Opening
A CRITICAL AND EXEGETICAL COMMENTARY ON GENESIS
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ Transcriber’s Notes │ │ │ │ │ │ Punctuation has been standardized. │ │ │ │ Most of the non-common abbreviations used to save space in │ │ printing have been expanded to the non-abbreviated form for │ │ easier reading. Abbreviations without clear meanings have │ │ been left unchanged. │ │ │ │ Characters in small caps have been replaced by all caps. │ │ │ │ Non-printable characteristics have been given the following │ │ Italic text: --> text │ │ bold text: --> =text=. │ │ subscripts --> x_{3} │ │ superscripts --> x{th} │ │ │ │ This book was written in a period when many words had │ │ not become standardized in their spelling. Words may have │ │ multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in │ │ the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated │ │ with a Transcriber’s Note. │ │ │ │ Index references have not been checked for accuracy. │ │ │ │ The symbol ‘‡’ indicates the description in parenthesis has │ │ been added to an illustration. This may be needed if there │ │ is no caption or if the caption does not describe the image │ │ adequately. │ │ │ │ Footnotes are identified in the text with a superscript │ │ number and are shown immediately below the paragraph in which │ │ they appear. │ │ │ │ Transcriber’s Notes are used when making corrections to the │ │ text or to provide additional information for the modern │ │ reader. These notes are identified by ♦♠♥♣ symbols in the │ │ text and are shown immediately below the paragraph in which │ │ they appear. │ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
The International Critical Commentary on the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments
UNDER THE EDITORSHIP OF
THE REV. SAMUEL ROLLES DRIVER, D.D. Regius Professor of Hebrew, Oxford
THE REV. ALFRED PLUMMER, M.A., D.D. Late Master of University College, Durham
AND
THE REV. CHARLES AUGUSTUS BRIGGS, D.D. _Professor of Theological Encyclopædia and Symbolics Union Theological Seminary, New York_
The International Critical Commentary
On the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments
EDITORS’ PREFACE
THERE are now before the public many Commentaries, written by British and American divines, of a popular or homiletical character. The Cambridge Bible for Schools, the Handbooks for Bible Classes and Private Students, The Speaker’s Commentary, The Popular Commentary (Schaff), The Expositor’s Bible, and other similar series, have their special place and importance. But they do not enter into the field of Critical Biblical scholarship occupied by such series of Commentaries as the Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum Alten Testament; De Wette’s Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum Neuen Testament; Meyer’s Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar; Keil and Delitzsch’s Biblischer Commentar über das Alte Testament; Lange’s Theologisch-homiletisches Bibelwerk; Nowack’s Handkommentar zum Alten Testament; Holtzmann’s Handkommentar zum Neuen Testament Several of these have been translated, edited, and in some cases enlarged and adapted, for the English-speaking public; others are in process of translation. But no corresponding series by British or American divines has hitherto been produced. The way has been prepared by special Commentaries by Cheyne, Ellicott, Kalisch, Lightfoot, Perowne, Westcott, and others; and the time has come, in the judgment of the projectors of this enterprise, when it is practicable to combine British and American scholars in the production of a critical, comprehensive Commentary that will be abreast of modern biblical scholarship, and in a measure lead its van.
Messrs. Charles Scribner’s Sons of New York, and Messrs. T. & T. Clark of Edinburgh, propose to publish such a series of Commentaries on the Old and New Testaments, under the editorship of Prof. C. A. BRIGGS, D.D., D.Litt., in America, and of Prof. S. R. DRIVER, D.D., D.Litt., for the Old Testament, and the Rev. ALFRED PLUMMER, D.D., for the New Testament, in Great Britain.
The Commentaries will be international and inter-confessional, and will be free from polemical and ecclesiastical bias. They will be based upon a thorough critical study of the original texts of the Bible, and upon critical methods of interpretation. They are designed chiefly for students and clergymen, and will be written in a compact style. Each book will be preceded by an Introduction, stating the results of criticism upon it, and discussing impartially the questions still remaining open. The details of criticism will appear in their proper place in the body of the Commentary. Each section of the Text will be introduced with a paraphrase, or summary of contents. Technical details of textual and philological criticism will, as a rule, be kept distinct from matter of a more general character; and in the Old Testament the exegetical notes will be arranged, as far as possible, so as to be serviceable to students not acquainted with Hebrew. The History of Interpretation of the Books will be dealt with, when necessary, in the Introductions, with critical notices of the most important literature of the subject. Historical and Archæological questions, as well as questions of Biblical Theology, are included in the plan of the Commentaries, but not Practical or Homiletical Exegesis. The Volumes will constitute a uniform series.
The International Critical Commentary
ARRANGEMENT OF VOLUMES AND AUTHORS
THE OLD TESTAMENT
=GENESIS.= The Rev. JOHN SKINNER, D.D., Principal and Professor of Old Testament Language and Literature, College of Presbyterian Church of England, Cambridge, England. [Now Ready.
=EXODUS.= The Rev. A. R. S. KENNEDY, D.D., Professor of Hebrew, University of Edinburgh.
=LEVITICUS.= J. F. STENNING, M.A., Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford.
=NUMBERS.= The Rev. G. BUCHANAN GRAY, D.D., Professor of Hebrew, Mansfield College, Oxford. [Now Ready.
=DEUTERONOMY.= The Rev. S. R. DRIVER, D.D., D.Litt., Regius Professor of Hebrew, Oxford. [Now Ready.
=JOSHUA.= The Rev. GEORGE ADAM SMITH, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Hebrew, United Free Church College, Glasgow.
=JUDGES.= The Rev. GEORGE MOORE, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Theology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. [Now Ready.
=SAMUEL.= The Rev. H. P. SMITH, D.D., Professor of Old Testament Literature and History of Religion, Meadville, Pa. [Now Ready.
=KINGS.= The Rev. FRANCIS BROWN, D.D., D.Litt., LL.D., President and Professor of Hebrew and Cognate Languages, Union Theological Seminary, New York City.
=CHRONICLES.= The Rev. EDWARD L. CURTIS, D.D., Professor of Hebrew, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. [Now Ready.
=EZRA AND NEHEMIAH.= The Rev. L. W. BATTEN, Ph.D., D.D., Rector of St. Mark’s Church, New York City, sometime Professor of Hebrew, P. E. Divinity School, Philadelphia.
=PSALMS.= The Rev. CHARLES A. BRIGGS, D.D., D.Litt., Graduate Professor of Theological Encyclopædia and Symbolics, Union Theological Seminary, New York. [2 volumes. Now Ready.
=PROVERBS.= The Rev. C. H. TOY, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Hebrew, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. [Now Ready.
=JOB.= The Rev. S. R. DRIVER, D.D., D.Litt., Regius Professor of Hebrew, Oxford.
=ISAIAH.= Chapters I‒XXXIX. The Rev. G. BUCHANAN GRAY, D.D., Professor of Hebrew, Mansfield College, Oxford.
=ISAIAH.= Chapters XL‒LXVI. The Rev. A. S. PEAKE, M.A., D.D., Dean of the Theological Faculty of the Victoria University and Professor of Biblical Exegesis in the University of Manchester, England.
=JEREMIAH.= The Rev. A. F. KIRKPATRICK, D.D., Dean of Ely, sometime Regius Professor of Hebrew, Cambridge, England.
=EZEKIEL.= The Rev. G. A. COOKE, M.A., Oriel Professor of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture, University of Oxford, and the Rev. CHARLES F. BURNEY, D.Litt., Fellow and Lecturer in Hebrew, St. John’s College, Oxford.
=DANIEL.= The Rev. JOHN P. PETERS, Ph.D., D.D., sometime Professor of Hebrew, P. E. Divinity School, Philadelphia, now Rector of St. Michael’s Church, New York City.
=AMOS AND HOSEA.= W. R. HARPER, Ph.D., LL.D., sometime President of the University of Chicago, Illinois. [Now Ready.
=MICAH TO HAGGAI.= Prof. JOHN P. SMITH, University of Chicago; Prof. CHARLES P. FAGNANI, D.D., Union Theological Seminary, New York; W. HAYES WARD, D.D., LL.D., Editor of The Independent, New York; Prof. JULIUS A. BEWER, Union Theological Seminary, New York, and Prof. H. G. MITCHELL, D.D., Boston University.
=ZECHARIAH TO JONAH.= Prof. H. G. MITCHELL, D.D., Prof. JOHN P. SMITH and Prof. J. A. BEWER.
=ESTHER.= The Rev. L. B. PATON, Ph.D., Professor of Hebrew, Hartford Theological Seminary. [Now Ready.
=ECCLESIASTES.= Prof. GEORGE A. BARTON, Ph.D., Professor of Biblical Literature, Bryn Mawr College, Pa. [Now Ready.
=RUTH, SONG OF SONGS AND LAMENTATIONS.= Rev. CHARLES A. BRIGGS, D.D., D.Litt., Graduate Professor of Theological Encyclopædia and Symbolics, Union Theological Seminary, New York.
THE NEW TESTAMENT
=ST. MATTHEW.= The Rev. WILLOUGHBY C. ALLEN, M.A., Fellow and Lecturer in Theology and Hebrew, Exeter College, Oxford. [Now Ready.
=ST. MARK.= Rev. E. P. GOULD, D.D., sometime Professor of New Testament Literature, P. E. Divinity School, Philadelphia. [Now Ready.
=ST. LUKE.= The Rev. ALFRED PLUMMER, D.D., sometime Master of University College, Durham. [Now Ready.
=ST. JOHN.= The Very Rev. JOHN HENRY BERNARD, D.D., Dean of St. Patrick’s and Lecturer in Divinity, University of Dublin.
=HARMONY OF THE GOSPELS.= The Rev. WILLIAM SANDAY, D.D., LL.D., Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity, Oxford, and the Rev. WILLOUGHBY C. ALLEN, M.A., Fellow and Lecturer in Divinity and Hebrew, Exeter College, Oxford.
=ACTS.= The Rev. C. H. TURNER, D.D., Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, and the Rev. H. N. BATE, M.A., Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of London.
=ROMANS.= The Rev. WILLIAM SANDAY, D.D., LL.D., Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford, and the Rev. A. C. HEADLAM, M.A., D.D., Principal of King’s College, London. [Now Ready.
=CORINTHIANS.= The Right Rev. ARCHBISHOP ROBERTSON, D.D., LL.D., Lord Bishop of Exeter, the Rev. ALFRED PLUMMER, D.D., and DAWSON WALKER, D.D., Theological Tutor in the University of Durham.
=GALATIANS.= The Rev. ERNEST D. BURTON, D.D., Professor of New Testament Literature, University of Chicago.
=EPHESIANS AND COLOSSIANS.= The Rev. T. K. ABBOTT, B.D., D.Litt., sometime Professor of Biblical Greek, Trinity College, Dublin, now Librarian of the same. [Now Ready.
=PHILIPPIANS AND PHILEMON.= The Rev. MARVIN R. VINCENT, D.D., Professor of Biblical Literature, Union Theological Seminary, New York City. [Now Ready.
=THESSALONIANS.= The Rev. JAMES E. FRAME, M.A., Professor of Biblical Theology, Union Theological Seminary, New York.
=THE PASTORAL EPISTLES.= The Rev. WALTER LOCK, D.D., Warden of Keble College and Professor of Exegesis, Oxford.
=HEBREWS.= The Rev. A. NAIRNE, M.A., Professor of Hebrew in King’s College, London.
=ST. JAMES.= The Rev. JAMES H. ROPES, D.D., Bussey Professor of New Testament Criticism in Harvard University.
=PETER AND JUDE.= The Rev. CHARLES BIGG, D.D., sometime Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford. [Now Ready.
=THE EPISTLES OF ST. JOHN.= The Rev. E. A. BROOKE, B.D., Fellow and Divinity Lecturer in King’s College, Cambridge.
=REVELATION.= The Rev. ROBERT H. CHARLES, M.A., D.D., sometime Professor of Biblical Greek in the University of Dublin.
GENESIS
JOHN SKINNER, D.D.
THE INTERNATIONAL CRITICAL COMMENTARY
A CRITICAL AND EXEGETICAL COMMENTARY ON GENESIS
BY
JOHN SKINNER, D.D., HONORARY M.A. (CAMBRIDGE)
PRINCIPAL AND PROFESSOR OF OLD TESTAMENT LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, WESTMINSTER COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS 1910
TO MY WIFE
Preface
It is a little over six years since I was entrusted by the Editors of “The International Critical Commentary” with the preparation of the volume on Genesis. During that time there has been no important addition to the number of commentaries either in English or in German. The English reader still finds his best guidance in Spurrell’s valuable Notes on the text, Bennett’s compressed but suggestive exposition in the Century Bible, and Driver’s thorough and masterly work in the first volume of the Westminster Commentaries; all of which were in existence when I commenced my task. While no one of these books will be superseded by the present publication, there was still room for a commentary on the more elaborate scale of the “International” series; and it has been my aim, in accordance with the programme of that series, to supply the fuller treatment of critical, exegetical, literary, and archæological questions, which the present state of scholarship demands.
The most recent German commentaries, those of Holzinger and Gunkel, had both appeared before 1904; and I need not say that to both, but especially to the latter, I have been greatly indebted. Every student must have felt that Gunkel’s work, with its æsthetic appreciation of the genius of the narratives, its wider historical horizons, and its illuminating use of mythological and folklore parallels, has breathed a new spirit into the investigation of Genesis, whose influence no writer on the subject can hope or wish to escape. The last-mentioned feature is considerably emphasised in the third edition, the first part of which (1909) was published just too late to be utilised for this volume. That I have not neglected the older standard commentaries of Tuch, Delitzsch, and Dillmann, or less comprehensive expositions like that of Strack, will be apparent from the frequent acknowledgments in the notes. The same remark applies to many books of a more general kind (mostly cited in the list of “Abbreviations”), which have helped to elucidate special points of exegesis.
The problems which invest the interpretation of Genesis are, indeed, too varied and far-reaching to be satisfactorily treated within the compass of a single volume. The old controversies as to the compatibility of the earlier chapters with the conclusions of modern science are no longer, to my mind, a living issue; and I have not thought it necessary to occupy much space with their discussion. Those who are of a different opinion may be referred to the pages of Dr. Driver, where they will find these matters handled with convincing force and clearness. Rather more attention has been given to the recent reaction against the critical analysis of the Pentateuch, although I am very far from thinking that that movement, either in its conservative or its more radical manifestation, is likely to undo the scholarly work of the last hundred and fifty years. At all events, my own belief in the essential soundness of the prevalent hypothesis has been confirmed by the renewed examination of the text of Genesis which my present undertaking required. It will probably appear to some that the analysis is pushed further than is warranted, and that duplicates are discovered where common sense would have suggested an easy reconciliation. That is a perfectly fair line of criticism, provided the whole problem be kept in view. It has to be remembered that the analytic process is a chain which is a good deal stronger than its weakest link, that it starts from cases where diversity of authorship is almost incontrovertible, and moves on to others where it is less certain; and it is surely evident that when the composition of sources is once established, the slightest differences of representation or language assume a significance which they might not have apart from that presumption. That the analysis is frequently tentative and precarious is fully acknowledged; and the danger of basing conclusions on insufficient data of this kind is one that I have sought to avoid. On the more momentous question of the historical or legendary character of the book, or the relation of the one element to the other, opinion is likely to be divided for some time to come. Several competent Assyriologists appear to cherish the conviction that we are on the eve of fresh discoveries which will vindicate the accuracy of at least the patriarchal traditions in a way that will cause the utmost astonishment to some who pay too little heed to the findings of archæological experts. It is naturally difficult to estimate the worth of such an anticipation; and it is advisable to keep an open mind. Yet even here it is possible to adopt a position which will not be readily undermined. Whatever triumphs may be in store for the archæologist,――though he should prove that Noah and Abraham and Jacob and Joseph are all real historical personages,――he will hardly succeed in dispelling the atmosphere of mythical imagination, of legend, of poetic idealisation, which are the life and soul of the narratives of Genesis. It will still be necessary, if we are to retain our faith in the inspiration of this part of Scripture, to recognise that the Divine Spirit has enshrined a part of His Revelation to men in such forms as these. It is only by a frank acceptance of this truth that the Book of Genesis can be made a means of religious edification to the educated mind of our age.
As regards the form of the commentary, I have endeavoured to include in the large print enough to enable the reader to pick up rapidly the general sense of a passage; although the exigencies of space have compelled me to employ small type to a much larger extent than was ideally desirable. In the arrangement of footnotes I have reverted to the plan adopted in the earliest volume of the series (Driver’s Deuteronomy), by putting all the textual, grammatical, and philological material bearing on a particular verse in consecutive notes running concurrently with the main text. It is possible that in some cases a slight embarrassment may result from the presence of a double set of footnotes; but I think that this disadvantage will be more than compensated to the reader by the convenience of having the whole explanation of a verse under his eye at one place, instead of having to perform the difficult operation of keeping two or three pages open at once.
In conclusion, I have to express my thanks, first of all, to two friends by whose generous assistance my labour has been considerably lightened: to Miss E. I. M. Boyd, M.A., who has rendered me the greatest service in collecting material from books, and to the Rev. J. G. Morton, M.A., who has corrected the proofs, verified all the scriptural references, and compiled the Index. My last word of all must be an acknowledgment of profound and grateful obligation to Dr. Driver, the English Editor of the series, for his unfailing interest and encouragement during the progress of the work, and for numerous criticisms and suggestions, especially on points of philology and archæology, to which in nearly every instance I have been able to give effect.
JOHN SKINNER. CAMBRIDGE, April 1910.
○ INTRODUCTION
○ § 1. Introductory: Canonical Position of the Book――its general Scope――and Title
A. NATURE OF THE TRADITION.
○ § 2. History or Legend?
○ § 3. Myth and Legend――Foreign Myths――Types of mythical Motive
○ § 4. Historical Value of the Tradition
○ § 5. Preservation and Collection of the Traditions
B. STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE BOOK.
○ § 6. Plan and Divisions
○ § 7. The Sources of Genesis
○ § 8. The collective Authorship of Yahwist and Elohist
○ § 9. Characteristics of Yahwist and Elohist――their Relation to Literary Prophecy
○ § 10. Date and Place of Origin――Redaction of Jehovist
○ § 11. The Priestly Code and the Final Redaction
○ COMMENTARY
EXTENDED NOTES:――
○ The Divine Image in Man
○ The Hebrew and Babylonian Sabbath
○ Babylonian and other Cosmogonies
○ The Site of Eden
○ The ‘Protevangelium’
○ The Cherubim
○ Origin and Significance of the Paradise Legend
○ Origin of the Cain Legend
○ The Cainite Genealogy
○ The Chronology of Chapter 5, etc.
○ The Deluge Tradition
○ Noah’s Curse and Blessing
○ The Babel Legend
○ Chronology of 11¹⁰ ᶠᶠᐧ
○ Historic Value of Chapter 14
○ Circumcision
○ The Covenant-Idea in Priestly-Code
○ Destruction of the Cities of the Plain
○ The Sacrifice of Isaac
○ The Treaty of Gilead and its historical Setting
○ The Legend of Peniel
○ The Sack of Shechem
○ The Edomite Genealogies
○ The Degradation of Reuben
○ The Fate of Simeon and Levi
○ The “Shiloh” Prophecy of 49¹⁰
○ The Zodiacal Theory of the Twelve Tribes
INDEX――
○ I. English
○ II. Hebrew
ABBREVIATIONS.¹
¹ Most Abbreviations have been replaced in the text with the full name or title for easier reading.
1. SOURCES (see pages xxxiv ff.), TEXTS, AND VERSIONS.
E Elohist, or Elohistic Narrative.
J Yahwist, or Yahwistic Narrative.
JE Jehovist, or the combined narrative of Yahwist and Elohist.
P or PC The Priestly Code.
Pᵍ The historical kernel or framework of Priestly-Code (see page lvii).
Rᴱ Redactors within the schools of Elohist, Yahwist, and Rᴶ Priestly-Code, respectively. Rᴾ
Rᴶᴱ The Compiler of the composite work Jehovist.
Rᴶᴱᴾ The Final Redactor of the Pentateuch.
EV[V] English Version[s] (Authorised or Revised).
Jub. The Book of Jubilees.
MT Massoretic Text.
OT Old Testament.
Aq. Greek Translation of Aquila.
Θ Greek Translation of Theodotion.
Σ Greek Translation of Symmachus.
Gr.-Ven. Codex ‘Græcus Venetus’ (14th or 15th century.).
Ⓖ The Greek (Septuagint) Version of the Old Testament (edited by A. E. Brooke and N. M‘Lean, Cambridge, 1906).
Ⓖᴸ Lucianic recension of the LXX, edited by Lagarde, _Librorum Veteris Testamenti canonicorum pars prior Græce_, etc. (1883).
Ⓖᴬᴮᴱᴹ ᵉᵗᶜᐧ Codices of LXX (see Brooke and M‘Lean, page v.).
Ⓛ Old Latin Version.
Ⓢ The Syriac Version (Peshiṭtå).
⅏ The Samaritan Recension of the Pentateuch (Walton’s ‘London Polyglott’).
Ⓣᴼ The Targum of Onkelos [2nd century A.D.] (edited by Berliner, 1884).
Ⓣᴶ The Targum of Jonathan [8th century A.D.] (edited by Ginsburger, 1903).
Ⓥ The Vulgate.
2. COMMENTARIES.
Ayles Herbert Henry Baker Ayles, _A critical Commentary on Genesis ii. 4‒iii. 25_ (1904).
Ba[ll] Charles James Ball, _The Book of Genesis: Critical Edition of the Hebrew Text printed in colours exhibiting the composite structure of the book, with Notes_ (1896). See SBOT.
Ben[nett] William Henry Bennett, Genesis (Century Bible).
Calv[in] _Mosis Libri V cum Johannis Calvini Commentariis. Genesis seorsum_, etc. (1563).
De[litzsch] Franz Delitzsch, Neuer Commentar über die Genesis (5th edition, 1887).
Di[llmann] _Die Genesis. Von der dritten Auflage an erklärt von August Dillmann_ (6th edition, 1892). The work embodies frequent extracts from earlier editions by Knobel: these are referred to below as “Knobel-Dillmann”
Dr[iver] The Book of Genesis with Introduction and Notes, by Samuel Rolles Driver (7th edition, 1909).
Gu[nkel] Genesis übersetzt und erklärt, von Hermann Gunkel (2nd edition, 1902).
Ho[lzinger] Genesis erklärt, von Heinrich Holzinger (1898).
IEz. Abraham Ibn Ezra († circa 1167).
Jer[ome], Jerome († 420), _Quæstiones sive Traditiones Qu. hebraicæ in Genesim_.
Kn[obel] August Wilhelm Knobel.
Kn.-Di. See Dillmann.
Ra[shi] Rabbi Shelomoh Yiẓḥaḳi († 1105).
Spurrell George James Spurrell, _Notes on the Text of the Book of Genesis_ (2nd edition, 1896).
Str[ack] Die Genesis übersetzt und ausgelegt, von Hermann Leberecht Strack (2nd edition, 1905).
Tu[ch] Friedrich Tuch, Commentar über die Genesis (2nd edition, 1871).
3. WORKS OF REFERENCE AND GENERAL LITERATURE.
Barth, ES Jakob Barth, Etymologische Studien zum semitischen insbesondere zum hebraischen Lexicon (1893).
Barth, NB Die Nominalbildung in den semitischen Sprachen (1889‒91).
Barton, SO George Aaron Barton, A Sketch of Semitic Origins (1902).
B.-D. Seligmann Baer and Franz Delitzsch, Liber Genesis (1869). The Massoretic Text, with Appendices.
BDB Francis Brown, Samuel Rolles Driver, and Charles Augustus Briggs, _A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament_ (1891‒ ).
Benz[inger], Immanuel Benzinger, Hebräische Archäologie (2nd _Arch._² edition, 1907).
Ber. R. The Midrash Bereshith Rabba (translated into German by August Wünsche, 1881).
Bochart, Samuel Bochartus, _Hierozoicon, sive bipertitum opus Hieroz. de animalibus Sacræ Scripturæ_ (edited by Rosenmüller, 1793‒96).
Bu[dde], Karl Budde, Die biblische Urgeschichte (1883). Urg.
Buhl, GP Frants Buhl, Geographie des alten Palaestina (1896).
Buhl Geschichte der Edomiter (1893).
Burck[hardt] John Lewis Burckhardt, _Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys_.
Travels in Syria and the Holy Land.
Che[yne], Thomas Kelly Cheyne, _Traditions and Beliefs of TB[A]I Ancient Israel_ (1907).
CIS Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (1881‒ ).
Cook, Gl. Stanley Arthur Cook, A Glossary of the Aramaic Inscriptions (1898).
Cooke, NSI George Albert Cooke, A Textbook of North-Semitic Inscriptions (1903).
Co[rnill], Carl Heinrich Cornill, _Einleitung in das Alte Einl. Testament_ (see page xl, note).
Co[rnill], History of the People of Israel (Translated, 1898). Hist.
Curtiss, PSR Samuel Ives Curtiss, _Primitive Semitic Religion to-day_ (1902).
Dav[idson] Andrew Bruce Davidson, Hebrew Syntax.
Dav[idson] The Theology of the Old Testament (1904). OTTh.
DB A Dictionary of the Bible, edited by James Hastings (1898‒1902).
Del[itzsch], Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch Hwb. (1896).
Del[itzsch], _Wo lag das Paradies? Eine biblisch-assyriologische Par. Studie_ (1881).
Del[itzsch], _Prolegomena eines neuen hebräisch-aramäischen Prol. Wörterbuchs zum Alten Testament_ (1886).
Del[itzsch] See BA below.
Doughty, AD Charles Montagu Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta (1888).
Dri[ver], Samuel Rolles Driver, _An Introduction to the LOT Literature of the Old Testament_ (Revised edition, 1910).
Dri[ver], Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel Sam. (1890).
Dri[ver], T. A Treatise on the use of the Tenses in Hebrew (3rd edition, 1892).
EB Encyclopædia Biblica, edited by Thomas Kelly Cheyne and John Sutherland Black (1899‒1903).
EBL See Hilprecht.
Ee[rdmans] Bernardus Dirk Eerdmans, _A lttestamentliche Studien_: i. Die Komposition der Genesis. ii. Die Vorgeschichte Israels.
Erman, LAE Adolf Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt (translated by Helen Mary Tirard, 1894).
Erman, Hdbk. A Handbook of Egyptian Religion (translated by Agnes Sophia Griffith, 1907).
Ew[ald], Gr. Heinrich Ewald, _Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache des alten Bundes_ (8th edition, 1870).
Ew[ald], HI History of Israel [English translation, 1871].
Ew[ald], Ant. Antiquities of Israel [English translation, 1876].
Field Frederick Field, _Origenis Hexaplorum quæ supersunt; sive Veterum Interpretum Græcorum in totum Vetus Testamentum Fragmenta_ (1875).
Frazer, AAO James George Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris: Studies in the history of Oriental Religion_ (1906).
Frazer, GB The Golden Bough; a Study in Magic and Religion (2nd edition, 1900).
Frazer Folklore in the Old Testament (1907).
v. Gall, August Freiherr von Gall, _Altisraelitische CSt. Kultstätten_ (1898).
G.-B. Wilhelm Gesenius’ _Hebräisches und aramäisches Handwörterbuch über das Alte Testament_ (14th edition by Buhl, 1905).
Geiger, Abraham Geiger, _Urschrift und Uebersetzungen Urschr. der Bibel in ihrer Abhängigkeit von der innern Entwickelung des Judenthums_ (1857).
Ges[enius], Wilhelm Gesenius, _Thesaurus philologicus criticus Th. Linguæ Hebrææ et Chaldææ Veteris Testamenti_ (1829‒58).
G.-K. Wilhelm Gesenius’ Hebräische Grammatik, völlig umgearbeitet von Emil Kautzsch (26th edition, 1896) [English translation, 1898].
Glaser, Eduard Glaser, _Skizze der Geschichte und Geographie Skizze Arabiens_, ii. (1890).
Gordon, ETG Alexander Reid Gordon, _The Early Traditions of Genesis_ (1907).
Gray, HPN George Buchanan Gray, _Studies in Hebrew Proper Names_ (1896).
Gu[nkel], Hermann Gunkel, _Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Schöpf. Endzeit_ (1895).
Guthe, GI Hermann Guthe, Geschichte des Volkes Israel (1899).
Harrison, Jane Ellen Harrison, _Prolegomena to the study of Prol. Greek Religion_ (2nd edition, 1908).
Hilprecht, Hermann Vollrat Hilprecht, _Explorations in Bible EBL Lands during the 19th century_ [with the co-operation of Benzinger, Hommel, Jensen, and Steindorff] (1903).
Ho[lzinger], Heinrich Holzinger, Einleitung in den Hexateuch Einl. or (1893). Hex.
Hom[mel], AA Fritz Hommel, Aufsätze und Abhandlungen arabistischsemitologischen Inhalts (i‒iii, 1892‒ ).
Hom[mel], _The Ancient Hebrew Tradition as illustrated by the AHT Monuments_ (1897).
Hom[mel], _Die altorientalischen Denkmäler und das Alte AOD Testament_ (1902).
Hom[mel], Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens (1885). Gesch.
Hom[mel], Süd-arabische Chrestomathie (1893). SA Chrest.
Hupf[eld], Hermann Hupfeld, _Die Quellen der Genesis und die Qu. Art ihrer Zusammensetzung_ (1853).
Jastrow, RBA Morris Jastrow, _The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_ (1898).
JE The Jewish Encyclopædia.
Je[remias], Alfred Jeremias, _Das Alte Testament im Lichte des _ATLO_² alten Orients_ (2nd edition, 1906).
Jen[sen], Peter Jensen, Die Kosmologie der Babylonier (1890). Kosm.
_KAT_² Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, by Schrader (2nd edition, 1883).
_KAT_³ Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament. Third edition, by Zimmern and Winckler (1902).
Kent, SOT Charles Foster Kent, _Narratives of the Beginnings of Hebrew History_ [Students’ Old Testament] (1904).
KIB Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, edited by Eberhard Schrader (1889‒ ).
Kit[tel], BH Rudolf Kittel, Biblia Hebraica (Genesis) (1905).
Kit[tel], GH Geschichte der Hebräer (1888‒92).
Kön[ig], Friedrich Eduard König, _Historisch-kritisches Lgb. Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache_ (2 volumes, 1881‒95).
Kön[ig], S _Historisch-comparative Syntax der hebräischen Sprache_ (1897).
KS Emil Kautzsch and Albert Socin, _Die Genesis mit aüsserer Unterscheidung der Quellenschriften_.
Kue[nen], Abraham Kuenen, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (see Ges. Abh. page xl, note).
Kue[nen], _Historisch-critisch Onderzoek naar het ontstaan Ond. en de verzameling van de boeken des Ouden Verbonds_ (see page xl, note).
Lag[arde], Paul Anton de Lagarde, _Ankündigung einer neuen Ank. Ausgabe der griech. Uebersezung des Alte Testament_ (1882).
Lag[arde], Gesammelte Abhandlungen (1866). Ges. Abh.
Lag[arde], Mittheilungen, i‒iv (1884‒91). Mitth.
Lag[arde] Orientalia, 1, 2 (1879‒80).
Lag[arde], Semitica, 1, 2 (1878). Sem.
Lag[arde], Symmicta, 2 parts (1877‒80). Symm.
Lag[arde], Onomastica Sacra (1870). OS
Lane, Lex. Edward William Lane, An Arabic-English Lexicon (1863‒93).
Lane, ME An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (5th edition, 1860).
Len[ormant], François Lenormant, Les Origines de l’histoire, Or. (i‒iii, 1880‒84).
Levy, Jacob Levy, _Chaldäisches Wörterbuch über die Ch. Wb. Targumim und Midraschim_ (3rd edition, 1881).
Lidz[barski], Mark Lidzbarski, _Handbuch der nordsemitischen Hb. or Epigraphik_ (1898). NSEpigr.
Lu[ther], INS See Meyer, INS.
Marquart Josef Marquart, _Fundamente israelitischer und jüdischer Geschichte_ (1896).
Meyer, Entst. Eduard Meyer, Die Entstehung des Judenthums (1896).
Meyer, GA¹ Geschichte des Alterthums (Band i. 1884).
Meyer, GA² Geschichte des Alterthums (2nd edition, 1909).
Meyer, INS Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstämme, von Eduard Meyer, mit Beiträgen von Bernhard Luther (1906).
Müller, AE Wilhelm Max Müller, _Asien und Europa nach altägyptischen Denkmälern_ (1893).
Nestle, MM Eberhard Nestle, Marginalien und Materialien (1893).
Nö[ldeke], Theodor Nöldeke, _Beiträge zur semitischen Beitr. Sprachwissenschaft_ (1904).
Nö[ldeke], Untersuchungen zur Kritik des Alte Testament Unters. (1869).
OH Oxford Hexateuch = Carpenter and Harford-Battersby, The Hexateuch (see page xl, note).
Oehler, ATTh Gustav Friedrich Oehler, _Theologie des Alten Testaments_ (3rd edition, 1891).
Ols. Justus Olshausen.
Orr, POT James Orr, The Problem of the Old Testament (1906).
OS See Lagarde.
P[ayne] Robert Payne Smith, Thesaurus Syriacus (1879, 1901). Sm[ith], Thes.
Petrie William Flinders Petrie, A History of Egypt.
Pro[cksch] Otto Procksch, Das nordhebräische Sagenbuch: die Elohimquelle (1906).
Riehm, Hdwb. Eduard Carl August Riehm, _Handwörterbuch des biblischen Altertums_ (2nd edition, 1893‒94).
Robinson, BR Edward Robinson, Biblical Researches in Palestine (2nd edition, 3 volumes, 1856).
Sayce, EHH Archibald Henry Sayce, _The Early History of the Hebrews_ (1897).
Sayce, HCM _The Higher Criticism and the Verdict of the Monuments_ (2nd edition, 1894).
SBOT _The Sacred Books of the Old Testament, a critical edition of the Hebrew Text printed in Colours_, under the editorial direction of Paul Haupt.
Schenkel, BL Daniel Schenkel, Bibel-Lexicon (1869‒75).
Schr[ader], Eberhard Schrader, _Keilinschriften und KGF Geschichtsforschung_ (1878).
Schr[ader] See KAT and KIB above.
Schultz, Hermann Schultz, Old Testament Theology (English OTTh translation, 1892).
Schürer, GJV Emil Schürer, _Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi_ (3rd and 4th editions, 1898‒1901).
Schw[ally] Friedrich Schwally, Das Leben nach dem Tode (1892).
Semitische Kriegsaltertümer, i. (1901).
Smend, ATRG Rudolf Smend, Lehrbuch der alttestamentlichen Religionsgeschichte (2nd edition, 1899).
GASm[ith], George Adam Smith, _Historical Geography of the Holy HG Land_ (1895).
Rob. Smith, William Robertson Smith, _Kinship and Marriage in _KM_² Early Arabia_ (2nd edition, 1903).
Rob. Smith, The Old Testament in the Jewish Church (2nd _OTJC_² edition, 1892).
Rob. Smith, The Prophets of Israel (2nd edition, 1895). _Pr._²
Rob. Smith, Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (2nd _RS_² edition, 1894).
Spiegelberg Wilhelm Spiegelberg, _Aegyptologische Randglossen zum Alten Testament_ (1904).
Der Aufenthalt Israels in Aegypten im Lichte der aegyptischen Monumente (3rd edition, 1904).
Sta[de] Bernhard Stade, Ausgewählte akademische Reden und Abhandlungen (1899).
Sta[de], BTh Biblische Theologie des Alten Testaments, i. (1905).
Sta[de], GVI Geschichte des Volkes Israel (1887‒89).
Steuern[agel], Carl Steuernagel, _Die Einwanderung der Einw. israelitischen Stämme in Kanaan_ (1901).
TA Tel-Amarna Tablets [Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, v; Knudtzon, Die el-Amarna Tafeln (1908‒ )].
Thomson, LB William McClure Thomson, The Land and the Book (3 volumes, 1881‒86).
Tiele, Cornelis Petrus Tiele, _Geschichte der Religion im Gesch. Altertum_, i. (German edition, 1896).
Tristram, Henry Baker Tristram, _The Natural History of the NHB Bible_ (9th edition, 1898).
We[llhausen], Julius Wellhausen, _Die Composition des Hexateuchs _Comp.² und der historischen Bücher des Alten Testaments (2nd edition, 1889).
We[llhausen], _De gentibus et familiis Judæis quæ 1 Chronicles De gent. 2. 4 enumerantur_ (1870).
We[llhausen], Reste arabischen Heidentums (2nd edition, 1897). Heid.
We[llhausen], Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels (6th edition, _Prol._⁶ 1905).
We[llhausen] Skizzen und Vorarbeiten.
We[llhausen], Der Text der Bücher Samuelis (1871). TBS
Wi[nckler], Hugo Winckler, Altorientalische Forschungen AOF (1893- ).
Wi[nckler], Alttestamentliche Untersuchungen (1892). ATU
Wi[nckler], Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens (1892). GBA
Wi[nckler], Geschichte Israels in Einzeldarstellungen (i. ii., GI 1895, 1900).
Wi[nckler] See _KAT_³ above.
Zunz, GdV Leopold Zunz, _Die gottesdienstlichen Vorträge der Juden_ (2nd edition, 1892).
4. PERIODICALS, ETC.
AJSL _American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures_ (continuing Hebraica).
AJTh American Journal of Theology (1897‒ ).
ARW Archiv für Religionswissenschaft.
BA _Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft_, herausgegeben von Friedrich Delitzsch und Paul Haupt (1890‒ ).
BS Bibliotheca Sacra and Theological Review (1844‒ ).
Deutsche Litteraturzeitung (1880‒ ).
Exp. The Expositor.
ET The Expository Times.
GGA Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen (1753— ).
GGN _Nachrichten der königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen._
Hebr. Hebräica (1884‒95). See AJSL.
JBBW [Ewald’s] Jahrbücher der biblischen Wissenschaft (1849‒1865).
J[S]BL Journal of [the Society of] _Biblical Literature and Exegesis_ (1881‒ ).
JPh The Journal of Philology (1872‒ ).
JQR The Jewish Quarterly Review.
JRAS _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland_ (1834‒ ).
JTS The Journal of Theological Studies (1900‒ ).
Lit[erarisches] Zentralbl[att für Deutschland] (1850‒ ).
M[B]BA _Monatsberichte der Königlich-Preussischen Akadamie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin._ Continued in _Sitzungsberichte der Königlich-Preussischen Akadamie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin_ (1881‒ ).
MVAG Mittheilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft (1896‒ ).
NKZ Neue kirchliche Zeitschrift (1890‒ ).
OLz Orientalische Litteraturzeitung (1898‒ ).
PAOS _Proceedings [Journal] of the American Oriental Society_ (1851‒ ).
PEFS Palestine Exploration Fund: Quarterly Statements.
PSBA Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology (1878‒ ).
SBBA See MBBA above.
SK Theologische Studien und Kritiken (1828‒ ).
ThLz Theologische Litteraturzeitung (1876‒ ).
ThT Theologisch Tijdschrift (1867‒ ).
TSBA Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology.
ZA Zeitschrift für Assyriologie (1886‒ ).
ZATW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (1881‒ ).
ZDMG _Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft_ (1845‒ ).
ZDPV Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1878‒ ).
ZKF Zeitschrift für Keilschriftsforschung (1884‒85).
ZVP _Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft_ (1860‒ ).
5. OTHER SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS.
NH ‘New Hebrew’: the language of the Mishnah, Midrashim, and parts of the Talmud.
v.i. vide infra Used in references from commentary to footnotes, and vice versâ. v.s. vide supra
* Frequently used to indicate that a section is of composite authorship.
† After Old Testament references means that all occurrences of the word or usage in question are cited.
√ Root or stem.
׳ Sign of abbreviation in Hebrew words.
וגו׳ = וגומר = ‘and so on’: used when a Hebrew citation is incomplete.