAT MANUFACTURE -- STRETCHING MACHINE -- STRONTIA -- STRYCHNIA -- STUCCO -- SUBERIC ACID -- SUBLIMATE -- SUBLIMATION -- SUBSALT -- SUCCINIC ACID, Acid of Amber -- SUGAR -- SUGAR OF LEAD -- SULPHATE OF ALUMINA AND POTASSA -- SULPHATE OF AMMONIA -- SULPHATE OF BARYTA -- SULPHATE OF COPPER -- SULPHATE OF IRON -- SULPHATE OF LIME -- SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA, Epsom Salt -- SULPHATE OF MANGANESE -- SULPHATE OF MERCURY -- SULPHATE OF POTASSA -- SULPHATE OF SODA -- SULPHATE OF ZINC -- SULPHATES -- SULPHITES -- SULPHOSELS -- SULPHUR; Brimstone -- SULPHURATION -- SULPHURETTED HYDROGEN -- SULPHURIC ACID, Vitriolic Acid, or Oil of Vitriol -- SUMACH -- SWEEP-WASHER -- SYNTHESIS -- SYRUP
TABBYING, or WATERING -- TACAMAHAC -- TAFFETY -- TAFIA -- TALC -- TALLOW -- TALLOW, PINEY -- TAMPING -- TAN, or TANNIC ACID -- TANNING -- TANTALUM -- TAPESTRY -- TAPIOCA -- TAR -- TARRAS -- TARTAR -- TARTARIC ACID -- TARTRATES -- TAWING -- TEA -- TEASEL -- TEETH -- TELLURIUM -- TERRA DI SIENA -- TERRA-COTTA -- TESTS -- TEXTILE FABRICS -- THENARD’S BLUE, or COBALT BLUE -- THERMOMETER -- THERMOSTAT -- THIMBLE -- THORINA -- THREAD MANUFACTURE -- TILES -- TILTING OF STEEL -- TIN -- TIN MORDANTS -- TIN-GLASS -- TIN-PLATE -- TINCAL -- TINCTORIAL MATTER -- TINCTURE -- TITANIUM -- TOBACCO -- TOBACCO-PIPES -- TODDY -- TOLU -- TOMBAC -- TONKA BEAN -- TOPAZ -- TORTOISE-SHELL -- TOUCH-NEEDLES, and TOUCH-STONE -- TOW -- TRAGACANTH, GUM -- TRAVERTINO -- TREACLE -- TRIPOLI -- TUFA, or TUF -- TULA METAL -- TUNGSTEN -- TURBITH MINERAL -- TURF -- TURKEY RED -- TURMERIC, Curcuma, Terra merita -- TURNSOLE -- TURPENTINE -- TURPENTINE, OIL OF -- TURQUOIS -- TUTENAG -- TYPE
ULTRAMARINE -- UMBER -- URANIUM -- URAO
VALONIA -- VANADIUM -- VANILLA -- VAPOUR -- VARNISH -- VEIN STONES, or GANGUES -- VEINS -- VELLUM -- VELVET -- VENETIAN CHALK -- VENTILATION -- VENUS -- VERATRINE -- VERDIGRIS -- VERDITER, or BLUE VERDITER -- VERDITER, or BREMEN GREEN -- VERMICELLI -- VERMILLION, or Cinnabar -- VINEGAR MANUFACTORY, BY MALT -- VIOLET DYE -- VITRIFIABLE COLOURS -- VITRIOL
WACKE -- WADD -- WADDING -- WAFERS -- WALNUT HUSKS, or PEELS -- WARP -- WASH -- WASHING -- WATER-PROOF CLOTH -- WATERING OF STUFFS -- WATERS, MINERAL -- WAX -- WAX, MINERAL, or Ozocerite, -- WEAVING -- WEFT -- WELD -- WELDING -- WELLS, ARTESIAN -- WHALEBONE -- WHEAT -- WHEEL CARRIAGES -- WHETSLATE -- WHEY -- WHISKEY -- WHITE LEAD -- WICK -- WINCING-MACHINE -- WINE -- WINE-STONE -- WINE, FAMILY -- WIRE-DRAWING -- WOAD -- WOLFRAM -- WOOD -- WOOF -- WOOLLEN MANUFACTURE -- WOOTZ -- WORT -- WOULFE’S APPARATUS
XANTHINE
YEAST -- YELLOW DYE -- YELLOW, KING’S -- YTTRIA
ZAFFRE -- ZEDOARY -- ZIMOME -- ZINC -- ZIRCON -- ZIRCONIA
Transcriber’s Notes
General
This e-text follows the text of the original work, including inconsistencies in spelling, hyphenation, capitalisation and typography. In particular, the following have not been standardised or corrected (except when mentioned below):
- the two types of fractions used (2-1/2 and 1-10th, for example);
- errors in calculations (for example, constituent parts that do not add up to the total given);
- articles that are not in alphabetical order have not been moved (note that I and J are considered to be equivalent, as in Jasper -- Icehouse -- Jelly);
- missing reference letters/figures in illustrations;
- inconsistent numbering of sections and paragraphs (for example, there may be a paragraph number 1, but no number 2 or further; there may be a section number II, but no number I).
Some illustrations are missing from the original and are not referred to in the text (Figs. 57, 372), others are provided in the original work, but not discussed or described. Fig. 93 is not present in the original, but is described in the text. The original has two illustrations numbered 384; the second one (on page 464) has been renamed 384*. Figures 496/497 and 498/499 are remarkably similar, as is their description.
Remarks on the text
Fontanier and Fontanieu probably refer to the same person.
The text occasionally gives ohm and aime as inits of volume; these are probably aams or ames (circa 30-36 imperial gallons).
There are several references to a table of elasticities of vapour; it is not clear which table is meant.
Page 16, table: the temperature 164° stands out from the other temperatures, and may be wrong (possibly error for 194°)
Page 16, The specific gravity of water at 60° being 1000, at 62° it is 99,981. This phrase contains at least one mistake: the intention might be specific gravities 100 and 99·981, respectively (see also the table following on page 21/22).
Page 19, table, first row, column 70°: 9991 does not fit in with the other data, this is possibly an error for 9981.
Page 25, table, first row (17°): 44·9 does not fit with the other data; this is possibly an error for 44·2; last row but one (24°): 693 does not fit with the other data; possibly an error for 993.
Page 26, table, row 20°: the last value was partly illegible in the original, this should probably be 68·4; row 22° the last decimal was illegible in the original, this should probably be 67·7 or 67·8.
Page 29, Lausania inermis: probably Lawsonia inermis.
Page 41, reference to Gems, cutting of: the article Gems refers to the article Lapidary for cutting of gems.
Page 46, Fig. 14, a plan of the same: Fig. 14 is a different side view.
Page 67, 1000 of a grain of silver: possibly an error for 1/1000 of a grain of silver.
Page 99, reference to Saccharometer: there is no article Saccharometer; the saccharometer is discussed in the article Beer only.
Page 111-112, description of location of elements relative to each other: the author has reversed left and right.
Page 118, See Oil of Ben: there is no such article; the only reference to Oil of Ben occurs on page 895 (table).
Page 150, teint, Germ.: probably error for teint, French.
Page 169, Fernambouc: the 16th century French name for Pernambuco.
Page 178, calculation: 315 loaves at 6d. give 7_l._ 17_s._ 6_d._, making the clear profit 11_s._ 10_d._
Page 225, Chloride of Lime: there is no such article; chloride of lime is discussed under Bleaching.
Page 249, reference to Mill: there is no such article; the article Sugar has a part on mills.
Page 339, first table: the first two columns do not add up to the sub-totals given; it is not clear whether this is due to errors in the data or to miscalculation.
Page 358, Fig. 337 and accompanying text: text and illustration do not seem to fit together, few of the parts mentioned appear in the figure.
Page 382, reference to Prussic Acid: the Dictionary does not have this article.
Page 392, the year 173: the last digit was missing from the original, and has been replaced with a tilde (173~). The 1858 enlarged edition gives 1730 as the year.
Page 396, by of a lever: possibly a word is missing (by means of a lever or similar).
Page 403, footnote [24]: 2198 should possibly read 1829.
Page 512, table Phosphorus: The two values in the last column are incompatible: the first should be one half of the second.
Page 522, about 6-1/2 per cent. upon: possibly a word (such as depending) is missing.
Page 564, second table: the totals do not always add up completely, and the meaning of some of the data is unclear.
Page 605, Abrabanya: should possibly be Abrudbánya
Page 632, dyeing of horse-hair: this is described in the same, not the next article.
Page 742, Bilin in Bohemia: also referred to as Billen and Billin.
Page 784, Houton-Libillardière: probably Jacques-Julien Houtou de La Billardière.
Page 876, The carriage is then again by the rotation ...: there is a verb missing from the text (advanced, moved forward, or similar).
Page 885, Nicaraca: possibly an error for Nicaragua.
Page 895, table, line 41: the specific gravity is likely to be a misprint.
Page 897: strychia: possibly an error for strychnia.
Page 920, three separate sheets: the three knives will cut four sheets.
Page 1093, table: dr. in the column Cochineal may be an error for oz.
Page 1151, reference to page 1041: there is no related information on this page.
Page 1204, arescence: possibly an error for acescence.
Page 1270, Then increase the gradually: a word is missing from the original (possibly heat or temperature).
Changes and corrections made
Some missing punctuation has been added and obvious minor typographical errors have been corrected silently.
Footnotes have been moved to under the paragraph etc. they refer to.
Illustrations have been moved to where they are first or most fully described, they are therefore not always given in numerical order (the original work does not always show them in numerical order either). Illustration numbers have been added to illustrations that lacked a number.
Multi-page tables have been changed to single tables; tables have been re-arranged or split; some tables are presented here with legends or table notes.
For the sake of consistency, the following changes have been made throughout the text:
- All references to illustration numbers in the text have been italicised (Fig. nnn etc.); reference letters in the text have been standardised to italics (for lower case letters) and capitals (for upper case letters).
- Apostrophes in French words have been closed with the following word where necessary.
- All decimal points have been changed to mid-dots, commas and dashes have been changed to mid-dots or vice versa where necessary.
- Accents on French words printed in capitals have been moved where necessary (for example E' has been changed to É).
- The Alphabetical List of Articles has been added.
- The German ...saure in nouns has been standardised to ...säure.
- The author uses the single and double dashed pound sign; both are represented here by the same symbol (£). All £/l. s. and d. (pound, shilling, pence) have been italicised for consistency.
Other changes:
Location Original document Changed to Page vi, table 201,773,872 204,773,872 Page 14 olëine oleine as elsewhere Page 15 Brongniard Brongniart Page 22, table, ·70042 ·00042 row ·82 ditto last line ·100 1·00 Page 49 αηθραξ ανθραξ Page 57 a a A A as in illustration Page 69, Fig. 87 -- letter c added Page 75 Baume Baumé as elsewhere Page 84 -- 2. added before Balsams without benzoic acid Page 92 intersticial interstitial as else- where Page 109, second table 980 0·980 Page 112 the troughs u the troughs n as in the illustration Page 122 Breislack Breislak as elsewhere Page 144 sp. gr. 0837 sp. gr. 0·837 ditto sheeps’ wool sheep’s wool as else- where Page 167 fig. 165, between fig. 163. Between Fig. 162 c e Page 171 tonne au noir tonneau noir Page 178, calculation 7 17 5 7 17 6 ditto 0 11 6-1/2 0 11 9-1/2 Page 183 Fig. 170 Fig. 171 ditto Fig. 171 Fig. 170 Page 215 Elberfeldt Elberfeld Page 220, Fig. 234 d d′ as in text Page 229 see ... page 224 see ... page 223 Page 240 F′ G′ F G as in illustration Page 243 tire tiré ditto k K Page 245 labiacæ labiatæ Page 249 -- quote marks added after ... for making candles. ditto undica indica Page 278 60·30 feet 69·39 feet Page 311 rhamnus fragula rhamnus frangula Page 318 Figs. 297, 298. Figs. 296, 298. Page 331 its bottom, C its bottom, c Page 336 Gtakamite Atakamite Page 345, Fig. 318 -- ′s added as mentioned in text Page 356 pulley or whorl g pulley or whorl q as in drawing Page 372 5·463 lbs. of force 5463 lbs. of force Page 385 45 (or nearly so) 45° (or nearly so) Page 394 Münzstampeln Münzstempeln Page 403 are constantly making are constantly made Page 450 1·375 137·5 Page 464 -- Fig. 384 renamed Fig. 384*, (also reference to this illustration in text) Page 480, table header 3/4 to 174 3/4 to 1-1/4 Page 481 Hamecons Hameçons ditto Fishangeln Fischangeln Page 499 fig. 524 fig. 452 Page 510 Bernardiere Bernardière ditto cachemire cachemere as elsewhere Page 515, Peroxide 2F 2Fe of iron Page 524, formula (1) 1·000,000 1,000,000 Page 530, Fig. 480* lower d b Page 534 -- Opening quotes added before conclusion nr. 1. Page 538, schematic -- 2 inserted in second row Pillow Fustian Page 548, Fig. 482 -- reference letter s added Page 552 30,000 feet of gas 30,000 cubic feet of gas Page 553 fig. 488 fig. 489 (second reference in text) Page 554, formula 7 ) ( Page 561 we have 100·4 we have 100 and 4 Page 574, table curly bracket embraces curly bracket embraces lime and silica silica only Page 580, Fig. 507 -- illustration numbers and 508 interchanged to conform to text Page 594 (3 × 77·6) 232·8 (3 × 77·6) = 232·8 Page 608 -- closing quote mark added after ... 47 millions per annum. Page 618 Graufärbe Graufarbe Page 645 Wohler Wöhler Page 650 a section of the a section of the presser pressure Page 658 p, small spiral P, small spiral springs springs as in drawing Page 670 Liebeg Liebig Page 674 Elbeuf Elbœuf Page 684 Huttenberg Hüttenberg Page 709 shachtofen schachtofen Page 713 ruckstein rückstein as elsewhere Page 740 as is shown in fig. as is shown in fig. 621. 622. Page 745 Himmelsfurst Himmelsfürst ditto Beschertgluck Beschertglück Page 746 Huelgoet Huelgoët Page 747 gelena galena ditto Huelgöet Huelgoët Page 748 Kongsburg Kongsberg as elsewhere Page 749 z′ z′ z z as in drawing Page 750 Z′ Z′ z z as in drawing Page 752 Poulläouen Poullaouen as elsewhere Page 760 Vicenago Viconago Page 774 Rudersdorf Rüdersdorf Page 783 Farberröthe Färberröthe Page 784 Societé Société Page 785 Kuhlman Kuhlmann Page 792 silk-works are reared silk-worms are reared Page 793 magnesien magnésien Page 805, Figs. 656 -- primes added as and 657 described in text Page 814 Poullaounen Pouallouen as elsewhere Page 818 K K′ K′ K′′ as in illustration Page 822 Ehrenfriedensdorf Ehrenfriedersdorf Page 828 mlydenum molybdenum Page 829, table , · (2x) ditto -- blank line inserted under Water ditto La Ferte-sous-Jouarre La Ferté-sous-Jouarre Page 849 rothelie gende rothe liegende ditto lumachello lumachella Page 853 Breïtlingerwetter- Breitlingerwetterschacht schacht ditto m, n, o, q, m, n, o, q, R, s r, s Page 854/855 (table) -- table notes [a] through [d] were printed as vertical text in the original work Page 859 t t t T as in illustration Page 868 oölite oolite ditto Puzzuolo Puzzuoli Page 874 Braconot Braconnot as elsewhere Page 889 (table) 93·024. 93,024 Page 891 Stichstoffoxyd Stickstoffoxyd Page 895 Hyociamus Hyosciamus as elsewhere Page 897, table -- the original work has a mixture of plain text (olive oil and sperma- ceti) and table; this has been changed to a table Page 898 Wurtemburg Wurtemberg as elsewhere Page 900 by passing into a by passing into a slit- slit-groove the verti- groove in the vertical cal turning shaft turning shaft Page 909 rosmarinus officialis rosmarinus officinalis Page 922 a, c, d a, b, c Page 929 -- quote marks added after ... from the invention. Page 930, table -- 2 added before Journey- men Page 931, table, first or 4 vats 3 or 4 vats line Page 933 (p. 967.) (p. 936.) Page 944, table grams grains header above No. I Page 989, Fig. 864 lower d b Page 1000 rollers, figs. rollers, figs. 885. 886. 886. 887. Page 1001 Descotil Descotils Page 1002 Goro-Blagodatz Goroblagodat as else- where Page 1029 Mintereau Montereau as elsewhere Page 1056 Solfaterra Solfetara Page 1080 -- quote marks added after ... casualty from explosion. Page 1090 schlot-plan schlot-pan Page 1074 fig. 50 fig. 950 Page 1106 Fig. 796. Fig. 976. Page 1127 Fig. 1011. Fig. 1012. Page 1129 Figs. 1023. and Figs. 1024. and 1025. 1026. Page 1137 Himmelfürst Himmelsfürst Page 1175 -- quote marks added after ... or of the alloys. Page 1185 Liquidamber Liquidambar styraciflua styraciflua Page 1196 the feeder unites them the feeder unties them Page 1245 The portion B is to be The portion A is to be washed again washed again Page 1250, -- missing 0 in shillings- calculation column added Page 1252 Poerner Poërner Page 1253 Moiree Moirée Page 1281, table, 00·184 0·0184 column Carlsbad, row Fluoride of Calcium ditto column Seltzer, 00·185; 0·0185 row Alumina ditto Pullna Püllna Page 1284 In his way In this way Page 1332 fig. 1230 fig. 1231